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Lierova A, Kasparova J, Filipova A, Cizkova J, Pekarova L, Korecka L, Mannova N, Bilkova Z, Sinkorova Z. Hyaluronic Acid: Known for Almost a Century, but Still in Vogue. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040838. [PMID: 35456670 PMCID: PMC9029726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has a special position among glycosaminoglycans. As a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This simple, unbranched polysaccharide is involved in the regulation of various biological cell processes, whether under physiological conditions or in cases of cell damage. This review summarizes the history of this molecule’s study, its distinctive metabolic pathway in the body, its unique properties, and current information regarding its interaction partners. Our main goal, however, is to intensively investigate whether this relatively simple polymer may find applications in protecting against ionizing radiation (IR) or for therapy in cases of radiation-induced damage. After exposure to IR, acute and belated damage develops in each tissue depending upon the dose received and the cellular composition of a given organ. A common feature of all organ damage is a distinct change in composition and structure of the ECM. In particular, the important role of HA was shown in lung tissue and the variability of this flexible molecule in the complex mechanism of radiation-induced lung injuries. Moreover, HA is also involved in intermediating cell behavior during morphogenesis and in tissue repair during inflammation, injury, and would healing. The possibility of using the HA polymer to affect or treat radiation tissue damage may point to the missing gaps in the responsible mechanisms in the onset of this disease. Therefore, in this article, we will also focus on obtaining answers from current knowledge and the results of studies as to whether hyaluronic acid can also find application in radiation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lierova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jitka Kasparova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Alzbeta Filipova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Jana Cizkova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lenka Pekarova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lucie Korecka
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Nikola Mannova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zuzana Bilkova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.K.); (N.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zuzana Sinkorova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (J.C.); (L.P.); (Z.S.)
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Tian S, Fu L, Zhang J, Xu J, Yuan L, Qin J, Zhang W. Identification of a DNA Methylation-Driven Genes-Based Prognostic Model and Drug Targets in Breast Cancer: In silico Screening of Therapeutic Compounds and in vitro Characterization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761326. [PMID: 34745136 PMCID: PMC8567755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a vital epigenetic change that regulates gene transcription and helps to keep the genome stable. The deregulation hallmark of human cancer is often defined by aberrant DNA methylation which is critical for tumor formation and controls the expression of several tumor-associated genes. In various cancers, methylation changes such as tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation and oncogene hypomethylation are critical in tumor occurrences, especially in breast cancer. Detecting DNA methylation-driven genes and understanding the molecular features of such genes could thus help to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer, facilitating the development of precision medicine and drug discovery. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed over one thousand breast cancer patients and established a robust prognostic signature based on DNA methylation-driven genes. Then, we calculated immune cells abundance in each patient and lower immune activity existed in high-risk patients. The expression of leukocyte antigen (HLA) family genes and immune checkpoints genes were consistent with the above results. In addition, more mutated genes were observed in the high-risk group. Furthermore, a in silico screening of druggable targets and compounds from CTRP and PRISM databases was performed, resulting in the identification of five target genes (HMMR, CCNB1, CDC25C, AURKA, and CENPE) and five agents (oligomycin A, panobinostat, (+)-JQ1, voxtalisib, and arcyriaflavin A), which might have therapeutic potential in treating high-risk breast cancer patients. Further in vitro evaluation confirmed that (+)-JQ1 had the best cancer cell selectivity and exerted its anti-breast cancer activity through CENPE. In conclusion, our study provided new insights into personalized prognostication and may inspire the integration of risk stratification and precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Rehabilitation Center of Joint Logistics Support Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center of Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hauser-Kawaguchi A, Luyt LG, Turley E. Design of peptide mimetics to block pro-inflammatory functions of HA fragments. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:346-356. [PMID: 29408009 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a simple extracellular matrix polysaccharide that actively regulates inflammation in tissue repair and disease processes. The native HA polymer, which is large (>500 kDa), contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis. In remodeling and diseased tissues, polymer size is strikingly polydisperse, ranging from <10 kDa to >500 kDa. In a diseased or stressed tissue context, both smaller HA fragments and high molecular weight HA polymers can acquire pro-inflammatory functions, which result in the activation of multiple receptors, triggering pro-inflammatory signaling to diverse stimuli. Peptide mimics that bind and scavenge HA fragments have been developed, which show efficacy in animal models of inflammation. These studies indicate both that HA fragments are key to driving inflammation and that scavenging these is a viable therapeutic approach to blunting inflammation in disease processes. This mini-review summarizes the peptide-based methods that have been reported to date for blocking HA signaling events as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Cancer Research Laboratories, London Regional Cancer Center, Victoria Hospital, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Eva Turley
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Cancer Research Laboratories, London Regional Cancer Center, Victoria Hospital, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Secreted phosphoprotein 1 upstream invasive network construction and analysis of lung adenocarcinoma compared with human normal adjacent tissues by integrative biocomputation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2010; 56:59-71. [PMID: 19949890 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to set up single molecular secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) upstream invasive network of lung adenocarcinoma. This paper proposed an integrated method based on linear programming and a decomposition procedure with integrated analysis of the significant function cluster using Kappa statistics and fuzzy heuristic clustering. Our study proved that only modules appearing in lung adenocarcinoma include cytokine module (CXCL13, GREM1_2 inhibition), cell adhesion module (COL11A1_2 activation; CDH3 inhibition), and receptor binding module (NMU activation; CXCL13, GREM1_2 inhibition), which increase the invasion of cancer cell. We compared skeletal development, signal, biological regulation, sequence variant modules between human normal adjacent tissues and lung adenocarcinoma. SPP1 skeletal development module appears in human normal adjacent tissues (COL11A1_1 activation; COL10A1 inhibition), whereas in lung adenocarcinoma (COL11A1_2, COL1A2 activation); signal module appears in human normal adjacent tissues (COL11A1_1, CXCL13, MMP11, SPINK1 activation; COL10A1, COL3A1 inhibition), whereas in lung adenocarcinoma (COL11A1_2, COL1A2, MMP12 activation; CDH3, CXCL13, GREM1_2, MMP11, SPINK1 inhibition); biological regulation module appears in human normal adjacent tissues (CXCL13, MKI67, PYCR1 activation; NEK2, SPDEF, TOP2A_2, TOX3_1 inhibition), whereas in lung adenocarcinoma (HMGB3, MKI67, NMU, PYCR1, TOX3_2 activation; CXCL13, SPDEF, TOP2A_2 inhibition); sequence variant module appears in human normal adjacent tissues (COL11A1_1, MKI67, MMP11 activation; ASPM, COL10A1, COL3A1, NEK2, TMPRSS4, TOP2A_2 inhibition), whereas in lung adenocarcinoma (COL11A1_2, COL1A2, HMMR, MKI67, MMP12 activation; ABCC3, ASPM, CDH3, MMP11, TOP2A_2 inhibition). It can be deduced that modules above in human normal adjacent tissues reflect the invasive inhibition of normal cells, whereas in lung adenocarcinoma increase the invasion of cancer cell. Our study of SPP1 upstream invasive network may be useful to identify novel and potentially targets for prognosis and therapy of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Schmitt M, Casalegno-Garduño R, Xu X, Schmitt A. Peptide vaccines for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:1415-25. [PMID: 19803762 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) under 60 years of age reach a complete hematological remission after intensive chemotherapy. However, only 20-40% of all patients with AML achieve a disease-free survival of more than 5 years. The graft-versus-leukemia effect observed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusions strongly suggests that T lymphocytes play a major role in the rejection of leukemic cells. Vaccination with leukemia-associated antigen (LAA) peptides might constitute a way to augment the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Peptide vaccination causes no major side effects, which is of particular note as most AML patients are people over 60 years of age, often suffering from concomitant disease. This review summarizes approaches to define appropriate LAAs as targets of a T-cell-based vaccine immunotherapy. Current clinical LAA peptide vaccination protocols targeting Wilms' tumor gene, proteinase-3 and the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility are reviewed and an outlook to dendritic cells, adjuvants and short oligodenucleotides is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmitt
- Head of Clinical Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Kalmyrzaev B, Pharoah PDP, Easton DF, Ponder BAJ, Dunning AM. Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 17:3618-20. [PMID: 19064580 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study used a network modeling strategy to generate a set of genes linked by potential functional associations. The hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) gene was identified as being as functionally associated with BRCA1 and thus a candidate breast cancer gene. SNPs rs10515860, rs299290, and rs7712023 were reported to be significantly associated with breast cancer in a joint analysis of two small case-control studies. We have examined the association of these single nucleotide polymorphisms, together with others tagging the HMMR gene, in a larger, European case-control study and find no association of any of them with risk of breast cancer: rs10515860 [odds ratio (OR; AA/GG), 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.65-1.12; P(trend) = 0.9], rs299290 [OR (CC/TT), 1.00; 95% CI, 0.87-1.15; P(trend) = 0.7], rs3756648 (rs7712023) [OR (TT/CC), 0.93; 95% CI, 0.84-1.02; P(trend) = 0.1], rs299284 [OR (TT/CC), 1.01; 95% CI, 0.76-1.35; P(trend) = 0.5], and rs13183712 [OR (TT/GG), 1.04; 95% CI, 0.88-1.23; P(trend) = 0.6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolot Kalmyrzaev
- University of Cambridge Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN United Kingdom.
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Choudhary M, Zhang X, Stojkovic P, Hyslop L, Anyfantis G, Herbert M, Murdoch AP, Stojkovic M, Lako M. Putative role of hyaluronan and its related genes, HAS2 and RHAMM, in human early preimplantation embryogenesis and embryonic stem cell characterization. Stem Cells 2007; 25:3045-57. [PMID: 17872502 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) promise tremendous potential as a developmental and cell therapeutic tool. The combined effort of stimulatory and inhibitory signals regulating gene expression, which drives the tissue differentiation and morphogenetic processes during early embryogenesis, is still very poorly understood. With the scarcity of availability of human embryos for research, hESC can be used as an alternative source to study the early human embryogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA), a simple hydrating sugar, is present abundantly in the female reproductive tract during fertilization, embryo growth, and implantation and plays an important role in early development of the mammalian embryo. HA and its binding protein RHAMM regulate various cellular and hydrodynamic processes from cell migration, proliferation, and signaling to regulation of gene expression, cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and metastasis via both extracellular and intracellular pathways. In this study, we show for the first time that HA synthase gene HAS2 and its binding receptor RHAMM are differentially expressed during all stages of preimplantation human embryos and hESC. RHAMM expression is significantly downregulated during differentiation of hESC, in contrast to HAS2, which is significantly upregulated. Most importantly, RHAMM knockdown results in downregulation of several pluripotency markers in hESC, induction of early extraembryonic lineages, loss of cell viability, and changes in hESC cycle. These data therefore highlight an important role for RHAMM in maintenance of hESC pluripotency, viability, and cell cycle control. Interestingly, HAS2 knockdown results in suppression of hESC differentiation without affecting hESC pluripotency. This suggests an intrinsic role for HAS2 in hESC differentiation process. In accordance with this, addition of exogenous HA to the differentiation medium enhances hESC differentiation to mesodermal and cardiac lineages. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Choudhary
- North East Institute for Stem Cell Research and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, International Centre for Life, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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8
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Tse GMK, Tan PH, Ma TKF, Gilks CB, Poon CSP, Law BKB. CD44s is useful in the differentiation of benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2006; 58:1185-8. [PMID: 16254109 PMCID: PMC1770758 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS CD44s, the standard form of CD44, has been shown to be downregulated during malignant transformation of breast cancers. It has also been reported recently to be a useful marker in differentiating between benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast, with high expression in the former. CD44s expression in benign and malignant papillary lesions was evaluated. METHODS CD44s expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 101 benign papillomas and 59 papillary carcinomas (seven invasive papillary carcinomas, 41 papillary ductal carcinomas in situ, and 11 ductal carcinomas involving papillomas). RESULTS Patients' age and tumour size were significantly different between the papilloma and papillary carcinoma groups (p < 0.0001). CD44s showed positive staining in 45 papillomas (45%) and five papillary carcinomas (8%), and the difference was significant (p < 0.0001). The myoepithelial cells, when present, were also positive for CD44s in both groups, with no observable differences. Using CD44s positive staining to differentiate between benign and malignant papillary lesions gives a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 45%, 92%, and 62%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CD44s may be useful as an adjunct in the evaluation of morphologically problematic cases of papillary lesion of the breast.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Papilloma, Intraductal/diagnosis
- Papilloma, Intraductal/pathology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- G M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT Hong Kong, SAR.
