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Grapin-Botton A, Kim YH. Pancreas organoid models of development and regeneration. Development 2022; 149:278610. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Organoids have become one of the fastest progressing and applied models in biological and medical research, and various organoids have now been developed for most of the organs of the body. Here, we review the methods developed to generate pancreas organoids in vitro from embryonic, fetal and adult cells, as well as pluripotent stem cells. We discuss how these systems have been used to learn new aspects of pancreas development, regeneration and disease, as well as their limitations and potential for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden 2 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden 3 , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Yung Hae Kim
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
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2
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Alwahsh SM, Qutachi O, Starkey Lewis PJ, Bond A, Noble J, Burgoyne P, Morton N, Carter R, Mann J, Ferreira‐Gonzalez S, Alvarez‐Paino M, Forbes SJ, Shakesheff KM, Forbes S. Fibroblast growth factor 7 releasing particles enhance islet engraftment and improve metabolic control following islet transplantation in mice with diabetes. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:2950-2963. [PMID: 33428803 PMCID: PMC8603932 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of islets in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is limited by poor islet engraftment into the liver, with two to three donor pancreases required per recipient. We aimed to condition the liver to enhance islet engraftment to improve long-term graft function. Diabetic mice received a non-curative islet transplant (n = 400 islets) via the hepatic portal vein (HPV) with fibroblast growth factor 7-loaded galactosylated poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (FGF7-GAL-PLGA) particles; 26-µm diameter particles specifically targeted the liver, promoting hepatocyte proliferation in short-term experiments: in mice receiving 0.1-mg FGF7-GAL-PLGA particles (60-ng FGF7) vs vehicle, cell proliferation was induced specifically in the liver with greater efficacy and specificity than subcutaneous FGF7 (1.25 mg/kg ×2 doses; ~75-µg FGF7). Numbers of engrafted islets and vascularization were greater in liver sections of mice receiving islets and FGF7-GAL-PLGA particles vs mice receiving islets alone, 72 h posttransplant. More mice (six of eight) that received islets and FGF7-GAL-PLGA particles normalized blood glucose concentrations by 30-days posttransplant, versus zero of eight mice receiving islets alone with no evidence of increased proliferation of cells within the liver at this stage and normal liver function tests. This work shows that liver-targeted FGF7-GAL-PLGA particles achieve selective FGF7 delivery to the liver-promoting islet engraftment to help normalize blood glucose levels with a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salamah M. Alwahsh
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Joint MD ProgramCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesPalestine Polytechnic UniversityHebronPalestine
| | - Omar Qutachi
- School of PharmacyUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamUK
| | | | - Andrew Bond
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghQueen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - June Noble
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghQueen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghQueen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Nik Morton
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghQueen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Rod Carter
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghQueen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Janet Mann
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Stuart J. Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Shareen Forbes
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghQueen’s Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
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3
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Liu KC, Leuckx G, Sakano D, Seymour PA, Mattsson CL, Rautio L, Staels W, Verdonck Y, Serup P, Kume S, Heimberg H, Andersson O. Inhibition of Cdk5 Promotes β-Cell Differentiation From Ductal Progenitors. Diabetes 2018; 67:58-70. [PMID: 28986398 PMCID: PMC6463766 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of notch signaling is known to induce differentiation of endocrine cells in zebrafish and mouse. After performing an unbiased in vivo screen of ∼2,200 small molecules in zebrafish, we identified an inhibitor of Cdk5 (roscovitine), which potentiated the formation of β-cells along the intrapancreatic duct during concurrent inhibition of notch signaling. We confirmed and characterized the effect with a more selective Cdk5 inhibitor, (R)-DRF053, which specifically increased the number of duct-derived β-cells without affecting their proliferation. By duct-specific overexpression of the endogenous Cdk5 inhibitors Cdk5rap1 or Cdkal1 (which previously have been linked to diabetes in genome-wide association studies), as well as deleting cdk5, we validated the role of chemical Cdk5 inhibition in β-cell differentiation by genetic means. Moreover, the cdk5 mutant zebrafish displayed an increased number of β-cells independently of inhibition of notch signaling, in both the basal state and during β-cell regeneration. Importantly, the effect of Cdk5 inhibition to promote β-cell formation was conserved in mouse embryonic pancreatic explants, adult mice with pancreatic ductal ligation injury, and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Thus, we have revealed a previously unknown role of Cdk5 as an endogenous suppressor of β-cell differentiation and thereby further highlighted its importance in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Cheuk Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daisuke Sakano
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Philip A Seymour
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte L Mattsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Rautio
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick Verdonck
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Palle Serup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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EGFR signalling controls cellular fate and pancreatic organogenesis by regulating apicobasal polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1313-1325. [PMID: 29058721 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apicobasal polarity is known to affect epithelial morphogenesis and cell differentiation, but it remains unknown how these processes are mechanistically orchestrated. We find that ligand-specific EGFR signalling via PI(3)K and Rac1 autonomously modulates apicobasal polarity to enforce the sequential control of morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Initially, EGF controls pancreatic tubulogenesis by negatively regulating apical polarity induction. Subsequently, betacellulin, working via inhibition of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), causes apical domain constriction within neurogenin3+ endocrine progenitors, which results in reduced Notch signalling, increased neurogenin3 expression, and β-cell differentiation. Notably, the ligand-specific EGFR output is not driven at the ligand level, but seems to have evolved in response to stage-specific epithelial influences. The EGFR-mediated control of β-cell differentiation via apical polarity is also conserved in human neurogenin3+ cells. We provide insight into how ligand-specific EGFR signalling coordinates epithelial morphogenesis and cell differentiation via apical polarity dynamics.
