1
|
Khong H, Hattley KB, Suzuki Y. The BTB transcription factor, Abrupt, acts cooperatively with Chronologically inappropriate morphogenesis (Chinmo) to repress metamorphosis and promotes leg regeneration. Dev Biol 2024; 509:70-84. [PMID: 38373692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Many insects undergo the process of metamorphosis when larval precursor cells begin to differentiate to create the adult body. The larval precursor cells retain stem cell-like properties and contribute to the regenerative ability of larval appendages. Here we demonstrate that two Broad-complex/Tramtrack/Bric-à-brac Zinc-finger (BTB) domain transcription factors, Chronologically inappropriate morphogenesis (Chinmo) and Abrupt (Ab), act cooperatively to repress metamorphosis in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Knockdown of chinmo led to precocious development of pupal legs and antennae. We show that although topical application of juvenile hormone (JH) prevents the decrease in chinmo expression in the final instar, chinmo and JH act in distinct pathways. Another gene encoding the BTB domain transcription factor, Ab, was also necessary for the suppression of broad (br) expression in T. castaneum in a chinmo RNAi background, and simultaneous knockdown of ab and chinmo led to the precocious onset of metamorphosis. Furthermore, knockdown of ab led to the loss of regenerative potential of larval legs independently of br. In contrast, chinmo knockdown larvae exhibited pupal leg regeneration when a larval leg was ablated. Taken together, our results show that both ab and chinmo are necessary for the maintenance of the larval tissue identity and, apart from its role in repressing br, ab acts as a crucial regulator of larval leg regeneration. Our findings indicate that BTB domain proteins interact in a complex manner to regulate larval and pupal tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesper Khong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Kayli B Hattley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang HC, Li L, Zhang JH, Yao ZH, Pang BP. MicroRNA miR-285 modulates the metamorphosis in Galeruca daurica by targeting Br-C. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38385645 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galeruca daurica has become a new pest on the Inner Mongolia grasslands since an abrupt outbreak in 2009 caused serious damage. As a pupa indicator during insect metamorphosis, the early response gene of the ecdysone signaling pathway, Broad-Complex (Br-C), plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which mediate various biological activities, but it is unknown whether and how Br-C is regulated by miRNAs. RESULTS Temporal expression profiles revealed that miR-285 and Br-C basically displayed an opposite trend during larval-adult development, and Br-C was sharply up-regulated on the last day of final-instar larvae while miR-285 was significantly down-regulated. Both dual-luciferase reporter assay and miRNA-mRNA interaction assay indicated that miR-285 interacts with the coding sequence of Br-C and represses its expression. Not only overexpression but also downexpression of miR-285 led to the failure of larval to pupal to adult metamorphosis. In addition, both overexpression of miR-285 and silence of Br-C inhibited the expression of Br-C and other ecdysone signaling pathway genes, including E74, E75, ECR, FTZ-F1, and HR3. On the contrary, suppressing miR-285 obtained opposite results. Further experiments showed that 20-hydroxyecdysone down-regulated miR-285 and up-regulated Br-C and above-mentioned genes, whereas juvenile hormone alalogue (JHA) resulted in opposite effects. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that miR-285 is involved in mediating the metamorphosis in G. daurica by targeting Br-C in the ecdysone signaling pathway. miR-285 and its target Br-C could be as a potential target for G. daurica management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Wang
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ling Li
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing-Hang Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Center for Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhi-Han Yao
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bao-Ping Pang
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Babišová K, Mentelová L, Geisseová TK, Beňová-Liszeková D, Beňo M, Chase BA, Farkaš R. Apocrine secretion in the salivary glands of Drosophilidae and other dipterans is evolutionarily conserved. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1088055. [PMID: 36712974 PMCID: PMC9880899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1088055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apocrine secretion is a transport and secretory mechanism that remains only partially characterized, even though it is evolutionarily conserved among all metazoans, including humans. The excellent genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster holds promise for elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating this fundamental metazoan process. Two prerequisites for such investigations are to clearly define an experimental system to investigate apocrine secretion and to understand the evolutionarily and functional contexts in which apocrine secretion arose in that system. To this end, we recently demonstrated that, in D. melanogaster, the prepupal salivary glands utilize apocrine secretion prior to pupation to deliver innate immune and defense components to the exuvial fluid that lies between the metamorphosing pupae and its chitinous case. This finding provided a unique opportunity to appraise how this novel non-canonical and non-vesicular transport and secretory mechanism is employed in different developmental and evolutionary contexts. Here we demonstrate that this apocrine secretion, which is mechanistically and temporarily separated from the exocytotic mechanism used to produce the massive salivary glue secretion (Sgs), is shared across Drosophilidae and two unrelated dipteran species. Screening more than 30 species of Drosophila from divergent habitats across the globe revealed that apocrine secretion is a widespread and evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism used to produce exuvial fluid. Species with longer larval and prepupal development than D. melanogaster activate apocrine secretion later, while smaller and more rapidly developing species activate it earlier. In some species, apocrine secretion occurs after the secretory material is first concentrated in cytoplasmic structures of unknown origin that we name "collectors." Strikingly, in contrast to the widespread use of apocrine secretion to provide exuvial fluid, not all species use exocytosis to produce the viscid salivary glue secretion that is seen in D. melanogaster. Thus, apocrine secretion is the conserved mechanism used to realize the major function of the salivary gland in fruitflies and related species: it produces the pupal exuvial fluid that provides an active defense against microbial invasion during pupal metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Babišová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Mentelová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,Department of Genetics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Terézia Klaudia Geisseová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Beňová-Liszeková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Beňo
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Robert Farkaš
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center v.v.i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,*Correspondence: Robert Farkaš,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernandez-Nicolas A, Ventos-Alfonso A, Kamsoi O, Clark-Hachtel C, Tomoyasu Y, Belles X. Broad complex and wing development in cockroaches. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 147:103798. [PMID: 35662625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In hemimetabolan insects, the transcription factor Broad complex (Br-C) promotes wing growth and development during the nymphal period. We wondered whether Br-C could trigger the initiation of wing development, using the cockroach Blattella germanica as a model. We show that first instar nymphs have their unique identity of these three thoracic segments specified. During embryogenesis, the expression of Br-C and some wing-related genes show two matching waves. The first takes place before the formation of the germ band, which might be involved in the establishment of various developmental fields including a potential "wing field", and the second wave around organogenesis, possibly involved in the initiation of wing development. However, the expression of Br-C in early embryogenesis concentrates in the developing central nervous system, thus not co-localizing with the expression of the typical wing-related gene vestigial, which is expressed at the edge of the thoracic and abdominal segments. This suggests that Br-C is not specifically involved in the establishment of a potential "wing field" in early embryogenesis. Moreover, maternal RNAi for Br-C depletes the first wave of Br-C expression but does not affect the early expression of wing-related genes. As maternal Br-C RNAi did not deplete the second expression wave of Br-C, we could not evaluate if Br-C is involved in the initiation of wing development. Alternatively, using nymphal RNAi of Br-C and Sex combs reduced (Scr), we show that Br-C contributes to the formation of ectopic wing structures that develop in the prothorax when Scr is depleted. The gene most clearly influenced by Br-C RNAi is nubbin (nub), which, in nymphs is crucial for wing growth. Together, these results suggest that Br-C does not specifically contribute to the establishment of the "wing field", but it does seem important later, in the initiation of wing development, enhancing the expression of wing-related genes, especially nub. This supports the hypothesis previously proposed by the authors, whereby Br-C might have facilitated the evolution of holometaboly. However, there is no doubt that other factors have also contributed to this evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Ventos-Alfonso
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Orathai Kamsoi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Courtney Clark-Hachtel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700E High St, Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Yoshinori Tomoyasu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700E High St, Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He Q, Zhang Y. Kr-h1, a Cornerstone Gene in Insect Life History. Front Physiol 2022; 13:905441. [PMID: 35574485 PMCID: PMC9092015 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.905441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect life cycle is coordinated by hormones and their downstream effectors. Krüppel homolog1 (Kr-h1) is one of the crucial effectors which mediates the actions of the two critical hormones of insects, the juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). It is a transcription factor with a DNA-binding motif of eight C2H2 zinc fingers which is found to be conserved among insect orders. The expression of Kr-h1 is fluctuant during insect development with high abundance in juvenile instars and lower levels in the final instar and pupal stage, and reappearance in adults, which is governed by the coordination of JH, 20E, and miRNAs. The dynamic expression pattern of Kr-h1 is closely linked to its function in the entire life of insects. Over the past several years, accumulating studies have advanced our understanding of the role of Kr-h1 during insect development. It acts as a universal antimetamorphic factor in both hemimetabolous and holometabolous species by directly inhibiting the transcription of 20E signaling genes Broad-Complex (Br-C) and Ecdysone induced protein 93F (E93), and steroidogenic enzyme genes involved in ecdysone biosynthesis. Meanwhile, it promotes vitellogenesis and ovarian development in the majority of studied insects. In addition, Kr-h1 regulates insect behavioral plasticity and caste identity, neuronal morphogenesis, maturation of sexual behavior, as well as embryogenesis and metabolic homeostasis. Hence, Kr-h1 acts as a cornerstone regulator in insect life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu He
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanxi Zhang
