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Yang J, Ma D, Zhao Z, Guo J, Ren K, Wang F, Guo J. Exploring the mechanism of action of the combination of cinnamon and motherwort in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A network pharmacology study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37902. [PMID: 38669415 PMCID: PMC11049697 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cinnamon and motherwort are traditional Chinese medicines and are often combined to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia; however, the specific therapeutic mechanisms involved remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we applied a network pharmacology approach to investigate the potential mechanisms of action of the drug pair cinnamon and motherwort (PCM) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Relevant targets for the use of PCM to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia were obtained through databases. Protein-protein interactions were then identified by the STRING database and core targets were screened. Enrichment analysis was conducted through the Metascape platform. Finally, molecular docking experiments were carried out to evaluate the affinity between the target proteins and ligands of PCM. We identified 22 active ingredients in PCM, 315 corresponding targets and 130 effective targets of PCM for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. These targets were related to the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, FoxO, TNF, and IL-17 signaling pathways. Network pharmacology was used to identify the effective components and action targets of PCM. We also identified potential mechanisms of action for PCM in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Our results provide a foundation for expanding the clinical application of PCM and provide new ideas and directions for further research on the mechanisms of action of PCM and its components for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiutian Yang
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyue Ma
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Son SY, Choi JH, Kim EB, Yin J, Seonu SY, Jin SY, Oh JY, Lee MW. Chemopreventive Activity of Ellagitannins from Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Komarov Leaves on Prostate Cancer Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1047. [PMID: 36903908 PMCID: PMC10005130 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that compounds from Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Komarov leaves (APL) display potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among older men, and DNA methylation is associated with PCa progression. This study aimed to investigate the chemopreventive activities of the compounds which were isolated from APL on prostate cancer cells and elucidate the mechanisms of these compounds in relation to DNA methylation. One novel ellagitannin [komaniin (14)] and thirteen other known compounds, including glucose derivatives [ethyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3) and (4R)-p-menth-1-ene-7,8-diol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4)], one phenylpropanoid [junipetrioloside A (5)], three phenolic acid derivatives [ellagic acid-4-β-D-xylopyranoside (1), 4-O-galloyl-quinic acid (2), and gallic acid (8)], two flavonoids [quercetin (11) and kaempferol (12)], and five hydrolysable tannins [geraniin (6), punicafolin (7), granatin B (9), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), and mallotusinic acid (13)] were isolated from APL. The hydrolyzable tannins (6, 7, 9, 10, 13, and 14) showed potent anti-PCa proliferative and apoptosis-promoting activities. Among the compounds, the ellagitannins in the dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl (DHHDP) group (6, 9, 13, and 14), the novel compound 14 showed the most potent inhibitory activity on DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1, 3a and 3b) and glutathione S-transferase P1 methyl removing and re-expression activities. Thus, our results suggested that the ellagitannins (6, 9, 13, and 14) isolated from APL could be a promising treatment option for PCa.
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Individual and Combined Effect of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol AF on Prostate Cell Proliferation through NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012283. [PMID: 36293141 PMCID: PMC9602908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous environmental endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) can induce prostatic dysfunction. However, to date, studies have focused little on the perturbations of prostate health initiated by the BPA derivative bisphenol AF (BPAF) and co-exposure to bisphenol compounds. An in vivo study orally administrated male rats with BPA (10, 90 μg/kg), BPAF (10, 90 μg/kg) and the inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC, 100 mg/kg). Based on the anatomical analysis, pathological observations and PCNA over-expression, we considered that low-dose BPA and BPAF facilitated ventral prostatic hyperplasia in rats. The results of IHC and ELISA mirrored the regulation of NF-κB p65, COX-2, TNF-α and EGFR in BPA- and BPAF-induced prostatic toxicity. An in vitro study found that the additive effect of combined exposure to BPA (10 nM) and BPAF (10 nM) could cause an elevation in the proliferation of and a reduction in the apoptosis level of human prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and fibroblasts (HPrF). Meanwhile, the underlying biomarkers of the NF-κB signaling pathway also involved the abnormal proliferative progression of prostate cells. The findings recapitulated the induction of BPAF exposure and co-treatment with BPA and BPAF on prostatic hyperplasia and emphasized the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Yehya A, Ghamlouche F, Zahwe A, Zeid Y, Wakimian K, Mukherji D, Abou-Kheir W. Drug resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: an update on the status quo. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:667-690. [PMID: 36176747 PMCID: PMC9511807 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in men globally. Despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of PCa, a significant proportion of patients with high-risk localized disease and all patients with advanced disease at diagnosis will experience progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Multiple drugs are now approved as the standard of care treatments for patients with mCRPC that have been shown to prolong survival. Although the majority of patients will respond initially, primary and secondary resistance to these therapies make mCRPC an incurable disease. Several molecular mechanisms underlie the development of mCRPC, with the androgen receptor (AR) axis being the main driver as well as the key drug target. Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial for discovering novel therapeutic strategies to delay or reverse the progression of the disease. In this review, we address the diverse mechanisms of drug resistance in mCRPC. In addition, we shed light on emerging targeted therapies currently being tested in clinical trials with promising potential to overcome mCRPC-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Yehya
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Fatima Ghamlouche
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Amin Zahwe
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Yousef Zeid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Kevork Wakimian
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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Wolny-Rokicka E, Petrasz P, Krajewski W, Sulimiera Michalak S, Tukiendorf A. Analysis of Serum Markers with Regard to Treatment Procedures in Advanced Stage Prostate Cancer Patients. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e925860. [PMID: 33326414 PMCID: PMC7805249 DOI: 10.12659/msm.925860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarkers predicting the efficacy of treatment for locally limited prostate cancer are greatly needed. This knowledge could improve the classification of patients for different methods of treatment and enable better recognition of groups with higher risk of biological recurrence. We prospectively assessed serial blood levels of apoptotic biomarkers and correlated them with response to treatment and clinical factors. Material/Methods Blood was collected from 25 patients with prostate cancer before and after surgery, 16 healthy volunteers with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 14 patients with metastasized disease. Immunoenzymatic methods were used to determine circulating apoptotic and inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), type I receptor (TNFRI), and type II receptor (TNFRII); FAS ligand (FasL); TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRIAL); caspase 8 (Cas8); caspase 9 (Cas9); DNA methylation (metDNA); P-selectin; and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The total circulating fragments of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were measured directly in serum. Results Peripheral serum prostate-specific antigen increased rapidly together with cfDNA. A negative correlation was noted between tumor volume and TNFRI and TNFRII. Postsurgery P-selectin level was decreased, and metDNA and TNFRII levels were increased. Three comparisons were made between patient groups: surgical vs. BPH; surgical vs. palliative; and palliative vs. BPH. TNFRI, TNFRII, metDNA, P-selectin, Cas8, and FasL were shown to have significant roles. Conclusions The study indicated significant roles for cfDNA, both TNF receptors, metDNA, and P-selectin as serum biomarkers in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Wolny-Rokicka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Multidisciplinary Hospital in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Piotr Petrasz