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5
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Maternal vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy affects vascularized islet development. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 36:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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6
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Pin CL, Ryan JF, Mehmood R. Acinar cell reprogramming: a clinically important target in pancreatic disease. Epigenomics 2015; 7:267-81. [PMID: 25942535 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinar cells of the pancreas produce the majority of enzymes required for digestion and make up >90% of the cells within the pancreas. Due to a common developmental origin and the plastic nature of the acinar cell phenotype, these cells have been identified as a possible source of β cells as a therapeutic option for Type I diabetes. However, recent evidence indicates that acinar cells are the main source of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), the predecessor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The conversion of acinar cells to either β cells or precursors to PDAC is dependent on reprogramming of the cells to a more primitive, progenitor-like phenotype, which involves changes in transcription factor expression and activity, and changes in their epigenetic program. This review will focus on the mechanisms that promote acinar cell reprogramming, as well as the factors that may affect these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Pin
- Department of Paediatrics, Physiology & Pharmacology, & Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
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7
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Yuchi Y, Cai Y, Legein B, De Groef S, Leuckx G, Coppens V, Van Overmeire E, Staels W, De Leu N, Martens G, Van Ginderachter JA, Heimberg H, Van de Casteele M. Estrogen Receptor α Regulates β-Cell Formation During Pancreas Development and Following Injury. Diabetes 2015; 64:3218-28. [PMID: 26015547 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Identifying pathways for β-cell generation is essential for cell therapy in diabetes. We investigated the potential of 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling for stimulating β-cell generation during embryonic development and in the severely injured adult pancreas. E2 concentration, ER activity, and number of ERα transcripts were enhanced in the pancreas injured by partial duct ligation (PDL) along with nuclear localization of ERα in β-cells. PDL-induced proliferation of β-cells depended on aromatase activity. The activation of Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) gene expression and β-cell growth in PDL pancreas were impaired when ERα was turned off chemically or genetically (ERα(-/-)), whereas in situ delivery of E2 promoted β-cell formation. In the embryonic pancreas, β-cell replication, number of Ngn3(+) progenitor cells, and expression of key transcription factors of the endocrine lineage were decreased by ERα inactivation. The current study reveals that E2 and ERα signaling can drive β-cell replication and formation in mouse pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Yuchi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Legein
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Martens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Greggio C, De Franceschi F, Figueiredo-Larsen M, Grapin-Botton A. In vitro pancreas organogenesis from dispersed mouse embryonic progenitors. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 25079453 DOI: 10.3791/51725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the development of protocols to produce pancreatic cells from stem cells (1). The whole embryonic organ can be cultured at multiple stages of development (2-4). These culture methods have been useful to test drugs and to image developmental processes. However the expansion of the organ is very limited and morphogenesis is not faithfully recapitulated since the organ flattens. We propose three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions that enable the efficient expansion of dissociated mouse embryonic pancreatic progenitors. By manipulating the composition of the culture medium it is possible to generate either hollow spheres, mainly composed of pancreatic progenitors expanding in their initial state, or, complex organoids which progress to more mature expanding progenitors and differentiate into endocrine, acinar and ductal cells and which spontaneously self-organize to resemble the embryonic pancreas. We show here that the in vitro process recapitulates many aspects of natural pancreas development. This culture system is suitable to investigate how cells cooperate to form an organ by reducing its initial complexity to few progenitors. It is a model that reproduces the 3D architecture of the pancreas and that is therefore useful to study morphogenesis, including polarization of epithelial structures and branching. It is also appropriate to assess the response to mechanical cues of the niche such as stiffness and the effects on cell´s tensegrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greggio
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research
| | - Filippo De Franceschi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research
| | | | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research; DanStem, University of Copenhagen;
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9
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Kesavan G, Lieven O, Mamidi A, Öhlin ZL, Johansson JK, Li WC, Lommel S, Greiner TU, Semb H. Cdc42/N-WASP signaling links actin dynamics to pancreatic β cell delamination and differentiation. Development 2014; 141:685-96. [PMID: 24449844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Delamination plays a pivotal role during normal development and cancer. Previous work has demonstrated that delamination and epithelial cell movement within the plane of an epithelium are associated with a change in cellular phenotype. However, how this positional change is linked to differentiation remains unknown. Using the developing mouse pancreas as a model system, we show that β cell delamination and differentiation are two independent events, which are controlled by Cdc42/N-WASP signaling. Specifically, we show that expression of constitutively active Cdc42 in β cells inhibits β cell delamination and differentiation. These processes are normally associated with junctional actin and cell-cell junction disassembly and the expression of fate-determining transcription factors, such as Isl1 and MafA. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of N-WASP in β cells expressing constitutively active Cdc42 partially restores both delamination and β cell differentiation. These findings elucidate how junctional actin dynamics via Cdc42/N-WASP signaling cell-autonomously control not only epithelial delamination but also cell differentiation during mammalian organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Kesavan
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B10 Klinikgatan 26, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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10
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Greggio C, De Franceschi F, Figueiredo-Larsen M, Gobaa S, Ranga A, Semb H, Lutolf M, Grapin-Botton A. Artificial three-dimensional niches deconstruct pancreas development in vitro. Development 2013; 140:4452-62. [PMID: 24130330 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the context of a cellular therapy for diabetes, methods for pancreatic progenitor expansion and subsequent differentiation into insulin-producing beta cells would be extremely valuable. Here we establish three-dimensional culture conditions in Matrigel that enable the efficient expansion of dissociated mouse embryonic pancreatic progenitors. By manipulating the medium composition we generate either hollow spheres, which are mainly composed of pancreatic progenitors, or complex organoids that spontaneously undergo pancreatic morphogenesis and differentiation. The in vitro maintenance and expansion of pancreatic progenitors require active Notch and FGF signaling, thus recapitulating in vivo niche signaling interactions. Our experiments reveal new aspects of pancreas development, such as a community effect by which small groups of cells better maintain progenitor properties and expand more efficiently than isolated cells, as well as the requirement for three-dimensionality. Finally, growth conditions in chemically defined biomaterials pave the way for testing the biophysical and biochemical properties of the niche that sustains pancreatic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greggio
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Akinci E, Banga A, Tungatt K, Segal J, Eberhard D, Dutton JR, Slack JMW. Reprogramming of various cell types to a beta-like state by Pdx1, Ngn3 and MafA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82424. [PMID: 24312421 PMCID: PMC3843737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The three transcription factors, PDX1, NGN3 and MAFA, are very important in pancreatic development. Overexpression of these three factors can reprogram both pancreatic exocrine cells and SOX9-positive cells of the liver into cells resembling pancreatic beta cells. In this study we investigate whether other cell types can be reprogrammed. Eight cell types are compared and the results are consistent with the idea that reprogramming occurs to a greater degree for developmentally related cells (pancreas, liver) than for other types, such as fibroblasts. Using a line of mouse hepatocyte-derived cells we screened 13 compounds for the ability to increase the yield of reprogrammed cells. Three are active and when used in combination they can increase the yield of insulin-immunopositive cells by a factor of six. These results should contribute to the eventual ability to develop a new cure for diabetes based on the ability to reprogram other cells in the body to a beta cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Akinci
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anannya Banga
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Katie Tungatt
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Segal
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Eberhard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. W. Slack
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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12