- Daqing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Daqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun YY, Fu DY, Liu B, Wang LJ, Chen H. Roles of Krüppel Homolog 1 and Broad-Complex in the Development of Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:865442. [PMID: 35464080 PMCID: PMC9019567 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.865442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, metamorphosis is controlled by juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), a key JH-early inducible gene, is responsible for the suppression of metamorphosis and the regulation of the Broad-Complex (Br-C) gene, which is induced by 20E and functions as a “pupal specifier”. In this study, we identified and characterized the expression patterns and tissue distribution of DaKr-h1 and DaBr-C at various developmental stages of Dendroctonus armandi. The expression of the two genes was induced by JH analog (JHA) methoprene and 20E, and their functions were investigated by RNA interference. DaKr-h1 and DaBr-C were predominantly expressed in the heads of larvae and were significantly downregulated during the molting stage. In contrast, the DaKr-h1 transcript level was highest in the adult anterior midgut. DaBr-C was mainly expressed in female adults, with the highest transcript levels in the ovaries. In the larval and pupal stages, both JHA and 20E significantly induced DaKr-h1, but only 20E significantly induced DaBr-C, indicating the importance of hormones in metamorphosis. DaKr-h1 knockdown in larvae upregulated DaBr-C expression, resulting in precocious metamorphosis from larvae to pupae and the formation of miniature pupae. DaKr-h1 knockdown in pupae suppressed DaBr-C expression, increased emergence, caused abnormal morphology, and caused the formation of small-winged adults. These results suggest that DaKr-h1 is required for the metamorphosis of D. armandi. Our findings provide insight into the roles of DaKr-h1 and DaBr-C in JH-induced transcriptional repression and highlight DaKr-h1 as a potential target for metamorphosis suppression in D. armandi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ya Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Dan-Yang Fu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lin-Jun Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular mechanisms underlying metamorphosis in the most-ancestral winged insect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114773119. [PMID: 35217609 PMCID: PMC8892354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114773119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As caterpillars metamorphose to butterflies, insects change their appearance dramatically through metamorphosis. Some insects have an immobile pupal stage for morphological remodeling (homometaboly). Other insects, such as cockroaches, have no pupal stage, and the juveniles and adults are morphologically similar (hemimetaboly). Notably, among the most-ancestral hemimetabolous insects, dragonflies drastically alter their appearance from aquatic nymphs to aerial adults. In dragonflies, we showed that transcription factors Kr-h1 and E93 are essential for regulating metamorphosis as in other insects, while broad, the master gene for pupation in holometabolous insects, regulates a number of both nymph-specific genes and adult-specific genes, providing insight into what evolutionary trajectory the key transcription factor broad has experienced before ending up with governing pupation and holometaboly. Insects comprise over half of the described species, and the acquisition of metamorphosis must have contributed to their diversity and prosperity. The order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) is among the most-ancestral insects with drastic morphological changes upon metamorphosis, in which understanding of the molecular mechanisms will provide insight into the evolution of incomplete and complete metamorphosis in insects. In order to identify metamorphosis-related genes in Odonata, we performed comprehensive RNA-sequencing of the blue-tailed damselfly Ischnura senegalensis at different developmental stages. Comparative RNA-sequencing analyses between nymphs and adults identified eight nymph-specific and seven adult-specific transcripts. RNA interference (RNAi) of these candidate genes demonstrated that three transcription factors, Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), broad, and E93 play important roles in metamorphosis of both I. senegalensis and a phylogenetically distant dragonfly, Pseudothemis zonata. E93 is essential for adult morphogenesis, and RNAi of Kr-h1 induced precocious metamorphosis in epidermis via up-regulation of E93. Precocious metamorphosis was also induced by RNAi of the juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met), confirming that the regulation of metamorphosis by the MEKRE93 (Met-Kr-h1-E93) pathway is conserved across diverse insects including the basal insect lineage Odonata. Notably, RNAi of broad produced unique grayish pigmentation on the nymphal abdominal epidermis. Survey of downstream genes for Kr-h1, broad, and E93 uncovered that unlike other insects, broad regulates a substantial number of nymph-specific and adult-specific genes independently of Kr-h1 and E93. These findings highlight the importance of functional changes and rewiring of the transcription factors Kr-h1, broad, and E93 in the evolution of insect metamorphosis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo MP, Qian WL, He XC, Peng J, Wang P, Wang WN, Xia QY, Cheng DJ. Genome-wide identification of target genes for transcription factor BR-C in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1530-1540. [PMID: 33372405 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor Broad Complex (BR-C) is an ecdysone primary response gene in insects and participates in the regulation of insect growth and development. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of BR-C target genes in silkworm (Bombyx mori) using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq). As a result, a total of 1006 BR-C ChIP peaks were identified, and 15% of peaks were located in the promoter regions of 133 protein-coding genes. Functional annotation revealed that these ChIP peak-associated genes, as potential BR-C targets, were enriched in pathways related to biosynthetic process, metabolic process, and development. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination revealed that developmental changes in expression patterns of a portion of potential BR-C targets, including HR96 and GC-α1, were similar to those of BR-C. ChIP-PCR examination confirmed that BR-C could directly bind to the promoters of potential targets. Further, dual luciferase assays demonstrated that HR96 promoter activity was significantly upregulated following BR-C overexpression, and this upregulation was abolished when the binding motif in the promoter was truncated. This study will be helpful for deciphering the regulatory roles of BR-C during insect growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Pei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wen-Liang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xue-Chuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wei-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing-You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dao-Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
HuangFu N, Zhu X, Chang G, Wang L, Li D, Zhang K, Gao X, Ji J, Luo J, Cui J. Dynamic transcriptome analysis and Methoprene-tolerant gene knockdown reveal that juvenile hormone regulates oogenesis and vitellogenin synthesis in Propylea Japonica. Genomics 2021; 113:2877-2889. [PMID: 34116170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Propylea japonica has been regarded as one of the most remarkable natural enemies against aphid in China. However, the mechanism of juvenile hormone (JH) regulation of reproduction in P. japonica is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the JH titers of P. japonica and the development of the ovaries. We selected the six different developmental stages of ladybeetle females for transcriptome sequencing. We identified 583 genes involved in insect reproduction regulation, including 107 insect hormone synthesis signaling pathway-related genes and 476 nutrition-sensing signaling pathway-related genes. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a large number JH synthesis- and metabolism-related enzyme genes and some potential nutrient signal sensing- and transduction-related genes were significantly differentially expressed during P. japonica development. We investigated the effects of Met gene silencing on the reproduction of female adults and found that the ovarian maturation, vitellogenesis, and follicular epithelium development in the dsMet treatment group were significantly inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo HuangFu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Guofeng Chang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Junyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Identification of juvenile hormone-induced posttranslational modifications of methoprene tolerant and Krüppel homolog 1 in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. J Proteomics 2021; 242:104257. [PMID: 33957312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reported that JH-regulated phosphorylation status of the JH-receptor complex contributes to its transcription activity in Aedes aegypti. However, phosphorylation sites of these proteins have not yet been identified. In this study, we found that the fusion of an EGFP tag to Ae. aegypti Kr-h1 (AaKr-h1) and Met (AaMet) improved their stability in mosquito Aag-2 cells, which allowed their purification. The liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the purified AaKr-h1 showed that the phosphoserine residue at position 694, located in the evolutionarily conserved SVIQ motif, is dephosphorylated when the cells are exposed to JH. The AaKr-h1 dephosphorylation mutant (S694V) showed significantly higher activity in inducing the luciferase gene regulated by JH response elements. The phosphorylation profile of Met also changed after exposing Aag-2 cells to JH III. The Ser-77 and Ser-710 residues of Met were phosphorylated after JH III treatment. In contrast, the two phosphoserine residues at positions 73 and 747 were dephosphorylated after JH III treatment. JH exposure also induced transient and reversible phosphorylation of Thr-664 and Ser-723 residues. Overall, these data show that JH induces changes in post-translational modifications of AaMet and AaKr-h1. SIGNIFICANCE: Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are known to vector many disease agents, including Zika virus, dengue virus chikungunya virus, and Mayaro and yellow fever virus. In the present study, we developed an efficient method to prepare Ae. aegypti Met and Kr-h1, which are typically difficult to produce and purify, using a mosquito cell line expression system. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based approaches were utilized to map the phosphorylation profiles of the isolated proteins. We then monitored the changes induced by JH activation in the phosphorylation profiles to check if the JH modulates post-translation modification of its key transcription factors. We found that the JH induced alterations in the phosphorylation profiles of the multiple residues of AaMet. In contrast, activation of the JH signaling pathway was accompanied by dephosphorylation of AaKr-h1 at phosphoserine-694, increasing its transcriptional activity. In addition, S694 of AaKr-h1 was located in the RMSSVIQYA motif highly conserved in orthologous proteins from other insect species. These results can help us further understand how JH modulates its key transcription factors and provide a basis for the development of novel insect control strategies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gegner J, Vogel H, Billion A, Förster F, Vilcinskas A. Complete Metamorphosis in Manduca sexta Involves Specific Changes in DNA Methylation Patterns. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.646281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition between morphologically distinct phenotypes during complete metamorphosis in holometabolous insects is accompanied by fundamental transcriptional reprogramming. Using the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), a powerful model for the analysis of insect evolution and development, we conducted a genome-wide comparative analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation in caterpillars and adults to determine whether complete metamorphosis has an epigenetic basis in this species. Bisulfite sequencing indicated a generally low level of DNA methylation with a unimodal CpGO/E distribution. Expression analysis revealed that 24 % of all known M. sexta genes (3.729) were upregulated in last-instar larvae relative to the adult moth, whereas 26 % (4.077) were downregulated. We also identified 4.946 loci and 4.960 regions showing stage-specific differential methylation. Interestingly, genes encoding histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases were differentially methylated in the larvae and adults, indicating there is crosstalk between different epigenetic mechanisms. The distinct sets of methylated genes in M. sexta larvae and adults suggest that complete metamorphosis involves epigenetic modifications associated with profound transcriptional reprogramming, involving approximately half of all the genes in this species.