- Department of Urology, Multidisciplinary Hospital in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krajewski
- Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Social Medicine Department, Medical University in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Amin MN, Siddiqui SA, Ibrahim M, Hakim ML, Ahammed MS, Kabir A, Sultana F. Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120965752. [PMID: 33194199 PMCID: PMC7594225 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120965752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are highly inducible small glycoproteins or regulatory proteins of low molecular weight secreted by different cell types. They regulate intercellular communication and mediate a number of physiological functions in the human immune system. Numerous prospective studies report that inflammatory cytokines strongly predict coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure and other adverse cardiac events. Inflammatory cascade is believed to be a causative factor in the development of atherosclerotic process. Several aspects of atherogenesis are accelerated by cytokines. This article provides an overall overview of current understanding of cytokines in various cardiovascular events. Besides, inflammatory cytokines trigger cellular events that can induce malignancy and carcinogenesis. Elevated expression of several cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage migration inhibitory factor and transforming growth factor-β are involved in tumor initiation and progression. Thus, they exert a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis. This review highlights the role of several cytokines in various events of tumorigenesis. Actually, this article summarizes the contributions of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ibrahim
- College of Medicine, University of South
Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Md Lukman Hakim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salim Ahammed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Information Technology and Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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7
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The evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in the benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis and prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.462457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pei X, Zheng D, She S, Fang Z, Zhang S, Hu H, Xu K, Wang Y. Elevated Expression Levels of PC3-Secreted Microprotein (PSMP) in Prostate Cancer Associated With Increased Xenograft Growth and Modification of Immune-Related Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2019; 9:724. [PMID: 31555577 PMCID: PMC6723336 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), especially metastatic PCa, is one of the main cancer types accounting for male mortality worldwide. Over decades, researchers have tried to search for effective curative methods for PCa, but many attempts have failed. The therapeutic failure of PCa is usually due to off-target or side effects; thus, finding a key molecule that could prevent PCa metastatic progression has become the most important goal for curing aggressive PCa. In this study, we collected hundreds of PCa tissues and serum and urine samples from patients to verify the upregulated expression of PC3-secreted microprotein (PSMP) in PCa tumor tissues with high Gleason scores. According to biopsy results, PSMP expression was found related to extraprostatic extension (EPE), contributing to PCa metastasis. Mechanistically, recombinant PSMP protein could promote the proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, and rhPSMP could promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PC3 in vitro. Additionally, PSMP could also influence cytokine production in the xenograft model and monocyte migration and macrophage polarization in vitro. Our most important finding was that neutralizing antibodies against PSMP could suppress xenograft PC3 growth and promote the survival of PC3 metastatic mice model, providing an effective option to cure human PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Pei
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping She
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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9
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Dürr C, Hanna BS, Schulz A, Lucas F, Zucknick M, Benner A, Clear A, Ohl S, Öztürk S, Zenz T, Stilgenbauer S, Li-Weber M, Krammer PH, Gribben JG, Lichter P, Seiffert M. Tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling is a driver of chronic lymphocytic leukemia that can be therapeutically targeted by the flavonoid wogonin. Haematologica 2018; 103:688-697. [PMID: 29326123 PMCID: PMC5865430 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.177808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a malignancy of mature B cells that strongly depend on microenvironmental factors, and their deprivation has been identified as a promising treatment approach for this incurable disease. Cytokine array screening of 247 chronic lymphocytic leukemia serum samples revealed elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 which were associated with poor clinical outcome. We detected a microenvironment-induced expression of TNF receptor-1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro, and an aberrantly high expression of this receptor in the proliferation centers of patients’ lymph nodes. Stimulation of TNF receptor-1 with TNF-α enhanced nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activity and viability of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, which was inhibited by wogonin. The therapeutic effects of wogonin were analyzed in mice after adoptive transfer of Eμ-T-cell leukemia 1 (TCL1) leukemic cells. Wogonin treatment prevented leukemia development when given early after transplantation. The treatment of full-blown leukemia resulted in the loss of the TNF receptor-1 on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and their mobilization to blood. Targeting TNF receptor-1 signaling is therefore proposed for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dürr
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bola S Hanna
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabienne Lucas
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Oslo Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Clear
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Sibylle Ohl
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selcen Öztürk
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Molecular Therapy in Haematology and Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), and Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Min Li-Weber
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ramalingam S, Ramamurthy VP, Njar VCO. Dissecting major signaling pathways in prostate cancer development and progression: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:16-27. [PMID: 27481707 PMCID: PMC7371258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy and leading cause of cancer mortality in men. At the initial stages, prostate cancer is dependent upon androgens for their growth and hence effectively combated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, most patients eventually recur with an androgen deprivation-resistant phenotype, referred to as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), a more aggressive form for which there is no effective therapy presently available. The current review is an attempt to cover and establish an understanding of some major signaling pathways implicated in prostate cancer development and castration-resistance, besides addressing therapeutic strategies that targets the key signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilmurugan Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vidya P Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.
