1
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Storm L, Bruijnesteijn J, de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. The Genomic Organization of the LILR Region Remained Largely Conserved Throughout Primate Evolution: Implications for Health And Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716289. [PMID: 34737739 PMCID: PMC8562567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family map to the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) on chromosome 19, and consist of both activating and inhibiting entities. These receptors are often involved in regulating immune responses, and are considered to play a role in health and disease. The human LILR region and evolutionary equivalents in some rodent and bird species have been thoroughly characterized. In non-human primates, the LILR region is annotated, but a thorough comparison between humans and non-human primates has not yet been documented. Therefore, it was decided to undertake a comprehensive comparison of the human and non-human primate LILR region at the genomic level. During primate evolution the organization of the LILR region remained largely conserved. One major exception, however, is provided by the common marmoset, a New World monkey species, which seems to feature a substantial contraction of the number of LILR genes in both the centromeric and the telomeric region. Furthermore, genomic analysis revealed that the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene KIR3DX1, which maps in the LILR region, features one copy in humans and great ape species. A second copy, which might have been introduced by a duplication event, was observed in the lesser apes, and in Old and New World monkey species. The highly conserved gene organization allowed us to standardize the LILR gene nomenclature for non-human primate species, and implies that most of the receptors encoded by these genes likely fulfill highly preserved functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Storm
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jesse Bruijnesteijn
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Natasja G de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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2
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Yang C, Zhou Y, Marcus S, Formenti G, Bergeron LA, Song Z, Bi X, Bergman J, Rousselle MMC, Zhou C, Zhou L, Deng Y, Fang M, Xie D, Zhu Y, Tan S, Mountcastle J, Haase B, Balacco J, Wood J, Chow W, Rhie A, Pippel M, Fabiszak MM, Koren S, Fedrigo O, Freiwald WA, Howe K, Yang H, Phillippy AM, Schierup MH, Jarvis ED, Zhang G. Evolutionary and biomedical insights from a marmoset diploid genome assembly. Nature 2021; 594:227-233. [PMID: 33910227 PMCID: PMC8189906 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The accurate and complete assembly of both haplotype sequences of a diploid organism is essential to understanding the role of variation in genome functions, phenotypes and diseases1. Here, using a trio-binning approach, we present a high-quality, diploid reference genome, with both haplotypes assembled independently at the chromosome level, for the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an primate model system that is widely used in biomedical research2,3. The full spectrum of heterozygosity between the two haplotypes involves 1.36% of the genome-much higher than the 0.13% indicated by the standard estimation based on single-nucleotide heterozygosity alone. The de novo mutation rate is 0.43 × 10-8 per site per generation, and the paternal inherited genome acquired twice as many mutations as the maternal. Our diploid assembly enabled us to discover a recent expansion of the sex-differentiation region and unique evolutionary changes in the marmoset Y chromosome. In addition, we identified many genes with signatures of positive selection that might have contributed to the evolution of Callithrix biological features. Brain-related genes were highly conserved between marmosets and humans, although several genes experienced lineage-specific copy number variations or diversifying selection, with implications for the use of marmosets as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chentao Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stephanie Marcus
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulio Formenti
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucie A Bergeron
- Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhenzhen Song
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Juraj Bergman
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Yuan Deng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Duo Xie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | - Bettina Haase
- Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Balacco
- Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Arang Rhie
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin Pippel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Fedrigo
- Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winrich A Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Brains, Minds and Machines (CBMM), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Adam M Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Erich D Jarvis
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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3
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Petkov S, Kahland T, Shomroni O, Lingner T, Salinas G, Fuchs S, Debowski K, Behr R. Immortalization of common marmoset monkey fibroblasts by piggyBac transposition of hTERT. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204580. [PMID: 30261016 PMCID: PMC6160115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a certain type-specific number of mitotic divisions, terminally differentiated cells undergo proliferative senescence, thwarting efforts to expand different cell populations in vitro for the needs of scientific research or medical therapies. The primary cause of this phenomenon is the progressive shortening of the telomeres and the subsequent activation of cell cycle control pathways leading to a block of cell proliferation. Restoration of telomere length by transgenic expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) usually results in bypassing of the replicative senescence and ultimately in cell immortalization. To date, there have not been any reports regarding immortalization of cells from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an important non-human primate model for various human diseases, with the use of exogenous human TERT (hTERT). In this study, marmoset fibroblasts were successfully immortalized with transposon-integrated transgenic hTERT and expanded in vitro for over 500 population doublings. Calculation of population doubling levels (PDL) showed that the derived hTERT-transgenic lines had significantly higher proliferation potential than the wild-type fibroblasts, which reached only a maximum of 46 doublings. However, the immortalized cells exhibited differences in the morphology compared with the control fibroblasts and transcriptome analysis also revealed changes in the gene expression patterns. Finally, the karyotypes of all hTERT-transgenic cell lines showed various aberrations such as presence of extra Chromosome 17, isochromosome 21q, or tetraploidy. By single-cell expansion of the least affected monoclonal immortalized line, one sub-clonal line with normal karyotype was established, suggesting the possibility to derive immortal marmoset cells with normal karyotypes. The results of this study are an important step towards the development and optimization of methods for the production of immortalized cells from common marmoset monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Petkov
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kahland
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Debowski
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Stanyon R, Giusti D, Araújo NP, Bigoni F, Svartman M. Chromosome painting of the red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas) compared to other Callitrichinae monkeys. Genome 2018; 61:771-776. [PMID: 30222938 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we present, for the first time, the complete chromosome painting map of Saguinus midas, the red-handed tamarin. Chromosome banding and painting with human chromosome-specific probes were used to compare the karyotype of this species with those of four other Neotropical primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae: Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, C. penicillata, and Mico argentatus. The chromosome painting map of S. midas was identical to that of L. rosalia and other previously studied tamarin species (genera Saguinus and Leontopithecus). The three marmoset species studied (genera Callithrix and Mico) differed in the painting pattern of four human probes (chromosomes 1, 2, 10, and 16). These paints identified the presence or absence of chromosome associations HSA 1/10 and 2/16 in these taxa. By integrating our data with those from the literature, we were able to propose an ancestral Callitrichinae karyotype. The genera Saguinus and Leontopithecus (tamarins) conserve the ancestral Callitrichinae karyotype, while Mico and Callithrix (marmosets) show more derived karyotypes due to chromosome translocations and fissions that occurred during the evolution of these taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roscoe Stanyon
