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Tachino J, Togami Y, Matsumoto H, Matsubara T, Seno S, Ogura H, Oda J. Plasma proteomics profile-based comparison of torso versus brain injury: A prospective cohort study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024; 97:557-565. [PMID: 38595266 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma-related deaths and posttraumatic sequelae are a global health concern, necessitating a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology to advance trauma therapy. Proteomics offers insights into identifying and analyzing plasma proteins associated with trauma and inflammatory conditions; however, current proteomic methods have limitations in accurately measuring low-abundance plasma proteins. This study compared plasma proteomics profiles of patients from different acute trauma subgroups to identify new therapeutic targets and devise better strategies for personalized medicine. METHODS This prospective observational single-center cohort study was conducted between August 2020 and September 2021 in the intensive care unit of Osaka University Hospital in Japan. Enrolling 59 consecutive patients with blunt trauma, we meticulously analyzed plasma proteomics profiles in participants with torso or head trauma, comparing them with those of controls (mild trauma). Using the Olink Explore 3072 instrument (Olink Proteomics AB, Uppsala, Sweden), we identified five endotypes (α-ε) via unsupervised hierarchical clustering. RESULTS The median time from injury to blood collection was 47 minutes [interquartile range, 36-64 minutes]. The torso trauma subgroup exhibited 26 unique proteins with significantly altered expression, while the head trauma subgroup showed 68 unique proteins with no overlap between the two. The identified endotypes included α (torso trauma, n = 8), β (young patients with brain injury, n = 5), γ (severe brain injury postsurgery, n = 8), δ (torso or brain trauma with mild hyperfibrinolysis, n = 18), and ε (minor trauma, n = 20). Patients with torso trauma showed changes in blood pressure, smooth muscle adaptation, hypermetabolism, and hypoxemia. Patients with traumatic brain injury had dysregulated blood coagulation and altered nerves regeneration and differentiation. CONCLUSION This study identified unique plasma protein expression patterns in patients with torso trauma and traumatic brain injury, helping categorize five distinct endotypes. Our findings may offer new insights for clinicians, highlighting potential strategies for personalized medicine and improved trauma-related care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotaro Tachino
- From the Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine (J.T., Y.T., H.M., T.M., H.O., J.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Bioinformatic Engineering (S.S.), Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Ren L. The mechanistic basis for the rapid antidepressant-like effects of ketamine: From neural circuits to molecular pathways. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110910. [PMID: 38061484 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional antidepressants that target monoaminergic receptors require several weeks to be efficacious. This lag represents a significant problem in the currently available treatments for serious depression. Ketamine, acting as an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, was shown to have rapid antidepressant-like effects, marking a significant advancement in the study of mood disorders. However, serious side effects and adverse reactions limit its clinical use. Considering the limitations of ketamine, it is crucial to further define the network targets of ketamine. The rapid action of ketamine an as antidepressant is thought to be mediated by the glutamate system. It is believed that synaptic plasticity is essential for the rapid effects of ketamine as an antidepressant. Other mechanisms include the involvement of the γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic), 5-HTergic systems, and recent studies have linked astrocytes to ketamine's rapid antidepressant-like effects. The interactions between these systems exert a synergistic rapid antidepressant effect through neural circuits and molecular mechanisms. Here, we discuss the neural circuits and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of ketamine. This work will help explain how molecular and neural targets are responsible for the effects of rapidly acting antidepressants and will aid in the discovery of new therapeutic approaches for major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Chengdu 611137, China.
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3
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Singh M, Zhao Y, Gastaldi VD, Wojcik SM, Curto Y, Kawaguchi R, Merino RM, Garcia-Agudo LF, Taschenberger H, Brose N, Geschwind D, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin re-wires cognition-associated transcriptional networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4777. [PMID: 37604818 PMCID: PMC10442354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has potent procognitive effects, likely hematopoiesis-independent, but underlying mechanisms and physiological role of brain-expressed EPO remained obscure. Here, we provide transcriptional hippocampal profiling of male mice treated with rhEPO. Based on ~108,000 single nuclei, we unmask multiple pyramidal lineages with their comprehensive molecular signatures. By temporal profiling and gene regulatory analysis, we build developmental trajectory of CA1 pyramidal neurons derived from multiple predecessor lineages and elucidate gene regulatory networks underlying their fate determination. With EPO as 'tool', we discover populations of newly differentiating pyramidal neurons, overpopulating to ~200% upon rhEPO with upregulation of genes crucial for neurodifferentiation, dendrite growth, synaptogenesis, memory formation, and cognition. Using a Cre-based approach to visually distinguish pre-existing from newly formed pyramidal neurons for patch-clamp recordings, we learn that rhEPO treatment differentially affects excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how EPO modulates neuronal functions and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Singh
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo M Merino
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization and Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Taschenberger
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
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Wang P, Yang L, Yang R, Chen Z, Ren X, Wang F, Jiao Y, Ding Y, Yang F, Sun T, Ma H. Predicted molecules and signaling pathways for regulating seizures in the hippocampus in lithium-pilocarpine induced acute epileptic rats: A proteomics study. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:947732. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.947732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures in rodent models that are induced by lithium-pilocarpine mimic human seizures in a highly isomorphic manner. The hippocampus is a brain region that generates and spreads seizures. In order to understand the early phases of seizure events occurring in the hippocampus, global protein expression levels in the hippocampus on day 1 and day 3 were analyzed in lithium-pilocarpine induced acute epileptic rat models using a tandem mass tag-based proteomic approach. Our results showed that differentially expressed proteins were likely to be enhanced rather than prohibited in modulating seizure activity on days 1 and 3 in lithium-pilocarpine induced seizure rats. The differentially regulated proteins differed on days 1 and 3 in the seizure rats, indicating that different molecules and pathways are involved in seizure events occurring from day 1 to day 3 following lithium-pilocarpine administration. In regard to subcellular distribution, the results suggest that post-seizure cellular function in the hippocampus is possibly regulated in a differential manner on seizure progression. Gene ontology annotation results showed that, on day 1 following lithium-pilocarpine administration, it is likely necessary to regulate macromolecular complex assembly, and cell death, while on day 3, it may be necessary to modulate protein metabolic process, cytoplasm, and protein binding. Protein metabolic process rather than macromolecular complex assembly and cell death were affected on day 3 following lithium-pilocarpine administration. The extracellular matrix, receptors, and the constitution of plasma membranes were altered most strongly in the development of seizure events. In a KEGG pathway enrichment cluster analysis, the signaling pathways identified were relevant to sustained angiogenesis and evading apoptosis, and complement and coagulation cascades. On day 3, pathways relevant to Huntington’s disease, and tumor necrosis factor signaling were most prevalent. These results suggest that seizure events occurring in day 1 modulate macromolecular complex assembly and cell death, and in day 3 modulate biological protein metabolic process. In summary, our study found limited evidence for ongoing seizure events in the hippocampus of lithium-pilocarpine induced animal models; nevertheless, evaluating the global differential expression of proteins and their impacts on bio-function may offer new perspectives for studying epileptogenesis in the future.