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11
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Torrealba N, Rodríguez-Berriguete G, Fraile B, Olmedilla G, Martínez-Onsurbe P, Guil-Cid M, Paniagua R, Royuela M. Expression of several cytokines in prostate cancer: Correlation with clinical variables of patients. Relationship with biochemical progression of the malignance. Cytokine 2016; 89:105-115. [PMID: 27527810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work is focused on finding new markers that complement or diagnoses currently used towards improving knowledge histological and statistical aspects that allow us to predict the local stage carcinomas and to identify and understand all the factors related to the progression of this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostates were obtained from: normal prostates from 20 men, diagnosis of BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) from 35 men and prostate cancer from 86 men. We studied the behavior of cytokines that have been implicated in inflammatory processes: TNF-alfa, IL-6, IL-1, EGF and TGF-B. Expression of these cytokines and its receptors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Spearman's test, Kaplan-Meier curves, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Spearman's analysis showed that there was at least one correlation between TGFB-B, IL-6, gp-130, IL-1B, IL-1R, IL-1RII and clinic pathological feature (preoperative serum PSA, clinical t stage, pathological t stage, positive surgical margins, biochemical progression, survival). Immunostaining score was correlated with some of the clinicopathological feature. In Cox multivariate analysis between the prognostic variables (pathological T stage, Gleason score and lymph node) and immunohistochemical parameters (TGF-B, IL-1a, intensity TGFBRI and intensity TGFBRII) only the expression of IL-1a was retained as independent predictors of biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a role for prostatic expression of TGF-B, IL-1a, TGFBRI and TGFBRII as prognostic markers for prostate cancer. The rational combination of novel agents directed toward the inactivation of TGF-B, IL-1a, TGFBRI and TGFBRII could disrupt complementary tumor cell proliferation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelia Torrealba
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Spain.
| | | | - Benito Fraile
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Olmedilla
- Department of Pathology, Príncipe de Asturias Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Martínez-Onsurbe
- Department of Pathology, Príncipe de Asturias Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Guil-Cid
- Department of Urology, Príncipe de Asturias Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Spain.
| | - Mar Royuela
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Spain.
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12
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Significance of TNF-α and the Adhesion Molecules: L-Selectin and VCAM-1 in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Thyroid Res 2016; 2016:8143695. [PMID: 26881177 PMCID: PMC4737049 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8143695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of TNF-α and the adhesion molecules L-Selectin and VCAM-1 as well as their expression in the primary tumors of patients with benign thyroid diseases and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have been determined in this study. The serum levels of TNF-α, L-Selectin, and VCAM-1 were significantly higher in patients with both benign thyroid diseases and PTC as compared to the healthy individuals. However, the levels of only TNF-α and L-Selectin, and not VCAM-1, were significantly higher in patients with PTC in comparison to those observed in patients with benign thyroid diseases. Further the expression of TNF-α and L-Selectin was also significantly higher in the primary tumors of PTC patients, relative to the benign thyroid diseases. The expression of L-Selectin and VCAM-1 significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior. In PTC patients, the circulating TNF-α levels significantly positively correlated with the levels of L-Selectin, while TNF-α immunoreactivity was significantly associated with VCAM-1 expression. Serum TNF-α was found to be a significant prognosticator for OS in PTC patients. Overall the results signify that the interaction between TNF-α and the adhesion molecules may have a role in thyroid carcinogenesis and understanding this complexity may offer potential therapeutic targets for better management of thyroid cancer.
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Proinflammatory cytokines in prostate cancer development and progression promoted by high-fat diet. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:249741. [PMID: 25722971 PMCID: PMC4334627 DOI: 10.1155/2015/249741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background. We aimed to examine whether proinflammatory cytokines participated in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression promoted by high-fat diet (HFD). Methods. TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) mice were randomly divided into two groups: normal diet group and HFD group. Mortality rate and tumor formation rate were examined. TRAMP mice were sacrificed and sampled on the 20th, 24th, and 28th week, respectively. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were tested by FlowCytomix. Prostate tissue of TRAMP mice was used for histology study. Results. A total of 13 deaths of TRAMP mice were observed, among which 3 (8.33%) were from the normal diet group and 10 (27.78%) from the HFD group. The mortality rate of TRAMP mice from HFD group was significantly higher than that of normal diet group (P = 0.032). Tumor formation rate at 20th week of age of HFD group was significantly higher than that of normal diet group (P = 0.045). Proinflammatory cytokines levels, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were significantly higher in HFD TRAMP mice. Conclusions. HFD could promote TRAMP mouse PCa development and progression with elevated proinflammatory cytokines levels. Proinflammatory cytokines could contribute to PCa development and progression promoted by HFD.
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Dissecting Major Signaling Pathways throughout the Development of Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013:920612. [PMID: 23738079 PMCID: PMC3657461 DOI: 10.1155/2013/920612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies found in males. The development of PCa involves several mutations in prostate epithelial cells, usually linked to developmental changes, such as enhanced resistance to apoptotic death, constitutive proliferation, and, in some cases, to differentiation into an androgen deprivation-resistant phenotype, leading to the appearance of castration-resistant PCa (CRPCa), which leads to a poor prognosis in patients. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the main deregulations into signaling pathways that will lead to the development of PCa and/or CRPCa. Key mutations in some pathway molecules are often linked to a higher prevalence of PCa, by directly affecting the respective cascade and, in some cases, by deregulating a cross-talk node or junction along the pathways. We also discuss the possible environmental and nonenvironmental inducers for these mutations, as well as the potential therapeutic strategies targeting these signaling pathways. A better understanding of how some risk factors induce deregulation of these signaling pathways, as well as how these deregulated pathways affect the development of PCa and CRPCa, will further help in the development of new treatments and prevention strategies for this disease.
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Paradoxical roles of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in prostate cancer biology. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:128965. [PMID: 23326670 PMCID: PMC3543804 DOI: 10.1155/2012/128965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with dual roles in cancer biology including prostate cancer (PCa). On the one hand, there is evidence that it stimulates tumour angiogenesis, is involved in the initiation of PCa from an androgen-dependent to a castrate resistant state, plays a role in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity, and may contribute to the aberrant regulation of eicosanoid pathways. On the other hand, TNF has also been reported to inhibit neovascularisation, induce apoptosis of PCa cells, and stimulate antitumour immunity. Much of the confusion surrounding its seemingly paradoxical roles in cancer biology stems from the dependence of its effects on the biological model within which TNF is investigated. This paper will address some of these issues and also discuss the therapeutic implications.