- a Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | - Dorotea Giusti
- a Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | - Naiara Pereira Araújo
- b Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francesca Bigoni
- c Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Section, University of Florence, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marta Svartman
- b Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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5
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Schrago CG, Mello B, Pereira AG, Furtado C, Seuánez HN. Impact of long-term chromosomal shuffling on the multispecies coalescent analysis of two anthropoid primate lineages. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:1206-1216. [PMID: 29375791 PMCID: PMC5773316 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multispecies coalescent (MSC) theory assumes that gene trees inferred from individual loci are independent trials of the MSC process. As genes might be physically close in syntenic associations spanning along chromosome regions, these assumptions might be flawed in evolutionary lineages with substantial karyotypic shuffling. Neotropical primates (NP) represent an ideal case for assessing the performance of MSC methods in such scenarios because chromosome diploid number varies significantly in this lineage. To this end, we investigated the effect of sequence length on the theoretical expectations of MSC model, as well as the results of coalescent‐based tree inference methods. This was carried out by comparing NP with hominids, a lineage in which chromosome macrostructure has been stable for at least 15 million years. We found that departure from the MSC model in Neotropical primates decreased with smaller sequence fragments, where sites sharing the same evolutionary history were more frequently found than in longer fragments. This scenario probably resulted from extensive karyotypic rearrangement occurring during the radiation of NP, contrary to the comparatively stable chromosome evolution in hominids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Schrago
- Department of Genetics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Beatriz Mello
- Department of Genetics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Anieli G Pereira
- Department of Genetics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Division of Genetics National Cancer Institute Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Hector N Seuánez
- Department of Genetics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil.,Division of Genetics National Cancer Institute Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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6
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Araújo NP, de Lima LG, Dias GB, Kuhn GCS, de Melo AL, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y, Stanyon R, Svartman M. Identification and characterization of a subtelomeric satellite DNA in Callitrichini monkeys. DNA Res 2017; 24:377-385. [PMID: 28854689 PMCID: PMC5737874 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive DNAs are abundant fast-evolving components of eukaryotic genomes, which often possess important structural and functional roles. Despite their ubiquity, repetitive DNAs are poorly studied when compared with the genic fraction of genomes. Here, we took advantage of the availability of the sequenced genome of the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus to assess its satellite DNAs (satDNAs) and their distribution in Callitrichini. After clustering analysis of all reads and comparisons by similarity, we identified a satDNA composed by 171 bp motifs, named MarmoSAT, which composes 1.09% of the C. jacchus genome. Fluorescent in situ hybridization on chromosomes of species from the genera Callithrix, Mico and Callimico showed that MarmoSAT had a subtelomeric location. In addition to the common monomeric, we found that MarmoSAT was also organized in higher-order repeats of 338 bp in Callimico goeldii. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that MarmoSAT repeats from C. jacchus lack chromosome-specific features, suggesting exchange events among subterminal regions of non-homologous chromosomes. MarmoSAT is transcribed in several tissues of C. jacchus, with the highest transcription levels in spleen, thymus and heart. The transcription profile and subtelomeric location suggest that MarmoSAT may be involved in the regulation of telomerase and modulation of telomeric chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Pereira Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Citogenômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gomes de Lima
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Citogenômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Borges Dias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Citogenômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Campos Silva Kuhn
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Citogenômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Taxonomia e Biologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Yatiyo Yonenaga-Yassuda
- Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Citogenética de Vertebrados, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roscoe Stanyon
- University of Florence, Department of Biology, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Svartman
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Citogenômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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7
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Dumas F, Mazzoleni S. Neotropical primate evolution and phylogenetic reconstruction using chromosomal data. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2016.1260655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Dumas
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche”, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - S. Mazzoleni
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche”, University of Palermo, Italy
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Debowski K, Drummer C, Lentes J, Cors M, Dressel R, Lingner T, Salinas-Riester G, Fuchs S, Sasaki E, Behr R. The transcriptomes of novel marmoset monkey embryonic stem cell lines reflect distinct genomic features. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29122. [PMID: 27385131 PMCID: PMC4935898 DOI: 10.1038/srep29122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are useful for the study of embryonic development. However, since research on naturally conceived human embryos is limited, non-human primate (NHP) embryos and NHP ESCs represent an excellent alternative to the corresponding human entities. Though, ESC lines derived from naturally conceived NHP embryos are still very rare. Here, we report the generation and characterization of four novel ESC lines derived from natural preimplantation embryos of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). For the first time we document derivation of NHP ESCs derived from morula stages. We show that quantitative chromosome-wise transcriptome analyses precisely reflect trisomies present in both morula-derived ESC lines. We also demonstrate that the female ESC lines exhibit different states of X-inactivation which is impressively reflected by the abundance of the lncRNA X inactive-specific transcript (XIST). The novel marmoset ESC lines will promote basic primate embryo and ESC studies as well as preclinical testing of ESC-based regenerative approaches in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Debowski
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jana Lentes
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maren Cors
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821 Japan.,Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Shimamoto Y, Niimi K, Kitamura H, Tsubakishita S, Takahashi E. In situ hybridization study of CYP2D mRNA in the common marmoset brain. Exp Anim 2016; 65:465-471. [PMID: 27356856 PMCID: PMC5111850 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset is a non-human primate that has increasingly employed in the
biomedical research including the fields of neuroscience and behavioral studies.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D has been speculated to be involved in psycho-neurologic actions
in the human brain. In the present study, to clarify the role of CYP2D in the marmoset
brain, we investigated the expression patterns of CYP2D mRNA in the brain
using in situ hybridization (ISH). In addition, to identify the gene
location of CYP2D19, a well-studied CYP2D isoform in the common marmoset,
a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was performed.