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Joshi R, Salton SRJ. Neurotrophin Crosstalk in the Etiology and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:932497. [PMID: 35909451 PMCID: PMC9335126 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.932497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the current progress in our understanding of the mechanisms by which growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and select neurotrophin-regulated gene products, such as VGF (non-acronymic) and VGF-derived neuropeptides, function in the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, with a discussion of the possible therapeutic applications of these growth factors to major depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). BDNF and VEGF levels are generally decreased regionally in the brains of MDD subjects and in preclinical animal models of depression, changes that are associated with neuronal atrophy and reduced neurogenesis, and are reversed by conventional monoaminergic and novel ketamine-like antidepressants. Downstream of neurotrophins and their receptors, VGF was identified as a nerve growth factor (NGF)- and BDNF-inducible secreted protein and neuropeptide precursor that is produced and trafficked throughout the CNS, where its expression is greatly influenced by neuronal activity and exercise, and where several VGF-derived peptides modulate neuronal activity, function, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Moreover, levels of VGF are reduced in the CSF of AD subjects, where it has been repetitively identified as a disease biomarker, and in the hippocampi of subjects with MDD, suggesting possible shared mechanisms by which reduced levels of VGF and other proteins that are similarly regulated by neurotrophin signaling pathways contribute to and potentially drive the pathogenesis and progression of co-morbid neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, particularly MDD and AD, opening possible therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Joshi
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephen R. J. Salton
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen R. J. Salton,
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Wang Y, Qin X, Han Y, Li B. VGF: A prospective biomarker and therapeutic target for neuroendocrine and nervous system disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113099. [PMID: 35594706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine regulatory polypeptide VGF (nerve growth factor inducible) was firstly found in the rapid induction of nerve growth factor on PC12 cells. It was selectively distributed in neurons and many neuroendocrine tissues. This paper reviewed the latest literatures on the gene structure, transcriptional regulation, protein processing, distribution and potential receptors of VGF. The neuroendocrine roles of VGF and its derived polypeptides in regulating energy, water electrolyte balance, circadian rhythm and reproductive activities were also summarized. Furthermore, based on the experimental evidence in vivo and in vitro, dysregulation of VGF in different neuroendocrine diseases and the possible mechanism mediated by VGF polypeptides were discussed. We next discussed the potential as the clinical diagnosis and therapy for VGF related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Qin
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yun Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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7
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Muqaku B, Oeckl P. Peptidomic Approaches and Observations in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137332. [PMID: 35806335 PMCID: PMC9266836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS), with its immense technological developments over the last two decades, has emerged as an unavoidable technique in analyzing biomolecules such as proteins and peptides. Its multiplexing capability and explorative approach make it a valuable tool for analyzing complex clinical samples concerning biomarker research and investigating pathophysiological mechanisms. Peptides regulate various biological processes, and several of them play a critical role in many disease-related pathological conditions. One important example in neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. When investigating brain function and brain-related pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represents the most suitable sample because of its direct contact with the brain. In this review, we evaluate publications applying peptidomics analysis to CSF samples, focusing on neurodegenerative diseases. We describe the methodology of peptidomics analysis and give an overview of the achievements of CSF peptidomics over the years. Finally, publications reporting peptides regulated in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besnik Muqaku
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), 89081 Ulm, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-500-63143
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8
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Long X, Xu T. Three-dimensional-engineered bioprinted in vitro human neural stem cell self-assembling culture model constructs of Alzheimer's disease. Bioact Mater 2021; 11:192-205. [PMID: 34938923 PMCID: PMC8665263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic cascade of Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by amyloid-β protein accumulation is still poorly understood, partially owing to the limitations of relevant models without in vivo neural tissue microenvironment to recapitulate cell-cell interactions. To better mimic neural tissue microenvironment, three-dimensional (3D) core-shell AD model constructs containing human neural progenitor cells (NSCs) with 2% matrigel as core bioink and 2% alginate as shell bioink have been bioprinted by a co-axial bioprinter, with a suitable shell thickness for nutrient exchange and barrier-free cell interaction cores. These constructs exhibit cell self-clustering and -assembling properties and engineered reproducibility with long-term cell viability and self-renewal, and a higher differentiation level compared to 2D and 3D MIX models. The different effects of 3D bioprinted, 2D, and MIX microenvironments on the growth of NSCs are mainly related to biosynthesis of amino acids and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism on day 2 and ribosome, biosynthesis of amino acids and proteasome on day 14. Particularly, the model constructs demonstrated Aβ aggregation and higher expression of Aβ and tau isoform genes compared to 2D and MIX controls. AD model constructs will provide a promising strategy to facilitate the development of a 3D in vitro AD model for neurodegeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao, 334000, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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9
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Quinn JP, Kandigian SE, Trombetta BA, Arnold SE, Carlyle BC. VGF as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab261. [PMID: 34778762 PMCID: PMC8578498 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosecretory protein VGF (non-acronymic) belongs to the granin family of neuropeptides. VGF and VGF-derived peptides have been repeatedly identified in well-powered and well-designed multi-omic studies as dysregulated in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. New therapeutics is urgently needed for these devastating and costly diseases, as are new biomarkers to improve disease diagnosis and mechanistic understanding. From a list of 537 genes involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, VGF was highlighted by the Accelerating Medicines Partnership in Alzheimer's disease as the potential therapeutic target of greatest interest. VGF levels are consistently decreased in brain tissue and CSF samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease compared to controls, and its levels correlate with disease severity and Alzheimer's disease pathology. In the brain, VGF exists as multiple functional VGF-derived peptides. Full-length human VGF1-615 undergoes proteolytic processing by prohormone convertases and other proteases in the regulated secretory pathway to produce at least 12 active VGF-derived peptides. In cell and animal models, these VGF-derived peptides have been linked to energy balance regulation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, learning and memory, and depression-related behaviours throughout development and adulthood. The C-terminal VGF-derived peptides, TLQP-62 (VGF554-615) and TLQP-21 (VGF554-574) have differential effects on Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, neuronal and microglial activity, and learning and memory. TLQP-62 activates neuronal cell-surface receptors and regulates long-term hippocampal memory formation. TLQP-62 also prevents immune-mediated memory impairment, depression-like and anxiety-like behaviours in mice. TLQP-21 binds to microglial cell-surface receptors, triggering microglial chemotaxis and phagocytosis. These actions were reported to reduce amyloid-β plaques and decrease neuritic dystrophy in a transgenic mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease. Expression differences of VGF-derived peptides have also been associated with frontotemporal lobar dementias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lewy body diseases, Huntington's disease, pain, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and antidepressant response. This review summarizes current knowledge and highlights questions for future investigation regarding the roles of VGF and its dysregulation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease. Finally, the potential of VGF and VGF-derived peptides as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Savannah E Kandigian
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bianca A Trombetta
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Becky C Carlyle
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Corda G, Noli B, Manconi B, Brancia C, Pellegrini M, Naro F, Olianas A, Ferri GL, Cocco C. TLQP-21 changes in response to a glucose load. Tissue Cell 2020; 68:101471. [PMID: 33348234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TLQP-21 peptide potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, hence we investigated its endogenous response to glucose. METHODS Fasted mice received intraperitoneal glucose (3 g/kg), or saline (controls), and were sacrificed 30 and 120 min later (4 groups, n = 6/group). We investigated TLQP-21 in pancreas and plasma using immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as well as TLQP-21 receptors (gC1q-R and C3a-R1) expression in pancreas by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In pancreas, TLQP-immunoreactivity (TLQP-ir.) was shown in insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells. Upon glucose, TLQP-ir. decreased at 30 min (∼40 % vs. controls), while returning to basal values at 120 min. In all groups, C3a-R1 was localized in ∼50 % of TLQP labelled islet cells (mostly central), while gC1q-R was detected in ∼25 % of TLQP cells (mainly peripheral). HPLC fractions of control pancreas extracts, assessed by ELISA, confirmed the presence of a TLQP-21 compatible-form (∼2.5 kDa MW). In plasma, TLQP-ir. increased at 30 min (∼30 %), with highest concentrations at 120 min (both: p<0.05 vs. controls), while HPLC fractions showed an increase in the TLQP-21 compatible form. CONCLUSIONS Upon hyperglycaemia, TLQP-21 would be released from islets, to enhance insulin secretion but we cannot exclude an autocrine activity which may regulate insulin storage/secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Corda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Enviromental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Carla Brancia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Department of Anatomical, Istological and Legal Medicine Sciences of the locomotor apparatus, University of "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Istological and Legal Medicine Sciences of the locomotor apparatus, University of "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Enviromental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Gian-Luca Ferri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
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11
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Koc G, Soyocak A, Alis H, Kankaya B, Kanigur G. Changes in VGF and C3aR1 gene expression in human adipose tissue in obesity. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 48:251-257. [PMID: 33306149 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The VGF gene, which has been shown to be metabolically associated with energy balance, glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion process, and biological processes related to overeating, is prominent in relation to obesity. TLQP-21 neuropeptide, derived from the VGF, is considered to promote lipolysis by the beta-adrenergic pathway through targeting the C3aR1 receptor located in the adipocyte membrane. In this study, we aimed to measure the expression levels of the VGF and C3aR1 genes in the adipose tissue of obese subjects and individuals with normal weight determined based on body mass index (BMI), and to reveal the correlation of these levels with obesity. VGF and C3aR1 gene expression levels were measured using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT PCR) in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) samples of 52 obese patients (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) and 21 non-obese controls (BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). The results were statistically analyzed. The VGF expression was lower and the C3aR1 gene expression was higher in obese patients compared to the non-obese control group (p < 0.05). In obese patients, there was a statistically significant positive correlation of 85.6% between VGF and C3aR1, in which when one level increased, the other also increased (p < 0.05, r = 0.856). The findings show that the VGF may be significantly associated with obesity and is very important since it is the first to measure the level of VGF gene expression in human adipose tissue. This research provides new evidence of a link between obesity and VGF/C3aR1 and in the future may help design strategies to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koc
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - A Soyocak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Alis
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University VM Medical Park Florya Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Kankaya
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University VM Medical Park Florya Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Kanigur
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Photochemotherapy Induces Interferon Type III Expression via STING Pathway. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112452. [PMID: 33182724 PMCID: PMC7697763 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-damaging cancer therapies induce interferon expression and stimulate the immune system, promoting therapy responses. The immune-activating STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway is induced when DNA or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is detected in the cell cytoplasm, which can be caused by viral infection or by DNA damage following chemo- or radiotherapy. Here, we investigated the responses of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cells to the clinically applied DNA crosslinking photochemotherapy (combination of 8–methoxypsoralen and UVA light; 8–MOP + UVA). We showed that this treatment evokes interferon expression and that the type III interferon IFNL1 is the major cytokine induced. IFNL1 upregulation is dependent on STING and on the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Furthermore, 8–MOP + UVA treatment induced the expression of genes in pathways involved in response to the tumor necrosis factor, innate immune system and acute inflammatory response. Notably, a subset of these genes was under control of the STING–IFNL1 pathway. In conclusion, our data connected DNA damage with immune system activation via the STING pathway and contributed to a better understanding of the effectiveness of photochemotherapy.