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Lear PV, Jayanthi NV, Teague WJ, Johnson PR. Foregut Mesenchyme Contributes Cells to Islets during Pancreatic Development in a 3-Dimensional Avian Model. Organogenesis 2012; 1:45-51. [PMID: 19521560 DOI: 10.4161/org.1.2.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current interest in the potential use of pancreatic stem-cells in the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus has led to increased research into normal pancreatic development. Pancreatic organogenesis involves branching morphogenesis of undifferentiated epithelium within surrounding mesenchyme. Current understanding is that the pancreatic islets develop exclusively from the epithelium of the embryonic buds. However, a cellular contribution to islets by mesenchyme has not been conclusively excluded. We present evidence that the mesenchyme of both the dorsal pancreatic bud and stomach rudiment make a substantial contribution of cells to islets during development in a three-dimensional avian model. These data suggest that mesenchyme can be a source not only of signals but also of cells for the definitive epithelia, making pancreatic organogenesis more akin to that of the kidney than to other endodermal organs. This raises the possibility for the use of mesenchymal cells as stem-or progenitor-cells for islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Lear
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratory; Nuffield Department of Surgery; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
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13
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Petzold KM, Spagnoli FM. A system for ex vivo culturing of embryonic pancreas. J Vis Exp 2012:e3979. [PMID: 22951988 DOI: 10.3791/3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas controls vital functions of our body, including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar levels. Although in the past decade many studies have contributed to a solid foundation for understanding pancreatic organogenesis, important gaps persist in our knowledge of early pancreas formation. A complete understanding of these early events will provide insight into the development of this organ, but also into incurable diseases that target the pancreas, such as diabetes or pancreatic cancer. Finally, this information will generate a blueprint for developing cell-replacement therapies in the context of diabetes. During embryogenesis, the pancreas originates from distinct embryonic outgrowths of the dorsal and ventral foregut endoderm at embryonic day (E) 9.5 in the mouse embryo. Both outgrowths evaginate into the surrounding mesenchyme as solid epithelial buds, which undergo proliferation, branching and differentiation to generate a fully mature organ. Recent evidences have suggested that growth and differentiation of pancreatic cell lineages, including the insulin-producing β-cells, depends on proper tissue-architecture, epithelial remodeling and cell positioning within the branching pancreatic epithelium. However, how branching morphogenesis occurs and is coordinated with proliferation and differentiation in the pancreas is largely unknown. This is in part due to the fact that current knowledge about these developmental processes has relied almost exclusively on analysis of fixed specimens, while morphogenetic events are highly dynamic. Here, we report a method for dissecting and culturing mouse embryonic pancreatic buds ex vivo on glass bottom dishes, which allow direct visualization of the developing pancreas (Figure 1). This culture system is ideally devised for confocal laser scanning microscopy and, in particular, live-cell imaging. Pancreatic explants can be prepared not only from wild-type mouse embryos, but also from genetically engineered mouse strains (e.g. transgenic or knockout), allowing real-time studies of mutant phenotypes. Moreover, this ex vivo culture system is valuable to study the effects of chemical compounds on pancreatic development, enabling to obtain quantitative data about proliferation and growth, elongation, branching, tubulogenesis and differentiation. In conclusion, the development of an ex vivo pancreatic explant culture method combined with high-resolution imaging provides a strong platform for observing morphogenetic and differentiation events as they occur within the developing mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Petzold
- Molecular and Cellular Basis of Embryonic Development, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine
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14
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Seymour PA, Shih HP, Patel NA, Freude KK, Xie R, Lim CJ, Sander M. A Sox9/Fgf feed-forward loop maintains pancreatic organ identity. Development 2012; 139:3363-72. [PMID: 22874919 DOI: 10.1242/dev.078733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
All mature pancreatic cell types arise from organ-specific multipotent progenitor cells. Although previous studies have identified cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues for progenitor cell expansion, it is unclear how these cues are integrated within the niche of the developing organ. Here, we present genetic evidence in mice that the transcription factor Sox9 forms the centerpiece of a gene regulatory network that is crucial for proper organ growth and maintenance of organ identity. We show that pancreatic progenitor-specific ablation of Sox9 during early pancreas development causes pancreas-to-liver cell fate conversion. Sox9 deficiency results in cell-autonomous loss of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fgfr) 2b, which is required for transducing mesenchymal Fgf10 signals. Likewise, Fgf10 is required to maintain expression of Sox9 and Fgfr2 in epithelial progenitors, showing that Sox9, Fgfr2 and Fgf10 form a feed-forward expression loop in the early pancreatic organ niche. Mirroring Sox9 deficiency, perturbation of Fgfr signaling in pancreatic explants or genetic inactivation of Fgf10 also result in hepatic cell fate conversion. Combined with previous findings that Fgfr2b or Fgf10 are necessary for pancreatic progenitor cell proliferation, our results demonstrate that organ fate commitment and progenitor cell expansion are coordinately controlled by the activity of a Sox9/Fgf10/Fgfr2b feed-forward loop in the pancreatic niche. This self-promoting Sox9/Fgf10/Fgfr2b loop may regulate cell identity and organ size in a broad spectrum of developmental and regenerative contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Seymour
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
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15
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Reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine cells towards a beta (β) cell character using Pdx1, Ngn3 and MafA. Biochem J 2012; 442:539-50. [PMID: 22150363 PMCID: PMC3286861 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pdx1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), Ngn3 (neurogenin 3) and MafA (v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A) have been reported to bring about the transdifferentiation of pancreatic exocrine cells to beta (β) cells in vivo. We have investigated the mechanism of this process using a standard in vitro model of pancreatic exocrine cells, the rat AR42j-B13 cell line. We constructed a new adenoviral vector encoding all three genes, called Ad-PNM (adenoviral Pdx1, Ngn3, MafA construct). When introduced into AR42j-B13 cells, Ad-PNM caused a rapid change to a flattened morphology and a cessation of cell division. The expression of exocrine markers is suppressed. Both insulin genes are up-regulated as well as a number of transcription factors normally characteristic of beta cells. At the chromatin level, histone tail modifications of the Pdx1, Ins1 (insulin 1) and Ins2 (insulin 2) gene promoters are shifted in a direction associated with gene activity, and the level of DNA CpG methylation is reduced at the Ins1 promoter. The transformed cells secrete insulin and are capable of relieving diabetes in streptozotocin-treated NOD-SCID (non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency) mice. However the transformation is not complete. The cells lack expression of several genes important for beta cell function and they do not show glucose-sensitive insulin secretion. We conclude that, for this exocrine cell model, although the transformation is dramatic, the reprogramming is not complete and lacks critical aspects of the beta cell phenotype.
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Lim SM, Li X, Schiesser J, Holland AM, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Micallef SJ. Temporal restriction of pancreatic branching competence during embryogenesis is mirrored in differentiating embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1662-74. [PMID: 22034992 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop methods for the generation of insulin-producing β-cells for the treatment of diabetes, we have used GFP-tagged embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to elucidate the process of pancreas development. Using the reporter Pdx1(GFP/w) ESC line, we have previously described a serum-free differentiation protocol in which Pdx1-GFP(+) cells formed GFP bright (GFP(br)) epithelial buds that resembled those present in the developing mouse pancreas. In this study we extend these findings to demonstrate that these cells can undergo a process of branching morphogenesis, similar to that seen during pancreatic development of the mid-gestation embryo. These partially disaggregated embryoid bodies containing GFP(br) buds initially form epithelial ring-like structures when cultured in Matrigel. After several days in culture, these rings undergo a process of proliferation and form a ramified network of epithelial branches. Comparative analysis of explanted dissociated pancreatic buds from E13.5 Pdx1(GFP/w) embryos and ESC-derived GFP(br) buds reveal a similar process of proliferation and branching, with both embryonic Pdx1(GFP/w) branching pancreatic epithelium and ESC-derived GFP(br) branching organoids expressing markers representing epithelial (EpCAM and E-Cadherin), ductal (Mucin1), exocrine (Amylase and Carboxypeptidase 1A), and endocrine cell types (Glucagon and Somatostatin). ESC-derived branching structures also expressed a suite of genes indicative of ongoing pancreatic differentiation, paralleling gene expression within similar structures derived from the E13.5 fetal pancreas. In summary, differentiating mouse ESCs can generate pancreatic material that has significant similarity to the fetal pancreatic anlagen, providing an in vitro platform for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Mei Lim