Collapse
|
12
|
Martín D, Chafino S, Franch-Marro X. How stage identity is established in insects: the role of the Metamorphic Gene Network. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:29-38. [PMID: 33075581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proper formation of adult insects requires the integration of spatial and temporal regulatory axes. Whereas spatial information confers identity to each tissue, organ and appendage, temporal information specifies at which stage of development the animal is. Regardless of the type of post-embryonic development, either hemimetabolous or holometabolous, temporal specificity is achieved through interactions between the temporal identity genes Kr-h1, E93 and Br-C, whose sequential expression is controlled by the two major developmental hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone and Juvenile hormone. Given the intimate regulatory connection between these three factors to specify life stage identity, we dubbed the regulatory axis that comprises these genes as the Metamorphic Gene Network (MGN). In this review, we survey the molecular mechanisms underlying the control by the MGN of stage identity and progression in hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Chafino
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng B, Ye Y, Ma J, Song J. Juvenile hormone upregulates sugarbabe for vitellogenesis and egg development in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21742. [PMID: 32978973 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugarbabe is a C2 H2 zinc-finger transcription factor that is sensitive to sugar and essential for lipid biosynthesis in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. However, the role of Sugarbabe in adult insect development remains unexplored. Vitellogenesis is a nutrient-dependent process that is promoted by juvenile hormone (JH) in many insect species. Here, we cloned an ortholog gene of D. melanogaster Sugarbabe (DmSug) in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. The locust Sugarbabe (LmSug) has five C2 H2 zinc-finger motifs similar to DmSug. LmSug was expressed at a low level in adult female locusts raised under poor nutrient conditions. JH treatment increased the expression level of LmSug. Knockdown of the JH receptor gene Met caused a reduction of LmSug expression. Depletion of the LmSug transcript level caused a significant reduction in vitellogenin expression in the fat body, resulting in impaired oocyte development and ovary growth. The results suggest that LmSug is expressed in response to JH, and plays an essential role in female insect reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baojuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yueru Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiajie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiasheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The evolution of insect metamorphosis is one of the most important sagas in animal history, transforming small, obscure soil arthropods into a dominant terrestrial group that has profoundly shaped the evolution of terrestrial life. The evolution of flight initiated the trajectory towards metamorphosis, favoring enhanced differences between juvenile and adult stages. The initial step modified postembryonic development, resulting in the nymph-adult differences characteristic of hemimetabolous species. The second step was to complete metamorphosis, holometaboly, and occurred by profoundly altering embryogenesis to produce a larval stage, the nymph becoming the pupa to accommodate the deferred development needed to make the adult. These changing life history patterns were intimately linked to two hormonal systems, the ecdysteroids and the juvenile hormones (JH), which function in both embryonic and postembryonic domains and control the stage-specifying genes Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), broad and E93. The ecdysteroids induce and direct molting through the ecdysone receptor (EcR), a nuclear hormone receptor with numerous targets including a conserved transcription factor network, the 'Ashburner cascade', which translates features of the ecdysteroid peak into the different phases of the molt. With the evolution of metamorphosis, ecdysteroids acquired a metamorphic function that exploited the repressor capacity of the unliganded EcR, making it a hormone-controlled gateway for the tissue development preceding metamorphosis. JH directs ecdysteroid action, controlling Kr-h1 expression which in turn regulates the other stage-specifying genes. JH appears in basal insect groups as their embryos shift from growth and patterning to differentiation. As a major portion of embryogenesis was deferred to postembryonic life with the evolution of holometaboly, JH also acquired a potent role in regulating postembryonic growth and development. Details of its involvement in broad expression and E93 suppression have been modified as life cycles became more complex and likely underlie some of the changes seen in the shift from incomplete to complete metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Truman
- Department of Biology and Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chafino S, Ureña E, Casanova J, Casacuberta E, Franch-Marro X, Martín D. Upregulation of E93 Gene Expression Acts as the Trigger for Metamorphosis Independently of the Threshold Size in the Beetle Tribolium castaneum. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1039-1049.e2. [PMID: 31018122 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size in holometabolous insects is determined by the size at which the juvenile larva undergoes metamorphosis to the pupal stage. To undergo larva-pupa transition, larva must reach a critical developmental checkpoint, the threshold size (TS); however, the molecular mechanisms through which the TS cues this transition remain to be fully characterized. Here, we use the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying entry into metamorphosis. We found that T. castaneum reaches a TS at the beginning of the last larval instar, which is associated with the downregulation of TcKr-h1 and the upregulation of TcE93 and TcBr-C. Unexpectedly, we found that while there is an association between TS and TcE93 upregulation, it is the latter that constitutes the molecular trigger for metamorphosis initiation. In light of our results, we evaluate the interactions that control the larva-pupa transition and suggest alternative models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Chafino
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Ureña
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Casanova
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Casacuberta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song J, Zhou S. Post-transcriptional regulation of insect metamorphosis and oogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1893-1909. [PMID: 31724082 PMCID: PMC11105025 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metamorphic transformation from larvae to adults along with the high fecundity is key to insect success. Insect metamorphosis and reproduction are governed by two critical endocrines, juvenile hormone (JH), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Recent studies have established a crucial role of microRNA (miRNA) in insect metamorphosis and oogenesis. While miRNAs target genes involved in JH and 20E-signaling pathways, these two hormones reciprocally regulate miRNA expression, forming regulatory loops of miRNA with JH and 20E-signaling cascades. Insect metamorphosis and oogenesis rely on the coordination of hormones, cognate genes, and miRNAs for precise regulation. In addition, the alternative splicing of genes in JH and 20E-signaling pathways has distinct functions in insect metamorphosis and oogenesis. We, therefore, focus in this review on recent advances in post-transcriptional regulation, with the emphasis on the regulatory role of miRNA and alternative splicing, in insect metamorphosis and oogenesis. We will highlight important new findings of miRNA interactions with hormonal signaling and alternative splicing of JH receptor heterodimer gene Taiman.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ding N, Wang Z, Geng N, Zou H, Zhang G, Cao C, Li X, Zou C. Silencing Br-C impairs larval development and chitin synthesis in Lymantria dispar larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104041. [PMID: 32126216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) mediates developmental transitions and regulates molting processes through activation of a series of transcription factors. Broad-Complex (Br-C), a vital gene in the 20E signalling pathway, plays crucial roles during insect growth processes. However, whether Br-C affects chitin synthesis in insects remains unclear. In the present study, the Br-C gene from Lymantria dispar, a notorious defoliator of forestry, was identified based on transcriptome data, and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The regulatory functions of LdBr-C in chitin synthesis and metabolism in L. dispar larvae were analysed by RNA interference (RNAi). The full-length LdBr-C gene (1431 bp) encodes a 477 amino acid (aa) polypeptide containing a common BRcore region (391 aa) at the N-terminus and a C-terminal Zinc finger domain (56 aa) harbouring two characteristic C2H2 motifs (CXXC and HXXXXH). Phylogenetic analyses showed that LdBr-C shares highest homology and identity with Br-C isoform 7 (83.12%) of Helicoverpa armigera. Expression profiles indicate that LdBr-C was expressed throughout larval and pupal stages, and highly expressed in prepupal and pupal stages. Furthermore, LdBr-C expression was strongly induced by exogenous 20E, and suppressed dramatically after application of dsLdBr-C. Bioassay results showed that knockdown of LdBr-C caused larval developmental deformity, significant weight loss, and a mortality rate of 67.18%. Knockdown of LdBr-C significantly down-regulated transcription levels of eight critical genes (LdTre1, LdTre2, LdG6PI, LdUAP, LdCHS1, LdCHS2, LdTPS and LdCHT) related to chitin synthesis and metabolism, thereby lowering the chitin content in the midgut and epidermis. Our findings demonstrate that Br-C knockdown impairs larval development and chitin synthesis in L. dispar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ding
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Nannan Geng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chuanwang Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xingpeng Li
- Jilin Province Academy of Forestry Sciences, PR China
| | - Chuanshan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Belles X. Krüppel homolog 1 and E93: The doorkeeper and the key to insect metamorphosis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21609. [PMID: 31385626 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect metamorphosis is regulated by two main hormones: ecdysone (20E), which promotes molting, and juvenile hormone (JH), which inhibits adult morphogenesis. The transduction mechanisms for the respective hormonal signals include the transcription factors Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and E93, which are JH- and 20E-dependent, respectively. Kr-h1 is the main effector of the antimetamorphic action of JH, while E93 is a key promoter of metamorphosis. The ancestral regulatory axis of metamorphosis, which operates in insects with hemimetabolan (gradual) metamorphosis and is known as the MEKRE93 pathway, is based on Kr-h1 repression of E93. In the last juvenile stage, when the production of JH dramatically decreases, Kr-h1 expression is almost completely interrupted, E93 becomes upregulated and metamorphosis proceeds. The holometabolan (complete) metamorphosis mode of development includes the peculiar pupal stage, a sort of intermediate between the final larval instar and the adult stage. In holometabolan species, Broad-Complex (BR-C) transcription factors determine the pupal stage and E93 stimulates the expression of BR-C in the prepupa. The MEKRE93 pathway is conserved in holometabolan insects, which have added the E93/BR-C interaction loop to the ancestral (hemimetabolan) pathway during the evolution from hemimetaboly to holometaboly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