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Shen M, Lv D, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhao C, Chen X, Wang C. Positive Allosteric Modulation of AMPAR by PF-4778574 Produced Rapid Onset Antidepressant Actions in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4438-4451. [PMID: 30566581 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that fast-acting antidepressants enhance glutamatergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions via alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) activation. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the fast-acting antidepressants lead to an activation of AMPAR pathways remain largely unclear. To address this issue, a novel AMPAR positive allosteric agonist, PF-4778574, was used to test the rapid effects and the role of VGF (nonacronymic)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)/AKT signaling in these actions in mice. We found that PF-4778574 rapidly alleviated chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression-like behaviors in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, knock down of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in the PFC of mice induced depression-like behaviors, whereas treatment with PF-4778574 was sufficient to alleviate it, indicating a presynaptic VGLUT1 independent effect. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibitors of AMPAR or of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (L-VDCC) blocked the antidepressants' effect on behaviors and the upregulation on the AMPAR-mediated VGF/BDNF/TrkB/AKT signaling of PF-4778574. Together, our findings indicate that postsynaptic AMPAR activation followed by activation of L-VDCC and subsequent VGF/BDNF/TrkB/AKT signaling are required for the rapid antidepressant effects of PF-4778574. Our data support a promising therapeutic profile for PF-4778574 as a new fast-acting antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Shen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuting Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chiyu Zhao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejie Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Kim JY, Bai Y, Jayne LA, Abdulkader F, Gandhi M, Perreau T, Parikh SV, Gardner DS, Davidson AJ, Sander V, Song MA, Bajwa A, Pabla NS. SOX9 promotes stress-responsive transcription of VGF nerve growth factor inducible gene in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16328-16341. [PMID: 32887795 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical condition associated with diverse etiologies and abrupt loss of renal function. In patients with sepsis, rhabdomyolysis, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders, the underlying disease or associated therapeutic interventions can cause hypoxia, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory insults to renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs), resulting in the onset of AKI. To uncover stress-responsive disease-modifying genes, here we have carried out renal transcriptome profiling in three distinct murine models of AKI. We find that Vgf nerve growth factor inducible gene up-regulation is a common transcriptional stress response in RTECs to ischemia-, cisplatin-, and rhabdomyolysis-associated renal injury. The Vgf gene encodes a secretory peptide precursor protein that has critical neuroendocrine functions; however, its role in the kidneys remains unknown. Our functional studies show that RTEC-specific Vgf gene ablation exacerbates ischemia-, cisplatin-, and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI in vivo and cisplatin-induced RTEC cell death in vitro Importantly, aggravation of cisplatin-induced renal injury caused by Vgf gene ablation is partly reversed by TLQP-21, a Vgf-derived peptide. Finally, in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies showed that injury-induced Vgf up-regulation in RTECs is driven by the transcriptional regulator Sox9. These findings reveal a crucial downstream target of the Sox9-directed transcriptional program and identify Vgf as a stress-responsive protective gene in kidney tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Yuntao Bai
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura A Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ferdos Abdulkader
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megha Gandhi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tayla Perreau
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samir V Parikh
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David S Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Navjot Singh Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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15
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhao D, Zhang L, Chen P, Xu X. Integration of metabolomics and proteomics to reveal the metabolic characteristics of high-intensity interval training. Analyst 2020; 145:6500-6510. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01287d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and proteomics were integrated to research the molecular characterization of high-intensity interval training, revealing changes in biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai anti-doping laboratory
- Shanghai University of Sport
- Shanghai
- China
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16
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Bresciani E, Possenti R, Coco S, Rizzi L, Meanti R, Molteni L, Locatelli V, Torsello A. TLQP-21, A VGF-Derived Peptide Endowed of Endocrine and Extraendocrine Properties: Focus on In Vitro Calcium Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010130. [PMID: 31878142 PMCID: PMC6982260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
VGF gene encodes for a neuropeptide precursor of 68 kDa composed by 615 (human) and 617 (rat, mice) residues, expressed prevalently in the central nervous system (CNS), but also in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in various endocrine cells. This precursor undergoes proteolytic cleavage, generating a family of peptides different in length and biological activity. Among them, TLQP-21, a peptide of 21 amino acids, has been widely investigated for its relevant endocrine and extraendocrine activities. The complement complement C3a receptor-1 (C3aR1) has been suggested as the TLQP-21 receptor and, in different cell lines, its activation by TLQP-21 induces an increase of intracellular Ca2+. This effect relies both on Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and extracellular Ca2+ entry. The latter depends on stromal interaction molecules (STIM)-Orai1 interaction or transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) involvement. After Ca2+ entry, the activation of outward K+-Ca2+-dependent currents, mainly the KCa3.1 currents, provides a membrane polarizing influence which offset the depolarizing action of Ca2+ elevation and indirectly maintains the driving force for optimal Ca2+ increase in the cytosol. In this review, we address the main endocrine and extraendocrine actions displayed by TLQP-21, highlighting recent findings on its mechanism of action and its potential in different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.C.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.C.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.C.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Ramona Meanti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.C.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.C.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Vittorio Locatelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.C.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.C.); (L.R.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (V.L.); (A.T.)
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17
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VGF in Cerebrospinal Fluid Combined With Conventional Biomarkers Enhances Prediction of Conversion From MCI to AD. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2019; 33:307-314. [PMID: 31305322 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has suggested that the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of a neural protein involved in synaptic transmission, VGF (a noninitialism), may be altered in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer Disease (AD). The objective of the current work is to examine the potential of CSF levels of a peptide derived from VGF to predict conversion from MCI to AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using multivariate analytical approaches, the performance of the conventional biomarkers (CSF Aβ1-42 and phosphorylated tau +/- hippocampal volume) was compared with the same biomarkers combined with CSF VGF peptide levels in a large publicly available data set from human subjects. RESULTS It was observed that VGF peptides are lowered in CSF of patients with AD compared with controls and that combinations of CSF Aβ1-42 and phosphorylated tau, hippocampal volume, and VGF peptide levels outperformed conventional biomarkers alone (hazard ratio=2.2 vs. 3.9), for predicting MCI to AD conversion. CONCLUSIONS CSF VGF enhances the ability of conventional biomarkers to predict MCI to AD conversion. Future work will be needed to determine the specificity of VGF for AD versus other neurodegenerative diseases.
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VGF: a biomarker and potential target for the treatment of neuropathic pain? Pain Rep 2019; 4:e786. [PMID: 31875189 PMCID: PMC6882576 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Neuropathic pain (NP) remains an area of considerable unmet medical need. A persistent challenge in the management of NP is to target the specific mechanisms leading to a change from normal to abnormal sensory perception while ensuring that the defensive pain perception remains intact. Targeting VGF-derived neuropeptides may offer this opportunity. VGF was first identified in 1985 and is highly expressed after nerve injury and inflammation in neurons of both the peripheral and central nervous system. Subsequent studies implicate the vgf gene and its products in pain pathways. This narrative review was supported by a systematic search to identify, select, and critically appraise all relevant research investigating the role of VGF-derived neuropeptides in pain pathways. It predominantly focuses on in vivo investigations of the role of VGF in the initiation and maintenance of NP. VGF expression levels are very low under normal physiological conditions and nerve injury results in rapid and robust upregulation, increasing mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. The identification of the 2 complement receptors with which VGF neuropeptides interact suggests a novel interplay of neuronal and immune signalling mediators. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signalling events by which VGF-derived active neuropeptides exert their physiological actions is in its infancy. Future work should aim to improve understanding of the downstream consequences of VGF neuropeptides thereby providing novel insights into pain mechanisms potentially leading to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Intricacies of the Molecular Machinery of Catecholamine Biosynthesis and Secretion by Chromaffin Cells of the Normal Adrenal Medulla and in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081121. [PMID: 31390824 PMCID: PMC6721535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal medulla is composed predominantly of chromaffin cells producing and secreting the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Catecholamine biosynthesis and secretion is a complex and tightly controlled physiologic process. The pathways involved have been extensively studied, and various elements of the underlying molecular machinery have been identified. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the route from stimulus to secretion of catecholamines by the normal adrenal chromaffin cell compared to chromaffin tumor cells in pheochromocytomas. Pheochromocytomas are adrenomedullary tumors that are characterized by uncontrolled synthesis and secretion of catecholamines. This uncontrolled secretion can be partly explained by perturbations of the molecular catecholamine secretory machinery in pheochromocytoma cells. Chromaffin cell tumors also include sympathetic paragangliomas originating in sympathetic ganglia. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are usually locally confined tumors, but about 15% do metastasize to distant locations. Histopathological examination currently poorly predicts future biologic behavior, thus long term postoperative follow-up is required. Therefore, there is an unmet need for prognostic biomarkers. Clearer understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in the secretory characteristics of pheochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas may offer one approach for the discovery of novel prognostic biomarkers for improved therapeutic targeting and monitoring of treatment or disease progression.