Consistent with findings for the human brain, CYP2D mRNA was localized in
the neuronal cells of different brain regions; e.g., the cerebral cortex, hippocampus,
substantia nigra, and cerebellum. FISH analysis showed that the CYP2D19
gene was located on chromosome 1q, which is homologous to human chromosome 22 on which the
CYP2D6 gene exists. These results suggest that CYP2D in the marmoset
brain may play the same role as human CYP2D6 in terms of brain actions, and that the
CYP2D19 gene is conserved in a syntenic manner. Taken together, these
findings suggest that the common marmoset is a useful model for studying psychiatric
disorders related to CYP2D dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Therapeutics, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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10
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Wedi E, Müller S, Neusser M, Vogt PH, Tkachenko OY, Zimmer J, Smeets D, Michelmann HW, Nayudu PL. Detection of cross-sex chimerism in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) in interphase cells using fluorescence in situ hybridisation probes specific for the marmoset X and Y chromosomes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 29:RD15321. [PMID: 26876539 DOI: 10.1071/rd15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimerism associated with placental sharing in marmosets has been traditionally analysed using conventional chromosome staining on metaphase spreads or polymerase chain reaction. However, the former technique requires the presence of proliferating cells, whereas the latter may be associated with possible blood cell contamination. Therefore, we aimed to develop a single-cell analysis technique for sexing marmoset cells. We applied fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) to cell nuclei using differentially labelled X and Y chromosome-specific probes. Herein we present the validation of this method in metaphase cells from a marmoset lymphoblastoid cell line, as well as application of the method for evaluation of cross-sex chimerism in interphase blood lymphocytes and haematopoietic bone marrow cells from marmosets of same- and mixed-sex litters. The results show conclusively that haematopoietic cells of bone marrow and leucocytes from blood are cross-sex chimeric when the litter is mixed sex. In addition, single samples of liver and spleen cell suspensions from one individual were tested. Cross-sex chimerism was observed in the spleen but not in liver cells. We conclude that FISH is the method of choice to identify cross-sex chimerism, especially when combined with morphological identification of nuclei of different cell types, which will allow a targeted tissue-specific analysis.
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11
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Fan X, Supiwong W, Weise A, Mrasek K, Kosyakova N, Tanomtong A, Pinthong K, Trifonov VA, Cioffi MDB, Grothmann P, Liehr T, Oliveira EH. Comprehensive characterization of evolutionary conserved breakpoints in four New World Monkey karyotypes compared to Chlorocebus aethiops and Homo sapiens. Heliyon 2015; 1:e00042. [PMID: 27441227 PMCID: PMC4945616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative cytogenetic analysis in New World Monkeys (NWMs) using human multicolor banding (MCB) probe sets were not previously done. Here we report on an MCB based FISH-banding study complemented with selected locus-specific and heterochromatin specific probes in four NWMs and one Old World Monkey (OWM) species, i.e. in Alouatta caraya (ACA), Callithrix jacchus (CJA), Cebus apella (CAP), Saimiri sciureus (SSC), and Chlorocebus aethiops (CAE), respectively. 107 individual evolutionary conserved breakpoints (ECBs) among those species were identified and compared with those of other species in previous reports. Especially for chromosomal regions being syntenic to human chromosomes 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 16 previously cryptic rearrangements could be observed. 50.4% (54/107) NWM-ECBs were colocalized with those of OWMs, 62.6% (62/99) NWM-ECBs were related with those of Hylobates lar (HLA) and 66.3% (71/107) NWM-ECBs corresponded with those known from other mammalians. Furthermore, human fragile sites were aligned with the ECBs found in the five studied species and interestingly 66.3% ECBs colocalized with those fragile sites (FS). Overall, this study presents detailed chromosomal maps of one OWM and four NWM species. This data will be helpful to further investigation on chromosome evolution in NWM and hominoids in general and is prerequisite for correct interpretation of future sequencing based genomic studies in those species.
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Key Words
- ACA, Alouatta caraya
- Atelidae
- BACs, bacterial artificial chromosomes
- CAE, Chlorocebus aethiops
- CAP, Cebus apella
- CJA, Callithrix jacchus
- Cebidae
- EC, evolutionary conserved
- ECBs, evolutionary conserved breakpoints
- Evolutionary conserved breakpoints
- Evolutionary genetics
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- FS, fragile site
- Fragile sites
- Genetics
- HCM, heterochromatin mix
- HLA, Hylobates lar
- HSA, Homo sapiens
- HSBs, homologous syntenic blocks
- MCB, multicolor banding
- Multicolor banding
- NGS, Next-generation sequencing
- NOR, nucleolus organizer region
- NWMs, New World Monkeys
- New World Monkeys
- OWMs, Old World Monkeys
- Old World Monkeys
- SSC, Saimiri sciureus
- subCTM, sub-centromere/subtelomere-specific multicolor (FISH)
- wcp, whole human chromosome painting
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Fan
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Weerayuth Supiwong
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, KhonKaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittapap Rd., Muang District, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anja Weise
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadezda Kosyakova
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alongkoad Tanomtong
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, KhonKaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittapap Rd., Muang District, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Krit Pinthong
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, KhonKaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittapap Rd., Muang District, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pierre Grothmann
- Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen GmbH, Am Safaripark 1, 29693, Hodenhagen, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Edivaldo H.C.de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Naturais, ICEN, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário do Guamá, 66075-110 Belém-PA, Brazil
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VanderVeen N, Paran C, Appelhans A, Krasinkiewicz J, Lemons R, Appelman H, Doherty R, Palmer D, Ng P, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Marmosets as a preclinical model for testing "off-label" use of doxycycline to turn on Flt3L expression from high-capacity adenovirus vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2014; 1:10. [PMID: 25068145 PMCID: PMC4111110 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a combined conditional cytotoxic, i.e., herpes simplex type 1-thymidine kinase (TK), plus immune-stimulatory, i.e., fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand-3-mediated gene therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Therapeutic transgenes were encoded within high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-Ad); TK was expressed constitutively, while Flt3L was under the control of the TetOn regulatable promoter. We previously assessed efficacy and safety in intracranial GBM rodent models. But, since this approach involves expression of a cytokine within the brain, we chose the nonhuman primate, i.e., Callithrix jaccus (marmoset) as it has been established that its immune response shares similarities with man. We characterized the safety, cell-type specific expression, and doxycycline (DOX)-inducibility of HC-Ad-TetOn-Flt3L delivered within the striatum. We used allometrically scaled DOX doses delivered orally, twice daily for one month, mimicking the route and duration of DOX administration planned for the GBM trial. Flt3L was effectively expressed within astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. No evidence of brain or systemic toxicities due to the treatment was encountered. Our data indicate that DOX doses equivalent to those used in humans to treat infections can be safely used "off-label" to turn "on" therapeutic gene expression from HC-Ad-TetOn-Flt3L; providing evidence for the safety of this approach in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan VanderVeen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Paran
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ashley Appelhans
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johnny Krasinkiewicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rosemary Lemons
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry Appelman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert Doherty
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Donna Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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13
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Wiedemann A, Hemmer K, Bernemann I, Göhring G, Pogozhykh O, Figueiredo C, Glage S, Schambach A, Schwamborn JC, Blasczyk R, Müller T. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from adult bone marrow-derived cells of the nonhuman primate (Callithrix jacchus) using a novel quad-cistronic and excisable lentiviral vector. Cell Reprogram 2013. [PMID: 23194452 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is in need of solid, large animal models as a link between rodents and humans to evaluate the functionality, immunogenicity, and clinical safety of stem cell-derived cell types. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is an excellent large animal model, genetically close to humans and readily used worldwide in clinical research. Until now, only two groups showed the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the common marmoset using integrating retroviral vectors. Therefore, we reprogrammed bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (MSCs) of adult marmosets in the presence of TAV, SB431542, PD0325901, and ascorbic acid via a novel, excisable lentiviral spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV)-driven quad-cistronic vector system (OCT3/4, KLF4, SOX2, C-MYC). Endogenous pluripotency markers like OCT3/4, KLF4, SOX2, C-MYC, LIN28, NANOG, and strong alkaline phosphatase signals were detected. Exogenous genes were silenced and additionally the cassette was removed with a retroviral Gag precursor system. The cell line could be cultured in absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and could be successfully differentiated into embryoid bodies and teratomas with presence of all three germ layers. Directed differentiation generated neural progenitors, megakaryocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteogenic cells. Thus, all criteria for fully reprogrammed bone marrow-MSCs of a nonhuman primate with a genetically sophisticated construct could be demonstrated. These cells will be a promising tool for future autologous transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Wiedemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Delimitreva S, Wedi E, Bakker J, Tkachenko OY, Nikolova V, Nayudu PL. Numerical chromosome disorders in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)--comparison between two captive colonies. J Med Primatol 2013; 42:177-85. [PMID: 23600894 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal analyses were performed for marmosets from two colonies - Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ) and Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC). Chlorine-based disinfectants are used in DPZ; no chemical disinfection is applied in BPRC. METHODS The rates of chromosomal non-disjunction, polyploidy and endoreduplication were investigated after G-banding. RESULTS For DPZ monkeys, the mean rates of non-disjunction were 7.6% for bone marrow and 11.3% for lymphocytes. The polyploidy level was 2.5% in bone marrow and 0.8% in blood. Frequency of endoreduplication in bone marrow and in leucocytes was 0.5% and 0.8%, respectively. For BPRC, the rate of non-disjunction in leucocytes (1.3%) was significantly lower than that for DPZ; the polyploidy rate (0.2%) in blood was lower than that in DPZ; endoreduplication was not observed. CONCLUSION The levels of chromosomal disorders are elevated for DPZ colony. We suggest that the increased rate of chromosomal disorders in DPZ marmosets can be related to the chemical disinfection of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Delimitreva
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biomedicine, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany.