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Tolg C, Poon R, Fodde R, Turley EA, Alman BA. Genetic deletion of receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (Rhamm) attenuates the formation of aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor). Oncogene 2003; 22:6873-82. [PMID: 14534534 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor) is a locally invasive soft tissue neoplasm associated with mutations resulting in beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation. This tumor is composed of cells with histological and molecular characteristics common to proliferating mesenchymal cells of dermal wounds. Using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, we show that Rhamm, a protein with an important role in wound healing and neoplastic progression, is also expressed at high levels in aggressive fibromatosis. A mouse harboring a targeted deletion in Rhamm was generated, resulting in viable Rhamm-/- animals. Rhamm-/- mice were crossed with Apc/Apc1638N mice, which harbor a targeted mutation in the Apc gene predisposing animals to gastrointestinal and aggressive fibromatosis tumors. Rhamm deficiency significantly decreased the number of aggressive fibromatosis tumors formed, but did not alter the number of gastrointestinal polyps. Cell culture studies show that Rhamm regulates cell proliferation in both fibroblasts and fibromatosis cells under conditions of low density, but not high density. These results suggest that Rhamm regulates proliferation of cells with sparse cell-cell contacts, such as occurs in aggressive fibromatosis; provides the first genetic evidence implicating Rhamm in tumor pathology; and suggest Rhamm blockade as a potential therapeutic target for this otherwise difficult-to-treat neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tolg
- Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
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Berner HS, Suo Z, Risberg B, Villman K, Karlsson MG, Nesland JM. Clinicopathological associations of CD44 mRNA and protein expression in primary breast carcinomas. Histopathology 2003; 42:546-54. [PMID: 12786890 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the occurrence of CD44 isoforms in breast carcinomas and their role in predicting clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS Shock-frozen tumour tissues from 110 patients with breast carcinoma were examined by immunohistochemistry using antibodies directed against CD44s, v5, v6, v7 and v3-10. In addition, 80 of these tumours were available for quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of CD44s and CD44v6. Immunohistochemically, the positive tumours showed cytoplasmic and/or membranous staining with all antibodies. Staining results did not correlate with histological subtype, lymph node status, status of steroid receptors, tumour size or age. Neither was any correlation found for overall and disease-free survival. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR of CD44s and CD44v6, however, revealed that expression of CD44v6 mRNA was significantly associated with lower pathological grade (Pearson chi(2) test P = 0.009; linear-by-linear association P = 0.003). Linear-by-linear association between CD44s mRNA expression and lower pathological grade was also seen (P = 0.02). Survival analysis with the Kaplan-Meier method demonstrated that increased CD44s mRNA expression was significantly associated with both disease-free survival and overall survival (P = 0.0185 and P = 0.0344, respectively). A similar trend for CD44v6 mRNA expression was seen in these cases, but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed clinical correlations of CD44s and CD44v6 mRNA expression in breast carcinomas while immunohistochemistry for the protein expression of CD44s and other CD44 variants did not. This contradictory result merits further studies concerning the clinical impact of CD44 molecules in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Berner
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