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Didon L, Barton JL, Roos AB, Gaschler GJ, Bauer CMT, Berg T, Stämpfli MR, Nord M. Lung Epithelial CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein-β Is Necessary for the Integrity of Inflammatory Responses to Cigarette Smoke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:233-42. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201007-1113oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Plank JL, Mundell NA, Frist AY, LeGrone AW, Kim T, Musser MA, Walter TJ, Labosky PA. Influence and timing of arrival of murine neural crest on pancreatic beta cell development and maturation. Dev Biol 2011; 349:321-30. [PMID: 21081123 PMCID: PMC3019241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cells from the ectoderm and mesoderm influence development of the endodermally-derived pancreas. While much is known about how mesoderm regulates pancreatic development, relatively little is understood about how and when the ectodermally-derived neural crest regulates pancreatic development and specifically, beta cell maturation. A previous study demonstrated that signals from the neural crest regulate beta cell proliferation and ultimately, beta cell mass. Here, we expand on that work to describe timing of neural crest arrival at the developing pancreatic bud and extend our knowledge of the non-cell autonomous role for neural crest derivatives in the process of beta cell maturation. We demonstrated that murine neural crest entered the pancreatic mesenchyme between the 26 and 27 somite stages (approximately 10.0 dpc) and became intermingled with pancreatic progenitors as the epithelium branched into the surrounding mesenchyme. Using a neural crest-specific deletion of the Forkhead transcription factor Foxd3, we ablated neural crest cells that migrate to the pancreatic primordium. Consistent with previous data, in the absence of Foxd3, and therefore the absence of neural crest cells, proliferation of insulin-expressing cells and insulin-positive area are increased. Analysis of endocrine cell gene expression in the absence of neural crest demonstrated that, although the number of insulin-expressing cells was increased, beta cell maturation was significantly impaired. Decreased MafA and Pdx1 expression illustrated the defect in beta cell maturation; we discovered that without neural crest, there was a reduction in the percentage of insulin-positive cells that co-expressed Glut2 and Pdx1 compared to controls. In addition, transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed decreased numbers of characteristic insulin granules and the presence of abnormal granules in insulin-expressing cells from mutant embryos. Together, these data demonstrate that the neural crest is a critical regulator of beta cell development on two levels: by negatively regulating beta cell proliferation and by promoting beta cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Plank
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nathan A. Mundell
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Audrey Y. Frist
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alison W. LeGrone
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas Kim
- Diabetes Research Training Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Melissa A. Musser
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Teagan J. Walter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Patricia A. Labosky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Eberhard D, Jockusch H. Clonal and territorial development of the pancreas as revealed by eGFP-labelled mouse chimeras. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:31-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Levetan C. Distinctions between islet neogenesis and β-cell replication: implications for reversal of Type 1 and 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2010; 2:76-84. [PMID: 20923488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The terms "islet" and "β-cell" are often used interchangeably, yet islets are highly complex multicellular organelles that contain the insulin-producing β-cells and four other cells types, all of which play a role in maintaining glucose homeostasis within a very narrow range. Although the formation of new islets in adults is rare, occurring primarily in response to pancreatic injury and major stress to the pancreas, β-cell replication from existing cells occurs throughout adulthood. An understanding of the regulatory factors controlling pancreatic development has more clearly defined the differences between new islet formation from progenitor cells located throughout the adult pancreas and β-cell replication occurring within existing islets. The present review sets forth to more clearly distinguish the differences between the postnatal pathways of islet neogenesis and β-cell replication with a discussion of the potential implications for reversal of Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients using islet neogenesis agents that are now in development. For Type 1 diabetic patients, an immune tolerance agent in conjunction with an islet neogenesis agent may allow achievement of adequate islet mass, perhaps with subsequent potential to withdraw medications. For Type 2 diabetic patients, lifestyle changes and/or medications may sustain the production of new islets and limit the accelerated β-cell apoptosis characteristic of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claresa Levetan
- Division of Endocrinology, Chestnut Hill Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Abstract
The pancreas has been the subject of intense research due to the debilitating diseases that result from its dysfunction. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the critical tissue interactions and intracellular regulatory events that take place during formation of the pancreas from a small cluster of cells in the foregut domain of the mouse embryo. Importantly, an understanding of principles that govern the development of this organ has equipped us with the means to manipulate both embryonic and differentiated adult cells in the context of regenerative medicine. The emerging area of lineage modulation within the adult pancreas is of particular interest, and this review summarizes recent findings that exemplify how lessons learned from development are being applied to reveal the potential of fully differentiated cells to change fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Li S, Francisco AB, Munroe RJ, Schimenti JC, Long Q. SEL1L deficiency impairs growth and differentiation of pancreatic epithelial cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:19. [PMID: 20170518 PMCID: PMC2848149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The vertebrate pancreas contains islet, acinar and ductal cells. These cells derive from a transient pool of multipotent pancreatic progenitors during embryonic development. Insight into the genetic determinants regulating pancreatic organogenesis will help the development of cell-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Suppressor enhancer lin12/Notch 1 like (Sel1l) encodes a cytoplasmic protein that is highly expressed in the developing mouse pancreas. However, the morphological and molecular events regulated by Sel1l remain elusive. Results We have characterized the pancreatic phenotype of mice carrying a gene trap mutation in Sel1l. We show that Sel1l expression in the developing pancreas coincides with differentiation of the endocrine and exocrine lineages. Mice homozygous for the gene trap mutation die prenatally and display an impaired pancreatic epithelial morphology and cell differentiation. The pancreatic epithelial cells of Sel1l mutant embryos are confined to the progenitor cell state throughout the secondary transition. Pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling partially rescues the pancreatic phenotype of Sel1l mutant embryos. Conclusions Together, these data suggest that Sel1l is essential for the growth and differentiation of endoderm-derived pancreatic epithelial cells during mouse embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Burke ZD, Li WC, Slack JMW, Tosh D. Isolation and culture of embryonic pancreas and liver. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 633:91-9. [PMID: 20204622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-019-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Culturing embryonic tissue in an in vitro setting offers the unique ability to manipulate the external medium and therefore to investigate the pathways involved in regulating normal organogenesis as well as providing models for developmental disorders. Here we describe a system for the in vitro culture of the dorsal pancreatic buds and liver buds from mouse embryos. The tissues are dissected from day 9.0 or 11.5 mouse embryos. The tissues are placed on fibronectin-coated coverslips in serum-containing medium and allowed to attach. Over the next few days, the buds grow as flattened structures which are thin enough to allow the use of wholemount immunostaining methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë D Burke
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Eberhard D, O'Neill K, Burke ZD, Tosh D. In vitro reprogramming of pancreatic cells to hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 636:285-292. [PMID: 20336529 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-691-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation is defined as the conversion of one cell type to another. One well-documented example of transdifferentiation is the conversion of pancreatic cells to hepatocytes. Here we describe a robust in vitro model to study pancreas to liver transdifferentiation. It is based on the addition of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to the rat pancreatic exocrine cell line AR42J. Following glucocorticoid treatment, cells resembling hepatocytes are induced. Transdifferentiated hepatocytes express many of the properties of bona fide hepatocytes, e.g. production of albumin and ability to respond to xenobiotics. These hepatocytes can be used for studying liver function in vitro as well as studying the molecular basis of transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eberhard
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Kesavan G, Sand FW, Greiner TU, Johansson JK, Kobberup S, Wu X, Brakebusch C, Semb H. Cdc42-Mediated Tubulogenesis Controls Cell Specification. Cell 2009; 139:791-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
In this review, I summarize some aspects of murine pancreas development, with particular emphasis on the analysis of the ontogenetic relationships between different pancreatic cell types. Lineage analyses allow the identification of the progenitor cells from which mature cell types arise. The identification and successful in vitro culture of putative pancreatic stem cells is highly relevant for future cell replacement therapies in diabetic patients.