This autobiographical article describes the research career of Lynn M. Riddiford from its early beginnings in a summer program for high school students at Jackson Laboratory to the present "retirement" at the Friday Harbor Laboratories. The emphasis is on her forays into many areas of insect endocrinology, supported by her graduate students and postdoctoral associates. The main theme is the hormonal regulation of metamorphosis, especially the roles of juvenile hormone (JH). The article describes the work of her laboratory first in the elucidation of the endocrinology of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and later in the molecular aspects of the regulation of cuticular and pigment proteins and of the ecdysone-induced transcription factor cascade during molting and metamorphosis. Later studies utilized Drosophila melanogaster to answer further questions about the actions of JH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Riddiford
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lavine MD, Gotoh H, Hayes A, Corley Lavine L. The Insulin Signaling Substrate Chico and the Ecdysone Response Element Broad Both Regulate Growth of the Head Horns in the Asian Rhinoceros Beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1338-1345. [PMID: 31165143 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Males of the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, possess exaggerated head and thoracic horns that scale dramatically out of proportion to body size. While RNAi-mediated knockdowns of the insulin receptor suggest that the insulin signaling pathway regulates nutrition-dependent growth including exaggerated horns, the genes that regulate disproportionate growth have yet to be identified. We used RNAi-mediated knockdown of several genes to investigate their potential role in growth and scaling of the sexually dimorphic, exaggerated head horns of T. dichotomus. Knockdown of the insulin signaling substrate chico and the ecdysone response element broad caused significant decreases in head horn length, while having no or minimal effects on other structures such as elytra and tibiae. However, scaling of horns to body size was not affected by either knockdown. In addition, knockdown of phosphatase and tensin homolog, a negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway, had no significant effects on any trait. Our results do not identify any candidate genes that may specifically mediate the allometric aspect of horn growth, but they do confirm the insulin signaling pathway as a mediator of conditional trait expression, and importantly implicate the ecdysone signaling pathway, possibly in conjunction with insulin signaling, as an additional mediator of horn growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan
| | - Abigail Hayes
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Laura Corley Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu QY, Meng QW, Deng P, Fu KY, Guo WC, Li GQ. Impairment of pupation by RNA interference-aided knockdown of Broad- Complex gene in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:659-668. [PMID: 30704539 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary delivery of bacterially expressed double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has a great potential for management of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. An important first step is to discover possible RNA-interference (RNAi)-target genes effective against larvae, especially the old larvae. In the present paper, five putative Broad-Complex (BrC) cDNAs (Z1-Z4, and Z6) were identified in L. decemlineata. The expression of the five LdBrC isoforms was suppressed by juvenile hormone signaling, whereas the transcription was upregulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling at the fourth (final) instar larval stage. Feeding of bacterially expressed dsBrC (derived from a common fragment of the five LdBrC variants) in the third- and fourth-instar larvae successfully knocked down the target mRNAs. For the fourth-instar LdBrC RNAi hypomorphs, they had a higher larval mortality compared with the controls. Moreover, most dsBrC-fed beetles did not pupate normally. After removal of the apolysed larval cuticle, a miniature adult was found. The adult head, compound eyes, prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax were found on the dorsal view. Distinct adult cuticle pigmentation was seen on the prothorax. The mouthparts, forelegs, midlegs, and hindlegs could be observed on the ventral view of the miniature adults. For the third-instar LdBrC RNAi specimens, around 20% moribund beetles remained as prepupae and finally died. Therefore, LdBrC is among the most attractive candidate genes for RNAi to control the fourth-instar larvae in L. decemlineata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q-Y Xu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Q-W Meng
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - P Deng
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - K-Y Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - W-C Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - G-Q Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fujimori H, Zhou YJ, Fukumura K, Matsumoto S, Tukamoto Y, Nagata S. Specific distribution of expression and enzymatic activity of cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme DHCR24 orthologs in the phytophagous insect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:126-133. [PMID: 31538545 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1667221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Insects must intake sterol compounds because of their inability to synthesize cholesterol de novo. In phytophagous insects, enzymatic conversion of phytosterols to cholesterol involving 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) exerts to acquire cholesterol. Here, we reported the presence of two DHCR24 homologs in the silkworm Bombyx mori, BmDHCR24-1 and -2, with several transcript variants. Consistent with the data of spatial expression analyses by RT-PCR, predominant enzymatic activity of DHCR24 was observed in B. mori larval midgut whereas weak activity was observed in the other tissues examined. In addition, BmDHCR24-1 expression in HEK293 cells showed an enzymatic activity, but BmDHCR24-2 did not, although both BmDHCR24s were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, where the mammalian DHCR24s are located to exert their enzymatic activities. The present data indicated that BmDHCR24-1 but not BmDHCR24-2 contributes to conversion of phytosterols to cholesterol mainly in the midgut of the phytophagous lepidopteran larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Fujimori
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yi Jun Zhou
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukumura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tukamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jindra M. Where did the pupa come from? The timing of juvenile hormone signalling supports homology between stages of hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190064. [PMID: 31438814 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect metamorphosis boasts spectacular cases of postembryonic development when juveniles undergo massive morphogenesis before attaining the adult form and function; in moths or flies the larvae do not even remotely resemble their adult parents. A selective advantage of complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) is that within one species the two forms with different lifestyles can exploit diverse habitats. It was the environmental adaptation and specialization of larvae, primarily the delay and internalization of wing development, that eventually required an intermediate stage that we call a pupa. It is a long-held and parsimonious hypothesis that the holometabolous pupa evolved through modification of a final juvenile stage of an ancestor developing through incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetaboly). Alternative hypotheses see the pupa as an equivalent of all hemimetabolous moulting cycles (instars) collapsed into one, and consider any preceding holometabolous larval instars free-living embryos stalled in development. Discoveries on juvenile hormone signalling that controls metamorphosis grant new support to the former hypothesis deriving the pupa from a final pre-adult stage. The timing of expression of genes that repress and promote adult development downstream of hormonal signals supports homology between postembryonic stages of hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jindra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Truman JW, Riddiford LM. The evolution of insect metamorphosis: a developmental and endocrine view. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190070. [PMID: 31438820 PMCID: PMC6711285 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental, genetic and endocrine data from diverse taxa provide insight into the evolution of insect metamorphosis. We equate the larva–pupa–adult of the Holometabola to the pronymph–nymph–adult of hemimetabolous insects. The hemimetabolous pronymph is a cryptic embryonic stage with unique endocrinology and behavioural modifications that probably served as preadaptations for the larva. It develops in the absence of juvenile hormone (JH) as embryonic primordia undergo patterning and morphogenesis, the processes that were arrested for the evolution of the larva. Embryonic JH then drives tissue differentiation and nymph formation. Experimental treatment of pronymphs with JH terminates patterning and induces differentiation, mimicking the processes that occurred during the evolution of the larva. Unpatterned portions of primordia persist in the larva, becoming imaginal discs that form pupal and adult structures. Key transcription factors are associated with the holometabolous life stages: Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) in the larva, broad in the pupa and E93 in the adult. Kr-h1 mediates JH action and is found whenever JH acts, while the other two genes direct the formation of their corresponding stages. In hemimetabolous forms, the pronymph has low Broad expression, followed by Broad expression through the nymphal moults, then a switch to E93 to form the adult. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Truman
- Department of Biology, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Lynn M Riddiford
- Department of Biology, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lyu Z, Chen J, Li Z, Cheng J, Wang C, Lin T. Knockdown of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase gene disrupts molting process in Heortia vitessoides Moore. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21561. [PMID: 31218752 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) is a key enzyme in insect chitin metabolism and plays an important role in many physiological activities of insects. The HvNAG1 gene was identified from the Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) cDNA library and its expression patterns were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that HvNAG1 mRNA levels were high in the midgut and before molting, and 20E could induce its expression. Subsequently, the HvNAG1 gene was knocked down via RNA interference to identify its functions. We found that 3 μg of dsNAG1 resulted in optimal interference at 48 and 72 hr after injection, causing a decrease in NAG1 protein content, which resulted in abnormal or lethal phenotypes, and a sharp decrease in the survival rate. These results indicate that HvNAG1 plays a key role in the molting process of H. vitessoides. However, the silencing of HvNAG1 had no significant effect on the chitin metabolism-related genes tested in this study. Our present study provides a reference for further research on the utility of key genes involved in the chitin metabolic pathway in the insect molting process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Lyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixing Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Lin