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20
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Alrawashdeh W, Jones R, Dumartin L, Radon TP, Cutillas PR, Feakins RM, Dmitrovic B, Demir IE, Ceyhan GO, Crnogorac‐Jurcevic T. Perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer: proteomic analysis and in vitro modelling. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1075-1091. [PMID: 30690892 PMCID: PMC6487729 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is a common and characteristic feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that is associated with poor prognosis, tumor recurrence, and generation of pain. However, the molecular alterations in cancer cells and nerves within PNI have not previously been comprehensively analyzed. Here, we describe our proteomic analysis of the molecular changes underlying neuro-epithelial interactions in PNI using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in microdissected PNI and non-PNI cancer, as well as in invaded and noninvaded nerves from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded PDAC tissues. In addition, an in vitro model of PNI was developed using a co-culture system comprising PDAC cell lines and PC12 cells as the neuronal element. The overall proteomic profiles of PNI and non-PNI cancer appeared largely similar. In contrast, upon invasion by cancer cells, nerves demonstrated widespread plasticity with a pattern consistent with neuronal injury. The up-regulation of SCG2 (secretogranin II) and neurosecretory protein VGF (nonacronymic) in invaded nerves in PDAC tissues was further validated using immunohistochemistry. The tested PDAC cell lines were found to be able to induce neuronal plasticity in PC12 cells in our in vitro established co-culture model. Changes in expression levels of VGF, as well as of two additional proteins previously reported to be overexpressed in PNI, Nestin and Neuromodulin (GAP43), closely recapitulated our proteomic findings in PDAC tissues. Furthermore, induction of VGF, while not necessary for PC12 survival, mediated neurite extension induced by PDAC cell lines. In summary, here we report the proteomic alterations underlying PNI in PDAC and confirm that PDAC cells are able to induce neuronal plasticity. In addition, we describe a novel, simple, and easily adaptable co-culture model for in vitro study of neuro-epithelial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasfi Alrawashdeh
- Centre for Molecular OncologyBarts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | | | - Laurent Dumartin
- Centre for Molecular OncologyBarts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Tomasz P. Radon
- Centre for Molecular OncologyBarts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Pedro R. Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato‐OncologyBart Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | | | - Branko Dmitrovic
- Department of Pathology and Forensic MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsijekCroatia
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of SurgeryKlinikum rechts der Isar Technische UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Guralp O. Ceyhan
- Department of SurgeryKlinikum rechts der Isar Technische UniversitätMunichGermany
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Chromodomain Y-like Protein-Mediated Histone Crotonylation Regulates Stress-Induced Depressive Behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:635-649. [PMID: 30665597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is a prevalent and life-threatening illness in modern society. The susceptibility to major depressive disorder is profoundly influenced by environmental factors, such as stressful lifestyle or traumatic events, which could impose maladaptive transcriptional program through epigenetic regulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we examined the role of histone crotonylation, a novel type of histone modification, and chromodomain Y-like protein (CDYL), a crotonyl-coenzyme A hydratase and histone methyllysine reader, in this process. METHODS We used chronic social defeat stress and microdefeat stress to examine the depressive behaviors. In addition, we combined procedures that diagnose behavioral strategy in male mice with histone extraction, viral-mediated CDYL manipulations, RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Western blot, and messenger RNA quantification. RESULTS The results indicate that stress-susceptible rodents exhibit lower levels of histone crotonylation in the medial prefrontal cortex concurrent with selective upregulation of CDYL. Overexpression of CDYL in the prelimbic cortex, a subregion of the medial prefrontal cortex, increases microdefeat-induced social avoidance behaviors and anhedonia in mice. Conversely, knockdown of CDYL in the prelimbic cortex prevents chronic social defeat stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Mechanistically, we show that CDYL inhibits structural synaptic plasticity mainly by transcriptional repression of neuropeptide VGF nerve growth factor inducible, and this activity is dependent on its dual effect on histone crotonylation and H3K27 trimethylation on the VGF promoter. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CDYL-mediated histone crotonylation plays a critical role in regulating stress-induced depression, providing a potential therapeutic target for major depressive disorder.
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Maejima S, Abe Y, Yamaguchi S, Musatov S, Ogawa S, Kondo Y, Tsukahara S. VGF in the Medial Preoptic Nucleus Increases Sexual Activity Following Sexual Arousal Induction in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3993-4005. [PMID: 30371765 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The central part of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNc) is associated with sexual arousal induction in male rats. However, it is largely unclear how males are sexually aroused and achieve their first copulation. We previously reported that more MPNc neurons activate during the first copulation than the second copulation. In this study, to explore the molecules responsible for sexual arousal induction, we performed DNA microarray of the MPNc in sexually naive males and males after they copulated for their first and second times. We then performed quantitative PCR analyses to validate the results of the DNA microarray. Six genes were identified. Their expression increased following copulation and was higher in males after they copulated for the first time than after the second time. The genes encode transcription factors (Fos, Nfil3, and Nr4a3), a serine/threonine kinase (Sik1), an antioxidant protein (Srxn1), and a neuropeptide precursor VGF (Vgf), which may be the candidate genes responsible for sexual arousal induction. We examined the effects of Vgf knockdown in the MPNc on sexual partner preference and sexual behavior in sexually inexperienced and experienced males to determine the role of VGF in sexual arousal induction. A preference for estrous female rats was reinforced, and the latency of mount and intromission became short after sexually inexperienced males copulated for the first time. However, Vgf knockdown disrupted these phenomena. Vgf knockdown did not have any significant effect in sexually experienced males. VGF-derived neuropeptides presumably serve as an effector molecule to increase sexual activity following sexual arousal induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Maejima
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaguchi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sergei Musatov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sonoko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kondo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Lv D, Chen Y, Shen M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Wang C. Mechanisms underlying the rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects of neuropeptide VGF (non-acronymic) C-terminal peptide TLQP-62. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:317-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Turolla EA, Valtorta S, Bresciani E, Fehrentz JA, Giuliano L, Stucchi S, Belloli S, Rainone P, Sudati F, Rizzi L, Molteni L, Verdiè P, Martinez J, Torsello A, Moresco RM, Todde S. Study of the Tissue Distribution of TLQP-21 in Mice Using [ 18F]JMV5763, a Radiolabeled Analog Prepared via [ 18F]Aluminum Fluoride Chelation Chemistry. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1274. [PMID: 30542281 PMCID: PMC6277862 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TLQP-21 is a neuropeptide that is involved in the control of several physiological functions, including energy homeostasis. Since TLQP-21 could oppose the early phase of diet-induced obesity, it has raised a huge interest, but very little is known about its mechanisms of action on peripheral tissues. Our aim was to investigate TLQP-21 distribution in brain and peripheral tissues after systemic administration using positron emission tomography. We report here the radiolabeling of NODA-methyl phenylacetic acid (MPAA) functionalized JMV5763, a short analog of TLQP-21, with [18F]aluminum fluoride. Labeling of JMV5763 was initially performed manually, on a small scale, and then optimized and implemented on a fully automated radiosynthesis system. In the first experiment, mice were injected in the tail vein with [18F]JMV5763, and central and peripheral tissues were collected 13, 30, and 60 min after injection. Significant uptake of [18F]JMV5763 was found in stomach, intestine, kidney, liver, and adrenal gland. In the CNS, very low uptake values were measured in all tested areas, suggesting that the tracer does not efficiently cross the blood–brain barrier. Pretreatment with non-radioactive JMV5763 caused a significant reduction of tracer uptake only in stomach and intestine. In the second experiment, PET analysis was performed in vivo 10–120 min after i.v. [18F]JMV5763 administration. Results were consistent with those of the ex vivo determinations. PET images showed a progressive increase of [18F]JMV5763 uptake in intestine and stomach reaching a peak at 30 min, and decreasing at 120 min. Our results demonstrate that 18F-labeling of TLQP-21 analogs is a suitable method to study its distribution in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia A Turolla
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institute of Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, School of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Liliana Giuliano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Stucchi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Belloli
- National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rainone
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Doctorate School of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sudati
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Pascal Verdiè
- Institute of Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, School of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institute of Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, School of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Todde
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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25
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Jiang C, Lin WJ, Salton SR. Role of a VGF/BDNF/TrkB Autoregulatory Feedback Loop in Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Efficacy. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:504-509. [PMID: 30022437 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the neurotrophin family and in particular brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulate the response to rapid- and slow-acting chemical antidepressants and voluntary exercise. Recent work suggests that rapid-acting antidepressants that modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) signaling (e.g., ketamine and GLYX-13) require expression of VGF (non-acronymic), the BDNF-inducible secreted neuronal protein and peptide precursor, for efficacy. In addition, the VGF-derived C-terminal peptide TLQP-62 (named by its 4 N-terminal amino acids and length) has antidepressant efficacy following icv or intra-hippocampal administration, in the forced swim test (FST). Similar to ketamine, the rapid antidepressant actions of TLQP-62 require BDNF expression, mTOR activation (rapamycin-sensitive), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor activation (NBQX-sensitive) and are associated with GluR1 insertion. We review recent findings that identify a rapidly induced autoregulatory feedback loop, which likely plays a critical role in sustained efficacy of rapid-acting antidepressants, depression-like behavior, and cognition, and requires VGF, its C-terminal peptide TLQP-62, BDNF/TrkB signaling, the mTOR pathway, and AMPA receptor activation and insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1639, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1639, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Medical Research Center of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Stephen R Salton
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1639, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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26
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Stephens SB, Edwards RJ, Sadahiro M, Lin WJ, Jiang C, Salton SR, Newgard CB. The Prohormone VGF Regulates β Cell Function via Insulin Secretory Granule Biogenesis. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2480-2489. [PMID: 28877479 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prohormone VGF is expressed in neuroendocrine and endocrine tissues and regulates nutrient and energy status both centrally and peripherally. We and others have shown that VGF-derived peptides have direct action on the islet β cell as secretagogues and cytoprotective agents; however, the endogenous function of VGF in the β cell has not been described. Here, we demonstrate that VGF regulates secretory granule formation. VGF loss-of-function studies in both isolated islets and conditional knockout mice reveal a profound decrease in stimulus-coupled insulin secretion. Moreover, VGF is necessary to facilitate efficient exit of granule cargo from the trans-Golgi network and proinsulin processing. It also functions to replenish insulin granule stores following nutrient stimulation. Our data support a model in which VGF operates at a critical node of granule biogenesis in the islet β cell to coordinate insulin biosynthesis with β cell secretory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B Stephens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA.
