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Zhou C, Ruiz HH, Ling L, Maurizi G, Sakamoto K, Liberini CG, Wang L, Stanley A, Egritag HE, Sanz SM, Lindtner C, Butera MA, Buettner C. Sympathetic overdrive and unrestrained adipose lipolysis drive alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis in rodents. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101813. [PMID: 37777008 PMCID: PMC10590866 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic steatosis is a key initiating event in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), the most detrimental organ damage resulting from alcohol use disorder. However, the mechanisms by which alcohol induces steatosis remain incompletely understood. We have previously found that alcohol binging impairs brain insulin action, resulting in increased adipose tissue lipolysis by unrestraining sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow. Here, we examined whether an impaired brain-SNS-adipose tissue axis drives hepatic steatosis through unrestrained adipose tissue lipolysis and increased lipid flux to the liver. METHODS We examined the role of lipolysis, and the brain-SNS-adipose tissue axis and stress in alcohol induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation in a series of rodent models: pharmacological inhibition of the negative regulator of insulin signaling protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1β (PTP1b) in the rat brain, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) knockout mice as a pharmacogenetic model of sympathectomy, adipocyte specific adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) knockout mice, wildtype (WT) mice treated with β3 adrenergic agonist or undergoing restraint stress. RESULTS Intracerebral administration of a PTP1b inhibitor, inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis and reduction of sympathetic outflow ameliorated alcohol induced steatosis. Conversely, induction of adipose tissue lipolysis through β3 adrenergic agonism or by restraint stress worsened alcohol induced steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Brain insulin resistance through upregulation of PTP1b, increased sympathetic activity, and unrestrained adipose tissue lipolysis are key drivers of alcoholic steatosis. Targeting these drivers of steatosis may provide effective therapeutic strategies to ameliorate ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Zhou
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulia Maurizi
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Claudia G Liberini
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Stanley
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hale E Egritag
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sofia M Sanz
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary A Butera
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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2
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Metz M, O'Hare J, Cheng B, Puchowicz M, Buettner C, Scherer T. Brain insulin signaling suppresses lipolysis in the absence of peripheral insulin receptors and requires the MAPK pathway. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101723. [PMID: 37100238 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin's ability to counterbalance catecholamine-induced lipolysis defines insulin action in adipose tissue. Insulin suppresses lipolysis directly at the level of the adipocyte and indirectly through signaling in the brain. Here, we further characterized the role of brain insulin signaling in regulating lipolysis and defined the intracellular insulin signaling pathway required for brain insulin to suppress lipolysis. METHODS We used hyperinsulinemic clamp studies coupled with tracer dilution techniques to assess insulin's ability to suppress lipolysis in two different mouse models with inducible insulin receptor depletion in all tissues (IRΔWB) or restricted to peripheral tissues excluding the brain (IRΔPER). To identify the underlying signaling pathway required for brain insulin to inhibit lipolysis, we continuously infused insulin +/- a PI3K or MAPK inhibitor into the mediobasal hypothalamus of male Sprague Dawley rats and assessed lipolysis during clamps. RESULTS Genetic insulin receptor deletion induced marked hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in both IRΔPER and IRΔWB mice. However, the ability of insulin to suppress lipolysis was largely preserved in IRΔPER, but completely obliterated in IRΔWB mice indicating that insulin is still able to suppress lipolysis as long as brain insulin receptors are present. Blocking the MAPK, but not the PI3K pathway impaired the inhibition of lipolysis by brain insulin signaling. CONCLUSION Brain insulin is required for insulin to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis and depends on intact hypothalamic MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Metz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - James O'Hare
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Bob Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901 USA.
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria; Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA.
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Abstract
The treatment of diabetes can be complex and overwhelming for patients as it demands persistent attention to lifestyle management, adherence to medications, monitoring of side effects of drugs, and management of devices for glucose monitoring and/or insulin infusion. Therefore, understanding patient-reported outcomes (PROs) that provide direct insight into the patient's experience with diabetes is crucial for optimizing diabetes management.This review provides an overview of commonly used PRO questionnaires that assess different aspects of diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, Medical Education Boulevard, 384, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Kunal Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, Medical Education Boulevard, 384, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, Medical Education Boulevard, 384, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Abstract
Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in rodents, non-human primates and humans over more than five decades using intracerebroventricular, direct hypothalamic or intranasal application of insulin provide evidence that brain insulin action might reduce food intake and, more importantly, regulates energy homeostasis by orchestrating nutrient partitioning. This Review discusses the metabolic pathways that are under the control of brain insulin action and explains how brain insulin resistance contributes to metabolic disease in obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Pydi SP, Cui Z, He Z, Barella LF, Pham J, Cui Y, Oberlin DJ, Egritag HE, Urs N, Gavrilova O, Schwartz GJ, Buettner C, Williams KW, Wess J. Beneficial metabolic role of β-arrestin-1 expressed by AgRP neurons. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz1341. [PMID: 32537493 PMCID: PMC7269658 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 have emerged as important signaling molecules that modulate glucose fluxes in several peripheral tissues. The potential roles of neuronally expressed β-arrestins in regulating glucose homeostasis remain unknown. We here report that mice lacking β-arrestin-1 (barr1) selectively in AgRP neurons displayed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when consuming an obesogenic diet, while mice overexpressing barr1 selectively in AgRP neurons were protected against obesity-associated metabolic impairments. Additional physiological, biochemical, and electrophysiological data indicated that the presence of barr1 is essential for insulin-mediated hyperpolarization of AgRP neurons. As a result, barr1 expressed by AgRP neurons regulates efferent neuronal pathways that suppress hepatic glucose production and promote lipolysis in adipose tissue. Mice lacking β-arrestin-2 (barr2) selectively in AgRP neurons showed no substantial metabolic phenotypes. Our data suggest that agents able to enhance the activity of barr1 in AgRP neurons may prove beneficial as antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai P. Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhenyan He
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luiz F. Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan Pham
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yinghong Cui
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Douglas J. Oberlin
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hale Ergin Egritag
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikhil Urs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary J. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kevin W. Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sakamoto K, Zhou C, Maurizi G, Liberini C, Li L, Ruiz HH, Buettner C. OR04-02 The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Metabolic Disorder and Adipose Dysfunction in Obesity and Aging. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7209514 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Both obesity and aging increase susceptibility to metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes where adipose tissue dysfunction is a hallmark. In both conditions, impaired autonomic control is believed to play a key role in disrupted CNS control of metabolism. However, the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and catecholaminergic signaling in metabolic disease has not been well defined in large part due to a lack of suitable animal models(1). Surgical denervation is not specific to the SNS and chemical sympathectomy through 6-hydroxydopamine causes inflammation due to toxic effects. Abrogation of catecholamine (CA) synthesis in the whole body due to genetic deletion of the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase (th), a key enzyme in CA synthesis, results in embryonic lethality likely due to the lack of dopamine and norepinephrine in the CNS where they serve as key neurotransmitters.