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang J, Fang L, Wang S, Liu X, Chen Y, Chen Y, Tian H, Lin S, Tian S, Wei H, Gu X. Molecular cloning, expression profiling, and functional analysis of a broad-complex isoform 2/3 (Br-Z2/Z3) transcription factor in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21549. [PMID: 30941822 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a widespread and destructive pest of cruciferous crops. New strategies for controlling it are needed because it is rapidly developing resistance to conventional pesticides. In insects, transcription factors (TFs) including broad-complex (Br-C) are thought to be useful for insecticide development because they are able to regulate the transcription of functional genes involved in responses to external stimuli including insecticides. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced the open reading frames (ORFs) of three BTB-ZF encoding genes from the diamondback moth deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database under accessions MG753773, MG288674, and MG753772. The lengths of these ORFs were 1,680, 1,428, and 1,647 bp, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis based on the predicted amino acid sequences of ZF domains showed that MG753773 and MG288674 belonged to Z2/Z3 and Z7 of Br-C while MG753772 belonged to Ttk types. In the agreement, the highest expression level of MG753773 occurred during the prepupal stage, MG288674 and MG753772 were expressed during all stages and peaked in the adult and egg stages, respectively. RNA interference silencing of MG753773 in the late third instar larvae significantly decreased survival and pupation of the insects. With precocene II, transcription of MG753773 increased (4×) in the fourth instar larva 24 hr later; 48 hr later the rate of prepupation and pupation was significantly higher. These findings will contribute to the development of new regulators of the growth and development for diamondback moth control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ling Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sufen Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu QY, Meng QW, Deng P, Fu KY, Guo WC, Li GQ. Isoform specific roles of Broad-Complex in larval development in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:420-430. [PMID: 30632239 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Broad-Complex (BrC) is a downstream target of both 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone signalling. BrC regulates morphogenetic changes between nymphal instars in hemimetabolans, whereas it controls pupal commitment, pupal morphogenesis and inhibits adult differentiation in holometabolans. Among five BrC cDNAs (Z1-Z4 and Z6) identified in the Colorado potato beetle, we found in this work that Z1, Z2 and Z6 were mainly expressed at the last (fourth) instar and prepupal stages, whereas the levels of Z3 and Z4 increased during the penultimate (third) instar stage, peaked at the last instar larval phase and gradually decreased at the prepupal and pupal periods. When knocking down all BrC isoforms by RNA interference (RNAi) at the penultimate instar stage, around 20% of the resultant larvae remained as moribund beetles. These moribund BrC RNAi larvae were completely or partially wrapped in old cuticle. Likewise, a portion of larvae treated for a single double-stranded RNA of Z3, Z4 or Z6 displayed a degree of similar aberrancies, increasing in the order of isoforms Z6 < Z3 < Z4. When silencing all BrC isoforms at the last instar period, most of the RNAi larvae did not normally pupate or emerge as adults. Separately silencing each of the five zinc finger domains revealed that approximately 70% of the Z1 RNAi larvae remained as prepupae, around 60% of the Z6 RNAi specimens formed aberrant prepupae or pupae and about 60% of the Z2 RNAi beetles became deformed pupae. After removal of the old exuviae, these deformed larvae in which either Z1, Z2 or Z6 was depleted possessed adult prothorax and mesothorax, developing antenna, mouthparts and wing discs. Moreover, less than 50% of the resultant pupae finally emerged as adults when either of Z1, Z2 or Z6 was knocked down. Therefore, our findings reveal, for the first time, that the two roles of BrC in insect groups (ie directing morphogenetic changes during juvenile development and regulating larval-pupal-adult metamorphosis) are played by different BrC isoforms in Leptinotarsa decemlineata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q-Y Xu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q-W Meng
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - P Deng
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K-Y Fu
- Institute of Microbiological Application, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, China
| | - W-C Guo
- Institute of Microbiological Application, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, China
| | - G-Q Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
McKenna KZ, Tao D, Nijhout HF. Exploring the Role of Insulin Signaling in Relative Growth: A Case Study on Wing-Body Scaling in Lepidoptera. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1324-1337. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Adult forms emerge from the relative growth of the body and its parts. Each appendage and organ has a unique pattern of growth that influences the size and shape it attains. This produces adult size relationships referred to as static allometries, which have received a great amount of attention in evolutionary and developmental biology. However, many questions remain unanswered, for example: What sorts of developmental processes coordinate growth? And how do these processes change given variation in body size? It has become increasingly clear that nutrition is one of the strongest influences on size relationships. In insects, nutrition acts via insulin/TOR signaling to facilitate inter- and intra-specific variation in body size and appendage size. Yet, the mechanism by which insulin signaling influences the scaling of growth remains unclear. Here we will discuss the potential roles of insulin signaling in wing-body scaling in Lepidoptera. We analyzed the growth of wings in animals reared on different diet qualities that induce a range of body sizes not normally present in our laboratory populations. By growing wings in tissue culture, we survey how perturbation and stimulation of insulin/TOR signaling influences wing growth. To conclude, we will discuss the implications of our findings for the development and evolution of organismal form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Della Tao
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ma H, Abbas MN, Zhang K, Hu X, Xu M, Liang H, Kausar S, Yang L, Cui H. 20-Hydroxyecdysone regulates the transcription of the lysozyme via Broad-Complex Z2 gene in silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:66-72. [PMID: 30716346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Broad-Complex Z2 (Br-C Z2) is an ecdysone inducible transcription factor that regulates physiological, innate immune and developmental events in insects. Here, we identified an orthologue of Br-C Z2 from silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmBr-C Z2) to study its involvement in immune responses. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that BmBr-C Z2 was expressed ubiquitously in all tested tissues under normal physiological conditions. Further, developmental profile displayed that BmBr-C Z2 expression was detectable in different developmental stages, however the gene's expression was highest in the molting and pre-pupal stages. Administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) enhanced the expression levels of BmBr-C Z2 in hemocytes. The challenge with pathogens and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) also upregulated the mRNA levels of BmBr-C Z2 in hemocytes when compared with the control. By contrast, the ectopic expression of BmBr-C Z2 remarkably increased the production of antimicrobial peptides, while the knock-down of this gene by double stranded RNA decreased their production. Dual-luciferase assay exhibited that BmBr-C Z2 induced the expression of lysozyme by directly binding to its promoter region. The treatment of Escherichia coli following the knock-down of BmBr-C Z2 strongly reduced the survival rate of silkworm larvae. These results suggest that BmBr-C Z2 plays an important biological role in the innate immune responses of silkworm by regulating immune-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanghua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Elgendy AM, Tufail M, Mohamed AA, Takeda M. A putative direct repeat element plays a dual role in the induction and repression of insect vitellogenin-1 gene expression. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 234:1-8. [PMID: 31022468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JH) regulate wide-ranging physiological and developmental processes in insects. However, molecular mechanisms underlying JH signaling remain to be determined. Vitellogenin (Vg) is primarily an egg-yolk protein, but recently proposed to serve many functions in insects. In the female American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), vitellogenin (Vg) genes are activated by JH III and suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) via cis-regulatory elements in a dose-dependent manner. In the present study, the upstream promoter region (935 bp) of Vg1 was cloned to elucidate the action of these hormones. A luciferase reporter assay identified an 81 bp region in the promoter region of Vg1 (-120 to -39 bp) that we found to be critical for JH III activation and 20E suppression. This 81 bp region contains a direct repeat separated by a 2-nucleotide spacer-designated Vg1HRE- that is similar to the Drosophila ecdysone response element direct repeat 4. Moreover, nuclear proteins isolated from nymphs, males, females, and Sf9 cells successfully bound to Vg1HRE, while binding was outcompeted by a 100-fold excess of cold probe or dephosphorylated nuclear protein extracts. In addition, binding was outcompeted by other ecdysone and JH response elements with similar half-site sequences (direct repeats) but to varying extents. Ultimately, we postulate that JH III indirectly activates Vg expression by interfering with or inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins bound to Vg1HRE. Involvement of JH III in both induction of Vg1 and control of nuclear proteins binding to Vg1HRE suggest the latter to play an important role in JH signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Elgendy
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, PO Box 12613, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, PO Box 12613, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Makio Takeda
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Roy A, Palli SR. Epigenetic modifications acetylation and deacetylation play important roles in juvenile hormone action. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:934. [PMID: 30547764 PMCID: PMC6295036 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of histones are known to regulate gene expression. Antagonistic activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate transcriptional reprogramming during insect development as shown in Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. Juvenile hormones (JH) play vital roles in the regulation of growth, development, metamorphosis, reproduction and other physiological processes. However, our current understanding of epigenetic regulation of JH action is still limited. Hence, we studied the role of CREB binding protein (CBP, contains HAT domain) and Trichostatin A (TSA, HDAC inhibitor) on JH action. RESULTS Exposure of Tribolium castaneum cells (TcA cells) to JH or TSA caused an increase in expression of Kr-h1 (a known JH-response gene) and 31 or 698 other genes respectively. Knockdown of the gene coding for CBP caused a decrease in the expression of 456 genes including Kr-h1. Interestingly, the expression of several genes coding for transcription factors, nuclear receptors, P450 and fatty acid synthase family members that are known to mediate JH action were affected by CBP knockdown or TSA treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that acetylation and deacetylation mediated by HATs and HDACs play an important role in JH action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, Prague 6, 165 21 Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhen C, Yang H, Luo S, Huang J, Wu J. Broad-complex Z3 contributes to the ecdysone-mediated transcriptional regulation of the vitellogenin gene in Bombus lantschouensis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207275. [PMID: 30440013 PMCID: PMC6237364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During reproduction, vitellogenin (Vg), as an egg yolk precursor, is critical in sexually mature females of oviparous species including some insects. The transcription of Vg is usually mediated by hormones such as juvenile hormone (JH), ecdysteroids and some neuropeptides. In this study, the structure of the Vg gene from the bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis, (BlVg) was determined by sequencing and assembly. BlVg was found to be expressed at higher levels in reproductive queens than in virgins by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that BlVg was expressed at the highest levels in the fat bodies of both virgin and reproductive queens. Prediction of the BlVg promoter revealed the presence of ecdysteroid-responsive cis-regulatory elements (CREs) containing one Broad-Complex zinc-finger isoform 3 (BR-C Z3), and one ecdysone-induced protein 74A (E74A). In addition, luciferase reporter expression, driven by the 5' -regulatory region of the BlVg gene, from -1517 bp to +895 bp downstream of the start codon, was induced by treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E). Moreover, the luciferase activity of the BlVg promoter was elevated by only BlBrC-Z3 when Sf9 cells were cotransfected with four BlBrC isoforms respectively. BlVg promoter-mediated luciferase activation was significantly reduced when the putative BrC-Z3 CRE in the promoter was mutated. In summary, this report describes the first study of vitellogenin gene regulation at the transcriptional level in bumblebees and demonstrates that the ecdysone-induced transcription of the BlVg gene is mediated by the binding of BlBrC-Z3 to the BrC-Z3 CRE in the BlVg promoter in bumblebees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congai Zhen