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen R Salton
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
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27
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Matsumoto T, Kawashima Y, Nagashio R, Kageyama T, Kodera Y, Jiang SX, Okayasu I, Kameya T, Sato Y. A New Possible Lung Cancer Marker: VGF Detection from the Conditioned Medium of Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma–Derived Cells using Secretome Analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 24:282-5. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080902400411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of malignant neuroendocrine tumors of the lung is known to be very poor. Aiming to identify new markers of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors in early stages and also differential diagnostic markers between large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung cancer, we comprehensively analyzed peptides which were secreted into conditioned medium by LCN1, a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma cell line. Specific peaks in conditioned medium but not in used medium alone were detected using matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Two peptide fragments of 40 and 19 amino acid residues were identified by matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. These two fragments were demonstrated to be parts of VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF), which is usually expressed in nerve cells or neuroendocrine cells. RT-PCR analysis of lung cancer cell lines showed that VGF mRNA was expressed only in neuroendocrine carcinoma–derived cells. Our data suggest that VGF can be used as a novel serological diagnostic marker of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Matsumoto
- Department of Cellular and Histo-Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
| | - Ryo Nagashio
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - Taihei Kageyama
- Department of Cellular and Histo-Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
| | - Shi-Xu Jiang
- Department of Cellular and Histo-Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
| | - Isao Okayasu
- Department of Cellular and Histo-Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
| | - Toru Kameya
- Pathology Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka - Japan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa
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28
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Jiang C, Lin WJ, Sadahiro M, Shin AC, Buettner C, Salton SR. Embryonic ablation of neuronal VGF increases energy expenditure and reduces body weight. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:75-83. [PMID: 28024880 PMCID: PMC5478485 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Germline ablation of VGF, a secreted neuronal, neuroendocrine, and endocrine peptide precursor, results in lean, hypermetabolic, and infertile adult mice that are resistant to diet-, lesion-, and genetically-induced obesity and diabetes (Hahm et al., 1999, 2002). To assess whether this phenotype is predominantly driven by reduced VGF expression in developing and/or adult neurons, or in peripheral endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues, we generated and analyzed conditional VGF knockout mice, obtained by mating loxP-flanked (floxed) Vgf mice with either pan-neuronal Synapsin-Cre- or forebrain alpha-CaMKII-Cre-recombinase-expressing transgenic mice. Adult male and female mice, with conditional ablation of the Vgf gene in embryonic neurons had significantly reduced body weight, increased energy expenditure, and were resistant to diet-induced obesity. Conditional forebrain postnatal ablation of VGF in male mice, primarily in adult excitatory neurons, had no measurable effect on body weight nor on energy expenditure, but led to a modest increase in adiposity, partially overlapping the effect of AAV-Cre-mediated targeted ablation of VGF in the adult ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus of floxed Vgf mice (Foglesong et al., 2016), and also consistent with results of icv delivery of the VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 to adult mice, which resulted in increased energy expenditure and reduced adiposity (Bartolomucci et al., 2006). Because the lean, hypermetabolic phenotype of germline VGF knockout mice is to a great extent recapitulated in Syn-Cre+/-,Vgfflpflox/flpflox mice, we conclude that the metabolic profile of germline VGF knockout mice is largely the result of VGF ablation in embryonic CNS neurons, rather than peripheral endocrine and/or neuroendocrine cells, and that in forebrain structures such as hypothalamus, VGF and/or VGF-derived peptides play uniquely different roles in the developing and adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Andrew C Shin
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Stephen R Salton
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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29
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Al Shweiki MHDR, Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Hengerer B, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Otto M. Major depressive disorder: insight into candidate cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers from proteomics studies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:499-514. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1336435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Hengerer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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30
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Molteni L, Rizzi L, Bresciani E, Possenti R, Petrocchi Passeri P, Ghè C, Muccioli G, Fehrentz JA, Verdié P, Martinez J, Omeljaniuk RJ, Biagini G, Binda A, Rivolta I, Locatelli V, Torsello A. Pharmacological and Biochemical Characterization of TLQP-21 Activation of a Binding Site on CHO Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:167. [PMID: 28424618 PMCID: PMC5371653 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
VGF is a propeptide of 617 amino acids expressed throughout the central and the peripheral nervous system. VGF and peptides derived from its processing have been found in dense core vesicles and are released from neuronal and neuroendocrine cells via the regulated secretory pathway. Among VGF-derived neuropeptides, TLQP-21 (VGF556-576) has raised a huge interest and is one of most studied. TLQP-21 is a multifunctional neuropeptide involved in the control of several physiological functions, potentially including energy homeostasis, pain modulation, stress responsiveness and reproduction. Although little information is available about its receptor and the intracellular mechanisms mediating its biological effects, recent reports suggest that TLQP-21 may bind to the complement receptors C3aR1 and/or gC1qR. The first aim of this study was to ascertain the existence and nature of TLQP-21 binding sites in CHO cells. Secondly, we endeavored to characterize the ligand binding to these sites by using a small panel of VGF-derived peptides. And finally, we investigated the influence of TLQP-21 on selected intracellular signaling pathways. We report that CHO cells express a single class of saturable and specific binding sites for TLQP-21 with an affinity and capacity of Kd = 0.55 ± 0.05 × 10-9 M and Bmax = 81.7 ± 3.9 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Among the many bioactive products derived from the C-terminal region of VGF that we tested, TLQP-21 was the most potent in stimulating intracellular calcium mobilization in CHO cells; this effect is primarily due to its C-terminal fragment (HFHH-10). TLQP-21 induced rapid and transient dephosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 and phospholipase A2. Generation of IP3 and diacylglycerol was crucial for TLQP-21 bioactivity. In conclusion, our results suggest that the receptor stimulated by TLQP-21 belongs to the family of the Gq-coupled receptors, and its activation first increases membrane-lipid derived second messengers which thereby induce the mobilization of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum followed by a slower store-operated Ca2+ entry from outside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Molteni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Elena Bresciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"Rome, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Ghè
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Giampiero Muccioli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, University of Montpellier, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Pascal Verdié
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, University of Montpellier, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules UMR5247, University of Montpellier, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | | | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Anna Binda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Locatelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
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31
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Wang Q, Jie W, Liu JH, Yang JM, Gao TM. An astroglial basis of major depressive disorder? An overview. Glia 2017; 65:1227-1250. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Wei Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
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32
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Rivolta I, Binda A, Molteni L, Rizzi L, Bresciani E, Possenti R, Fehrentz JA, Verdié P, Martinez J, Omeljaniuk RJ, Locatelli V, Torsello A. JMV5656, A Novel Derivative of TLQP-21, Triggers the Activation of a Calcium-Dependent Potassium Outward Current in Microglial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:41. [PMID: 28280458 PMCID: PMC5322282 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
TLQP-21 (TLQPPASSRRRHFHHALPPAR) is a multifunctional peptide that is involved in the control of physiological functions, including feeding, reproduction, stress responsiveness, and general homeostasis. Despite the huge interest in TLQP-21 biological activity, very little is known about its intracellular mechanisms of action. In microglial cells, TLQP-21 stimulates increases of intracellular Ca2+ that may activate functions, including proliferation, migration, phagocytosis and production of inflammatory molecules. Our aim was to investigate whether JMV5656 (RRRHFHHALPPAR), a novel short analogue of TLQP-21, stimulates intracellular Ca2+ in the N9 microglia cells, and whether this Ca2+ elevation is coupled with the activation Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels. TLQP-21 and JMV5656 induced a sharp, dose-dependent increment in intracellular calcium. In 77% of cells, JMV5656 also caused an increase in the total outward currents, which was blunted by TEA (tetraethyl ammonium chloride), a non-selective blocker of voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated potassium (K+) channels. Moreover, the effects of ion channel blockers charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin, suggested that multiple calcium-activated K+ channel types drove the outward current stimulated by JMV5656. Additionally, inhibition of JMV5656-stimulated outward currents by NS6180 (4-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-2H-1,4 benzothiazin-3(4H)-one) and TRAM-34 (triarylmethane-34), indicated that KCa3.1 channels are involved in this JMV5656 mechanisms of action. In summary, we demonstrate that, in N9 microglia cells, the interaction of JMV5656 with the TLQP-21 receptors induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+, and, following extracellular Ca2+ entry, the opening of KCa3.1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rivolta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Binda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Molteni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Bresciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Rome, Italy
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- CNRS, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR5247, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier - University of Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Verdié
- CNRS, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR5247, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier - University of Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- CNRS, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR5247, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier - University of Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | | | - Vittorio Locatelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
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33