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Maxwell CA, Keats JJ, Crainie M, Sun X, Yen T, Shibuya E, Hendzel M, Chan G, Pilarski LM. RHAMM is a centrosomal protein that interacts with dynein and maintains spindle pole stability. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:2262-76. [PMID: 12808028 PMCID: PMC194876 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-07-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM), an acidic coiled coil protein, has previously been characterized as a cell surface receptor for hyaluronan, and a microtubule-associated intracellular hyaluronan binding protein. In this study, we demonstrate that a subset of cellular RHAMM localizes to the centrosome and functions in the maintenance of spindle integrity. We confirm a previous study showing that the amino terminus of RHAMM interacts with microtubules and further demonstrate that a separate carboxy-terminal domain is required for centrosomal targeting. This motif overlaps the defined hyaluronan binding domain and bears 72% identity to the dynein interaction domain of Xklp2. RHAMM antibodies coimmunprecipitate dynein IC from Xenopus and HeLa extracts. Deregulation of RHAMM expression inhibits mitotic progression and affects spindle architecture. Structure, localization, and function, along with phylogenetic analysis, suggests that RHAMM may be a new member of the TACC family. Thus, we demonstrate a novel centrosomal localization and mitotic spindle-stabilizing function for RHAMM. Moreover, we provide a potential mechanism for this function in that RHAMM may cross-link centrosomal microtubules, through a direct interaction with microtubules and an association with dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta/Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 1Z2
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Greiner J, Ringhoffer M, Taniguchi M, Schmitt A, Kirchner D, Krähn G, Heilmann V, Gschwend J, Bergmann L, Döhner H, Schmitt M. Receptor for hyaluronan acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) is a new immunogenic leukemia-associated antigen in acute and chronic myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:1029-35. [PMID: 12225794 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identification of leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) eliciting an immune response in patients is a prerequisite for specific immunotherapy of leukemias. To identify new LAA, we used the method of serologic screening of cDNA expression libraries (SEREX). MATERIALS AND METHODS A SEREX library of the cell line K562 was subjected to allogeneic screening with sera from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) vs sera from healthy volunteers. RESULTS The receptor for hyaluronan acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) involved in cell growth and metastasis was identified as a new LAA. Serologic responses to RHAMM were observed in patients with AML (42%), CML (31%), melanoma (83%), renal cell carcinoma (40%), breast cancer (67%), and ovarian carcinoma (50%), but not in HV or patients with autoimmune diseases. RHAMM mRNA was detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) of 60% of newly diagnosed AML patients. Western blotting stained positive for RHAMM protein in 70% of AML patients. mRNA expression of RHAMM also was found in patients with CML (40%), renal cell carcinoma (73%), breast carcinoma (60%), and ovarian carcinoma (50%). In melanoma, RHAMM mRNA expression was detected in metastases (80%) but not in primary tumors. RHAMM is differentially expressed: significant mRNA expression was not found in normal tissues, except from testis, placenta, and thymus, or in PBMN- and CD34-separated cell samples of healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS RHAMM is an immunogenic antigen in leukemias and solid tumors and might be a potential target structure for cellular immunotherapies and antibody therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Computer Systems
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- K562 Cells/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Male
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/pathology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Greiner
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Zhou R, Wu X, Skalli O. The hyaluronan receptor RHAMM/IHABP in astrocytoma cells: expression of a tumor-specific variant and association with microtubules. J Neurooncol 2002; 59:15-26. [PMID: 12222834 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016373015569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan binding to its cellular receptors CD44 and ICAM-1 appears to enhance the malignant behavior of tumors, including astrocytomas. RHAMM/IHABP, another hyaluronan receptor, has been identified in breast carcinoma cells, but its presence in astrocytomas is yet undetermined. Herein, we report that a monoclonal antibody against plectin (a cytoskeletal protein linker) recognizes on Western blots of U-373 MG glioblastoma cells, a 300-kDa band corresponding to plectin and two bands of 86 and 70 kDa. cDNA cloning and Northern blotting reveals that these two bands represent isoforms of RHAMM/IHABP. Sequence comparisons suggest that the plectin monoclonal antibody recognizes RHAMM/IHABP because this protein and plectin share short peptide sequences of similar primary and secondary structure. Western blotting demonstrates that