Here we studied the role of the SNS and catecholaminergic signaling in metabolic control in both aging as well as high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. We created a mouse model of inducible th gene deletion that is restricted to the periphery, including sympathetic fibers of the peripheral NS but spares the brain as a pharmaco-genetic model of sympathectomy(2). TH is deleted and CA levels were reduced more than 90% in peripheral tissues of TH KO mice, while intact in the CNS. TH KO mice are cold intolerant consistent with functional sympathectomy. Interestingly, TH KO mice are protected from HFD feeding induced glucose intolerance (AUC during GTT: WT1018.8±42.0 mg/dl/hr vs. TH KO 485.0±85.8 mg/dl/hr; p < 0.0001; n = 6) even though food intake increased in TH KO mice. In 20 months old TH KO mice glucose tolerance was improved and fasting blood glucose levels were reduced (AUC during GTT: WT 357.3±16.2 mg/dl/hr vs. TH KO 254.5±15.6 mg/dl/hr; p < 0.01; n = 12) with higher insulin levels (WT 0.35±0.07 μg/l vs. TH KO 1.28±0.28 μg/l; p < 0.001; n = 9). Of note, insulin tolerance tests did not show marked differences. Both obesity and aging are characterized by impaired adipose tissue function with reduced lipogenic capacity. TH KO mice fed a HFD exhibit increased WAT de novo lipogenesis, lower lipolysis, and trend to exhibit decreased adipose tissue inflammation, suggesting that the SNS is a major culprit for the impaired lipogenic capacity in adipose tissue. Our data provides support for the paradigm that impaired SNS function plays an important role in the dysmetabolic states of obesity and aging.
Reference
1. Ryu V, Buettner C. Fat cells gobbling up norepinephrine? PLoS Biol. 2019;17(2):e3000138.
2. Fischer K, Ruiz HH, Jhun K, Finan B, Oberlin DJ, van der Heide V, et al. Alternatively activated macrophages do not synthesize catecholamines or contribute to adipose tissue adaptive thermogenesis. Nature medicine. 2017;23(5):623-30.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling Li
- MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MED, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Hackl MT, Fürnsinn C, Schuh CM, Krssak M, Carli F, Guerra S, Freudenthaler A, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Helbich TH, Luger A, Zeyda M, Gastaldelli A, Buettner C, Scherer T. Brain leptin reduces liver lipids by increasing hepatic triglyceride secretion and lowering lipogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2717. [PMID: 31222048 PMCID: PMC6586634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis develops when lipid influx and production exceed the liver’s ability to utilize/export triglycerides. Obesity promotes steatosis and is characterized by leptin resistance. A role of leptin in hepatic lipid handling is highlighted by the observation that recombinant leptin reverses steatosis of hypoleptinemic patients with lipodystrophy by an unknown mechanism. Since leptin mainly functions via CNS signaling, we here examine in rats whether leptin regulates hepatic lipid flux via the brain in a series of stereotaxic infusion experiments. We demonstrate that brain leptin protects from steatosis by promoting hepatic triglyceride export and decreasing de novo lipogenesis independently of caloric intake. Leptin’s anti-steatotic effects are generated in the dorsal vagal complex, require hepatic vagal innervation, and are preserved in high-fat-diet-fed rats when the blood brain barrier is bypassed. Thus, CNS leptin protects from ectopic lipid accumulation via a brain-vagus-liver axis and may be a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate obesity-related steatosis. Obesity is associated with leptin resistance and rising blood leptin levels while central leptin exposure may be limited. Here, the authors show that brain leptin infusion reduces hepatic lipid content in rats by increasing hepatic VLDL secretion and lowering liver de novo lipogenesis via a vagal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Theresa Hackl
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Maria Schuh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krssak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, MOLIMA, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Guerra
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelika Freudenthaler
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Baumgartner-Parzer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas H Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Luger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (DOMI), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Lee IT, Atuahene A, Egritag HE, Wang L, Donovan M, Buettner C, Geer EB. Active Cushing Disease Is Characterized by Increased Adipose Tissue Macrophage Presence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2453-2461. [PMID: 30722035 PMCID: PMC6510019 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although glucocorticoids (GCs) have potent anti-inflammatory actions, patients with hypercortisolism due to Cushing disease (CD) have increased circulating proinflammatory cytokines that may contribute to their insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms and tissues that account for the increased systemic inflammation in patients with CD are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether chronic endogenous GC exposure due to CD is associated with adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Abdominal subcutaneous AT samples from 10 patients with active CD and 10 age-, sex-, and body mass index‒matched healthy subjects were assessed for macrophage infiltration and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Using immunohistochemistry, AT samples were analyzed for the expression of vimentin, caspase, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD20, CD31, CD56, CD68, and CD163. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the mRNA gene expression of arginase, CD11b, CD68, EMR-1, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and TNF-α. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed higher mean percentage infiltration of CD68+ macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes, increased mean area of CD11c+ M1 macrophages, higher number of CD11c+ crownlike structures, and decreased vimentin in the AT of patients with active CD compared with controls. PCR revealed no differences in mRNA expression of any analyzed markers in patients with CD. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to GCs due to CD increases the presence of AT macrophages, a hallmark of AT inflammation. Hence, AT inflammation may be the source of the systemic inflammation seen in CD, which in turn may contribute to obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene T Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexandria Atuahene
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hale Ergin Egritag
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Donovan
- Division of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Eliza B. Geer, MD, Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 419, New York, New York 10065. E-mail:
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9
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Moreno CL, Della Guardia L, Shnyder V, Ortiz-Virumbrales M, Kruglikov I, Zhang B, Schadt EE, Tanzi RE, Noggle S, Buettner C, Gandy S. iPSC-derived familial Alzheimer's PSEN2 N141I cholinergic neurons exhibit mutation-dependent molecular pathology corrected by insulin signaling. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:33. [PMID: 29945658 PMCID: PMC6020427 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a recognized risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment (CI) and/or dementia, although the exact nature of the molecular pathology of T2D-associated CI remains obscure. One link between T2D and CI might involve decreased insulin signaling in brain and/or neurons in either animal or postmortem human brains as has been reported as a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we asked if neuronal insulin resistance is a cell autonomous phenomenon in a familial form of AD. METHODS We have applied a newly developed protocol for deriving human basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) from skin fibroblasts via induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. We generated wildtype and familial AD mutant PSEN2 N141I (presenilin 2) BFCNs and assessed if insulin signaling, insulin regulation of the major AD proteins Aβ and/or tau, and/or calcium fluxes is altered by the PSEN2 N141I mutation. RESULTS We report herein that wildtype, PSEN2 N141I and CRISPR/Cas9-corrected iPSC-derived BFCNs (and their precursors) show indistinguishable insulin signaling profiles as determined by the phosphorylation of canonical insulin signaling pathway molecules. Chronic insulin treatment of BFCNs of all genotypes led to a reduction in the Aβ42/40 ratio. Unexpectedly, we found a CRISPR/Cas9-correctable effect of PSEN2 N141I on calcium flux, which could be prevented by chronic exposure of BFCNs to insulin. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that the familial AD mutation PSEN2 N141I does not induce neuronal insulin resistance in a cell autonomous fashion. The ability of insulin to correct calcium fluxes and to lower Aβ42/40 ratio suggests that insulin acts to oppose an AD-pathophysiology. Hence, our results are consistent with a potential physiological role for insulin as a mediator of resilience by counteracting specific metabolic and molecular features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar L Moreno