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15
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de Oliveira EHC, Neusser M, Müller S. Chromosome evolution in new world monkeys (Platyrrhini). Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 137:259-72. [PMID: 22699158 DOI: 10.1159/000339296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, New World monkey (NWM, Platyrrhini, Anthropoideae) comparative cytogenetics has shed light on many fundamental aspects of genome organisation and evolution in this fascinating, but also highly endangered group of neotropical primates. In this review, we first provide an overview about the evolutionary origin of the inferred ancestral NWM karyotype of 2n = 54 chromosomes and about the lineage-specific chromosome rearrangements resulting in the highly divergent karyotypes of extant NWM species, ranging from 2n = 16 in a titi monkey to 2n = 62 in a woolly monkey. Next, we discuss the available data on the chromosome phylogeny of NWM in the context of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. In the last part, we highlight some recent research on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the large-scale evolutionary genomic changes in platyrrhine monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos, SAMAM, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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16
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Plentz RR, Palagani V, Wiedemann A, Diekmann U, Glage S, Naujok O, Jörns A, Müller T. Islet microarchitecture and glucose transporter expression of the pancreas of the marmoset monkey display similarities to the human. Islets 2012; 4:123-9. [PMID: 22627676 DOI: 10.4161/isl.19254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset New World monkey (Callithrix jacchus), is a primate model with great potential for scientific research, including research on diabetes. However, in opposite to Rhesus and Java monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) little is known about the marmosets islet microarchitecture, glucose transporter and pancreatic marker gene expression. In this work we analyze differences and similarities in size, shape, cellular composition and intra-islet topography between the common marmoset and the human endocrine pancreas. Different sized, circular and a-circular shaped islets of the common marmoset and human display α-cells in the whole islet organ leading to a ribbon-like islet type. The number of islets was significantly higher in the common marmoset compared with humans. However, the area of insulin-producing cells was significantly higher in the human pancreas. Intra-islet distribution pattern of δ- and β-cells was similar in both species. The morphology of the exocrine pancreas regarding acinar and ductal cells was quite similar as confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. Additionally the ultrastructure of secretory granules from α-, δ- and β-cells of human and non-human primate pancreas showed the same characteristics. Molecular analysis showed the presence of endocrine pancreatic marker genes like PMCA2, NCX1, SUR1, KIR6.2, MAFA, NGN3 and PDX1 also expressed in the human. For the first time we could show presence of Glut 5 and 9 transporters in addition to the low abundance transporter Glut2 and the highly expressed Glut1 glucose transporter. We propose that Callithrix jacchus displays a new animal model for diabetes research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben R Plentz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Bernemann I, Mueller T, Blasczyk R, Glasmacher B, Hofmann N. Colonization of collagen scaffolds by adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells of the common marmoset monkey. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Stanyon R, Garofalo F, Steinberg ER, Capozzi O, Di Marco S, Nieves M, Archidiacono N, Mudry MD. Chromosome painting in two genera of South American monkeys: species identification, conservation, and management. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 134:40-50. [PMID: 21335958 DOI: 10.1159/000324415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies showed that a number of New World primate taxa, particularly the genera Alouatta, Aotus, and Callicebus, have highly derived karyotypes. Cytogenetics in these primates, at every level of analysis, has contributed to the recognition of species and revealed that their number was certainly underestimated by researchers relying solely on traditional morphological data. Further attention was drawn to Alouatta and Aotus because they are characterized by translocations of the Y chromosome to autosomes, generating multiple sex chromosome systems. Here we present a report on the hybridization of human chromosome-specific paints on metaphases from 4 individuals originally assigned to Alouatta caraya and 1 individual of Aotuslemurinus. This is only the third karyotype studied with chromosome painting out of more than 10 known karyomorphs in Aotus. The banded chromosomes matched those of karyotype II as defined by Ma et al. [1976a], and we were able to more precisely assign the origin of the sample to A. l. griseimembra. Our results on the Argentinean Alouatta caraya samples were generally comparable to the banding and hybridization pattern of previous studies of A. caraya including the presence of an X(1)X(1)X(2)X(2)/X(1)X(2)Y(1)Y(2) sex chromosome system. The karyotype of the Brazilian Alouatta sample labeled as A. caraya differs from the 3 Argentinean samples by at least 10 chromosome rearrangements. The diploid number, G banding, and hybridization pattern of this female cell line was almost identical to previous painting results on Alouatta guariba guariba. Therefore we must conclude that this cell line is actually from an A. guariba guariba individual. The contribution of cytogenetic tools in identifying species or in this case assigning individuals or cell lines to their precise taxonomic allocation is stressed. Gathering further molecular cytogenetic data on New World primates should be conservation and management priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stanyon
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica, Laboratori di Antropologia, Firenze, Italy.
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Katoh H, Takabayashi S, Itoh T. Development of microsatellite DNA markers and their chromosome assignment in the common marmoset. Am J Primatol 2010; 71:912-8. [PMID: 19637280 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to develop microsatellite DNA markers, which are useful for linkage analyses, gene mapping and blood chimera analyses in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We searched 153 of 295 bacterial artificial clone DNA sequences of the common marmoset that were archived in the NCBI database in 2004. On the basis of the search, we designed 186 PCR primer sets. When tested using 5 unrelated individuals, we successfully detected 154 markers with PCR products, of which 80 (52%) were polymorphic and 74 (48%) were monomorphic. We assigned each of the 154 markers to a human chromosome based on BLAST searches, which was achieved by searching the entire human genome sequences using an approximately 3 kb section of each forward primer sequence, including approximately 1.5 kb of the upstream and approximately 1.5 kb of the downstream sequences. Combining our assignment data and the chromosome painting-assisted karyotype of the common marmoset [Sherlock et al., Genomics 33:214-219, 1996], we prepared a list of 154 microsatellite DNA markers that were assigned to human chromosomes, except for the Y chromosome, which is equivalent to a chromosome map. Using five microsatellite DNA markers, we have established a fragment analysis method with a sequencer, which can be routinely used for blood chimera analysis, parentage diagnosis and individual identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Katoh
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Gifalli-Iughetti C, Koiffmann CP. Synteny of human chromosomes 14 and 15 in the platyrrhines (Primates, Platyrrhini). Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:786-91. [PMID: 21637455 PMCID: PMC3036896 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009005000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the intra- and interspecific variability of the 14/15 association in Platyrrhini, we analyzed 15 species from 13 genera, including species that had not been described yet. The DNA libraries of human chromosomes 14 and 15 were hybridized to metaphases of Alouatta guariba clamitans, A. caraya, A. sara, Ateles paniscus chamek, Lagothrix lagothricha, Brachyteles arachnoides, Saguinus midas midas, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, Callimico goeldii, Callithrix sp., Cebus apella, Aotus nigriceps, Cacajao melanocephalus,Chiropotes satanas and Callicebus caligatus. The 14/15 hybridization pattern was present in 13 species, but not in Alouatta sara that showed a 14/15/14 pattern and Aotus nigriceps that showed a 15/14/15/14 pattern. In the majority of the species, the HSA 14 homologue retained synteny for the entire chromosome, whereas the HSA 15 homologue displayed fragmented segments. Within primates, the New World monkeys represent the taxon with the highest variability in chromosome number (2n = 16 to 62). The presence of the HSA 14/15 association in all species and subspecies studied herein confirms that this association is the ancestral condition for platyrrhines and that this association has been retained in most platyrrhines, despite the occurrence of extensive inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements in this infraorder of Primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiani Gifalli-Iughetti