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Katsumoto K, Fukuda K, Kimura W, Shimamura K, Yasugi S, Kume S. Origin of pancreatic precursors in the chick embryo and the mechanism of endoderm regionalization. Mech Dev 2009; 126:539-51. [PMID: 19341795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the developmental origin of the pancreas we used DiI crystals to mark regions of the early chick endoderm: this allowed correlations to be established between specific endoderm sites and the positions of their descendants. Endodermal precursor cells for the stomach, pancreas and intestine were found to segregate immediately after completion of gastrulation. Transplantation experiments showed that region-specific endodermal fates are determined sequentially in the order stomach, intestine, and then pancreas. Non-pancreatic endoderm transplanted to the stomach region generated ectopic pancreas expressing both insulin and glucagon. These results imply that a pancreas-inducing signal is emitted from somitic mesoderm underlying the pre-pancreatic region, and this extends rostrally beyond the stomach endoderm region at the early somite stage. Transplantation experiments revealed that the endoderm responding to these pancreatic-inducing signals lies within the pre-pancreatic region and extends caudally beyond the region of the intestinal endoderm. The results indicate that pancreatic fate is determined in the area of overlap between these two regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Katsumoto
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Honjo Kumamoto, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Past studies of pancreatic progenitor cell biology relied mostly on histological analyses. Recent studies, using genetic labeling and tracing of progenitors, direct single cell analyses, colony assays, and enrichment of the minor population of progenitor cells through the use of cell surface markers, have strongly suggested that pancreatic progenitor cells with various frequency and lineage potentials, including the multipotent progenitors that give rise to endocrine, exocrine, and duct cells, exist in the developing and adult pancreas. In this review, it is therefore proposed that pancreatic progenitor cells may be organized in a hierarchy, in which the most primitive pan-pancreatic multipotent progenitors are at the top and rare, and the monopotent progenitors are at the bottom and abundant. This model may explain why only drastic injuries lead to effective activation of the progenitor cell compartment of the higher hierarchy, whereas under steady state, pregnancy, and milder injuries, recruitment of preexisting mature cells or their immediate monopotent progenitors could be sufficient to restore metabolic homeostasis. It is also proposed that the morphologically defined ductal cells are likely to be functionally heterogeneous and that endocrine progenitor cell activity should be determined based on functional analyses rather than histological locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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Crivellato E, Nico B, Ribatti D. Contribution of endothelial cells to organogenesis: a modern reappraisal of an old Aristotelian concept. J Anat 2007; 211:415-27. [PMID: 17683480 PMCID: PMC2375830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that many tissue-derived factors are involved in blood vessel formation, but evidence is now emerging that endothelial cells themselves represent a crucial source of instructive signals to non-vascular tissue cells during organ development. Thus, endothelial cell signalling is currently believed to promote fundamental cues for cell fate specification, embryo patterning, organ differentiation and postnatal tissue remodelling. This review article summarizes some of the recent advances in our understanding of the role of endothelial cells as effector cells in organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crivellato
- Department of Medical and Morphological Research, Anatomy Section, University of Udine, Italy.
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Thowfeequ S, Ralphs KL, Yu WY, Slack JMW, Tosh D. Betacellulin inhibits amylase and glucagon production and promotes beta cell differentiation in mouse embryonic pancreas. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1688-97. [PMID: 17563868 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Betacellulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor family, is expressed in the pancreas and is thought to regulate differentiation of beta cells during development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exogenous betacellulin on the development of the mouse embryonic pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an in vitro culture model system based on the isolation and culture of the dorsal embryonic pancreas from day 11.5 embryos. Cultures were treated for up to 10 days with 10 ng/ml betacellulin and then analysed for changes in the expression of pancreatic exocrine, endocrine and ductal markers. RESULTS Pancreases developed in culture and expressed the full complement of exocrine (both acinar and ductal) and endocrine cell types. Betacellulin enhanced branching morphogenesis and the proliferation of mesenchyme, increased Pdx1 and insulin production and inhibited the production of the exocrine cell marker amylase and the endocrine hormone glucagon. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest betacellulin has distinct and separate effects on exocrine, endocrine and ductal differentiation. In the future, betacellulin could perhaps be utilised to increase the production of beta cells from embryonic pancreatic tissue for therapeutic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thowfeequ
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Tosh D, Shen CN, Alison MR, Sarraf CE, Slack JMW. Copper deprivation in rats induces islet hyperplasia and hepatic metaplasia in the pancreas. Biol Cell 2007; 99:37-44. [PMID: 16989642 DOI: 10.1042/bc20060050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Prolonged copper deprivation in rats followed by refeeding with a normal diet has previously been used to induce the appearance of hepatocyte-like cells in the pancreas, but the effects on islet size and morphology have not been determined. RESULTS In the present study we investigated the distribution of pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells and of hepatocytes in adult rats fed a copper-deficient diet followed by refeeding with a normal diet. Immunohistochemical staining for insulin and glucagon showed that the islets of the copper-deficient group were up to 2.4 times larger in mass compared with controls. The islets were disorganized, with alpha-cells found in multiple layers at the periphery of the islet and sometimes deep in the core. Isolated alpha- and beta-cells were also found in increased numbers in the ductular system. Copper deprivation caused almost complete ablation of the acinar cells, and refeeding induced adipogenesis, acinar regeneration and hepatocyte-like cells. Ductular proliferation and nerve hyperplasia were also present. The hepatocytes tended to be associated with islets or with ducts, rather than with residual pancreatic exocrine tissue. CONCLUSIONS These data show that copper deficiency in rats, as well as inducing the appearance of hepatocytes, is capable of causing islet hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Shen CN, Marguerie A, Chien CY, Dickson C, Slack JMW, Tosh D. All-trans retinoic acid suppresses exocrine differentiation and branching morphogenesis in the embryonic pancreas. Differentiation 2007; 75:62-74. [PMID: 17244022 PMCID: PMC1890579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that retinoic acid (RA) signalling is required for early pancreatic development in zebrafish and frog but its role in later development in mammals is less clear cut. In the present study, we determined the effects of RA on the differentiation of the mouse embryonic pancreas. Addition of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) to embryonic pancreatic cultures induced a number of changes. Branching morphogenesis and exocrine differentiation were suppressed and there was premature formation of endocrine cell clusters (although the total area of β cells was not different in control and atRA-treated buds). We investigated the mechanism of these changes and found that the premature formation of β cells was associated with the early expression of high-level Pdx1 in the endocrine cell clusters. In contrast, the suppressive effect of RA on exocrine differentiation may be due to a combination of two mechanisms (i) up-regulation of the extracellular matrix component laminin and (ii) enhancement of apoptosis. We also demonstrate that addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-10 is able to partially prevent apoptosis and rescue exocrine differentiation and branching morphogenesis in atRA-treated cultures but not in mice lacking the FGF receptor 2-IIIb, suggesting the effects of FGF-10 are mediated through this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ning Shen