- Department of Neurology, NFL Neurological Care Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 E 98th St, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Valeria Shnyder
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Maitane Ortiz-Virumbrales
- Department of Neurology, NFL Neurological Care Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ilya Kruglikov
- New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratories, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Icahn Institute and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Icahn Institute and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Scott Noggle
- New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratories, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, NFL Neurological Care Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 E 98th St, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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10
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Bertisch S, Li W, Buettner C, Mostofsky E, Rueschman M, Burstein R, Redline S, Mittleman M. 1017 Sleep Duration, Fragmentation, And Quality And Risk Of Next-day Migraine. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Bertisch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - W Li
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - E Mostofsky
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - R Burstein
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - S Redline
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - M Mittleman
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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11
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Argmann CA, Violante S, Dodatko T, Amaro MP, Hagen J, Gillespie VL, Buettner C, Schadt EE, Houten SM. Germline deletion of Krüppel-like factor 14 does not increase risk of diet induced metabolic syndrome in male C57BL/6 mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3277-3285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Jiang C, Lin WJ, Sadahiro M, Shin AC, Buettner C, Salton SR. Embryonic ablation of neuronal VGF increases energy expenditure and reduces body weight. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:75-83. [PMID: 28024880 PMCID: PMC5478485 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Germline ablation of VGF, a secreted neuronal, neuroendocrine, and endocrine peptide precursor, results in lean, hypermetabolic, and infertile adult mice that are resistant to diet-, lesion-, and genetically-induced obesity and diabetes (Hahm et al., 1999, 2002). To assess whether this phenotype is predominantly driven by reduced VGF expression in developing and/or adult neurons, or in peripheral endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues, we generated and analyzed conditional VGF knockout mice, obtained by mating loxP-flanked (floxed) Vgf mice with either pan-neuronal Synapsin-Cre- or forebrain alpha-CaMKII-Cre-recombinase-expressing transgenic mice. Adult male and female mice, with conditional ablation of the Vgf gene in embryonic neurons had significantly reduced body weight, increased energy expenditure, and were resistant to diet-induced obesity. Conditional forebrain postnatal ablation of VGF in male mice, primarily in adult excitatory neurons, had no measurable effect on body weight nor on energy expenditure, but led to a modest increase in adiposity, partially overlapping the effect of AAV-Cre-mediated targeted ablation of VGF in the adult ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus of floxed Vgf mice (Foglesong et al., 2016), and also consistent with results of icv delivery of the VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 to adult mice, which resulted in increased energy expenditure and reduced adiposity (Bartolomucci et al., 2006). Because the lean, hypermetabolic phenotype of germline VGF knockout mice is to a great extent recapitulated in Syn-Cre+/-,Vgfflpflox/flpflox mice, we conclude that the metabolic profile of germline VGF knockout mice is largely the result of VGF ablation in embryonic CNS neurons, rather than peripheral endocrine and/or neuroendocrine cells, and that in forebrain structures such as hypothalamus, VGF and/or VGF-derived peptides play uniquely different roles in the developing and adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Andrew C Shin
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Stephen R Salton
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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13
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Shin AC, Filatova N, Lindtner C, Chi T, Degann S, Oberlin D, Buettner C. Insulin Receptor Signaling in POMC, but Not AgRP, Neurons Controls Adipose Tissue Insulin Action. Diabetes 2017; 66:1560-1571. [PMID: 28385803 PMCID: PMC5440019 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a key regulator of adipose tissue lipolysis, and impaired adipose tissue insulin action results in unrestrained lipolysis and lipotoxicity, which are hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Insulin regulates adipose tissue metabolism through direct effects on adipocytes and through signaling in the central nervous system by dampening sympathetic outflow to the adipose tissue. Here we examined the role of insulin signaling in agouti-related protein (AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in regulating hepatic and adipose tissue insulin action. Mice lacking the insulin receptor in AgRP neurons (AgRP IR KO) exhibited impaired hepatic insulin action because the ability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production (hGP) was reduced, but the ability of insulin to suppress lipolysis was unaltered. To the contrary, in POMC IR KO mice, insulin lowered hGP but failed to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis. High-fat diet equally worsened glucose tolerance in AgRP and POMC IR KO mice and their respective controls but increased hepatic triglyceride levels only in POMC IR KO mice, consistent with impaired lipolytic regulation resulting in fatty liver. These data suggest that although insulin signaling in AgRP neurons is important in regulating glucose metabolism, insulin signaling in POMC neurons controls adipose tissue lipolysis and prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Shin
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nika Filatova
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tiffany Chi
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Seta Degann
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Douglas Oberlin
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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14
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Scherer T, Wolf P, Smajis S, Gaggini M, Hackl M, Gastaldelli A, Klimek P, Einwallner E, Marculescu R, Luger A, Fürnsinn C, Trattnig S, Buettner C, Krššák M, Krebs M. Chronic Intranasal Insulin Does Not Affect Hepatic Lipids but Lowers Circulating BCAAs in Healthy Male Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1325-1332. [PMID: 28323986 PMCID: PMC6283450 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and elevated circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are common characteristics of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In rodents, brain insulin signaling controls both hepatic triglyceride secretion and BCAA catabolism. Whether brain insulin signaling controls similar metabolic pathways in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVE Here we assessed if intranasal insulin, a method to preferentially deliver insulin to the central nervous system, is able to modulate hepatic lipid content and plasma BCAAs in humans. DESIGN/SETTING We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at the Medical University of Vienna. PARTICIPANTS/INTERVENTION We assessed if a chronic 4-week intranasal insulin treatment (40 IU, 4 times daily) reduces hepatic triglyceride content and circulating BCAAs in 20 healthy male volunteers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hepatic lipid content was assessed noninvasively by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and BCAAs were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry at defined time points during the study. RESULTS Chronic intranasal insulin treatment did not alter body weight, body mass index, and hepatic lipid content but reduced circulating BCAA levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the notion that brain insulin controls BCAA metabolism in humans. Thus, brain insulin resistance could account at least in part for the elevated BCAA levels observed in the insulin-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
| | - Sabina Smajis
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
| | - Melania Gaggini
- National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Hackl
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Anton Luger
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Martin Krššák
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
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15
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Abstract
Insulin replacement is the cornerstone of type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment; however, glycemic control remains a challenge. Leptin has been shown to effectively restore euglycemia in rodent models of T1D; however, the mechanism or mechanisms by which leptin exerts glycemic control are unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Perry and colleagues provide evidence that suppression of lipolysis is a key facet of leptin-mediated restoration of euglycemia. However, more work remains to be done to fully understand the antidiabetic mechanisms of leptin.