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Yang D, Zhang W, Padhiar A, Yue Y, Shi Y, Zheng T, Davis K, Zhang Y, Huang M, Li Y, Sha L. NPAS3 Regulates Transcription and Expression of VGF: Implications for Neurogenesis and Psychiatric Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:109. [PMID: 27877109 PMCID: PMC5099284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 (NPAS3) and VGF (VGF Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Inducible) are important for neurogenesis and psychiatric disorders. Previously, we have demonstrated that NPAS3 regulates VGF at the transcriptional level. In this study, VGF (non-acronymic) was found regulated by NPAS3 in neuronal stem cells. However, the underlying mechanism of this regulation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of NPAS3 and VGF, and their roles in neural cell proliferation, in the context of psychiatric illnesses. First, we focused on the structure of NPAS3, to identify the functional domain of NPAS3. Truncated NPAS3 lacking transactivation domain was also found to activate VGF, which suggested that not only transactivation domain but other structural motifs were also involved in the regulation. Second, Mutated enhancer box (E-box) of VGF promoter showed a significant response to this basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, which suggested an indirect regulatory mechanism for controlling VGF expression by NPAS3. κB site within VGF promoter was identified for VGF activation induced by NPAS3, apart from direct binding to E-box. Furthermore, ectopically expressed NPAS3 in PC12 cells produced parallel responses for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells [NF-κB (P65)] expression, which specifies that NPAS3 regulates VGF through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Over-expression of NPAS3 also enhances the cell proliferation, which can be blocked by knockdown of VGF. Finally, NPAS3 was found to influence proliferation of neural cells through VGF. Therefore, downstream signaling pathways that are responsible for NPAS3-VGF induced proliferation via glutamate receptors were explored. Combining this work and published literature, a potential network composed by NPAS3, NF-κB, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), NGF and VGF, was proposed. This network collectively detailed how NPAS3 connects with VGF and intersected neural cell proliferation, synaptic activity and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Arshad Padhiar
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Yao Yue
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Yonghui Shi
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Tiezheng Zheng
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Kaspar Davis
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology Dalian, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Dalian University of Technology Dalian, China
| | - Min Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Yuyuan Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
| | - Li Sha
- College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University Dalian, China
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Gururajan A, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Molecular biomarkers of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:101-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Busse S, Steiner J, Glorius S, Dobrowolny H, Greiner-Bohl S, Mawrin C, Bommhardt U, Hartig R, Bogerts B, Busse M. VGF expression by T lymphocytes in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14843-51. [PMID: 26142708 PMCID: PMC4558119 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of VGF is increased in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and VGF is a potential biomarker for these disorders. We have shown that VGF is expressed in peripheral T cells and is correlated with T cell survival and cytokine secretion. The frequency of VGF+CD3+ T cells increases with normal aging. We found an increased number of VGF-expressing T cells in patients with AD compared to aged healthy controls, which was associated with enhanced HbA1c levels in blood. Upon treatment with rivastigmine, T cell proliferation and VGF expression in AD patients decreased to the level found in controls. Moreover, rapamycin treatment in vitro reduced the number of VGF+CD3+ cells in AD patients to control levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Glorius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Bommhardt
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Busse
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology & Neonatology, Medical University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Foglesong GD, Huang W, Liu X, Slater AM, Siu J, Yildiz V, Salton SRJ, Cao L. Role of Hypothalamic VGF in Energy Balance and Metabolic Adaption to Environmental Enrichment in Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:983-96. [PMID: 26730934 PMCID: PMC4769365 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE), a housing condition providing complex physical, social, and cognitive stimulation, leads to improved metabolic health and resistance to diet-induced obesity and cancer. One underlying mechanism is the activation of the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis with hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as the key mediator. VGF, a peptide precursor particularly abundant in the hypothalamus, was up-regulated by EE. Overexpressing BDNF or acute injection of BDNF protein to the hypothalamus up-regulated VGF, whereas suppressing BDNF signaling down-regulated VGF expression. Moreover, hypothalamic VGF expression was regulated by leptin, melanocortin receptor agonist, and food deprivation mostly paralleled to BDNF expression. Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of Cre recombinase to floxed VGF mice specifically decreased VGF expression in the hypothalamus. In contrast to the lean and hypermetabolic phenotype of homozygous germline VGF knockout mice, specific knockdown of hypothalamic VGF in male adult mice led to increased adiposity, decreased core body temperature, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as disturbance of molecular features of brown and white adipose tissues without effects on food intake. However, VGF knockdown failed to block the EE-induced BDNF up-regulation or decrease of adiposity indicating a minor role of VGF in the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis. Taken together, our results suggest hypothalamic VGF responds to environmental demands and plays an important role in energy balance and glycemic control likely acting in the melanocortin pathway downstream of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Foglesong
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
| | - Xianglan Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
| | - Andrew M Slater
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
| | - Jason Siu
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
| | - Vedat Yildiz
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
| | - Stephen R J Salton
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.D.F., W.H., X.L., A.M.S., J.S., L.C.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and The Center for Biostatistics (V.Y.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Department of Neuroscience (S.R.J.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10461
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D’Amato F, Noli B, Angioni L, Cossu E, Incani M, Messana I, Manconi B, Solinas P, Isola R, Mariotti S, Ferri GL, Cocco C. VGF Peptide Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients' Plasma and in Obese Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142333. [PMID: 26562304 PMCID: PMC4643017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the possible involvement of VGF peptides in obesity and diabetes, we studied type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obese patients, and high-fat diet induced obese mice. Two VGF peptides (NAPP-19 and QQET-30) were identified in human plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS. The VGF C-terminus, the above two cleaved peptides, and the TLQP-21 related peptide/s were studied using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. In euglycemic patients, plasma NAPPE and TLQP like peptides were significantly reduced with obesity (74±10 vs. 167±28, and 92±10 vs. 191±19 pmol/ml, mean+SEM, n = 10 and 6, obese vs. normal BMI, respectively, p<0.03). Upon a standard glucose load, a distinct response was shown for VGF C-terminus, TLQP and QQET-like (ERVW immunoreactive) peptides in euglycemic normal BMI patients, but was virtually abolished in euglycemic obese, and in T2D patients independently of BMI. High-fat diet induced obese mice showed reduced plasma VGF C-terminus, NAPPE and QQET-like (ERVW) peptide/s (3±0.2 vs. 4.6±0.3, 22±3.5 vs. 34±1.3, and 48±7 vs. 100±7 pmol/ml, mean+SEM, n = 8/group, obese vs. slim, respectively, p<0.03), with a loss of the response to glucose for all VGF peptides studied. In immunohistochemistry, TLQP and/or VGF C-terminus antibodies labelled VGF containing perikarya in mouse celiac ganglia, pancreatic islet cells and thin beaded nerve fibres in brown adipose tissues, with fewer in white adipose tissue. Upon the glucose load, tyrosine hydroxylase and VGF C-terminus immunoreactive axons became apparent in pancreatic islets of slim animals, but not in obese animals. Alltogether, a significant loss of VGF peptide immunoreactivity and/or their response to glucose was demonstrated in obese patients, with or without T2D, in parallel with a similar loss in high-fat diet induced obese mice. An involvement of VGF in metabolic regulations, including those of brown and/or white adipose tissues is underlined, and may point out specific VGF peptides as potential targets for diagnosis and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena D’Amato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Laura Angioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Efisio Cossu
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michela Incani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Paola Solinas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gian-Luca Ferri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
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Wang PX, Shu S, Xia C, Wang Z, Wu L, Wang B, Xu CC, Liu J. Protein expression in dairy cows with and without subclinical hypocalcaemia. N Z Vet J 2015; 64:101-6. [PMID: 26426938 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine differences in plasma proteomic profiles between healthy cows and those with subclinical hypocalcaemia within 12 hours after calving, and thereby explore the underlying biological mechanism of subclinical hypocalcaemia in dairy cows. METHODS Plasma samples were collected within 6 hours of calving from Holstein cows on a farm in Heilongjiang, China; 32 with subclinical hypocalcaemia (plasma calcium concentration 1.38-2.00 mmol/L and no clinical signs) and 59 control cows (plasma calcium concentration 2.10-2.8 mmol/L). Plasma samples were applied to weak cationic exchange protein chips for protein profiling by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS), and the data were analysed using the PBS-IIC system. The amplitude of peaks for the two groups were compared using the Wilcoxon sum-rank test, and the mass-to-charge ratio of the peaks that differed was used to identify peptide fragments using the Swiss-Prot protein database. RESULTS Seven peaks were identified in the subclinical hypocalcaemia group that differed from those of the control group (p<0.001), that represented six unique proteins. Expression of serum albumin, fibrinogen alpha chain, amyloid beta A4 proteins and neurosecretory protein VGF were increased, and expression of apolipoprotein A-II and serum amyloid A proteins were decreased in the subclinical hypocalcaemic cows compared with control cows. CONCLUSION Use of SELDI-TOF-MS technology can effectively identify differences in plasma protein expression patterns in cows with subclinical hypocalcaemia. Neurosecretory protein VGF and amyloid beta A4 protein might represent useful biomarkers for diagnosis of subclinical hypocalcaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P X Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China
| | - S Shu
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China
| | - C Xia
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China.,b Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , China
| | - Z Wang
- c College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Chang Chun 130062 , China
| | - L Wu
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China
| | - B Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China
| | - C C Xu
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China
| | - J Liu
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China
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Transcriptional regulation of the neuropeptide VGF by the neuron-restrictive silencer factor/neuron-restrictive silencer element. Neuroreport 2015; 26:144-51. [PMID: 25569790 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin-inducible gene VGF plays an important role in the maintenance of organismal energy balance and in the mediation of hippocampal synaptic activity. The regulatory mechanism of VGF transcription is not fully understood. The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) binds with the neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE), thereby suppressing the transcription of NRSE-containing genes. In this study, we show that the NRSE sequence of the VGF gene critically regulates the repression of VGF expression in NMB cells. Sequence analysis also establishes the presence of two putative NRSEs (NRSE-1 and NRSE-2) in the promoter region of the VGF gene. In reporter gene experiments, a more than eight-fold increase in the promoter activity was observed when both NRSE-1 and NRSE-2 were deleted. Deletion of NRSE-2 alone did not affect the promoter activity, thus indicating that NRSE-1 could be solely responsible for the repression of VGF gene expression. Mutations in the NRSE-1 sequence increased promoter activity. However, no change in activity was observed when NRSE-1 was coexpressed with dominant-negative NRSF, thereby suggesting that endogenous NRSF interacts with NRSE-1. Binding of NRSF to NRSE in a sequence-specific manner was confirmed with chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, respectively. Furthermore, the overexpressed NRSF in PC12 cells significantly suppressed the VGF gene expression by interacting with the NRSE located in the VGF promoter region. Our results indicate that NRSF plays an important role as a repressor of VGF gene regulation in NMB cells through a mechanism that is dependent on VGF-NRSE.