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Rodríguez-Berriguete G, Fraile B, Paniagua R, Aller P, Royuela M. Expression of NF-κB-related proteins and their modulation during TNF-α-provoked apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2012; 72:40-50. [PMID: 21520161 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of TNF-α in cancer development is controversial, since this cytokine was reported to act either as tumor promoter or suppressor. TNF-α may activate signaling pathways critical for life/death decisions, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the anti-apoptotic NF-κB pathway. In this work, we investigate the activation status of NF-κB-related proteins in human prostate cancerous versus normal epithelium, and the alterations in the NF-κB pathway in relation to cell death in TNF-α-treated LNCaP (androgen-independent cells) and PC3 (androgen-independent) prostate cancer cell lines. METHODS The expression of phospho-p38-MAPK, phospho-IKK-α/β and phospho-IκB-α, total IκB-α, and p65- and p50-NF-κB, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in cancerous and normal prostate samples. The toxicity of TNF-α in LNCaP and PC3 cells, with or without kinase and NF-κB inhibitors, was assessed by changes on viability (MTT assay) and apoptosis (loss of DNA, annexin-V binding, and caspase cleavage/activation). Expression of NF-κB-related proteins in these cell lines was measured by Western blot. RESULTS Phospho-IκB-α, phospho-IKK-α/β and phospho-p38 levels, cytoplasmic p50 to IκB-α ratio, and nuclear p50 and p65, levels, were increased in cancerous epithelium, suggesting activation of the NF-κB pathway in prostatic malignance. TNF-α caused apoptosis with higher efficacy in LNCaP cells, and this response was potentiated by p38-MAPK inhibitor (LNCaP cells) and IKK-β inhibitor (both cell lines). However, the protective action of IKK-β was mediated by NF-κB only in LNCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS IKK-β mediates both NF-κB-dependent and -independent anti-apoptotic functions in prostate cancerous epithelium. IKK-β and p38-MAPK may represent useful therapeutic targets against prostate cancer.
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Kutikov A, Makhov P, Golovine K, Canter DJ, Sirohi M, Street R, Simhan J, Uzzo RG, Kolenko VM. Interleukin-6: a potential biomarker of resistance to multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urology 2011; 78:968.e7-11. [PMID: 21982018 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.07.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if cellular interleukin-6 production predicts response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). As clinical experience using TKIs in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) matures, Phase II trials show a heterogeneous response to sunitinib in CRPC patients. Change in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level has proven unreliable for prediction of CRPC response to TKIs. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a critical mediator of prostate cancer pathogenesis, has been shown to rise in patients with disease progression. As such, we investigated whether cellular IL-6 production can predict TKI response in both in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS IL-6 mRNA levels and protein expression were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Apoptosis was examined using the terminal dUTP nick-end labeling assay. For in vivo studies, a CRPC xenograft model in C.B17/Icr-scid mice was used. RESULTS PC-3 and DU-145 CRPC cell lines exhibited a heterogeneous response to sunitinib and pazopanib. Dose-dependent reduction of IL-6 was observed in TKI-sensitive DU-145 cells. In contrast, the TKI-resistant PC-3 cells failed to suppress IL-6 secretion. Instead, in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6 rose significantly upon administration of TKIs. Findings of in vitro experiments were confirmed in an in vivo mouse model of CRPC. CONCLUSION Sensitivity of CRPC cells to TKIs is heterogeneous. These findings are consistent with results of recently published Phase II clinical trials using sunitinib in patients with CRPC. A substantial rise in IL-6 occurs both in vitro and in vivo in the presence of TKIs in resistant PC-3 cells but not in TKI-sensitive DU-145 cells. These findings suggest that IL-6 may represent a biomarker for TKI resistance in patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kutikov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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MAP Kinases and Prostate Cancer. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2012:169170. [PMID: 22046506 PMCID: PMC3199183 DOI: 10.1155/2012/169170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38, JNK, and ERK are signal transducers involved in a broad range of cell functions including survival, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. Whereas JNK and p38 have been generally linked to cell death and tumor suppression, ERK plays a prominent role in cell survival and tumor promotion, in response to a broad range of stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, ultraviolet radiation, hypoxia, or pharmacological compounds. However, there is a growing body of evidence supporting that JNK and p38 also contribute to the development of a number of malignances. In this paper we focus on the involvement of the MAPK pathways in prostate cancer, including the less-known ERK5 pathway, as pro- or antitumor mediators, through their effects on apoptosis, survival, metastatic potential, and androgen-independent growth.