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Cellamare A, Catacchio CR, Alkan C, Giannuzzi G, Antonacci F, Cardone MF, Della Valle G, Malig M, Rocchi M, Eichler EE, Ventura M. New insights into centromere organization and evolution from the white-cheeked gibbon and marmoset. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:1889-900. [PMID: 19429672 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of alpha-satellite DNA, the major component of primate centromeres, is hardly defined because of the difficulty in its sequence assembly and its rapid evolution when compared with most genomic sequences. By using several approaches, we have cloned, sequenced, and characterized alpha-satellite sequences from two species representing critical nodes in the primate phylogeny: the white-cheeked gibbon, a lesser ape, and marmoset, a New World monkey. Sequence analyses demonstrate that white-cheeked gibbon and marmoset alpha-satellite sequences are formed by units of approximately 171 and approximately 342 bp, respectively, and they both lack the high-order structure found in humans and great apes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization characterization shows a broad dispersal of alpha-satellite in the white-cheeked gibbon genome including centromeric, telomeric, and chromosomal interstitial localizations. On the other hand, centromeres in marmoset appear organized in highly divergent dimers roughly of 342 bp that show a similarity between monomers much lower than previously reported dimers, thus representing an ancient dimeric structure. All these data shed light on the evolution of the centromeric sequences in Primates. Our results suggest radical differences in the structure, organization, and evolution of alpha-satellite DNA among different primate species, supporting the notion that 1) all the centromeric sequence in Primates evolved by genomic amplification, unequal crossover, and sequence homogenization using a 171 bp monomer as the basic seeding unit and 2) centromeric function is linked to relatively short repeated elements, more than higher-order structure. Moreover, our data indicate that complex higher-order repeat structures are a peculiarity of the hominid lineage, showing the more complex organization in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cellamare
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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22
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Müller T, Fleischmann G, Eildermann K, Mätz-Rensing K, Horn PA, Sasaki E, Behr R. A novel embryonic stem cell line derived from the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) exhibiting germ cell-like characteristics. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1359-72. [PMID: 19251728 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic stem cells (ESC) hold great promise for the treatment of degenerative diseases. However, before clinical application of ESC in cell replacement therapy can be achieved, the safety and feasibility must be extensively tested in animal models. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is a useful preclinical non-human primate model due to its physiological similarities to human. Yet, few marmoset ESC lines exist and differences in their developmental potential remain unclear. METHODS Blastocysts were collected and immunosurgery was performed. cjes001 cells were tested for euploidy by karyotyping. The presence of markers for pluripotency was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. Histology of teratoma, in vitro differentiation and embryoid body formation revealed the differentiation potential. RESULTS cjes001 cells displayed a normal 46,XX karyotype. Alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of telomerase and the transcription factors OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 as well as the presence of stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, tumor rejection antigens (TRA)-1-60, and TRA-1-81 indicated pluripotency. Teratoma formation assay displayed derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers. Upon non-directed differentiation, the cells expressed the germ cell markers VASA, BOULE, germ cell nuclear factor and synaptonemal complex protein 3 and showed co-localization of VASA protein within individual cells with the germ line stem cell markers CD9, CD49f, SSEA-4 and protein gene product 9.5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The cjes001 cells represent a new pluripotent ESC line with evidence for enhanced spontaneous differentiation potential into germ cells. This cjes001 line will be very valuable for comparative studies on primate ESC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Stem Cell Research Group, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Münch C, Kirsch S, Fernandes AMG, Schempp W. Evolutionary analysis of the highly dynamic CHEK2 duplicon in anthropoids. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:269. [PMID: 18831734 PMCID: PMC2566985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Segmental duplications (SDs) are euchromatic portions of genomic DNA (> or = 1 kb) that occur at more than one site within the genome, and typically share a high level of sequence identity (>90%). Approximately 5% of the human genome is composed of such duplicated sequences. Here we report the detailed investigation of CHEK2 duplications. CHEK2 is a multiorgan cancer susceptibility gene encoding a cell cycle checkpoint kinase acting in the DNA-damage response signalling pathway. The continuous presence of the CHEK2 gene in all eukaryotes and its important role in maintaining genome stability prompted us to investigate the duplicative evolution and phylogeny of CHEK2 and its paralogs during anthropoid evolution. RESULTS To study CHEK2 duplicon evolution in anthropoids we applied a combination of comparative FISH and in silico analyses. Our comparative FISH results with a CHEK2 fosmid probe revealed the single-copy status of CHEK2 in New World monkeys, Old World monkeys and gibbons. Whereas a single CHEK2 duplication was detected in orangutan, a multi-site signal pattern indicated a burst of duplication in African great apes and human. Phylogenetic analysis of paralogous and ancestral CHEK2 sequences in human, chimpanzee and rhesus macaque confirmed this burst of duplication, which occurred after the radiation of orangutan and African great apes. In addition, we used inter-species quantitative PCR to determine CHEK2 copy numbers. An amplification of CHEK2 was detected in African great apes and the highest CHEK2 copy number of all analysed species was observed in the human genome. Furthermore, we detected variation in CHEK2 copy numbers within the analysed set of human samples. CONCLUSION Our detailed analysis revealed the highly dynamic nature of CHEK2 duplication during anthropoid evolution. We determined a burst of CHEK2 duplication after the radiation of orangutan and African great apes and identified the highest CHEK2 copy number in human. In conclusion, our analysis of CHEK2 duplicon evolution revealed that SDs contribute to inter-species variation. Furthermore, our qPCR analysis led us to presume CHEK2 copy number variation in human, and molecular diagnostics of the cancer susceptibility gene CHEK2 inside the duplicated region might be hampered by the individual-specific set of duplicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Münch
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 33, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kirsch
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 33, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - António MG Fernandes
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 33, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Werner Schempp
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 33, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
In 1992 the Japanese macaque was the first species for which the homology of the entire karyotype was established by cross-species chromosome painting. Today, there are chromosome painting data on more than 50 species of primates. Although chromosome painting is a rapid and economical method for tracking translocations, it has limited utility for revealing intrachromosomal rearrangements. Fortunately, the use of BAC-FISH in the last few years has allowed remarkable progress in determining marker order along primate chromosomes and there are now marker order data on an array of primate species for a good number of chromosomes. These data reveal inversions, but also show that centromeres of many orthologous chromosomes are embedded in different genomic contexts. Even if the mechanisms of neocentromere formation and progression are just beginning to be understood, it is clear that these phenomena had a significant impact on shaping the primate genome and are fundamental to our understanding of genome evolution. In this report we complete and integrate the dataset of BAC-FISH marker order for human syntenies 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22 and the X. These results allowed us to develop hypotheses about the content, marker order and centromere position in ancestral karyotypes at five major branching points on the primate evolutionary tree: ancestral primate, ancestral anthropoid, ancestral platyrrhine, ancestral catarrhine and ancestral hominoid. Current models suggest that between-species structural rearrangements are often intimately related to speciation. Comparative primate cytogenetics has become an important tool for elucidating the phylogeny and the taxonomy of primates. It has become increasingly apparent that molecular cytogenetic data in the future can be fruitfully combined with whole-genome assemblies to advance our understanding of primate genome evolution as well as the mechanisms and processes that have led to the origin of the human genome.