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Puri S, Hebrok M. Dynamics of embryonic pancreas development using real-time imaging. Dev Biol 2007; 306:82-93. [PMID: 17448459 PMCID: PMC1988845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about developmental processes in complex organisms has relied almost exclusively on analyses of fixed specimens. However, organ growth is highly dynamic, and visualization of such dynamic processes, e.g., real-time tracking of cell movement and tissue morphogenesis, is becoming increasingly important. Here, we use live imaging to investigate expansion of the embryonic pancreatic epithelium in mouse. Using time-lapse imaging of tissue explants in culture, fluorescently labeled pancreatic epithelium was found to undergo significant expansion accompanied by branching. Quantification of the real-time imaging data revealed lateral branching as the predominant mode of morphogenesis during epithelial expansion. Live imaging also allowed documentation of dynamic beta-cell formation and migration. During in vitro growth, appearance of newly formed beta-cells was visualized using pancreatic explants from MIP-GFP transgenic animals. Migration and clustering of beta-cells were recorded for the first time using live imaging. Total beta-cell mass and concordant aggregation increased during the time of imaging, demonstrating that cells were clustering to form "pre-islets". Finally, inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in explant cultures led to a dramatic increase in total beta-cell mass, demonstrating application of the system in investigating roles of critical embryonic signaling pathways in pancreas development including beta-cell expansion. Thus, pancreas growth in vitro can be documented by live imaging, allowing visualization of the developing pancreas in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Nakanishi M, Hamazaki TS, Komazaki S, Okochi H, Asashima M. Pancreatic tissue formation from murine embryonic stem cells in vitro. Differentiation 2007; 75:1-11. [PMID: 17244017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro formation of organs and/or tissues is a major goal for regenerative medicine that would also provide a powerful tool for analyzing both the mechanisms of development and disease processes for each target organ. Here, we present a method whereby pancreatic tissues can be formed in vitro from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Embryoid body-like spheres (EBSs) induced from ES cell colonies were treated with retinoic acid (RA) and activin, which are candidate regulators of pancreatic development in vivo. These induced tissues had decreased expression of the sonic hedgehog (shh) gene and expressed several pancreatic marker genes. ES cell-derived pancreatic tissue was composed of exocrine cells, endocrine cells, and pancreatic duct-like structures. In addition, the ratio of exocrine to endocrine cells in the induced tissue was found to be sensitive to the concentrations of RA and activin in the present experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nakanishi
- Department of Life Science (Biology), Graduate School of Arts & Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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Teague WJ, Rowan-Hull AM, Johnson PRV. Pancreatic alpha-cell differentiation by mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition: implications for cell-based therapies in children. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:153-9. [PMID: 17208557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stem cell-derived tissue may provide a curative treatment for children with type 1 diabetes. Using an avian model, we have previously shown that foregut mesenchyme is able to differentiate into insulin-positive beta-cell islets (B islets). Successful clinical islet transplantation, however, is reliant on graft tissue containing both insulin- and glucagon-secreting cells. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the ability of foregut mesenchyme to differentiate into glucagon-positive alpha-cell islets (A islets). METHODS Chimeric recombinants (n = 14) were constructed using chick pancreatic epithelium combined with quail stomach mesenchyme from day 4 avian embryos and then cultured in 3 dimensions for 7 days. Cryosectioned recombinants were analyzed using immunocytochemistry against glucagon, insulin, and the quail-specific nucleolar antigen. The A islets and B islets were determined to be of solely epithelial, solely mesenchymal, or mixed origin according to the coexpression of the quail-specific nucleolar antigen. RESULTS Forty-eight A islets and 34 B islets were analyzed. Eighty-five percent of the A islets were solely derived from the epithelium, but, notably, 5% were solely derived from the mesenchyme and 10% were of mixed origin. A-islet differentiation from foregut mesenchyme was reduced as compared with B islets (P = .03). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that foregut mesenchyme is able to differentiate into both alpha and beta cells, albeit with quantitative differences. These findings may have important implications for the derivation of islet tissue from mesenchymal stem cells to cure juvenile-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick J Teague
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, United Kingdom
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Holland AM, Micallef SJ, Li X, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. A mouse carrying the green fluorescent protein gene targeted to the Pdx1 locus facilitates the study of pancreas development and function. Genesis 2006; 44:304-7. [PMID: 16794995 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 (Pdx1) has multiple roles in the specification and development of foregut endoderm-derived tissues. We report the characterization of a mouse line in which the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been targeted to the Pdx1 locus, allowing the visualization of Pdx1 expressing cells. Analysis of GFP expression during development showed that the reporter faithfully reproduced the known expression pattern of Pdx1. We demonstrate the utility of this mouse line for the isolation of Pdx1(+) cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and for the real-time observation of Pdx1(+) cells in an ex vivo embryonic pancreas culture system. This mouse model should prove useful for the study of pancreas development and regeneration.
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Quinlan JM, Yu WY, Hornsey MA, Tosh D, Slack JMW. In vitro culture of embryonic mouse intestinal epithelium: cell differentiation and introduction of reporter genes. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2006; 6:24. [PMID: 16725020 PMCID: PMC1489925 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Study of the normal development of the intestinal epithelium has been hampered by a lack of suitable model systems, in particular ones that enable the introduction of exogenous genes. Production of such a system would advance our understanding of normal epithelial development and help to shed light on the pathogenesis of intestinal neoplasia. The criteria for a reliable culture system include the ability to perform real time observations and manipulations in vitro, the preparation of wholemounts for immunostaining and the potential for introducing genes. Results The new culture system involves growing mouse embryo intestinal explants on fibronectin-coated coverslips in basal Eagle's medium+20% fetal bovine serum. Initially the cultures maintain expression of the intestinal transcription factor Cdx2 together with columnar epithelial (cytokeratin 8) and mesenchymal (smooth muscle actin) markers. Over a few days of culture, differentiation markers appear characteristic of absorptive epithelium (sucrase-isomaltase), goblet cells (Periodic Acid Schiff positive), enteroendocrine cells (chromogranin A) and Paneth cells (lysozyme). Three different approaches were tested to express genes in the developing cultures: transfection, electroporation and adenoviral infection. All could introduce genes into the mesenchyme, but only to a small extent into the epithelium. However the efficiency of adenovirus infection can be greatly improved by a limited enzyme digestion, which makes accessible the lateral faces of cells bearing the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor. This enables reliable delivery of genes into epithelial cells. Conclusion We describe a new in vitro culture system for the small intestine of the mouse embryo that recapitulates its normal development. The system both provides a model for studying normal development of the intestinal epithelium and also allows for the manipulation of gene expression. The explants can be cultured for up to two weeks, they form the full repertoire of intestinal epithelial cell types (enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells) and the method for gene introduction into the epithelium is efficient and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Quinlan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Wei-Yuan Yu
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Floor 28, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark A Hornsey
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jonathan MW Slack
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Pogoda HM, von der Hardt S, Herzog W, Kramer C, Schwarz H, Hammerschmidt M. The proneural gene ascl1a is required for endocrine differentiation and cell survival in the zebrafish adenohypophysis. Development 2006; 133:1079-89. [PMID: 16481349 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian basic helix-loop-helix proteins of the achaete-scute family are proneural factors that, in addition to the central nervous system, are required for the differentiation of peripheral neurons and sensory cells, derivatives of the neural crest and placodal ectoderm. Here, in identifying the molecular nature of the pia mutation, we investigate the role of the zebrafish achaete-scute homologue ascl1a during development of the adenohypophysis, an endocrine derivative of the placodal ectoderm. Similar to mutants deficient in Fgf3 signaling from the adjacent ventral diencepahalon, pia mutants display failure of endocrine differentiation of all adenohypophyseal cell types. Shortly after the failed first phase of cell differentiation, the adenohypophysis of pia mutants displays a transient phase of cell death, which affects most, but not all adenohypophyseal cells. Surviving cells form a smaller pituitary rudiment, lack expression of specific adenohypophyseal marker genes (pit1, neurod), while expressing others (lim3, pitx3), and display an ultrastructure reminiscent of precursor cells. During normal development, ascl1a is expressed in the adenohypophysis and the adjacent diencephalon, the source of Fgf3 signals. However, chimera analyses show that ascl1a is required cell-autonomously in adenohypophyseal cells themselves. In fgf3 mutants, adenohypophyseal expression of ascl1a is absent, while implantation of Fgf3-soaked beads into pia mutants enhances ascl1a, but fails to rescue pit1 expression. Together, this suggests that Ascl1a might act downstream of diencephalic Fgf3 signaling to mediate some of the effects of Fgf3 on the developing adenohypophysis.