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16
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Shah N, Ruiz HH, Zafar U, Post KD, Buettner C, Geer EB. Proinflammatory cytokines remain elevated despite long-term remission in Cushing's disease: a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 86:68-74. [PMID: 27630017 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Cushing's disease (CD), a state of chronic glucocorticoid (GC) excess characterized by visceral obesity and insulin resistance, may be associated with increased systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular mortality in CD remains elevated even after successful remission. It is unclear whether a chronic low-grade inflammatory state persists even after remission of CD, which may account for the increased CVD mortality. PURPOSE (1) To assess circulating proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active CD and BMI-matched controls; (2) to prospectively follow plasma cytokine concentrations in patients with CD before and after surgical remission; and (3) to assess whether plasma cytokine concentrations correlate with adipose tissue distribution and ectopic lipid content in liver and muscle. METHODS Plasma cytokines from prospectively enrolled patients with CD (N = 31) were quantified during active disease (v1) vs controls (N = 18) and 19·5 ± 12·9 months after surgical remission (v2). Fasting plasma IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17 and IL-10 were quantified using a multiplex assay. Total and regional fat masses were measured by whole-body MRI. RESULTS Circulating IL-6 and IL-1β were elevated in patients with active CD vs controls (P < 0·05) and remained elevated in CD after surgical remission, despite decreases in BMI (P < 0·001), HOMA-IR (P < 0·001), and visceral, hepatic and intermuscular fat (P < 0·001, <0·001 and 0·03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Despite long-term remission and improvements in fat distribution and insulin sensitivity, patients with CD may suffer from a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, which could contribute to increased cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Usman Zafar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalmon D Post
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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17
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La Merrill MA, Sethi S, Benard L, Moshier E, Haraldsson B, Buettner C. Perinatal DDT Exposure Induces Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Adult Mice. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:1722-1727. [PMID: 27325568 PMCID: PMC5089878 DOI: 10.1289/ehp164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used extensively to control malaria, typhus, body lice, and bubonic plague worldwide, until countries began restricting its use in the 1970s. However, the use of DDT to control vector-borne diseases continues in developing countries. Prenatal DDT exposure is associated with elevated blood pressure in humans. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that perinatal DDT exposure causes hypertension in adult mice. METHODS DDT was administered to C57BL/6J dams from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5. Blood pressure (BP) and myocardial wall thickness were measured in male and female adult offspring. Adult mice were treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril, to evaluate sensitivity to amelioration of DDT-associated hypertension by ACE inhibition. We further assessed the influence of DDT exposure on the expression of mRNAs that regulate BP through renal ion transport. RESULTS Adult mice perinatally exposed to DDT exhibited chronically increased systolic BP, increased myocardial wall thickness, and elevated expression of mRNAs of several renal ion transporters. Captopril completely reversed hypertension in mice perinatally exposed to DDT. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that perinatal exposure to DDT causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in adult offspring. A key mechanism underpinning this hypertension is an overactivated renin angiotensin system because ACE inhibition reverses the hypertension induced by perinatal DDT exposure. Citation: La Merrill M, Sethi S, Benard L, Moshier E, Haraldsson B, Buettner C. 2016. Perinatal DDT exposure induces hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in adult mice. Environ Health Perspect 124:1722-1727; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A. La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, and
- Address correspondence to M. La Merrill, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave., 4245 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA. Telephone: (530) 752-1142. , or C. Buettner, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA. Telephone: (212) 241-3425.
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ludovic Benard
- Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Borje Haraldsson
- Department of Nephrology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine,
- Department of Neuroscience, and
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to M. La Merrill, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave., 4245 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA. Telephone: (530) 752-1142. , or C. Buettner, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA. Telephone: (212) 241-3425.
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18
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Scherer T, Lindtner C, O'Hare J, Hackl M, Zielinski E, Freudenthaler A, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Tödter K, Heeren J, Krššák M, Scheja L, Fürnsinn C, Buettner C. Insulin Regulates Hepatic Triglyceride Secretion and Lipid Content via Signaling in the Brain. Diabetes 2016; 65:1511-20. [PMID: 26861781 PMCID: PMC4878422 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is common in obesity and insulin resistance and results from a net retention of lipids in the liver. A key mechanism to prevent steatosis is to increase secretion of triglycerides (TG) packaged as VLDLs. Insulin controls nutrient partitioning via signaling through its cognate receptor in peripheral target organs such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissue and via signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) to orchestrate organ cross talk. While hepatic insulin signaling is known to suppress VLDL production from the liver, it is unknown whether brain insulin signaling independently regulates hepatic VLDL secretion. Here, we show that in conscious, unrestrained male Sprague Dawley rats the infusion of insulin into the third ventricle acutely increased hepatic TG secretion. Chronic infusion of insulin into the CNS via osmotic minipumps reduced the hepatic lipid content as assessed by noninvasive (1)H-MRS and lipid profiling independent of changes in hepatic de novo lipogenesis and food intake. In mice that lack the insulin receptor in the brain, hepatic TG secretion was reduced compared with wild-type littermate controls. These studies identify brain insulin as an important permissive factor in hepatic VLDL secretion that protects against hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - James O'Hare
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Martina Hackl
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Zielinski
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Angelika Freudenthaler
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Baumgartner-Parzer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Tödter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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19
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Knight EM, Ruiz HH, Kim SH, Harte JC, Hsieh W, Glabe C, Klein WL, Attie AD, Buettner C, Ehrlich ME, Gandy S. Unexpected partial correction of metabolic and behavioral phenotypes of Alzheimer's APP/PSEN1 mice by gene targeting of diabetes/Alzheimer's-related Sorcs1. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:16. [PMID: 26916443 PMCID: PMC4766719 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are associated with increased risk for cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia. SORCS1 encodes a protein-sorting molecule genetically linked to both T2D and AD. The association of SORCS1 with both AD and T2D is sexually dimorphic in humans, with both disease associations showing more robust effects in females. Based on published evidence that manipulation of the mouse genome combining multiple genes related to cerebral amyloidosis, to T2D, or both, might provide novel mouse models with exacerbated amyloid and/or diabetes phenotypes, we assessed memory, glucose homeostasis, and brain biochemistry and pathology in male and female wild-type, Sorcs1 -/-, APP/PSEN1, and Sorcs1 -/- X APP/PSEN1 mice. Results Male mice with either the APP/PSEN1 or Sorcs1 -/- genotype displayed earlier onset and persistent impairment in both learning behavior and glucose homeostasis. Unlike prior examples in the literature, the behavioral and metabolic abnormalities in male mice were not significantly exacerbated when the two disease model mice (Sorcs1 -/- models T2D; APP/PSEN1 models AD) were crossed. However, female Sorcs1 -/- X APP/PSEN1 mice exhibited worse metabolic dysfunction than Sorcs1 -/- knockout mice and worse memory than wild-type mice. The deletion of Sorcs1 from APP/PSEN1 mutant mice led to no obvious changes in brain levels of total or oligomeric amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. Conclusions In general, unexpectedly, there was a trend for gene targeting of Sorcs1-/- to partially mitigate, not exacerbate, the metabolic and amyloid pathologies. These results indicate that crossing AD model mice and T2D model mice may not always cause exacerbation of both the amyloidosis phenotype and the metabolic phenotype and highlight the unexpected pitfalls of creating mixed models of disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-016-0282-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Kang S, Dahl R, Hsieh W, Shin A, Zsebo KM, Buettner C, Hajjar RJ, Lebeche D. Small Molecular Allosteric Activator of the Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) Attenuates Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:5185-98. [PMID: 26702054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) homeostasis triggers ER stress leading to the development of insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes. Impaired function of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) has emerged as a major contributor to ER stress. We pharmacologically activated SERCA2b in a genetic model of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (ob/ob mice) with a novel allosteric activator, CDN1163, which markedly lowered fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and ameliorated hepatosteatosis but did not alter glucose levels or body weight in lean controls. Importantly, CDN1163-treated ob/ob mice maintained euglycemia comparable with that of lean mice for >6 weeks after cessation of CDN1163 administration. CDN1163-treated ob/ob mice showed a significant reduction in adipose tissue weight with no change in lean mass, assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. They also showed an increase in energy expenditure using indirect calorimetry, which was accompanied by increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and UCP3 in brown adipose tissue. CDN1163 treatment significantly reduced the hepatic expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, attenuated ER stress response and ER stress-induced apoptosis, and improved mitochondrial biogenesis, possibly through SERCA2-mediated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. The findings suggest that SERCA2b activation may hold promise as an effective therapy for type-2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojeong Kang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Russell Dahl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-3095
| | - Wilson Hsieh
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience and Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and
| | - Andrew Shin
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience and Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and
| | | | - Christoph Buettner
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience and Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029,
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Yin W, Kim HT, Jaberansari Z, Buettner C, Stainier DYR. Identification of novel loci associated with respiratory disease by a forward genetic approach in mouse. Pneumologie 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Buettner C, Morioka T, Lee A, Bertisch S. Vitamin D status modifies the association between statin use and musculoskeletal pain: A population based study. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Sadahiro M, Erickson C, Lin WJ, Shin AC, Razzoli M, Jiang C, Fargali S, Gurney A, Kelley KA, Buettner C, Bartolomucci A, Salton SR. Role of VGF-derived carboxy-terminal peptides in energy balance and reproduction: analysis of "humanized" knockin mice expressing full-length or truncated VGF. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1724-38. [PMID: 25675362 PMCID: PMC4398760 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Targeted deletion of VGF, a secreted neuronal and endocrine peptide precursor, produces lean, hypermetabolic, and infertile mice that are resistant to diet-, lesion-, and genetically-induced obesity and diabetes. Previous studies suggest that VGF controls energy expenditure (EE), fat storage, and lipolysis, whereas VGF C-terminal peptides also regulate reproductive behavior and glucose homeostasis. To assess the functional equivalence of human VGF(1-615) (hVGF) and mouse VGF(1-617) (mVGF), and to elucidate the function of the VGF C-terminal region in the regulation of energy balance and susceptibility to obesity, we generated humanized VGF knockin mouse models expressing full-length hVGF or a C-terminally deleted human VGF(1-524) (hSNP), encoded by a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs35400704). We show that homozygous male and female hVGF and hSNP mice are fertile. hVGF female mice had significantly increased body weight compared with wild-type mice, whereas hSNP mice have reduced adiposity, increased activity- and nonactivity-related EE, and improved glucose tolerance, indicating that VGF C-terminal peptides are not required for reproductive function, but 1 or more specific VGF C-terminal peptides are likely to be critical regulators of EE. Taken together, our results suggest that human and mouse VGF proteins are largely functionally conserved but that species-specific differences in VGF peptide function, perhaps a result of known differences in receptor binding affinity, likely alter the metabolic phenotype of hVGF compared with mVGF mice, and in hSNP mice in which several C-terminal VGF peptides are ablated, result in significantly increased activity- and nonactivity-related EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sadahiro
- Departments of Neuroscience (M.S., W.-J.L., C.J., S.F., C.B., S.R.S.), Medicine (A.C.S., C.B.), Geriatrics (S.R.S.), and Developmental and Regenerative Biology (K.A.K.), Friedman Brain Institute (S.R.S.), and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (M.S., C.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029-6574; and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (C.E., M.R., A.G., A.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0001
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Jeong JH, Lee DK, Blouet C, Ruiz HH, Buettner C, Chua S, Schwartz GJ, Jo YH. Cholinergic neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate mouse brown adipose tissue metabolism. Mol Metab 2015; 4:483-92. [PMID: 26042202 PMCID: PMC4443291 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is critical in maintaining body temperature. The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) integrates cutaneous thermosensory signals and regulates adaptive thermogenesis. Here, we study the function and synaptic connectivity of input from DMH cholinergic neurons to sympathetic premotor neurons in the raphe pallidus (Rpa). Methods In order to selectively manipulate DMH cholinergic neuron activity, we generated transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in cholinergic neurons (choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-Cre::ChR2-YFP) with the Cre-LoxP technique. In addition, we used an adeno-associated virus carrying the Cre recombinase gene to delete the floxed Chat gene in the DMH. Physiological studies in response to optogenetic stimulation of DMH cholinergic neurons were combined with gene expression and immunocytochemical analyses. Results A subset of DMH neurons are ChAT-immunopositive neurons. The activity of these neurons is elevated by warm ambient temperature. A phenotype-specific neuronal tracing shows that DMH cholinergic neurons directly project to serotonergic neurons in the Rpa. Optical stimulation of DMH cholinergic neurons decreases BAT activity, which is associated with reduced body core temperature. Furthermore, elevated DMH cholinergic neuron activity decreases the expression of BAT uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (Pgc1α) mRNAs, markers of BAT activity. Injection of M2-selective muscarinic receptor antagonists into the 4th ventricle abolishes the effect of optical stimulation. Single cell qRT-PCR analysis of retrogradely identified BAT-projecting neurons in the Rpa shows that all M2 receptor-expressing neurons contain tryptophan hydroxylase 2. In animals lacking the Chat gene in the DMH, exposure to warm temperature reduces neither BAT Ucp1 nor Pgc1α mRNA expression. Conclusion DMH cholinergic neurons directly send efferent signals to sympathetic premotor neurons in the Rpa. Elevated cholinergic input to this area reduces BAT activity through activation of M2 mAChRs on serotonergic neurons. Therefore, the direct DMHACh–Rpa5-HT pathway may mediate physiological heat-defense responses to elevated environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Jeong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dong Kun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Clemence Blouet
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Streamson Chua
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Young-Hwan Jo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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25
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Renault TT, Floros KV, Elkholi R, Corrigan KA, Kushnareva Y, Wieder SY, Lindtner C, Serasinghe MN, Asciolla JJ, Buettner C, Newmeyer DD, Chipuk JE. Mitochondrial shape governs BAX-induced membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. Mol Cell 2014; 57:69-82. [PMID: 25482509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins converge upon the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) to promote mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and apoptosis. Here we investigated the mechanistic relationship between mitochondrial shape and MOMP and provide evidence that BAX requires a distinct mitochondrial size to induce MOMP. We utilized the terminal unfolded protein response pathway to systematically define proapoptotic BCL-2 protein composition after stress and then directly interrogated their requirement for a productive mitochondrial size. Complementary biochemical, cellular, in vivo, and ex vivo studies reveal that Mfn1, a GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion, establishes a mitochondrial size that is permissive for proapoptotic BCL-2 family function. Cells with hyperfragmented mitochondria, along with size-restricted OMM model systems, fail to support BAX-dependent membrane association and permeabilization due to an inability to stabilize BAXα9·membrane interactions. This work identifies a mechanistic contribution of mitochondrial size in dictating BAX activation, MOMP, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud T Renault
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Konstantinos V Floros
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rana Elkholi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kelly-Ann Corrigan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yulia Kushnareva
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shira Y Wieder