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huipeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shudong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JW); (JH)
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JW); (JH)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miyakawa H, Sato T, Song Y, Tollefsen KE, Iguchi T. Ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone biosynthesis, receptors and their signaling in the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 184:62-68. [PMID: 29247785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The two essential insect hormones, ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones, are possessed not only by insects, but also widely by arthropods, and regulate various developmental and physiological processes. In contrast to the abundant information about molecular endocrine mechanisms in insects, the knowledge of non-insect arthropod endocrinology is still limited. In this review, we summarize recent reports about the molecular basis of these two major insect hormones in the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia, a keystone taxon in limnetic ecology and a bioindicator in environmental studies. Comprehensive comparisons of endocrine signaling pathways between insects and daphnids may shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of various biological phenomena and, moreover, evolutionary processes of arthropod species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Miyakawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chafino S, López-Escardó D, Benelli G, Kovac H, Casacuberta E, Franch-Marro X, Kathirithamby J, Martín D. Differential expression of the adult specifier E93 in the strepsipteran Xenos vesparum Rossi suggests a role in female neoteny. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14176. [PMID: 30242215 PMCID: PMC6155025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Holometaboly is a key evolutionary innovation that has facilitated the spectacular radiation of insects. Despite the undeniable advantage of complete metamorphosis, the female of some holometabolous species have lost the typical holometabolous development through neoteny. In Xenos vesparum Rossi (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae), a derived species of the holometabolous endoparasitic order Strepsiptera, neotenic females reach sexual maturity without the pupal and the imaginal stages, thus retaining their larval morphology (with the exception of the anterior part of the body or cephalothorax), while males undergo normal pupal-based metamorphosis. Expression of the “adult-specifier” E93 factor has been shown to be required for proper metamorphosis in holometabolous insects. Here, we investigated the involvement of E93 in female neoteny by cloning XvE93. Interestingly, while we detected a clear up-regulation of XvE93 expression in pupal and adult stages of males, persistent low levels of XvE93 were detected in X. vesparum females. However, a specific up-regulation of XvE93 was observed in the cephalothorax of late 4th female instar larva, which correlates with the occurrence of neotenic-specific features in the anterior part of the female body. Moreover, the same expression dynamic in the cephalothorax and abdomen was also observed for other two critical metamorphic regulators, the anti-metamorphic XvKr-h1 and the pupal specifier XvBr-C. The specific up-regulation of XvE93 and XvBr-C in the female cephalothorax seems to be the result of an increase in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling in this region for we detected higher expression levels of the 20E-dependent nuclear receptors XvHR3 and XvE75 in the cephalothorax. Overall, our results detect a sex-specific expression pattern of critical metamorphic genes in X. vesparum, suggesting that neoteny in Strepsiptera results from the modification of the normal expression of E93, Br-C and Kr-h1 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chafino
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D López-Escardó
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - H Kovac
- Institut für Biologie, Universitaet Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - E Casacuberta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Kathirithamby
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - D Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Juvenile hormone-regulated alternative splicing of the taiman gene primes the ecdysteroid response in adult mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7738-E7747. [PMID: 30061397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808146115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) regulates many aspects of insect development and reproduction. In some processes, JH plays a critical role in defining the action of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). In Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, JH prepares newly emerged female adults to become competent to synthesize vitellogenin in response to 20E after blood ingestion. The molecular basis of this competence is still not well understood. Here, we report that JH regulates pre-mRNA splicing of the taiman gene, which encodes a key transcriptional regulator required for both JH- and 20E-controlled gene expression. JH stimulated the production of the Taiman isoforms A/B, while reducing the levels of the isoforms C/D, in the fat body after adult eclosion. The appearance of the A/B isoforms in maturing mosquitoes was accompanied by acquisition of the competence to respond to 20E. Depletion of the A/B isoforms, by inhibiting the alternative splicing or by isoform-specific RNA interference, considerably diminished the 20E-induced gene expression after a blood meal and substantially impaired oocyte development. In accordance with this observation, further studies indicated that in the presence of 20E, the Taiman A/B isoforms showed much stronger interactions with the 20E receptor complex than the Taiman C/D isoforms. In contrast, all four isoforms displayed similar capabilities of forming active JH receptor complexes with the methoprene-tolerant protein (Met). This study suggested that JH confers the competence to newly emerged female mosquitoes by regulating mRNA splicing to generate the Taiman isoforms that are essential for the vitellogenic 20E response.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ojani R, Fu X, Ahmed T, Liu P, Zhu J. Krüppel homologue 1 acts as a repressor and an activator in the transcriptional response to juvenile hormone in adult mosquitoes. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:268-278. [PMID: 29314423 PMCID: PMC5837916 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel homologue 1 (Kr-h1) is a zinc finger transcription factor that is upregulated in insects by juvenile hormone (JH) in metamorphosis and adult reproduction. The molecular function of Kr-h1 in reproduction remains largely unknown. Here we report that AaKr-h1 functions as an important transcription regulator in adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The amount of AaKr-h1 protein increases with rising JH levels after adult emergence, reaches its peak at 48 h after eclosion, then decreases gradually and disappears after blood feeding. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of AaKr-h1 substantially reduced egg production after blood feeding. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation cloning approach, we identified in vivo AaKr-h1 binding sites in previtellogenic female mosquitoes. Binding of AaKr-h1 to the target genes correlated with its protein abundance. Interestingly, RNAi experiments indicated that AaKr-h1 played distinct roles when it bound to individual target genes. For example, depletion of AaKr-h1 led to substantial upregulation of AAEL005545 and AAEL004444, but also significantly decreased the expression of AAEL005957 and AAEL013177 when compared with the control mosquitoes. In summary, AaKr-h1 directly binds to the regulatory regions of its target genes and acts as a transcriptional activator or a repressor in a promoter-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Ojani
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaonan Fu
- Program of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tahmina Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jiang J, Xu Y, Lin X. Role of Broad-Complex ( Br) and Krüppel homolog 1 ( Kr-h1) in the Ovary Development of Nilaparvata lugens. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1013. [PMID: 29270133 PMCID: PMC5724046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian development plays an important role in the life history of insects and is crucial for control of the insect population. The metamorphosis of an insect is precisely regulated by the interaction of the juvenile hormone and ecdysone. To understand the role of NlBr and NlKr-h1 in ovary development, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to down-regulate the expression of Broad-Complex (Br) and Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), two important down-stream transcription factors of juvenile hormone and ecdysone signaling. We further investigated their effects on metamorphosis and ovary development. The results showed that both NlBr and NlKr-h1 are induced by ecdysone. The down-regulation of NlBr and NlKr-h1 alone or together by RNAi is more effective than the topical application of ecdysone on the number of ovarioles, suggesting the necessity of NlBr and NlKr-h1 in determining the number of ovarioles. The ovarian grade was significantly increased/decreased by the topical application of ecdysone and down-regulation of NlBr and NlKr-h1. The pre-oviposition period was also increased. When NlBr and NlKr-h1 were down-regulated together, the ovary grade was not significantly different compared to the control (dsGFP), indicating that the development of the ovary is under the control of both NlBr and NlKr-h1. The interaction between the NlBr and NlKr-h1 on the number of ovarioles and the development of the ovary indicates cross-talk between both juvenile hormone and ecdysone signaling at the transcription level in the brown planthopper. Both genes are nuclear transcription factors and may regulate signaling via down-stream genes. These results would help to both enhance the current understanding of the regulatory mechanism of the interaction between juvenile hormone and ecdysone signaling pathways during ovarian development and to design chemicals to control pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yili Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinda Lin
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thounaojam B, Keshan B. Modulation of gene expression by nutritional state and hormones in Bombyx larvae in relation to its growth period. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 25-26:175-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