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Yu WY, Slack JMW, Tosh D. Conversion of columnar to stratified squamous epithelium in the developing mouse oesophagus. Dev Biol 2005; 284:157-70. [PMID: 15992795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mouse embryonic oesophagus is initially lined with a simple columnar epithelial layer which changes during the course of development to a stratified squamous tissue. To study the mechanism of this transition, we developed an in vitro model, based on oesophageal explants isolated from E11.5d mouse embryos, which fully recapitulates the normal in vivo development. In this system, the columnar epithelial markers cytokeratins 8 and 18 (K8, 18) were strongly expressed at the beginning of the culture period and decreased in the basal layer of the epithelium at around 5 days of culture. Expression of K8 + 18 persisted in the suprabasal layers of the stratified epithelium for several more days. In contrast, the stratified squamous epithelial marker cytokeratin 14 (K14) was absent at the beginning, and cells expressing it progressively appeared within the basal layer from day 5 to day 9 of culture. The two possible mechanisms for the change are (1) a direct conversion of columnar cells to the basal layer cells of the squamous epithelium; (2) an overgrowth of columnar by squamous cells. Our results show that the first mechanism is operative. Firstly, co-staining for K8 and K14 demonstrates that some cells express both markers during the transition period. Secondly, after electroporation of a construct containing the K14 promoter driving nuclear GFP into the epithelium of E15.5 oesophagus, some cells expressed both K8 and GFP. Thirdly, there is no preferential loss of the columnar cells by apoptosis. Fourthly, inhibitors of apoptosis do not affect the process. Finally, inhibitors of cell division do not affect the process. In terms of the molecular mechanism, inhibitor studies suggest that de novo DNA methylation is required for the loss of the K8 expression but not for the acquisition of the K14 expression. The results show that, in normal development, the squamous epithelium arises from the columnar epithelium by a direct conversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yuan Yu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Abstract
Beta-cell mass regulation represents a critical issue for understanding diabetes, a disease characterized by a near-absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency in the number of pancreatic beta cells. The number of islet beta cells present at birth is mainly generated by the proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells, a process called neogenesis. Shortly after birth, beta-cell neogenesis stops and a small proportion of cycling beta cells can still expand the cell number to compensate for increased insulin demands, albeit at a slow rate. The low capacity for self-replication in the adult is too limited to result in a significant regeneration following extensive tissue injury. Likewise, chronically increased metabolic demands can lead to beta-cell failure to compensate. Neogenesis from progenitor cells inside or outside islets represents a more potent mechanism leading to robust expansion of the beta-cell mass, but it may require external stimuli. For therapeutic purposes, advantage could be taken from the surprising differentiation plasticity of adult pancreatic cells and possibly also from stem cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that it is feasible to regenerate and expand the beta-cell mass by the application of hormones and growth factors like glucagon-like peptide-1, gastrin, epidermal growth factor, and others. Treatment with these external stimuli can restore a functional beta-cell mass in diabetic animals, but further studies are required before it can be applied to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel/Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Ku HT, Zhang N, Kubo A, O'Connor R, Mao M, Keller G, Bromberg JS. Committing embryonic stem cells to early endocrine pancreas in vitro. Stem Cells 2005; 22:1205-17. [PMID: 15579640 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A panel of genetic markers was used to assess the in vitro commitment of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells toward the endoderm-derived pancreas and to distinguish insulin-expressing cells of this lineage from other lineages such as neuron, liver, and yolk sac. There are two nonallelic insulin genes in mice. Neuronal cells express only insulin II, whereas the pancreas expresses both insulin I and II. Yolk sac and fetal liver express predominately insulin II, small amounts of insulin I, and no glucagon. We found that ES-derived embryoid bodies cultured in the presence of stage-specific concentrations of monothio-glycerol and 15% fetal calf serum, followed by serum-free conditions, give rise to a population that expresses insulin I, insulin II, pdx-1 (a pancreas marker), and Sox17 (an endoderm marker). Immunohistochemical staining shows intracellular insulin particles, and its de novo production was confirmed by staining for C-peptide. Most, but not all, of the insulin+ or C-peptide+ cells coexpress glucagon, demonstrating a differentiation pathway to pancreas rather than yolk sac or fetal liver. Addition of beta-cell specification and differentiation factors activin beta B, nicotinamide, and exendin-4 to later-stage culture increased insulin-positive cells to 2.73% of the total population, compared with the control culture, which gave rise to less than 1% insulin-staining cells. These findings suggest that stepwise culture manipulations can direct ES cells to become early endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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Teague WJ, Jayanthi NVG, Lear PV, Johnson PRV. Foregut mesenchyme contributes cells to pancreatic acini during embryonic development in a chick-quail chimera model. Pediatr Surg Int 2005; 21:138-42. [PMID: 15578193 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-004-1309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To understand causes of developmental abnormalities of the pancreas, it is essential to understand its normal embryonic development. Current understanding of the development of pancreatic exocrine tissue is that it develops solely from embryonic epithelium, while the role of the surrounding mesenchyme is to signal to this epithelium and form connective tissue. Recent work in our laboratory has shown that pancreatic bud mesenchyme can contribute cells to islets during embryonic development. However, no published studies have investigated in detail whether mesenchyme contributes cells to the exocrine structures of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cells from foregut mesenchyme can contribute to pancreatic acini during embryonic development. Chick-quail chimera recombinant organs were constructed using pancreatic epithelium and mesenchyme from either the pancreas (n=12) or stomach (n=25). These were cultured for 7 days in 3-D collagen gels. The resulting specimens were analysed using morphological criteria and fluorescent immunocytochemistry against pancreatic amylase, insulin, and the quail-specific nucleolar antigen QCPN. Two independent observers determined the origins of acini as either solely epithelial, solely mesenchymal, or of mixed origin. Results are expressed as percentages of total acini identified in each group. Statistical analysis was performed using chi(2) tests (P<0.01 was considered statistically significant). Recombinations of pancreatic epithelium and pancreatic mesenchyme yielded 11 acini, of which 45% were derived from epithelium only, 45% from mesenchyme only, and 10% of mixed origin. Recombinations of pancreatic epithelium and stomach mesenchyme yielded 78 acini, of which 40% were derived from epithelium only, 32% from mesenchyme only, and 28% of mixed origin. When acini with any mesenchymal cellular contribution were considered as a group, there was no significant difference between stomach and pancreatic mesenchymal contribution (P=0.72). This is the first study to demonstrate the cellular contribution of mesenchyme to pancreatic exocrine structures. Our data show that mesenchyme contributes cells to pancreatic acini during development in this model and that mesenchyme derived from stomach and pancreatic sources are both able to form acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick J Teague
- Paediatric Surgical Research Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Hughes K, Kelty S, Martin R. Hepatoid Carcinoma of the Pancreas. Am Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480407001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma differentiation has been demonstrated in primary malignancies of the stomach. To date, only five cases of hepatocellular differentiation of the pancreas have been reported in the literature. An example of hepatoid carcinoma of the pancreas is reported in this study. A single case of hepatoid carcinoma of the pancreas is presented with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. This rare malignancy of the pancreas represents a hepatocytic transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells to form a combination of both primary ductal adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalista Hughes
- From the University of Louisville Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Steven Kelty
- From the University of Louisville Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert Martin