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Malagarie-Cazenave S, Olea-Herrero N, Vara D, Morell C, Díaz-Laviada I. The vanilloid capsaicin induces IL-6 secretion in prostate PC-3 cancer cells. Cytokine 2011; 54:330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rajashekhar G, Kamocka M, Marin A, Suckow MA, Wolter WR, Badve S, Sanjeevaiah AR, Pumiglia K, Rosen E, Clauss M. Pro-inflammatory angiogenesis is mediated by p38 MAP kinase. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:800-8. [PMID: 20803566 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is tightly linked to diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction including aberrant angiogenesis. To better understand the endothelial role in pro-inflammatory angiogenesis, we analyzed signaling pathways in continuously activated endothelial cells, which were either chronically exposed to soluble TNF or the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating H2O2, or express active transmembrane TNF. Testing in an in vitro capillary sprout formation assay, continuous endothelial activation increased angiogenesis dependent on activation of p38 MAP kinase, NADPH oxidase, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). p38 MAP kinase- and MMP-9-dependent angiogenesis in our assay system may be part of a positive feed forward autocrine loop because continuously activated endothelial cells displayed up-regulated ROS production and subsequent endothelial TNF expression. The pro-angiogenic role of the p38 MAP kinase in continuously activated endothelial cells was in stark contrast to the anti-angiogenic activity of the p38 MAP kinase in unstimulated control endothelial cells. In vivo, using an experimental prostate tumor, pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAP kinase demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor growth and in vessel density, suggesting a pro-angiogenic role of the p38 MAP kinase in pathological angiogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that continuous activation of endothelial cells can cause a switch of the p38 MAP kinase from anti-angiogenic to pro-angiogenic activities in conditions which link oxidative stress and autocrine TNF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Kumar R, Verma V, Sarswat A, Maikhuri JP, Jain A, Jain RK, Sharma VL, Dalela D, Gupta G. Selective estrogen receptor modulators regulate stromal proliferation in human benign prostatic hyperplasia by multiple beneficial mechanisms—action of two new agents. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:582-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carvalho JR, Filipe L, Costa VL, Ribeiro FR, Martins AT, Teixeira MR, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Detailed analysis of expression and promoter methylation status of apoptosis-related genes in prostate cancer. Apoptosis 2010; 15:956-65. [PMID: 20464497 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is known to be involved in tumorigenesis and a defective ratio between cell proliferation and apoptosis may contribute to the emergence of a malignant phenotype. Transcriptional silencing of apoptosis-related genes associated with aberrant promoter methylation may impair the apoptotic machinery, ultimately leading to cancer development. Aberrant promoter methylation of numerous genes involved in many different pathways is frequent in prostate cancer. Our aim was to quantitatively assess the methylation status of several apoptosis-related genes in prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) and its precursor lesion, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). First, 120 PCa and 39 HGPIN were screened for altered expression of BCL2, CASP8, CASP3, DAPK DR3, DR4, DR6, FAS, TMS1, TNFR2, using 28 benign prostate hyperplasias and 10 normal prostates as controls. Underexpressed genes were then assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR to determine the promoter methylation status. Finally, quantitative mRNA expression of aberrantly methylated genes was performed and methylation data was correlated with standard clinicopathologic parameters. DAPK, DR4 and TNFR2 were significantly overexpressed in HGPIN and PCa, whereas BCL2, TMS1, and FAS were downregulated. Although methylation levels were significantly higher for TMS1 and BCL2 (correlating with advanced stage), an inverse correlation with mRNA expression was found only for BCL2. We concluded that the apoptotic pathways are largely preserved in prostate carcinogenesis, in particular the extrinsic pathway, with the exception of FAS and TMS1, which are epigenetically downregulated. In addition, BCL2 was also found to be frequently silenced in PCa due to aberrant promoter methylation, thus supporting a future role for apoptosis-targeted therapy in prostate cancer.
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Role of IAPs in prostate cancer progression: immunohistochemical study in normal and pathological (benign hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer) human prostate. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:18. [PMID: 20078866 PMCID: PMC2838819 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study was investigate IAPs in normal human prostate (NP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostatic carcinoma (PC), and their involvement in apoptosis/proliferation via NF-kB (TNF-α, IL-1) stimulation. Methods Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were performed in 10 samples of normal prostates, 35 samples of BPH, 27 samples diagnosis of PIN (with low-grade PIN or high-grade PIN) and 95 samples of PC (with low, medium or high Gleason grades). Results In NP, cytoplasm of epithelial cells were positive to c-IAP1/2 (80% of samples), c-IAP-2 (60%), ILP (20%), XIAP (20%); negative to NAIP and survivin. In BPH, epithelial cells were immunostained to c-IAP1/2 (57.57%), c-IAP-2 (57.57%), ILP (66.6%), NAIP (60.6%), XIAP (27.27%), survivin (9.1%). Whereas low-grade PIN showed intermediate results between NP and BPH; results in high-grade PIN were similar to those found in PC. In PC, epithelial cells were immunostained to c-IAP1/2, c-IAP-2, ILP, NAIP, XIAP (no Gleason variation) and survivin (increasing with Gleason). Conclusions IAPs could be involved in prostate disorder (BPH, PIN and PC) development since might be provoke inhibition of apoptosis and subsequently cell proliferation. At the same time, different transduction pathway such as IL-1/NIK/NF-kB or TNF/NF-kB (NIK or p38) also promotes proliferation. Inhibitions of IAPs, IL-1α and TNFα might be a possible target for PC treatment since IAPs are the proteins that inhibited apoptosis (favour proliferation) and IL-1α and TNFα would affect all the transduction pathway involucrate in the activation of transcription factors related to survival or proliferation (NF-kB, Elk-1 or ATF-2).