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Delimitreva S, Zhivkova R, Isachenko E, Umland N, Nayudu PL. Meiotic abnormalities in in vitro-matured marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) oocytes: development of a non-human primate model to investigate causal factors. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:240-7. [PMID: 16143640 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meiotic abnormalities are thought to be a major causal factor of low embryo development rates, for embryos developed from in vitro-matured oocytes. A new non-human primate model, in the common marmoset, is being developed to facilitate investigation of the mechanisms involved. METHODS Oocytes were dissected from antral follicles from three size classes. They were allowed to mature in vitro for only 24 h, in order to focus the investigation on the rapidly maturing oocytes. Chromosome spreads were visualized with Giemsa staining, and spindles /chromosomes with fluorescently labelled anti-alpha-tubulin antibody combined with a DNA fluorochrome. RESULTS 40% of the oocytes had reached metaphase II (MII) after 24 h. Of the MII oocytes selected for karyotyping, readable chromosomal spreads were obtained from 64%. Overall, 63% of these presented a normal haploid chromosome number of 23,X, with all abnormal karyotypes occurring in the oocytes from small follicles. For another group of MII oocytes, where meiotic spindles were visualized, only half of the MII oocytes displayed well-formed spindles and apparently correct chromosomal alignment. CONCLUSIONS This work provides the first information on the normal and aneuploid MII meiotic chromosome sets for the marmoset oocyte, and demonstrates a high rate of chromosomal and spindle abnormality among rapidly maturing oocytes from small antral follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Delimitreva
- Human IVF Center, Department of Biology, Medical University, Sofia, 1431- Bulgaria
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Ruiz-Herrera A, García F, Aguilera M, Garcia M, Ponsà Fontanals M. Comparative chromosome painting in Aotus reveals a highly derived evolution. Am J Primatol 2005; 65:73-85. [PMID: 15645457 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The genus Aotus represents a highly diverse group with an especially intricate taxonomy. No standard cytogenetic nomenclature for the genus has yet been established. So far, cytogenetic studies have characterized 18 different karyotypes with diploid numbers ranging from 46 to 58 chromosomes. By combining G-banding comparisons and molecular cytogenetic techniques, we were able to describe the most likely pattern of chromosome evolution and phylogenetic position of two Aotus karyomorphs (KMs) from Venezuela: Aotus nancymai (KM3, 2n=54) and Aotus sp. (KM9, 2n=50). All of the proposed Platyrrhini ancestral associations (2/16, 3/21, 5/7, 8/18, 10/16, 14/15) were found in the Aotus KMs studied, except 2/16 and 10/16. In addition, some derived chromosomal associations were also detected in both KMs (1/3, 1/16, 2/12, 2/20, 3/14, 4/15, 5/15, 7/11, 9/15, 9/17, 10/11, and 10/22). Although some of these associations have been found in other New World monkeys, our results suggest that Aotus species have undergone a highly derived chromosomal evolution. The homologies between these two Aotus KMs and human chromosomes were established, indicating that KM3 has a more derived karyotype than KM9 with respect to the ancestral Platyrrhini karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Ruiz-Herrera
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Gerbault-Serreau M, Bonnet-Garnier A, Richard F, Dutrillaux B. Chromosome painting comparison of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Callitrichine, Platyrrhini) with man and its phylogenetic position. Chromosome Res 2005; 12:691-701. [PMID: 15505404 DOI: 10.1023/b:chro.0000045754.43803.db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using human probes of whole chromosomes, the homoeologies between human and Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Platyrrhini) karyotypes were established. Thirty-three conserved segments were observed between the two species. Intrachromosomal rearrangements between the two species were identified using hybridization of chromosome arm probes of human chromosomes 1 and 3. We also used chromosomal data to investigate phylogenetic relationships of Callitrichines. These data were encoded using Cebus capucinus , a species which kept fairly ancestral chromosomes, as reference. Two equi-parsimonious trees, including reversion or convergence events, were obtained. The monophyly of Callitrichines is confirmed. They share nine chromosomal rearrangements at least. The Cebuella-Callithrix group forms a clade sharing five rearrangements at least. According to the tree considered, the Tamarins, Leontopithecus and Saguinus share two chromosomal rearrangements restricted to these two taxa or none. Callimico accumulated seven chromosomal rearrangements unshared with other taxa, at least. To avoid convergence and reversion events, we propose the hypothesis of a network (or populational) evolution. Six chromosomal rearrangements would have occurred during the period of this network evolution. Finally, the karyotype of the last common ancestor to all Callitrichines has been reconstructed. It possessed 48 chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerbault-Serreau
- FRE 2584 CNRS, Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Ferguson-Smith MA, Yang F, Rens W, O'Brien PCM. The impact of chromosome sorting and painting on the comparative analysis of primate genomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 108:112-21. [PMID: 15545723 DOI: 10.1159/000080809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome sorting by flow cytometry is the main source of chromosome-specific DNA for the production of painting probes. These probes have been used for cross-species in situ hybridization in the construction of comparative maps, in the study of karyotype evolution and phylogenetics, in delineating territories in interphase nuclei, and in the analysis of chromosome breakpoints. We review here the contributions that this technology has made to the analysis of primate genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ferguson-Smith
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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30