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Madhavika N Serasinghe
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James J Asciolla
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Donald D Newmeyer
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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26
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Shin AC, Fasshauer M, Filatova N, Grundell LA, Zielinski E, Zhou JY, Scherer T, Lindtner C, White PJ, Lapworth AL, Ilkayeva O, Knippschild U, Wolf AM, Scheja L, Grove KL, Smith RD, Qian WJ, Lynch CJ, Newgard CB, Buettner C. Brain insulin lowers circulating BCAA levels by inducing hepatic BCAA catabolism. Cell Metab 2014; 20:898-909. [PMID: 25307860 PMCID: PMC4254305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels are elevated in obesity/diabetes and are a sensitive predictor for type 2 diabetes. Here we show in rats that insulin dose-dependently lowers plasma BCAA levels through induction of hepatic protein expression and activity of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the BCAA degradation pathway. Selective induction of hypothalamic insulin signaling in rats and genetic modulation of brain insulin receptors in mice demonstrate that brain insulin signaling is a major regulator of BCAA metabolism by inducing hepatic BCKDH. Short-term overfeeding impairs the ability of brain insulin to lower BCAAs in rats. High-fat feeding in nonhuman primates and obesity and/or diabetes in humans is associated with reduced BCKDH protein in liver. These findings support the concept that decreased hepatic BCKDH is a major cause of increased plasma BCAAs and that hypothalamic insulin resistance may account for impaired BCAA metabolism in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Shin
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Martin Fasshauer
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nika Filatova
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Linus A Grundell
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zielinski
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhou
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Phillip J White
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda L Lapworth
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna M Wolf
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwan Jo
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Burstein R, Perry C, Blake P, Buettner C, Bhasin M. EHMTI-0354. Abnormal expression of gene transcripts linked to inflammatory response in the periosteum of chronic migraine patients: implications to extracranial origin of headache. J Headache Pain 2014. [PMCID: PMC4182025 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-s1-k2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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La Merrill M, Karey E, Moshier E, Lindtner C, La Frano MR, Newman JW, Buettner C. Perinatal exposure of mice to the pesticide DDT impairs energy expenditure and metabolism in adult female offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103337. [PMID: 25076055 PMCID: PMC4116186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been used extensively to control malaria, typhus, body lice and bubonic plague worldwide, until countries began restricting its use in the 1970s. Its use in malaria control continues in some countries according to recommendation by the World Health Organization. Individuals exposed to elevated levels of DDT and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) have an increased prevalence of diabetes and insulin resistance. Here we hypothesize that perinatal exposure to DDT disrupts metabolic programming leading to impaired metabolism in adult offspring. To test this, we administered DDT to C57BL/6J mice from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5 and studied their metabolic phenotype at several ages up to nine months. Perinatal DDT exposure reduced core body temperature, impaired cold tolerance, decreased energy expenditure, and produced a transient early-life increase in body fat in female offspring. When challenged with a high fat diet for 12 weeks in adulthood, female offspring perinatally exposed to DDT developed glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and altered bile acid metabolism. Perinatal DDT exposure combined with high fat feeding in adulthood further impaired thermogenesis as evidenced by reductions in core temperature and in the expression of numerous RNA that promote thermogenesis and substrate utilization in the brown adipose tissue of adult female mice. These observations suggest that perinatal DDT exposure impairs thermogenesis and the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids which may increase susceptibility to the metabolic syndrome in adult female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Erin Moshier
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- West Coast Metabolomic Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John W. Newman
- West Coast Metabolomic Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Borsook D, Erpelding N, Lebel A, Linnman C, Veggeberg R, Grant PE, Buettner C, Becerra L, Burstein R. Sex and the migraine brain. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:200-14. [PMID: 24662368 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain responds differently to environmental and internal signals that relate to the stage of development of neural systems. While genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to a premorbid state, hormonal fluctuations in women may alter the set point of migraine. The cyclic surges of gonadal hormones may directly alter neuronal, glial and astrocyte function throughout the brain. Estrogen is mainly excitatory and progesterone inhibitory on brain neuronal systems. These changes contribute to the allostatic load of the migraine condition that most notably starts at puberty in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Borsook
- Boston Children's Hospital P.A.I.N. Group, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Massachusestts General Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | - N Erpelding
- Boston Children's Hospital P.A.I.N. Group, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - A Lebel
- Boston Children's Hospital P.A.I.N. Group, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Headache Clinic, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - C Linnman
- Boston Children's Hospital P.A.I.N. Group, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Massachusestts General Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - R Veggeberg
- Boston Children's Hospital P.A.I.N. Group, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - P E Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center (FNNDSC), Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - C Buettner
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - L Becerra
- Boston Children's Hospital P.A.I.N. Group, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Massachusestts General Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical in the regulation of the stress response, inflammation and energy homeostasis. Excessive GC exposure results in whole-body insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and ultimately decreased survival, despite their potent anti-inflammatory effects. This apparent paradox may be explained by the complex actions of GCs on adipose tissue functionality. The wide prevalence of oral GC therapy makes their adverse systemic effects an important yet incompletely understood clinical problem. This article reviews the mechanisms by which supraphysiologic GC exposure promotes insulin resistance, focusing in particular on the effects on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Julie Islam
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Medical Center, 317 East 17th Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Iwen KA, Scherer T, Heni M, Sayk F, Wellnitz T, Machleidt F, Preissl H, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Lehnert H, Buettner C, Hallschmid M. Intranasal insulin suppresses systemic but not subcutaneous lipolysis in healthy humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E246-51. [PMID: 24423295 PMCID: PMC3913807 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin infused into the central nervous system of rats suppresses lipolysis in white adipose tissue, indicating a role of brain insulin in regulating systemic lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether central nervous insulin delivery suppresses lipolysis in healthy humans. DESIGN Placebo-controlled, balanced within-subject comparisons were performed in both a main and an independent corroborative experiment. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/INTERVENTION: Two groups of healthy volunteers were examined at the German University Clinics of Lübeck and Tübingen, respectively, with molecular analyses taking place at Mt Sinai School of Medicine (New York, New York). The 14 healthy male subjects of the main study and the 22 women and 5 men of the corroborative study each received 160 IU of human insulin intranasally. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In the main study, we measured systemic levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides, and glycerol and the rate of appearance of deuterated glycerol as an estimate of lipolysis before and after intranasal insulin administration. We also analyzed the expression of key lipolytic enzymes in sc fat biopsies and measured blood glucose and glucoregulatory hormones. In the corroborative study, FFA concentrations were assessed before and after intranasal insulin administration. RESULTS In the main experiment, intranasal insulin suppressed circulating FFA concentrations and lipolysis (rate of appearance of deuterated glycerol) in the absence of significant changes in circulating insulin levels. Lipolytic protein expression in sc adipose tissue was not affected. The corroborative study confirmed that intranasal insulin lowers systemic FFA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that brain insulin controls systemic lipolysis in healthy humans by predominantly acting on non-sc adipose tissue.