Inui T, Daimon T. Implantation assays using the integument of early stage Bombyx larvae: Insights into the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of competence for metamorphosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:35-42. [PMID: 28522416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the anti-metamorphic action of insect juvenile hormones (JHs) is required to inhibit larval-pupal metamorphosis. However, recent studies using RNAi or knockout techniques reveal that larval status may be maintained independently of JHs during the early larval stages. To investigate why larvae of very early instars do not have competence to metamorphose and how they acquire this competence through larval development, we revisited the classic experiments of Piepho (ca. 1930s) and performed implantation assays using the integument of very young larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Here, we demonstrate that when the integuments of neonate larvae or newly molted second instar larvae are implanted into last instar host larvae, they are able to directly produce pupal cuticle at the time of pupal metamorphosis of the host. To investigate whether the pupal commitment of implants from the neonate first instar larvae is repressed by JHs, the integuments of Met1 knockout larvae lacking a functional JH receptor were implanted into penultimate instar larvae. We found that the implants of Met1 knockout neonate larvae produced patched pupal cuticles after the host larval molt, whereas those of the wild-type strain produced only larval cuticle without any trace of pupal cuticle. Taken together, our results suggest that the epidermis of very early instar larvae can be pupally committed when provided with unidentified blood-borne factor(s) present in final-instar larvae, and that JHs can block the action of that factor(s) to prolong the feeding period until larvae attain a size appropriate for metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Inui
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takaaki Daimon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Suang S, Manaboon M, Singtripop T, Hiruma K, Kaneko Y, Tiansawat P, Neumann P, Chantawannakul P. Larval diapause termination in the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174919. [PMID: 28369111 PMCID: PMC5378396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) regulate larval growth and molting. However, little is known about how this cooperative control is terminating larval diapause especially in the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we here measured the expression levels of genes which were affected by juvenile hormone analogue (JHA: S-methoprene) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in diapausing O. fuscidentalis larvae. Corresponding mRNA expression changes in the subesophageal ganglion (SG) and prothoracic gland (PG) were evaluated using qRT-PCR. The data showed similar response patterns of JH receptor gene (OfMet), diapause hormone gene (OfDH-PBAN), ecdysone receptor genes (OfEcR-A and OfEcR-B1) and ecdysone inducible genes (OfBr-C, OfE75A, OfE75B, OfE75C and OfHR3). JHA induced the expressions of OfMet and OfDH-PBAN in both SG and PG, whereas ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes were induced by JHA only in PG. For 20E treatment group, expressions of ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes in both SG and PG were increased by 20E injection. In addition, the in vitro experiments showed that OfMet and OfDH-PBAN were up-regulated by JHA alone, but ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes were up-regulated by JHA and 20E. However, OfMet and OfDH-PBAN in the SG was expressed faster than OfMet and OfDH-PBAN in the PG and the expression of ecdysone receptor genes and ecdysone inducible genes induced by JHA was much later than observed for 20E. These results indicate that JHA might stimulate the PG indirectly via factors (OfMet and OfDH-PBAN) in the SG, which might be a regulatory mechanism for larval diapause termination in O. fuscidentalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suphawan Suang
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Manaporn Manaboon
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Singtripop
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kiyoshi Hiruma
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yu Kaneko
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Pimonrat Tiansawat
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Peter Neumann
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Molecular mechanism underlying juvenile hormone-mediated repression of precocious larval-adult metamorphosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1057-1062. [PMID: 28096379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615423114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) represses precocious metamorphosis of larval to pupal and adult transitions in holometabolous insects. The early JH-inducible gene Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) plays a key role in the repression of metamorphosis as a mediator of JH action. Previous studies demonstrated that Kr-h1 inhibits precocious larval-pupal transition in immature larva via direct transcriptional repression of the pupal specifier Broad-Complex (BR-C). JH was recently reported to repress the adult specifier gene Ecdysone-induced protein 93F (E93); however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we found that JH suppressed ecdysone-inducible E93 expression in the epidermis of the silkworm Bombyx mori and in a B. mori cell line. Reporter assays in the cell line revealed that the JH-dependent suppression was mediated by Kr-h1. Genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis identified a consensus Kr-h1 binding site (KBS, 14 bp) located in the E93 promoter region, and EMSA confirmed that Kr-h1 directly binds to the KBS. Moreover, we identified a C-terminal conserved domain in Kr-h1 essential for the transcriptional repression of E93 Based on these results, we propose a mechanism in which JH-inducible Kr-h1 directly binds to the KBS site upstream of the E93 locus to repress its transcription in a cell-autonomous manner, thereby preventing larva from bypassing the pupal stage and progressing to precocious adult development. These findings help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating the metamorphic genetic network, including the functional significance of Kr-h1, BR-C, and E93 in holometabolous insect metamorphosis.
Collapse
|
42
|
The Occurrence of the Holometabolous Pupal Stage Requires the Interaction between E93, Krüppel-Homolog 1 and Broad-Complex. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006020. [PMID: 27135810 PMCID: PMC4852927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete metamorphosis (Holometaboly) is a key innovation that underlies the spectacular success of holometabolous insects. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Holometabola form a monophyletic group that evolved from ancestors exhibiting hemimetabolous development (Hemimetaboly). However, the nature of the changes underlying this crucial transition, including the occurrence of the holometabolan-specific pupal stage, is poorly understood. Using the holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model insect, here we show that the transient up-regulation of the anti-metamorphic Krüppel-homolog 1 (TcKr-h1) gene at the end of the last larval instar is critical in the formation of the pupa. We find that depletion of this specific TcKr-h1 peak leads to the precocious up-regulation of the adult-specifier factor TcE93 and, hence, to a direct transformation of the larva into the adult form, bypassing the pupal stage. Moreover, we also find that the TcKr-h1-dependent repression of TcE93 is critical to allow the strong up-regulation of Broad-complex (TcBr-C), a key transcription factor that regulates the correct formation of the pupa in holometabolous insects. Notably, we show that the genetic interaction between Kr-h1 and E93 is also present in the penultimate nymphal instar of the hemimetabolous insect Blattella germanica, suggesting that the evolution of the pupa has been facilitated by the co-option of regulatory mechanisms present in hemimetabolan metamorphosis. Our findings, therefore, contribute to the molecular understanding of insect metamorphosis, and indicate the evolutionary conservation of the genetic circuitry that controls hemimetabolan and holometabolan metamorphosis, thereby shedding light on the evolution of complete metamorphosis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Cai MJ, Zhao WL, Jing YP, Song Q, Zhang XQ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. 20-hydroxyecdysone activates Forkhead box O to promote proteolysis during Helicoverpa armigera molting. Development 2016; 143:1005-15. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.128694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin inhibits transcription factor forkhead box O (FoxO) activity, and the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) activates FoxO; however, the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that 20E upregulates phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase (PTEN) expression to activate FoxO, thereby promoting proteolysis during molting in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. FoxO expression is increased during molting and metamorphosis. The knockdown of FoxO in fifth instar larvae results in larval molting failure. 20E induces FoxO non-phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Insulin, via Akt, induces FoxO phosphorylation and cytoplasm localization. 20E represses insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and FoxO phosphorylation. 20E, via ecdysone receptor B1 (EcRB1) and the ultraspiracle protein (USP1), upregulates PTEN expression, which represses Akt phosphorylation, thereby repressing FoxO phosphorylation. The non-phosphorylated FoxO enters the nucleus and attaches to a FoxO binding element in the upstream region of the Broad isoform 7 (BrZ7) gene to regulate BrZ7 transcription under 20E induction. 20E upregulates FoxO expression via EcRB1 and USP1. FoxO regulation of BrZ7 expression regulates CarboxypeptidaseA expression for final proteolysis during insect molting. Hence, 20E activates FoxO via upregulating PTEN expression to counteract insulin activity and promote proteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yu-Pu Jing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Qian Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kayukawa T, Nagamine K, Ito Y, Nishita Y, Ishikawa Y, Shinoda T. Krüppel Homolog 1 Inhibits Insect Metamorphosis via Direct Transcriptional Repression of Broad-Complex, a Pupal Specifier Gene. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1751-1762. [PMID: 26518872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.686121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Broad-Complex gene (BR-C) encodes transcription factors that dictate larval-pupal metamorphosis in insects. The expression of BR-C is induced by molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone (20E)), and this induction is repressed by juvenile hormone (JH), which exists during the premature larval stage. Krüppel homolog 1 gene (Kr-h1) has been known as a JH-early inducible gene responsible for repression of metamorphosis; however, the functional relationship between Kr-h1 and repression of BR-C has remained unclear. To elucidate this relationship, we analyzed cis- and trans elements involved in the repression of BR-C using a Bombyx mori cell line. In the cells, as observed in larvae, JH induced the expression of Kr-h1 and concurrently suppressed 20E-induced expression of BR-C. Forced expression of Kr-h1 repressed the 20E-dependent activation of the BR-C promoter in the absence of JH, and Kr-h1 RNAi inhibited the JH-mediated repression, suggesting that Kr-h1 controlled the repression of BR-C. A survey of the upstream sequence of BR-C gene revealed a Kr-h1 binding site (KBS) in the BR-C promoter. When KBS was deleted from the promoter, the repression of BR-C was abolished. Electrophoresis mobility shift demonstrated that two Kr-h1 molecules bound to KBS in the BR-C promoter. Based on these results, we conclude that Kr-h1 protein molecules directly bind to the KBS sequence in the BR-C promoter and thereby repress 20E-dependent activation of the pupal specifier, BR-C. This study has revealed a considerable portion of the picture of JH signaling pathways from the reception of JH to the repression of metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kayukawa
- From the Insect Growth Regulation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan,.