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VGF and Its C-Terminal Peptide TLQP-62 Regulate Memory Formation in Hippocampus via a BDNF-TrkB-Dependent Mechanism. J Neurosci 2015; 35:10343-56. [PMID: 26180209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0584-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Regulated expression and secretion of BDNF, which activates TrkB receptor signaling, is known to play a critical role in cognition. Identification of additional modulators of cognitive behavior that regulate activity-dependent BDNF secretion and/or potentiate TrkB receptor signaling would therefore be of considerable interest. In this study, we show in the adult mouse hippocampus that expression of the granin family gene Vgf and secretion of its C-terminal VGF-derived peptide TLQP-62 are required for fear memory formation. We found that hippocampal VGF expression and TLQP-62 levels were transiently induced after fear memory training and that sequestering secreted TLQP-62 peptide in the hippocampus immediately after training impaired memory formation. Reduced VGF expression was found to impair learning-evoked Rac1 induction and phosphorylation of the synaptic plasticity markers cofilin and synapsin in the adult mouse hippocampus. Moreover, TLQP-62 induced acute, transient activation of the TrkB receptor and subsequent CREB phosphorylation in hippocampal slice preparations and its administration immediately after training enhanced long-term memory formation. A critical role of BDNF-TrkB signaling as a downstream effector in VGF/TLQP-62-mediated memory consolidation was further revealed by posttraining activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling, which rescued impaired fear memory resulting from hippocampal administration of anti-VGF antibodies or germline VGF ablation in mice. We propose that VGF is a critical component of a positive BDNF-TrkB regulatory loop and, upon its induced expression by memory training, the TLQP-62 peptide rapidly reinforces BDNF-TrkB signaling, regulating hippocampal memory consolidation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate long-term memory formation and storage may provide alternative treatment modalities for degenerative and neuropsychiatric memory disorders. The neurotrophin BDNF plays a prominent role in cognitive function, and rapidly and robustly induces expression of VGF, a secreted neuronal peptide precursor. VGF knock-out mice have impaired fear and spatial memory. Our study shows that VGF and VGF-derived peptide TLQP-62 are transiently induced after fear memory training, leading to increased BDNF/TrkB signaling, and that sequestration of hippocampal TLQP-62 immediately after training impairs memory formation. We propose that TLQP-62 is a critical component of a positive regulatory loop that is induced by memory training, rapidly reinforces BDNF-TrkB signaling, and is required for hippocampal memory consolidation.
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Xu C, Shu S, Xia C, Wang P, Sun Y, Xu C, Li C. Mass spectral analysis of urine proteomic profiles of dairy cows suffering from clinical ketosis. Vet Q 2015; 35:133-41. [PMID: 26011147 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1055352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketosis is an important metabolic disorder in dairy cows during the transition period. The urine proteomics of ketosis has not been investigated using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). OBJECTIVE The aim is to determine differences between urine proteomic profiles of healthy cows and those with clinical ketosis, and facilitate studies of the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms that lead to liver pathology in ketosis. ANIMALS AND METHODS We analyzed the urine samples of 20 cows with clinical ketosis (group 1) and 20 control cows (group 2) using SELDI-TOF-MS. RESULTS Thirty-nine peptide peaks differed between both groups. Polypeptides corresponding to 26 of these differential peptide peaks were identified using the SWISS-PROT protein database. We found that the peaks of 11 distinct polypeptides from the urine samples of the ketosis group were significantly reduced, compared with those of the control group as based on the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Among these were VGF (non-acronymic) protein, amyloid precursor protein, serum amyloid A (SAA), fibrinogen, C1INH, apolipoprotein C-III, cystatin C, transthyretin, hepcidin, human neutrophil peptides, and osteopontin. CONCLUSION These proteins may represent novel biomarkers of the metabolic changes that occur in dairy cows with ketosis. Our results will help to better understand the physiological changes and pathogenesis observed in cows with ketosis. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The SELDI-TOF-MS can be used to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of ketosis and identify biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Xu
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing 163319 , China
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Noda Y, Shimazawa M, Tanaka H, Tamura S, Inoue T, Tsuruma K, Hara H. VGF and striatal cell damage in in vitro and in vivo models of Huntington's disease. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00140. [PMID: 26171223 PMCID: PMC4492756 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited genetic disorder, characterized by cognitive dysfunction and abnormal body movements, and at present there is no effective treatment for HD. Therapeutic options for HD are limited to symptomatic treatment approaches and there is no cure for this devastating disease. Here, we examined whether SUN N8075, (2S)-1-(4-amino-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)-3-{4-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl}-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate, which exerts neuroprotective effects by antioxidant effects and induction of VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF), has beneficial effects in STHdh cells derived from striatum of knock-in HD mice and R6/2 HD mice. In an in vitro study, SUN N8075 inhibited the cell death caused by mutant huntingtin (mHtt) and upregulated the VGF mRNA level via the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Furthermore, 30 amino acid of VGF C-terminal peptide, AQEE-30 inhibited the cell death and the aggregation of mHtt. In an in vivo study, SUN N8075 improved the survival and the clasping response in the R6/2 mice. Furthermore, SUN N8075 increased the number of surviving neurons in the striatum of the R6/2 mice. These findings suggest that SUN N8075 may be an effective candidate for HD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Noda
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tanaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tamura
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd. 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Inoue
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd. 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
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Sadahiro M, Erickson C, Lin WJ, Shin AC, Razzoli M, Jiang C, Fargali S, Gurney A, Kelley KA, Buettner C, Bartolomucci A, Salton SR. Role of VGF-derived carboxy-terminal peptides in energy balance and reproduction: analysis of "humanized" knockin mice expressing full-length or truncated VGF. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1724-38. [PMID: 25675362 PMCID: PMC4398760 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Targeted deletion of VGF, a secreted neuronal and endocrine peptide precursor, produces lean, hypermetabolic, and infertile mice that are resistant to diet-, lesion-, and genetically-induced obesity and diabetes. Previous studies suggest that VGF controls energy expenditure (EE), fat storage, and lipolysis, whereas VGF C-terminal peptides also regulate reproductive behavior and glucose homeostasis. To assess the functional equivalence of human VGF(1-615) (hVGF) and mouse VGF(1-617) (mVGF), and to elucidate the function of the VGF C-terminal region in the regulation of energy balance and susceptibility to obesity, we generated humanized VGF knockin mouse models expressing full-length hVGF or a C-terminally deleted human VGF(1-524) (hSNP), encoded by a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs35400704). We show that homozygous male and female hVGF and hSNP mice are fertile. hVGF female mice had significantly increased body weight compared with wild-type mice, whereas hSNP mice have reduced adiposity, increased activity- and nonactivity-related EE, and improved glucose tolerance, indicating that VGF C-terminal peptides are not required for reproductive function, but 1 or more specific VGF C-terminal peptides are likely to be critical regulators of EE. Taken together, our results suggest that human and mouse VGF proteins are largely functionally conserved but that species-specific differences in VGF peptide function, perhaps a result of known differences in receptor binding affinity, likely alter the metabolic phenotype of hVGF compared with mVGF mice, and in hSNP mice in which several C-terminal VGF peptides are ablated, result in significantly increased activity- and nonactivity-related EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sadahiro
- Departments of Neuroscience (M.S., W.-J.L., C.J., S.F., C.B., S.R.S.), Medicine (A.C.S., C.B.), Geriatrics (S.R.S.), and Developmental and Regenerative Biology (K.A.K.), Friedman Brain Institute (S.R.S.), and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (M.S., C.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029-6574; and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (C.E., M.R., A.G., A.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0001
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Sakamoto M, Miyazaki Y, Kitajo K, Yamaguchi A. VGF, Which Is Induced Transcriptionally in Stroke Brain, Enhances Neurite Extension and Confers Protection Against Ischemia In Vitro. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:301-8. [PMID: 25921200 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating neural event as currently no therapies other than physical rehabilitation are available to enhance recovery after stroke. To identify endogenous mediators to repair stroke brain, we performed the expression profiling analysis of transcripts in the mouse photothrombotic stroke brain. Based on real-time PCR analysis, we found VGF, identified as a nerve growth factor (NGF)-regulated transcript, was induced transcriptionally in stroke brain at 1-7 days after insult. The immunoreactivites of VGF were observed in the neurons around the ischemic core of stroke brain. Experiments with various inhibitors and plasmid transfections indicated that cAMP response element binding protein-mediated complex signaling pathways are possibly implicated in the NGF-mediated VGF expressions in vitro. Furthermore, the over-expression of VGF promoted neurite extensions and conferred protections from ischemic stress in vitro. These findings raise the possibility the application of VGF could be one of the promising therapeutic strategies to enhance recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Lambertz I, Kumps C, Claeys S, Lindner S, Beckers A, Janssens E, Carter DR, Cazes A, Cheung BB, De Mariano M, De Bondt A, De Brouwer S, Delattre O, Gibbons J, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Laureys G, Liang C, Marchall GM, Porcu M, Takita J, Trujillo DC, Van Den Wyngaert I, Van Roy N, Van Goethem A, Van Maerken T, Zabrocki P, Cools J, Schulte JH, Vialard J, Speleman F, De Preter K. Upregulation of MAPK Negative Feedback Regulators and RET in Mutant ALK Neuroblastoma: Implications for Targeted Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3327-39. [PMID: 25805801 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activating ALK mutations are present in almost 10% of primary neuroblastomas and mark patients for treatment with small-molecule ALK inhibitors in clinical trials. However, recent studies have shown that multiple mechanisms drive resistance to these molecular therapies. We anticipated that detailed mapping of the oncogenic ALK-driven signaling in neuroblastoma can aid to identify potential fragile nodes as additional targets for combination therapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To achieve this goal, transcriptome profiling was performed in neuroblastoma cell lines with the ALK(F1174L) or ALK(R1275Q) hotspot mutations, ALK amplification, or wild-type ALK following pharmacologic inhibition of ALK using four different compounds. Next, we performed cross-species genomic analyses to identify commonly transcriptionally perturbed genes in MYCN/ALK(F1174L) double transgenic versus MYCN transgenic mouse tumors as compared with the mutant ALK-driven transcriptome in human neuroblastomas. RESULTS A 77-gene ALK signature was established and successfully validated in primary neuroblastoma samples, in a neuroblastoma cell line with ALK(F1174L) and ALK(R1275Q) regulable overexpression constructs and in other ALKomas. In addition to the previously established PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, and MYC/MYCN signaling branches, we identified that mutant ALK drives a strong upregulation of MAPK negative feedback regulators and upregulates RET and RET-driven sympathetic neuronal markers of the cholinergic lineage. CONCLUSIONS We provide important novel insights into the transcriptional consequences and the complexity of mutant ALK signaling in this aggressive pediatric tumor. The negative feedback loop of MAPK pathway inhibitors may affect novel ALK inhibition therapies, whereas mutant ALK induced RET signaling can offer novel opportunities for testing ALK-RET oriented molecular combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lambertz