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Nuñez C, Cansino JR, Bethencourt F, Pérez-Utrilla M, Fraile B, Martínez-Onsurbe P, Olmedilla G, Paniagua R, Royuela M. TNF/IL-1/NIK/NF-kappa B transduction pathway: a comparative study in normal and pathological human prostate (benign hyperplasia and carcinoma). Histopathology 2008; 53:166-76. [PMID: 18752500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induces death or cell proliferation by activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, also activated by interleukin (IL)-1 alpha. The aim was to investigate upstream and downstream components of NIK transduction pathway in normal (NP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostatic carcinoma (PC). METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed. In NP, the cytoplasm of epithelial cells was intensely immunoreactive to IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-6, NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK), I kappa kappa alpha/beta, I kappaB alpha and p-I kappaB; weakly to NF-kappaB-p50; and negative to NF-kappaB-p65. BPH samples were intensely immunoreactive to IRAK, TRAF-6, NIK, I kappa kappa alpha/beta, I kappaB alpha, p-I kappaB; weakly to NF-kappaB-p50 and NF-kappaB-p65. Whereas low-grade PIN showed intermediate results between NP and BPH, results in high-grade PIN were similar to those found in PC (low Gleason). In PC, immunoreactivity was intense for IRAK, TRAF-6, NIK, I kappa kappa alpha/beta (increasing with Gleason), I kappaB alpha, p-I kappaB (decreasing with Gleason); weak for NF-kappaB-p50 and NF-kappaB-p65 (decreasing with Gleason). Nuclear NF-kappaB was observed in PC. CONCLUSIONS NF-kappaB enhances cell proliferation, but also ATF-2 or Elk-1. Since IL-1 and TNF-alpha are related to inflammation and their immunoexpression increases in PC, inhibition of these cytokines might be a possible target for PC treatment, because they decrease the activity of all transduction pathway members that activate transcription factors such as NF-kappaB, Elk-1 or ATF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nuñez
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Wu HC, Chang CH, Chen HY, Tsai FJ, Tsai JJP, Chen WC. p53 Gene Codon 72 Polymorphism but Not Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene Is Associated with Prostate Cancer. Urol Int 2008; 73:41-6. [PMID: 15263792 DOI: 10.1159/000078803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A polymorphism of gene p53 codon 72 is associated with various cancer formations. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) one of the cytokines secreted by macrophages in response to inflammation and is also related to cancer formation. We aimed to evaluate the association between prostate cancer and the polymorphisms of the TNF-alpha gene promoter -308 and p53 gene codon 72. PATIENTS AND METHODS In our study, a normal control group of 126 healthy people and 96 patients with prostate cancer were examined. The polymorphism (G/A) of TNF-alpha gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction analysis (Nco I endonuclease) and the polymorphism of p53 gene was detected by two PCRs (one for proline and one for arginine form). RESULTS There was a significant difference in the distribution of codon 72 polymorphism the p53 gene between prostate cancer patients and the normal controls (p < 0.001). The proline form of p53 gene codon 72 was significantly higher than the arginine form, with an odds ratio of 2.606 (95% CI = 1.052-6.455). This difference was also revealed in the tumor staging (p = 0.035) as the proline form was significantly higher in the metastasis group of prostate cancer. There were no statistical differences in the distribution of -308 polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene between cancer patients and the control subjects (p = 1.0). CONCLUSION Prostate cancer appears to be associated with the p53 gene codon 72 polymorphisms, but not with the TNF-alpha gene. The proline form of p53 gene codon 72 might be a more significant risk factor for the development of metastasis than the arginine form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Chin Wu
- Department of Urology, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Bouraoui Y, Ricote M, García-Tuñón I, Rodriguez-Berriguete G, Touffehi M, Rais NB, Fraile B, Paniagua R, Oueslati R, Royuela M. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostate-specific antigen in hyperplasia and human prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ricote M, García-Tuñón I, Fraile B, Fernández C, Aller P, Paniagua R, Royuela M. P38 MAPK protects against TNF-alpha-provoked apoptosis in LNCaP prostatic cancer cells. Apoptosis 2007; 11:1969-75. [PMID: 17031491 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the most relevant aspects in cell death regulation is the signalling of apoptosis by the serine/threonine kinases MAPKs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TNF-alpha stimulation on MAPK activation, and the pro- or anti-apoptotic role of these kinases in LNCaP and PC3 cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Treatments were carried out using several TNF-alpha concentrations, as well as specific pharmacological inhibitors of MAPKs. Apoptosis rates were evaluated by DAPI staining and flow cytometry. MAPK phosphorylation/activation was measured by Western blot. RESULTS TNF-alpha induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in LNCaP but not in PC3 cells. The MAPK inhibitors revealed that the apoptotic rate in LNCaP cells increased significantly following p38 inhibition. The kinase inhibitors failed to cause changes in apoptosis in PC3 cells. CONCLUSIONS The potentiation of apoptosis by p38 inhibition points to this kinase as a possible target for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ricote
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Drewa T, Wolski Z, Misterek B, Debski R, Styczynski J. The influence of alpha1-antagonist on the expression pattern of TNF receptor family in primary culture of prostate epithelial cells from BPH patients. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 11:88-93. [PMID: 17533395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Doxazosin triggers apoptosis via an imprecisely defined receptor mechanism that is related to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs). The aim of this study was to determine CD95, TNFR-1, TNFR-2, CD40 expression in primary prostate epithelial cultures incubated with doxazosin. Epithelial cultures were cultivated from 10 benign prostate hyperplasia patients. The cells were incubated with 20, 50 and 80 microM of doxazosin. Apoptosis was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The cells were analyzed for expression of FAS, CD40, TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 by flow cytometry. Early apoptotic cells were present in all groups. A positive correlation was noticed between doxazosin dose and TNFR-1-, -2-positive cells. A decrease of CD40-positive cell population was observed in the lowest concentration. A decrease of mean fluorescence intensity signal of CD40 and CD95 was observed in the lowest concentration. Doxazosin-triggered apoptosis was dose-independent. The initiation of apoptosis was a result of receptors 'crosstalk' rather than a single receptor pathway activation. TNF receptor self-assembly process should be checked as a potential mechanism leading to apoptosis after doxazosin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Drewa
- Department of General, Oncologic and Pediatric Urology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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García-Tuñón I, Ricote M, Ruiz A, Fraile B, Paniagua R, Royuela M. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors in human benign breast lesions and tumors (in situ and infiltrative). Cancer Sci 2006; 97:1044-9. [PMID: 16984377 PMCID: PMC11160060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the expression pattern of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and its receptors in breast samples (benign diseases, in situ carcinomas and infiltrating carcinomas), and to compare these results with those obtained previously for interleukin-6, p53 and p21 using the same samples in order to elucidate the effects of these cytokines on the proliferation-apoptosis equilibrium. Immunoexpression of TNF-alpha and its receptors (TNFRI and TNFRII) were studied by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The percentage of samples positive for TNF-alpha and TNFRII was higher in in situ carcinoma than in benign breast diseases, and TNFRII was even higher in infiltrating tumors. The percentage of samples positive for TNFRI was similar in the three groups. For the three proteins and in the three patient groups, immunoreactions were observed in the peripheral cytoplasm. In the positive samples, immunostaining for TNF-alpha was more intense in infiltrating tumors than in the other two patient groups, whereas immunostaining for both receptors was higher in in situ carcinoma than in benign breast diseases, and even higher in infiltrating tumors. Comparing the TNF-alpha results with previous results for mtp53, p21 and interleukin-6, we found an association between the expression of these four proteins and increasing malignancy. TNF-alpha might be an important factor in breast cancer promotion as its proliferation and survival effects seems to be enhanced through the increased expression of TNFRII. Also, the pro-apoptotic pathway of TNFRI could be inhibited by p21 (which appeared increased in breast cancer), altering TNFRI effects in promoting the expression of several factors, such interleukin-6, which contribute to tumor promotion.