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Shalata A, Ramirez M, Desnick R, Priedigkeit N, Buettner C, Lindtner C, Mahroum M, Abdul-Ghani M, Dong F, Arar N, Camacho-Vanegas O, Zhang R, Camacho S, Chen Y, Ibdah M, DeFronzo R, Gillespie V, Kelley K, Dynlacht B, Kim S, Glucksman M, Borochowitz Z, Martignetti J. Morbid obesity resulting from inactivation of the ciliary protein CEP19 in humans and mice. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:1061-71. [PMID: 24268657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern, and complementary research strategies have been directed toward the identification of the underlying causative gene mutations that affect the normal pathways and networks that regulate energy balance. Here, we describe an autosomal-recessive morbid-obesity syndrome and identify the disease-causing gene defect. The average body mass index of affected family members was 48.7 (range = 36.7-61.0), and all had features of the metabolic syndrome. Homozygosity mapping localized the disease locus to a region in 3q29; we designated this region the morbid obesity 1 (MO1) locus. Sequence analysis identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in CEP19, the gene encoding the ciliary protein CEP19, in all affected family members. CEP19 is highly conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates, is expressed in multiple tissues, and localizes to the centrosome and primary cilia. Homozygous Cep19-knockout mice were morbidly obese, hyperphagic, glucose intolerant, and insulin resistant. Thus, loss of the ciliary protein CEP19 in humans and mice causes morbid obesity and defines a target for investigating the molecular pathogenesis of this disease and potential treatments for obesity and malnutrition.
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Lindtner C, Scherer T, Zielinski E, Filatova N, Fasshauer M, Tonks NK, Puchowicz M, Buettner C. Binge drinking induces whole-body insulin resistance by impairing hypothalamic insulin action. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:170ra14. [PMID: 23363978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a history of binge drinking have an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Whether binge drinking impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin action is unknown. To test this, we treated Sprague-Dawley rats daily with alcohol (3 g/kg) for three consecutive days to simulate human binge drinking and found that these rats developed and exhibited insulin resistance even after blood alcohol concentrations had become undetectable. The animals were resistant to insulin for up to 54 hours after the last dose of ethanol, chiefly a result of impaired hepatic and adipose tissue insulin action. Because insulin regulates hepatic glucose production and white adipose tissue lipolysis, in part through signaling in the central nervous system, we tested whether binge drinking impaired brain control of nutrient partitioning. Rats that had consumed alcohol exhibited impaired hypothalamic insulin action, defined as the ability of insulin infused into the mediobasal hypothalamus to suppress hepatic glucose production and white adipose tissue lipolysis. Insulin signaling in the hypothalamus, as assessed by insulin receptor and AKT phosphorylation, decreased after binge drinking. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed increased hypothalamic inflammation and expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of insulin signaling. Intracerebroventricular infusion of CPT-157633, a small-molecule inhibitor of PTP1B, prevented binge drinking-induced glucose intolerance. These results show that, in rats, binge drinking induces systemic insulin resistance by impairing hypothalamic insulin action and that this effect can be prevented by inhibition of brain PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lindtner
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Garcia JM, Scherer T, Chen JA, Guillory B, Nassif A, Papusha V, Smiechowska J, Asnicar M, Buettner C, Smith RG. Inhibition of cisplatin-induced lipid catabolism and weight loss by ghrelin in male mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3118-29. [PMID: 23832960 PMCID: PMC3749475 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cachexia, defined as an involuntary weight loss ≥ 5%, is a serious and dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy that decreases survival in cancer patients. Alterations in lipid metabolism are thought to cause the lipodystrophy commonly associated with cachexia. Ghrelin has been proposed to ameliorate the alterations in lipid metabolism due to its orexigenic and anabolic properties. However, the mechanisms of action through which ghrelin could potentially ameliorate chemotherapy-associated cachexia have not been elucidated. The objectives of this study were to identify mechanisms by which the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin alters lipid metabolism and to establish the role of ghrelin in reversing cachexia. Cisplatin-induced weight and fat loss were prevented by ghrelin. Cisplatin increased markers of lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) and of β-oxidation in liver and WAT and suppressed lipogenesis in liver, WAT, and muscle. Ghrelin prevented the imbalance between lipolysis, β-oxidation, and lipogenesis in WAT and muscle. Pair-feeding experiments demonstrated that the effects of cisplatin and ghrelin on lipogenesis, but not on lipolysis and β-oxidation, were due to a reduction in food intake. Thus, ghrelin prevents cisplatin-induced weight and fat loss by restoring adipose tissue functionality. An increase in caloric intake further enhances the anabolic effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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36
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Eissing L, Scherer T, Tödter K, Knippschild U, Greve JW, Buurman WA, Pinnschmidt HO, Rensen SS, Wolf AM, Bartelt A, Heeren J, Buettner C, Scheja L. De novo lipogenesis in human fat and liver is linked to ChREBP-β and metabolic health. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1528. [PMID: 23443556 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical interest in de novo lipogenesis has been sparked by recent studies in rodents demonstrating that de novo lipogenesis specifically in white adipose tissue produces the insulin-sensitizing fatty acid palmitoleate. By contrast, hepatic lipogenesis is thought to contribute to metabolic disease. How de novo lipogenesis in white adipose tissue versus liver is altered in human obesity and insulin resistance is poorly understood. Here we show that lipogenic enzymes and the glucose transporter-4 are markedly decreased in white adipose tissue of insulin-resistant obese individuals compared with non-obese controls. By contrast, lipogenic enzymes are substantially upregulated in the liver of obese subjects. Bariatric weight loss restored de novo lipogenesis and glucose transporter-4 gene expression in white adipose tissue. Notably, lipogenic gene expression in both white adipose tissue and liver was strongly linked to the expression of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-β and to metabolic risk markers. Thus, de novo lipogenesis predicts metabolic health in humans in a tissue-specific manner and is likely regulated by glucose-dependent carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Eissing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Buettner C. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. Neuroendocrine control of metabolism. Preface. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2013; 42:xv-xvi. [PMID: 23391247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buettner
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Targeted deletion of VGF, a neuronal and endocrine secreted protein and neuropeptide precursor, produces a lean, hypermetabolic mouse that is resistant to diet-, lesion-, and genetically induced obesity and diabetes. We hypothesized that increased sympathetic nervous system activity in Vgf-/Vgf- knockout mice is responsible for increased energy expenditure and decreased fat storage and that increased β-adrenergic receptor stimulation induces lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) of Vgf-/Vgf- mice. We found that fat mass was markedly reduced in Vgf-/Vgf- mice. Within knockout WAT, phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrate increased in males and females, phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (ser563) increased in females, and levels of adipose triglyceride lipase, comparative gene identification-58, and phospho-perilipin were higher in male Vgf-/Vgf- WAT compared with wild-type, consistent with increased lipolysis. The phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Thr172) and levels of the AMPK kinase, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1, were decreased. This was associated with a decrease in HSL ser565 phosphorylation, the site phosphorylated by AMPK, in both male and female Vgf-/Vgf- WAT. No significant differences in phosphorylation of CREB or the p42/44 MAPK were noted. Despite this evidence supporting increased cAMP signaling and lipolysis, lipogenesis as assessed by fatty acid synthase protein expression and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase was not decreased. Our data suggest that the VGF precursor or selected VGF-derived peptides dampen sympathetic outflow pathway activity to WAT to regulate fat storage and lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Fargali
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew C. Shin
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Stephen R. Salton, Department of Neuroscience, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York NY 10029 USA, Tel: 1-212-659-5901, Fax: 1-212-996-9785,