most human astrocytoma tissues and cell lines express the 86- and 70-kDa isoforms of RHAMM/IHABP. Interestingly, the 70-kDa variant is undetectable in normal brain tissues and in primary cultures of astrocytes suggesting that its expression is tumor-specific. Transfection experiments with epitope-tagged RHAMM/IHABP cDNA established that RHAMM/IHABP associates with microtubules in astrocytoma cells, while in normal astrocytes it either co-localizes with microtubules or has a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution. This suggests that RHAMM/IHABP has the capacity to bind to microtubules in normal and transformed astrocytes, and that neoplasia may favor this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Zhou
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center in Shreveport, 71130-39932, USA
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14
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Berner HS, Nesland JM. Expression of CD44 isoforms in infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001; 65:23-9. [PMID: 11245336 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006417412046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of CD44 has been shown to correlate with the progression and prognosis of some malignant tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD44 isoforms in infiltrating lobular carcinomas and analyse their potential as prognostic indicators. A panel of 39 tumors were examined for their expression of membranous and cytoplasmic CD44s, v3, v5, v6, v7 and v3-10 in the infiltrating cells, by immunohistochemical staining. The protein positive tumors showed membranous and/or cytoplasmic staining with all antibodies used except for CD44v7, which only displayed cytoplasmic staining. Cytoplasmic expression of CD44v3 (P = 0.014) and membranous expression of v6 (P = 0.039) were significantly associated with alveolar, classical/alveolar carcinomas and mucinous/alveolar carcinomas. Furthermore, in alveolar, classical/alveolar and mucinous/alveolar carcinomas, cytoplasmic staining of CD44v5 was correlated with lymph node negative patients (P = 0.048), whereas membranous v5 was correlated with lymph positive patients (P = 0.048). In classical, classical/trabecular and trabecular carcinomas expression of membranous CD44s was significantly correlated with lymph node status (P = 0.042).
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Berner
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello.
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15
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Zhang S, Chang MC, Zylka D, Turley S, Harrison R, Turley EA. The hyaluronan receptor RHAMM regulates extracellular-regulated kinase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:11342-8. [PMID: 9556628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.18.11342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified two RHAMM (receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility) isoforms that encode an alternatively spliced exon 4 (Hall, C. L., Yang, B., Yang, X., Zhang, S., Turley, M., Samuel, S., Lange, L. A., Wang, C., Curpen, G. D., Savani, R. C., Greenberg, A. H., and Turley, E. A. (1995) Cell 82, 19-26 and Wang, C., Entwistle, J., Hou, G., Li, Q., and Turley, E. A. (1996) Gene 174, 299-306). One of these, RHAMM variant 4 (RHAMMv4), is transforming when overexpressed and regulates Ras signaling (Hall et al.). Here we note using flow cytometry and confocal analysis that RHAMM isoforms encoding exon 4 occur both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Epitope-tagging experiments indicate that RHAMMv4 occurs only in the cytoplasm. Several observations suggest that both cell surface RHAMM isoforms and RHAMMv4 are involved in regulating extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Affinity-purified anti-RHAMM exon 4 antibodies block the ability of platelet-derived growth factor to activate ERK, and these reagents modify the protein tyrosine phosphorylation profile of proteins resulting from treatment with platelet-derived growth factor. A dominant negative form of RHAMMv4 inhibits mutant active Ras activation of ERK and coimmunoprecipitates with both mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and ERK, suggesting that the intracellular RHAMMv4 acts downstream of Ras, possibly at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-ERK interactions. Consistent with this, overexpression of RHAMMv4 constitutively activates ERK. These results identify a novel mechanism for the regulation of the Ras-ERK signaling pathway and suggest that RHAMM plays multiple roles in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G1X8
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