- From the University of Louisville Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology and J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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Abstract
Expression of nestin has been suggested to be a characteristic of pancreatic islet stem cells. To determine whether nestin is indeed expressed in such putative cells during embryonic development, or in the adult pancreas after injury, we performed a cell lineage analysis using two independent lines of transgenic mice encoding Cre recombinase under the control of rat nestin cis-regulatory sequences, each crossed with loxP-bearing R26R mice. F1 animals produced the reporter molecule beta-galactosidase only upon Cre-mediated recombination, thus solely in cells using (or having used) the transgenic nestin promoter. In early pancreatic primordia, beta-galactosidase was observed in mesenchymal and epithelial cells. At later developmental stages or in adults, vast clusters of acinar cells and few ductal cells were labeled, in addition to fibroblasts and vascular cells, but no endocrine cells were tagged by beta-galactosidase. This correlated with the transient expression, observed with an anti-nestin antibody, of endogenous nestin in about 5% of epithelial cells during development (whether in cord-forming arrangements or in nascent acini), and in vascular and mesenchymal structures. After partial pancreatectomy, there was a transient increase of the number of anti-nestin-labeled endothelial cells, but again, no endocrine cells bore beta-galactosidase. Together, these findings show that nestin is expressed in the pancreatic exocrine cell lineage, and suggest that consistent nestin expression is not a major feature of islet endocrine progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Delacour
- Department of Morphology, room 5040, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Skoudy A, Rovira M, Savatier P, Martin F, León-Quinto T, Soria B, Real FX. Transforming growth factor (TGF)beta, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and retinoid signalling pathways promote pancreatic exocrine gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. Biochem J 2004; 379:749-56. [PMID: 14733613 PMCID: PMC1224110 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signalling cues play a major role in the activation of differentiation programmes. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into a wide variety of specialized cells. Recently, protocols designed to induce endocrine pancreatic differentiation in vitro have been designed but little information is currently available concerning the potential of ES cells to differentiate into acinar pancreatic cells. By using conditioned media of cultured foetal pancreatic rudiments, we demonstrate that ES cells can respond in vitro to signalling pathways involved in exocrine development and differentiation. In particular, modulation of the hedgehog, transforming growth factor beta, retinoid, and fibroblast growth factor pathways in ES cell-derived embryoid bodies (EB) resulted in increased levels of transcripts encoding pancreatic transcription factors and cytodifferentiation markers, as demonstrated by RT-PCR. In EB undergoing spontaneous differentiation, expression of the majority of the acinar genes (i.e. amylase, carboxypeptidase A and elastase) was induced after the expression of endocrine genes, as occurs in vivo during development. These data indicate that ES cells can undergo exocrine pancreatic differentiation with a kinetic pattern of expression reminiscent of pancreas development in vivo and that ES cells can be coaxed to express an acinar phenotype by activation of signalling pathways known to play a role in pancreatic development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka Skoudy
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
A cell composition analysis was made of the pancreatic islets in postnatal H253 mice. This line has a lacZ insertion on the X chromosome so that in female hemizygotes 50% of cells should be positive for beta-galactosidase and 50% negative. Immediately after birth, the islets were of a heterogeneous cell composition. However, by 4 weeks some islets have become homogeneous. This suggests that islets progress towards monoclonality in a similar way to the intestinal crypts and stomach gastric glands. Pancreatic islets may therefore represent 'structural proliferative units' in the overall histological organization of the pancreas. Reduction of genetic heterogeneity might arise from cell turnover, fission of islets or both. Analysis of the cell composition of the X-inactivation mosaic mice also provides the first clear evidence for islet fission in pancreatic development. Irregularly shaped islets resembling dumb-bells, with a characteristic neck of alpha-cells, were observed with decreasing frequency with increasing age. Three-dimensional reconstruction confirmed their resemblance to conjoined islets. The cell composition analysis showed: (1) the relatedness of the two sides of a dumb-bell islet is significantly higher than between two non-dumb-bell islets and (2) the relatedness of two randomly selected islets decreases as the distance between them increases. This suggests that dumb-bell islets are in a state of fission rather than fusion, and that islet fission is a mode of islet production in the postnatal pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Seymour
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Abstract
In this review, analyses of the ontogenetic relations between the different pancreatic cell types are summarized. Lineage analyses allow identification of progenitor cells from which mature cell types differentiate. This knowledge is highly relevant for future cell replacement therapies in diabetic patients, helping to define the identity of putative pancreatic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis Herrera Merino
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Kurash JK, Shen CN, Tosh D. Induction and regulation of acute phase proteins in transdifferentiated hepatocytes. Exp Cell Res 2004; 292:342-58. [PMID: 14697342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) are predominantly synthesized in the liver and play an important role in restoring homeostasis. In the present study, we set out to answer two questions using transdifferentiated hepatocytes induced from pancreatic cells as a model for studying the acute phase response. Firstly, do transdifferentiated hepatocytes express acute phase proteins following culture with glucocorticoid and cytokines? Secondly, what is the molecular basis of the induction of acute phase proteins in transdifferentiated hepatocytes? Hepatic transdifferentiation was induced in 11.5-day mouse embryonic pancreas or the pancreatic cell line AR42J-B13 (B13) by culture with dexamethasone. We found that acute phase proteins [alpha2-macroglobulin (MG), haptoglobin (Hp)] were induced in both systems following culture with dexamethasone. The combined treatment of dexamethasone and oncostatin M (OSM) enhanced the expression of the acute phase proteins in B13 cells and the mechanism of the up-regulation by the cytokine is probably mediated by phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT1. In addition, ectopic expression of either C/EBPbeta or C/EBPalpha in B13 cells induced haptoglobin expression and culture with oncostatin M was sufficient to enhance the expression of haptoglobin in C/EBPbeta transfected cells from 18% to 43%. The results of the present study indicate transdifferentiated hepatocytes have the potential to be a useful model to study liver function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliya K Kurash
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Yoshitomi H, Zaret KS. Endothelial cell interactions initiate dorsal pancreas development by selectively inducing the transcription factor Ptf1a. Development 2004; 131:807-17. [PMID: 14736742 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud development from the endoderm requires inductive interactions with diverse mesodermal cell types and the action of transcription factors expressed within the endoderm. Presently it is unclear which mesodermal interactions activate which pancreatic transcription factors, and whether such inductions are common for initiating dorsal and ventral pancreas development. Previous studies of Lammert et al. showed that signaling from embryonic blood vessel cells, derived from the mesoderm, promotes pancreatic bud development. Using a combination of mouse Flk1(-/-) embryos lacking endothelial cells and tissue recombination experiments, we discovered that the initial induction of dorsal endoderm cells positive for the pancreatic and duodenal transcription factor Pdx1 does not require aorta or endothelial cell interactions, but dorsal pancreatic bud emergence and the maintenance of Pdx1 expression does. Aortal endothelial cells induce the crucial pancreatic transcription factor Ptf1a in the dorsal pancreatic endoderm; whereas the vitelline veins, which are normally adjacent to the emerging ventral pancreatic bud, are unnecessary for ventral Ptf1a induction or for ventral pancreatic bud initiation. We find that the aorta cells themselves, apart from the blood supply, cause the induction of Ptf1a in dorsal endoderm explants. Thus, endothelial cell interactions specifically promote early dorsal pancreatic development, at least in part, by inducing Ptf1a(+) pancreatic progenitors. Additionally, we find that endothelial cells are necessary for the induction of both the insulin and glucagon genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yoshitomi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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