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Candy Kumps
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shana Claeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Haematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Anneleen Beckers
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Janssens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel R Carter
- Kids Cancer Center, Sydneys Children's Hospital, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alex Cazes
- Unité Inserm U830, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Kids Cancer Center, Sydneys Children's Hospital, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marilena De Mariano
- Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - An De Bondt
- Oncology Discovery Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sara De Brouwer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Unité Inserm U830, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jay Gibbons
- VP Oncology, Xcovery LLC, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | | | - Geneviève Laureys
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Haematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Liang
- VP Oncology, Xcovery LLC, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | - Glenn M Marchall
- Kids Cancer Center, Sydneys Children's Hospital, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Porcu
- Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ilse Van Den Wyngaert
- Oncology Discovery Research and Early Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nadine Van Roy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alan Van Goethem
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Maerken
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piotr Zabrocki
- Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Haematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany. Translational Neuro-Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jorge Vialard
- Oncology Discovery Biology, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Katleen De Preter
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Cline BH, Costa-Nunes JP, Cespuglio R, Markova N, Santos AI, Bukhman YV, Kubatiev A, Steinbusch HWM, Lesch KP, Strekalova T. Dicholine succinate, the neuronal insulin sensitizer, normalizes behavior, REM sleep, hippocampal pGSK3 beta and mRNAs of NMDA receptor subunits in mouse models of depression. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:37. [PMID: 25767439 PMCID: PMC4341562 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central insulin receptor-mediated signaling is attracting the growing attention of researchers because of rapidly accumulating evidence implicating it in the mechanisms of plasticity, stress response, and neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. Dicholine succinate (DS), a mitochondrial complex II substrate, was shown to enhance insulin-receptor mediated signaling in neurons and is regarded as a sensitizer of the neuronal insulin receptor. Compounds enhancing neuronal insulin receptor-mediated transmission exert an antidepressant-like effect in several pre-clinical paradigms of depression; similarly, such properties for DS were found with a stress-induced anhedonia model. Here, we additionally studied the effects of DS on several variables which were ameliorated by other insulin receptor sensitizers in mice. Pre-treatment with DS of chronically stressed C57BL6 mice rescued normal contextual fear conditioning, hippocampal gene expression of NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, the NR2A/NR2B ratio and increased REM sleep rebound after acute predation. In 18-month-old C57BL6 mice, a model of elderly depression, DS restored normal sucrose preference and activated the expression of neural plasticity factors in the hippocampus as shown by Illumina microarray. Finally, young naïve DS-treated C57BL6 mice had reduced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors and, similarly to imipramine-treated mice, preserved hippocampal levels of the phosphorylated (inactive) form of GSK3 beta that was lowered by forced swimming in pharmacologically naïve animals. Thus, DS can ameliorate behavioral and molecular outcomes under a variety of stress- and depression-related conditions. This further highlights neuronal insulin signaling as a new factor of pathogenesis and a potential pharmacotherapy of affective pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Cline
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
| | - Joao P Costa-Nunes
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Group of Behavioural Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Institute for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1028, C. Bernard University Lyon, France
| | - Natalyia Markova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Laboratory of Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana I Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yury V Bukhman
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Computational Biology, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Laboratory of Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Centre of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Group of Behavioural Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Institute for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal ; Laboratory of Biomolecular Screening, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
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Busse S, Steiner J, Micheel J, Dobrowolny H, Mawrin C, Krause TJ, Adamaszek M, Bogerts B, Bommhardt U, Hartig R, Busse M. Age-related increase of VGF-expression in T lymphocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:440-53. [PMID: 25013207 PMCID: PMC4100807 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
VGF is a protein expressed by neurons and processed into several peptides. It plays a role in energy homeostasis and promotes growth and survival. Recently, VGF mRNA was detected in peripheral leukocytes. Since it is known that aging is associated with a decrease in the development and function of neuronal as well as immune cells, we addressed the question whether a peripheral expression of VGF by CD3+ T cells and CD56+ NK cells is correlated with age. Therefore, the frequency of VGF+CD3+ and VGF+CD56+ cells was determined in mentally healthy volunteers aged between 22 and 88. We found an age-dependent increase in the number of VGF+CD3+ T cells that correlated with HbA1c and the body mass index (BMI). VGF-expression by NK cells was age-independent. Blockade of VGF reduced proliferation and secretion of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-17A, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF by CD3+ T cells and PBMCs. Rapamycin-mediated T cell blockade significantly reduced the frequency of VGF-expressing T cells. We conclude that VGF contributes to survival and function of peripheral T cells. The age-dependent increase in VGF-expression could serve as mechanism that counterregulates the decrease in functionality of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Hayashi M, Bernert H, Kagohara LT, Maldonado L, Brait M, Schoenberg M, Bivalacqua T, Netto GJ, Koch W, Sidransky D, Hoque MO. Epigenetic inactivation of VGF associated with Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and its potential as a non-invasive biomarker using urine. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3350-61. [PMID: 24830820 PMCID: PMC4102814 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify new epigenetic markers and further characterize Urothelial Cell Carcinoma (UCC), we tested the promoter methylation (PM) status of 19 genes previously identified as cancer specific methylated genes in other solid tumors. METHODS We used bisulfite sequencing, methylation specific PCR and quantitative methylation specific PCR (QMSP) to test the PM status of 19 genes in urothelial cancer cell lines. RESULTS Among the 19 genes tested, VGF was found to be completely methylated in several UCC cell lines. VGF QMSP analysis showed that methylation values of almost all the primary 19 UCC tissues were higher than the paired normal tissues (P=0.009). In another cohort, 12/35 (34.3%) of low grade UCC cases displayed VGF methylation. As a biomarker for non-invasive detection of UCC, VGF showed a significantly higher frequency of methylation in urine from UCC cases (8/20) compared to controls (1/20) (P=0.020). After treatment of cell lines with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, VGF was robustly re-expressed. Forced expression of VGF in bladder cancer cell lines inhibited cell growth. CONCLUSION Selection of candidates from genome-wide screening approach in other solid tumors successfully identified UCC specific methylated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Thulé PM, Jia D, Safley S, Gordon K, Barber G, Yi H, Nalli S, Onderci M, Sharma J, Shires J, Weber CJ. Engineered insulin secretion from neuroendocrine cells isolated from human thyroid. World J Surg 2015; 38:1251-61. [PMID: 24549997 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-secreting beta-like cells are vulnerable to diabetic autoimmunity. We hypothesized that human thyroid neuroendocrine (NE) cells could be engineered to secrete human insulin, be glucose-responsive, and avoid autoimmunity. METHODS Collagenase-digested thyroid tissue was cultured and subjected to size-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Insulin secretion and storage in NE cells transduced with viral vectors carrying an insulin sequence was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Baseline mRNA expression was assessed by Illumina expression array analysis. Transduction with retrovirus expressing transcription factors PDX1, NGN3, MAFA, or HNF6 altered mRNA expression in a custom polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in conditioned medium and cell lysates was determined by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Isolation yielded an average of 2.2 × 10(6) cells/g thyroid tissue, which stained for calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related protein, expressed genes consistent with NE origins, and secreted GRP. Transduced cells secreted 56 % and retained 48 % of total insulin produced. Immunogold TEM revealed insulin in secretory vesicles. PDX1, NGN3, and MAFA overexpression increased expression of genes typical for hepatocytes and beta cells. Overexpression of HNF6 also increased the message of genes critical for glucose sensing. CONCLUSIONS Human thyroid NE cells can produce human insulin, fractions of which are both secreted and retained in secretory granules. Overexpression of HNF6, PDX1, or NGN3 enhances expression of both hepatocyte and beta cell typical mRNAs, including the message of proteins critical for glucose sensing. These data suggest that reimplantation of engineered autologous NE cells may develop as a viable treatment for diabetes mellitus type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Thulé
- Section Endocrinology & Metabolism, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA,
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50
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Chai Y, Wang J, Gao Y, Wang T, Shi F, Su J, Yang Y, Zhou X, Song L, Liu Z. Identification of biomarkers for radiation-induced acute intestinal symptoms (RIAISs) in cervical cancer patients by serum protein profiling. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:134-40. [PMID: 25256248 PMCID: PMC4572598 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced acute intestinal symptoms (RIAISs) are the most frequent complication of radiotherapy that causes great pain and limits the treatment efficacy. The aim of this study was to identify serum biomarkers of RIAISs in cervical cancer patients by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS). Serum samples were collected from 66 cervical cancer patients prior to pelvic radiotherapy. In our study, RIAISs occurred in 11 patients. An additional 11 patients without RIAISs were selected as controls, whose age, stage, histological type and treatment methods were matched to RIAISs patients. The 22 sera were subsequently analyzed by SELDI-TOF MS, and the resulting protein profiles were evaluated to identify biomarkers using appropriate bioinformatics tools. Comparing the protein profiles of serum samples from the RIAIS group and the control group, it was found that 22 protein peaks were significantly different (P < 0.05), and six of these peaks with mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of 7514.9, 4603.94, 6887.41, 2769.21, 3839.72 and 4215.7 were successfully identified. A decision tree model of biomarkers was constructed based on three biomarkers (m/z 1270.88, 1503.23 and 7514.90), which separated RIAIS-affected patients from the control group with an accuracy of 81%. This study suggests that serum proteomic analysis by SELDI-TOF MS can identify cervical cancer patients that are susceptible to RIAISs prior to pelvic radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Chai
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Fan Shi
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yunyi Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei 442000, P. R. China
| | - Liping Song
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Zi Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
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