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Ricote M, García-Tuñón I, Bethencourt F, Fraile B, Onsurbe P, Paniagua R, Royuela M. The p38 transduction pathway in prostatic neoplasia. J Pathol 2006; 208:401-7. [PMID: 16369914 DOI: 10.1002/path.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that, among other cellular responses, TNF-alpha induces not only cell death, but also cell proliferation by activation of p38. It has also been reported that IL-1-alpha favours cell proliferation by p38 activation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate upstream (alpha-PAK, MEK-6) and downstream (Elk-1 and ATF-2) components of the p38 transduction pathway in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate carcinoma (PC). Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses were performed in 20 samples of normal prostate, 47 samples of BPH, and 27 samples of PC. In all normal prostates, immunoreactivity for p-Elk-1 and p-ATF-2 was observed in epithelial cell nuclei, but no expression of alpha-PAK or MEK-6. In BPH, there was expression of alpha-PAK (cytoplasm) and MEK-6 (cytoplasm), while the proportions of lesions that were immunoreactive for p-Elk-1 (nucleus and cytoplasm) and p-ATF-2 (nucleus) decreased. In PC, the percentages of cells that were immunoreactive for alpha-PAK (cytoplasm) or MEK-6 (cytoplasm) rose slightly in comparison with BPH, while the percentages of cells that were immunoreactive for p-Elk-1 (nucleus and cytoplasm) or p-ATF-2 (nucleus and cytoplasm) were much higher than in BPH. It is concluded that overexpression of alpha-PAK, MEK-6, p38, p-Elk-1, and p-ATF-2 in BPH, and more intensely in PC, enhances cell proliferation. In BPH, such proliferation is triggered by IL-1 and in part counteracted by the TNF-alpha/AP-1 pathway, which promotes apoptosis. In PC, proliferation is triggered by IL-1 and TNF-alpha (the TNF-alpha/AP-1 pathway is diverted towards p38 activation). Since in a study of the same patients immunoexpression of IL-1alpha and IL-1RI was previously observed to be increased in PC, inhibition of p38 is a possible target for PC treatment, as this inhibition would both decrease IL-1-induced cell proliferation and increase TNF-alpha-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ricote
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Ricote M, García-Tuñón I, Fraile B, Fernández C, Aller P, Paniagua R, Royuela M. p38 MAPK protects against TNF-α-provoked apoptosis in LNCaP prostatic cancer cells. Apoptosis 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-5408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Golovko O, Nazarova N, Tuohimaa P. Vitamin D-induced up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2005; 77:562-77. [PMID: 15904673 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol) is an active hormone that regulates cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we report on a new calcitriol target gene in prostate cancer cells, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 up-regulate TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. The stimulation is dose-dependent in both of these cell lines, demonstrated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Calcitriol and CB1093 act synergistically with human recombinant TNF-alpha in activation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP but not in PC-3 cells. Transcriptional activation of TNF-alpha gene by calcitriol or CB1093 does not lead to TNF-alpha protein secretion, however calcitriol and CB1093 enhance TPA-stimulated TNF-alpha production in LNCaP cells. We did not observe any significant effect of calcitriol on regulation of TNFR1 at the level of gene expression. Nor does calcitriol affect transcriptional regulation of cytokine (IL-1, IL-6) and cytokine receptor genes in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 at 10 nM concentration induce programmed cell death in LNCaP cells. Combined addition of human recombinant TNF-alpha with calcitriol or CB1093 cause enhanced effect in induction of apoptosis. We conclude that under physiological conditions vitamin D activates only the transcription of TNF-alpha gene, for TNF-alpha protein synthesis additional cofactors are required. Therefore a cooperation of vitamin D and TNF-alpha may play an important role in the control of cell growth in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golovko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Tampere, Finland.
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Weiler C, Nerlich AG, Bachmeier BE, Boos N. Expression and distribution of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human lumbar intervertebral discs: a study in surgical specimen and autopsy controls. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:44-53; discussion 54. [PMID: 15626980 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000149186.63457.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical study of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in autopsy and surgical specimens of human lumbar intervertebral discs. OBJECTIVES To investigate the occurrence and localization of tumor necrosis factor alpha in intervertebral disc tissue and to correlate its expression with age and the degree of disc degeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The source and origin of discogenic pain are as yet unknown. Recently identified changes of the cellular phenotype during senescence and disc pathology with partly phagocytic properties suggest an 'inflammatory' phenotype. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is one of the most potent proinflammatory cytokines possibly modulating cellular phenotypes. It may also promote pain induction. Very little is known about the occurrence and localization of tumor necrosis factor alpha in intervertebral disc tissue of defined age and degree of histologic tissue degeneration. METHODS The study population comprised 20 cross-sections of the complete motion segment of human lumbar vertebrae (age range 0-86 years) obtained at autopsy and 28 surgical disc specimens of individuals undergoing lumbar surgical interventions for various reasons. The temporospatial distribution of tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive cells using a polyclonal antibody was correlated with a histologic degeneration score. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor alpha is expressed substantially in (nonsymptomatic) autopsy material in fetal/infantile and older adult nucleus pulposus, whereas it is sparsely expressed in adolescent and young adult nucleus pulposus. In the anulus fibrosus, tumor necrosis factor alpha is not found in young adults (<25 years), but then significantly increases in extent. In contrast, symptomatic nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus (surgical material) contain substantially more tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive cells. A significant positive correlation of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression and disc degeneration (histologic degeneration score) was found for the anulus fibrosus in both sample groups. In the surgical material, an additional significant positive correlation was identified for nuclear tumor necrosis factor alpha, disc degeneration, and age. CONCLUSIONS Tumor necrosis factor alpha is substantially expressed in disc material of symptomatic patients (surgical specimens) in comparison to samples taken at autopsy. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha in early fetal/infantile nucleus pulposus may indicate 'physiologic' tissue disarrangement with closure of the blood vessel canals. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha in adult discs, in contrast, is statistically associated with disc degeneration. Its occurrence in adults of more advanced age suggests that tumor necrosis factor alpha is not involved in the initiation of disc degeneration, but may be associated with further promotion of degenerative disarrangement and pain induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Weiler
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany.