| | - Keisuke Nagamine
- From the Insect Growth Regulation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan,; Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, and
| | - Yuka Ito
- From the Insect Growth Regulation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishita
- Department of Biological Science and Center for Genome Dynamics, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, and
| | - Tetsuro Shinoda
- From the Insect Growth Regulation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li L, Shen L, Zhang X, Shui L, Sui B, Zhang X, Zhao X, Jin W. Multiplexed optical coding nanobeads and their application in single-molecule counting analysis for multiple gene expression analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 886:123-32. [PMID: 26320644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for fabrication of multiplexed optical coding nanobeads (MOCNBs) was developed by hybridizing three types of coding DNAs labeled with different dyes (Cy5, FAM and AMCA) at precisely controlled ratios with biotinylated reporter DNA modified to magnetic streptavidin-coated nanobeads with a diameter of 300 nm. The color of the MOCNBs could be observed by overlapping three single-primary-color fluorescence images of the MOCNBs corresponding to emission of Cy5 (red), FAM (green) and AMCA (blue). The MOCNBs could be easily identified under a conventional fluorescence microscope. The MOCNBs with different colors could serve as the multiplexed optical coding labels for single-molecule counting analysis (SMCA) and be used in multi-gene expression analysis (MGEA). In the SMCA-based MGEA technique, multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in cells could be simultaneously quantified through their complementary DNAs (cDNAs) by counting the bright dots with the same color corresponding to the single cDNA molecules labeled with the MOCNBs. We measured expression profiles of three genes from Lepidoptera insect Helicoverpa armigera in ∼100 HaEpi cells with and without steroid hormone inductions to demonstrate the SMCA-based MGEA technique using MOCNBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liping Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingling Shui
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Benhui Sui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Wenrui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Knockout silkworms reveal a dispensable role for juvenile hormones in holometabolous life cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506645112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect juvenile hormones (JHs) prevent precocious metamorphosis and allow larvae to undergo multiple rounds of status quo molts. However, the roles of JHs during the embryonic and very early larval stages have not been fully understood. We generated and characterized knockout silkworms (Bombyx mori) with null mutations in JH biosynthesis or JH receptor genes using genome-editing tools. We found that embryonic growth and morphogenesis are largely independent of JHs in Bombyx and that, even in the absence of JHs or JH signaling, pupal characters are not formed in first- or second-instar larvae, and precocious metamorphosis is induced after the second instar at the earliest. We also show by mosaic analysis that a pupal specifier gene broad, which is dramatically up-regulated in the late stage of the last larval instar, is essential for pupal commitment in the epidermis. Importantly, the mRNA expression level of broad, which is thought to be repressed by JHs, remained at very low basal levels during the early larval instars of JH-deficient or JH signaling-deficient knockouts. Therefore, our study suggests that the long-accepted paradigm that JHs maintain the juvenile status throughout larval life should be revised because the larval status can be maintained by a JH-independent mechanism in very early larval instars. We propose that the lack of competence for metamorphosis during the early larval stages may result from the absence of an unidentified broad-inducing factor, i.e., a competence factor.
Collapse
|
47
|
Cheng D, Qian W, Wang Y, Meng M, Wei L, Li Z, Kang L, Peng J, Xia Q. Nuclear import of transcription factor BR-C is mediated by its interaction with RACK1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109111. [PMID: 25280016 PMCID: PMC4184850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Broad Complex (BR-C) is an early ecdysone response gene in insects and contains two types of domains: two zinc finger domains for the activation of gene transcription and a Bric-a-brac/Tramtrack/Broad complex (BTB) domain for protein-protein interaction. Although the mechanism of zinc finger-mediated gene transcription is well studied, the partners interacting with the BTB domain of BR-C has not been elucidated until now. Here, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using the BTB domain of silkworm BR-C as bait and identified the receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1), a scaffolding/anchoring protein, as the novel partner capable of interacting with BR-C. The interaction between BR-C and RACK1 was further confirmed by far-western blotting and pull-down assays. Importantly, the disruption of this interaction, via RNAi against the endogenous RACK1 gene or deletion of the BTB domain, abolished the nuclear import of BR-C in BmN4 cells. In addition, RNAi against the endogenous PKC gene as well as phosphorylation-deficient mutation of the predicted PKC phosphorylation sites at either Ser373 or Thr406 in BR-C phenocopied RACK1 RNAi and altered the nuclear localization of BR-C. However, when BTB domain was deleted, phosphorylation mimics of either Ser373 or Thr406 had no effect on the nuclear import of BR-C. Moreover, mutating the PKC phosphorylation sites at Ser373 and Thr406 or deleting the BTB domain significantly decreased the transcriptional activation of a BR-C target gene. Given that RACK1 is necessary for recruiting PKC to close and phosphorylate target proteins, we suggest that the PKC-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear import of BR-C is determined by its interaction with RACK1. This novel finding will be helpful for further deciphering the mechanism underlying the role of BR-C proteins during insect development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daojun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenliang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wei
- School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Laboratory of Silkworm Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lixia Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nagamine K, Kayukawa T, Hoshizaki S, Matsuo T, Shinoda T, Ishikawa Y. Cloning, phylogeny, and expression analysis of the Broad-Complex gene in the longicorn beetle Psacothea hilaris. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:539. [PMID: 25279330 PMCID: PMC4175664 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seven isoforms of Broad-Complex (PhBR-C), in which the sequence of the zinc finger domain differed (referred to as Z1, Z2, Z3, Z2/Z3, Z4, Z5/Z6, and Z6, respectively), were cloned from the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle Psacothea hilaris. The Z1–Z4 sequences were highly conserved among insect species. The Z5/Z6 isoform was aberrant in that it contained a premature stop codon. Z6 had previously only been detected in a hemimetabola, the German cockroach Blattella germanica. The presence of Z6 in P. hilaris, and not in other holometabolous model insects such as Drosophila melanogaster or Tribolium castaneum, suggests that Z6 was lost multiple times in holometabolous insects during the course of evolution. PhBR-C expression levels in the brain, salivary gland, and epidermis of larvae grown under different feeding regimens were subsequently investigated. PhBR-C expression levels increased in every tissue examined after the gut purge, and high expression levels were observed in prepupae. A low level of PhBR-C expression was continuously observed in the brain. An increase was noted in PhBR-C expression levels in the epidermis when 4th instar larvae were starved after 4 days of feeding, which induced precocious pupation. No significant changes were observed in expression levels in any tissues of larvae starved immediately after ecdysis into 4th instar, which did not grow and eventually died.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nagamine
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan ; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Takumi Kayukawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Sugihiko Hoshizaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinoda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Erezyilmaz DF, Hayward A, Huang Y, Paps J, Acs Z, Delgado JA, Collantes F, Kathirithamby J. Expression of the pupal determinant broad during metamorphic and neotenic development of the strepsipteran Xenos vesparum Rossi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93614. [PMID: 24709670 PMCID: PMC3977908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Derived members of the endoparasitic order Strepsiptera have acquired an extreme form of sexual dimorphism whereby males undergo metamorphosis and exist as free-living adults while females remain larviform, reaching sexual maturity within their hosts. Expression of the transcription factor, broad (br) has been shown to be required for pupal development in insects in which both sexes progress through metamorphosis. A surge of br expression appears in the last larval instar, as the epidermis begins pupal development. Here we ask if br is also up-regulated in the last larval instar of male Xenos vesparum Rossi (Stylopidae), and whether such expression is lost in neotenic larviform females. We clone three isoforms of br from X. vesparum (Xv’br), and show that they share greatest similarity to the Z1, Z3 and Z4 isoforms of other insect species. By monitoring Xv’br expression throughout development, we detect elevated levels of total br expression and the Xv’Z1, Xv’Z3, and Xv’Z4 isoforms in the last larval instar of males, but not females. By focusing on Xv’br expression in individual samples, we show that the levels of Xv’BTB and Xv’Z3 in the last larval instar of males are bimodal, with some males expressing 3X greater levels of Xv’br than fourth instar femlaes. Taken together, these data suggest that neoteny (and endoparasitism) in females of Strepsiptera Stylopidia could be linked to the suppression of pupal determination. Our work identifies a difference in metamorphic gene expression that is associated with neoteny, and thus provides insights into the relationship between metamorphic and neotenic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz F. Erezyilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex Hayward
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordi Paps
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Acs
- Kaposvar University, Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - Juan A. Delgado
- Departamento de Zoologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Collantes
- Departamento de Zoologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kayukawa T, Murata M, Kobayashi I, Muramatsu D, Okada C, Uchino K, Sezutsu H, Kiuchi M, Tamura T, Hiruma K, Ishikawa Y, Shinoda T. Hormonal regulation and developmental role of Krüppel homolog 1, a repressor of metamorphosis, in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Dev Biol 2014; 388:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|