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Scherer T, Lindtner C, Zielinski E, O'Hare J, Filatova N, Buettner C. Short term voluntary overfeeding disrupts brain insulin control of adipose tissue lipolysis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33061-9. [PMID: 22810223 PMCID: PMC3463338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin controls fatty acid (FA) release from white adipose tissue (WAT) through direct effects on adipocytes and indirectly through hypothalamic signaling by reducing sympathetic nervous system outflow to WAT. Uncontrolled FA release from WAT promotes lipotoxicity, which is characterized by inflammation and insulin resistance that leads to and worsens type 2 diabetes. Here we tested whether early diet-induced insulin resistance impairs the ability of hypothalamic insulin to regulate WAT lipolysis and thus contributes to adipose tissue dysfunction. To this end we fed male Sprague-Dawley rats a 10% lard diet (high fat diet (HFD)) for 3 consecutive days, which is known to induce systemic insulin resistance. Rats were studied by euglycemic pancreatic clamps and concomitant infusion of either insulin or vehicle into the mediobasal hypothalamus. Short term HFD feeding led to a 37% increase in caloric intake and elevated base-line free FAs and insulin levels compared with rats fed regular chow. Overfeeding did not impair insulin signaling in WAT, but it abolished the ability of mediobasal hypothalamus insulin to suppress WAT lipolysis and hepatic glucose production as assessed by glycerol and glucose flux. HFD feeding also increased hypothalamic levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol after only 3 days. In summary, overfeeding impairs hypothalamic insulin action, which may contribute to unrestrained lipolysis seen in human obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- From the Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- From the Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Elizabeth Zielinski
- From the Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - James O'Hare
- From the Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Nika Filatova
- From the Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Christoph Buettner
- From the Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is less common in individuals with high fat mass. This putative osteoprotection is likely an adaptive mechanism that allows obese individuals to better carry their increased body mass. Recent studies have focused on hormones that link fat to bone. Adipokines, such as leptin, modulate bone cells through both direct and indirect actions, whereas molecules activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ drive mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards adipocytes away from the osteoblastic lineage. There is emerging evidence that bone-derived osteocalcin regulates insulin release and insulin sensitivity and, hence, might indirectly affect fat mass. Despite these molecular connections between fat and bone, animal and human studies call into question a primary role for body fat in determining bone mass. Mice devoid of fat do not have a skeletal phenotype, and in humans, the observed correlations between bone and body mass are not just due to adipose tissue. An improved understanding of the integrative physiology at the fat-bone interface should allow us develop therapies for both osteoporosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mone Zaidi
- Mount Sinai Bone Program and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Fatty acids released from white adipose tissue (WAT) provide important energy substrates during fasting. However, uncontrolled fatty acid release from WAT during non-fasting states causes lipotoxicity and promotes inflammation and insulin resistance, which can lead to and worsen type 2 diabetes (DM2). WAT is also a source for insulin sensitizing fatty acids such as palmitoleate produced during de novo lipogenesis. Insulin and leptin are two major hormonal adiposity signals that control energy homeostasis through signaling in the central nervous system. Both hormones have been implicated to regulate both WAT lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis through the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in an opposing fashion independent of their respective peripheral receptors. Here, we review the current literature on brain leptin and insulin action in regulating WAT metabolism and discuss potential mechanisms and neuro-anatomical substrates that could explain the opposing effects of central leptin and insulin. Finally, we discuss the role of impaired hypothalamic control of WAT metabolism in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, metabolic inflexibility and type 2 diabetes.
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Heeren J, Vossen M, Scherer T, Eissing L, Knippschield U, Toedter K, Buettner C, Wolf A, Scheja L. 142 REGULATION OF LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE LIPOGENESIS IN HUMAN OBESITY. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(11)70143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endocannabinoid (EC) system has been implicated as an important regulator of energy homeostasis. In obesity and type 2 diabetes, EC tone is elevated in peripheral tissues including liver, muscle, fat, and also centrally, particularly in the hypothalamus. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB₁) blockade with the centrally and peripherally acting rimonabant induces weight loss and improves glucose homeostasis while also causing psychiatric adverse effects. The relative contributions of peripheral versus central EC signaling on glucose homeostasis remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to test whether the central EC system regulates systemic glucose fluxes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We determined glucose and lipid fluxes in male Sprague-Dawley rats during intracerebroventricular infusions of either WIN55,212-2 (WIN) or arachidonoyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) while controlling circulating insulin and glucose levels through hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp studies. Conversely, we fed rats a high-fat diet for 3 days and then blocked central EC signaling with an intracerebroventricular infusion of rimonabant while assessing glucose fluxes during a clamp. RESULTS Central CB₁ activation is sufficient to impair glucose homeostasis. Either WIN or ACEA infusions acutely impaired insulin action in both liver and adipose tissue. Conversely, in a model of overfeeding-induced insulin resistance, CB₁ antagonism restored hepatic insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Thus central EC tone plays an important role in regulating hepatic and adipose tissue insulin action. These results indicate that peripherally restricted CB₁ antagonists, which may lack psychiatric side effects, are also likely to be less effective than brain-permeable CB₁ antagonists in ameliorating insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D O'Hare
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II forestalls forgetting by boosting long-term potentiation and memory retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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45
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Abstract
The beneficial effects of adiponectin are mediated through the ceramidase activity of its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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46
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Scherer T, O'Hare J, Diggs-Andrews K, Schweiger M, Cheng B, Lindtner C, Zielinski E, Vempati P, Su K, Dighe S, Milsom T, Puchowicz M, Scheja L, Zechner R, Fisher SJ, Previs SF, Buettner C. Brain insulin controls adipose tissue lipolysis and lipogenesis. Cell Metab 2011; 13:183-94. [PMID: 21284985 PMCID: PMC3061443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Unrestrained WAT lipolysis results in increased fatty acid release, leading to insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, while impaired de novo lipogenesis in WAT decreases the synthesis of insulin-sensitizing fatty acid species like palmitoleate. Here, we show that insulin infused into the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of Sprague-Dawley rats increases WAT lipogenic protein expression, inactivates hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl), and suppresses lipolysis. Conversely, mice that lack the neuronal insulin receptor exhibit unrestrained lipolysis and decreased de novo lipogenesis in WAT. Thus, brain and, in particular, hypothalamic insulin action play a pivotal role in WAT functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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47
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Buettner C. Insulin Resistance Results in Brain Drain. Sci Transl Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Insulin regulates brain cholesterol metabolism by modulating the expression of cholesterol-synthesizing enzymes in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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48
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Buettner C. Tracing the Fate of an Essential Element. Sci Transl Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the SBP2 protein result in reduced synthesis of selenoproteins and a multisystem disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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49
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Buettner C. New Cellular Culprits in Gaucher's Disease. Sci Transl Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher's disease is caused by defects in osteoblasts, dendritic cells, and T cells, as well as macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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50
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Abstract
The deletion of the insulin receptor only in kidney podocytes induces diabetic nephropathy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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