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Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 2004; 101:2371-490. [PMID: 15495199 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any nonskin cancer in the human body, with similar likelihood of neoplastic foci found within the prostates of men around the world regardless of diet, occupation, lifestyle, or other factors. Essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. This review is a contemporary and comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the putative risk factors for human prostate cancer, and the results were presented at a multidisciplinary consensus conference held in Crystal City, Virginia, in the fall of 2002. The objectives were to evaluate known environmental factors and mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis and to identify existing data gaps and future research needs. The review is divided into four sections, including 1) epidemiology (endogenous factors [family history, hormones, race, aging and oxidative stress] and exogenous factors [diet, environmental agents, occupation and other factors, including lifestyle factors]); 2) animal and cell culture models for prediction of human risk (rodent models, transgenic models, mouse reconstitution models, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome mouse models, canine models, xenograft models, and cell culture models); 3) biomarkers in prostate cancer, most of which have been tested only as predictive factors for patient outcome after treatment rather than as risk factors; and 4) genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The authors conclude that most of the data regarding risk relies, of necessity, on epidemiologic studies, but animal and cell culture models offer promise in confirming some important findings. The current understanding of biomarkers of disease and risk factors is limited. An understanding of the risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health research and policy, genetic and nutritional education and chemoprevention, and prevention strategies.
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Ricote M, Royuela M, García-Tuñón I, Bethencourt FR, Paniagua R, Fraile B. Pro-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor-alpha transduction pathway in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 2003; 170:787-90. [PMID: 12913698 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000082712.41945.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) exerts apoptosis throughout an intracellular transduction pathway that involves the protein kinases TRAF-2 (integration point of apoptotic and survival signals), signal regulating kinase (ASK-1) (pro-apoptotic protein), mitogen activated protein kinase-kinase 4 (MEK-4) (p38 activator and metastasis suppressor gene), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (stress mitogen activated protein kinase) and the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsies from 20 normal, 35 hyperplastic and 27 carcinomatous human prostates were obtained for immunohistochemical and Western blot studies of the mentioned TNF-alpha/AP-1 transduction pathway members. RESULTS In normal prostates immunoreactions to TRAF-2, ASK-1, MEK-4 and JNK were positive, while no immunoreaction to AP-1 was detected. Although in benign prostatic hyperplasia the percent of immunostained specimens and intensity of immunoreactions to TRAF-2, ASK-1, MEK-4 and JNK decreased, the immunoreaction to AP-1 was positive in 27.3%. In most carcinomatous specimens the immune reaction was negative for all proteins of the TRAF-2/AP-1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS The TNF-alpha/AP-1 pathway might be a response to the excessive proliferative stimulus, although this response seems to be insufficient to counteract extracellular signals of cell proliferation. In prostate cancer this pathway is probably inactivated by other factors, such as p21 (at the ASK-1 level) or bcl-2 (at the JNK level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ricote
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Tsai M, Chen W, Tsai F. Correlation of p21 gene codon 31 polymorphism and TNF-alpha gene polymorphism with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2002; 16:146-50. [PMID: 11968052 PMCID: PMC6808169 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background p21 (WAF1/CIP1) is a downstream protein from p53 and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S phase in response to signal from p53. The most frequently seen polymorphic site is at codon 31, where a base change from AGC to AGA causes an amino acid change from serine to arginine. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that is secreted from macrophages, and is related to a sequence of events in the response to inflammation and cancer formation. The TNF-alpha gene promoter -308 G/A polymorphism has been reported to be associated with some cancers. In this study, these polymorphisms were proposed to be a candidate genetic marker of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The distribution was analyzed in 47 NPC patients and a control group of 119 healthy people. The association of the p21 codon 31 polymorphism with NPC was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis by Blp I endonuclease, and calculated by the chi-square test. The TNF-alpha gene promoter -308 G/A polymorphism was identified by Nco I endonuclease. The distribution of the gene p21 codon 31 polymorphisms showed no significant difference between the two groups. The serine form of p21 codon 31 was more prominent in smokers than nonsmokers among the NPC patients (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the distribution of TNF-alpha gene promoter -308 G/A polymorphism between control and cancer patients. The results indicate that the gene p21 codon 31 polymorphism and TNF-alpha promoter -308 polymorphism are not correlated with NPC. However, the difference between smokers and nonsmokers suggests that an environmental factor may be involved in association with the p21 gene in the formation of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Chi Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu‐Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Royuela M, Arenas MI, Bethencourt FR, Sánchez-Chapado M, Fraile B, Paniagua R. Regulation of proliferation/apoptosis equilibrium by mitogen-activated protein kinases in normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous human prostate. Hum Pathol 2002; 33:299-306. [PMID: 11979370 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2002.32227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigate the expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatic cancer (PC), and also the possible relationship between the activity of these MAPKs and the apoptosis/proliferation index. Immunochemical techniques were carried out using 2 mouse monoclonal antibodies against human extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and 1 goat polyclonal antibody against mouse p38. To compare the results obtained in the 3 specimens, the average percentages of both epithelial and stromal immunostained cells were calculated on immunostained sections. For each of the 3 kinases studied, the percentage of immunostained stromal cells did not change with prostatic alterations. For both ERK and p38, the percentage of immunostained epithelial cells increased significantly in BPH and even more so in PC. For JNK, the percentage of immunostained epithelial cells increased significantly only in PC. These results suggest that ERK could be involved in the elevated proliferation indexes reported in BPH and PC, whereas p38 might contribute to the increased apoptotic index reported in PC. The most probable action of JNK in PC would be cell proliferation stimulation. Overexpression of MAPKs, involved in the development of prostatic hyperplasia and neoplasia, might be secondary to the overexpression of several growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Royuela
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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