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Wienberg J. Fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosomes as a tool to understand human and primate genome evolution. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 108:139-60. [PMID: 15545725 DOI: 10.1159/000080811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last 15 years molecular cytogenetic techniques have been extensively used to study primate evolution. Molecular probes were helpful to distinguish mammalian chromosomes and chromosome segments on the basis of their DNA content rather than solely on morphological features such as banding patterns. Various landmark rearrangements have been identified for most of the nodes in primate phylogeny while chromosome banding still provides helpful reference maps. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were used with probes of different complexity including chromosome painting probes, probes derived from chromosome sub-regions and in the size of a single gene. Since more recently, in silico techniques have been applied to trace down evolutionarily derived chromosome rearrangements by searching the human and mouse genome sequence databases. More detailed breakpoint analyses of chromosome rearrangements that occurred during higher primate evolution also gave some insights into the molecular changes in chromosome rearrangements that occurred in evolution. Hardly any "fusion genes" as known from chromosome rearrangements in cancer cells or dramatic "position effects" of genes transferred to new sites in primate genomes have been reported yet. Most breakpoint regions have been identified within gene poor areas rich in repetitive elements and/or low copy repeats (segmental duplications). The progress in various molecular and molecular-cytogenetic approaches including the recently launched chimpanzee genome project suggests that these new tools will have a significant impact on the further understanding of human genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wienberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Department Biology II, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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31
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Tsend-Ayush E, Grützner F, Yue Y, Grossmann B, Hänsel U, Sudbrak R, Haaf T. Plasticity of human chromosome 3 during primate evolution. Genomics 2004; 83:193-202. [PMID: 14706448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparative mapping of more than 100 region-specific clones from human chromosome 3 in Bornean and Sumatran orangutans, siamang gibbon, and Old and New World monkeys allowed us to reconstruct ancestral simian and hominoid chromosomes. A single paracentric inversion derives chromosome 1 of the Old World monkey Presbytis cristata from the simian ancestor. In the New World monkey Callithrix geoffroyi and siamang, the ancestor diverged on multiple chromosomes, through utilizing different breakpoints. One shared and two independent inversions derive Bornean orangutan 2 and human 3, implying that neither Bornean orangutans nor humans have conserved the ancestral chromosome form. The inversions, fissions, and translocations in the five species analyzed involve at least 14 different evolutionary breakpoints along the entire length of human 3; however, particular regions appear to be more susceptible to chromosome reshuffling. The ancestral pericentromeric region has promoted both large-scale and micro-rearrangements. Small segments homologous to human 3q11.2 and 3q21.2 were repositioned intrachromosomally independent of the surrounding markers in the orangutan lineage. Breakage and rearrangement of the human 3p12.3 region were associated with extensive intragenomic duplications at multiple orangutan and gibbon subtelomeric sites. We propose that new chromosomes and genomes arise through large-scale rearrangements of evolutionarily conserved genomic building blocks and additional duplication, amplification, and/or repositioning of inherently unstable smaller DNA segments contained within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush
- Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Misceo D, Ventura M, Eder V, Rocchi M, Archidiacono N. Human chromosome 16 conservation in primates. Chromosome Res 2004; 11:323-6. [PMID: 12906128 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024087823030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A study was made of the organization of the chromosome orthologous to HSA16 in primates using a panel of 8 BAC probes spanning human chromosome 16. The probes were used in FISH experiments on great apes and on representatives of the Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, and lemurs. The domestic cat was used as an outgroup. The results indicate that 16p and 16q were separate chromosomes in a primate ancestor. They fused in a Catarrhini ancestor giving rise to the present day form found in HSA, great apes, and Old World monkeys. Several rearrangements were found in New World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriana Misceo
- Sezione di Genetica, DAPEG, Via Amendola 165/A 70126 Bari, Italy
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33
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Barros RMS, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Rodrigues LRR, Neusser M, de Oliveira EH, Wienberg J, Muniz JAPC, Rissino JD, Muller S. Chromosomal studies in Callicebus donacophilus pallescens, with classic and molecular cytogenetic approaches: multicolour FISH using human and Saguinus oedipus painting probes. Chromosome Res 2004; 11:327-34. [PMID: 12906129 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024039907101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the karyotype of Callicebus donacophilus pallescens for the first time. The analysis included G-, C-, NOR-banding techniques and FISH with chromosome painting probes from Saguinus oedipus and Homo sapiens. The results were compared with the karyotypes of Callicebus moloch donacophilus and C. moloch previously published. These three karyotypes display the same diploid number (2n = 50) but diverge about the number of biarmed and acrocentric chromosomes. The acrocentrics 14 and 15 from C. m. donacophilus and C. moloch have undergone an in-tandem fusion originating a large acrocentric (pair 10) in C. d. pallescens. The major submetacentric pair (pair 1) from C. d. donacophilus and C. moloch have undergone fission originating two acrocentric pairs in C. d. pallescens (pairs 15 and 22). Herein was evidence that, in spite of the high interspecific variation among Callicebus, most of the chromosomes remained conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M S Barros
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, CCB, 3o andar, Av. Perimetral s/n, CEP 66.075-900, Bairro-Guamá, Belém, PA, Brasil.
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34
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de Oliveira EHC, Neusser M, Figueiredo WB, Nagamachi C, Pieczarka JC, Sbalqueiro IJ, Wienberg J, Müller S. The phylogeny of howler monkeys (Alouatta, Platyrrhini): reconstruction by multicolor cross-species chromosome painting. Chromosome Res 2003; 10:669-83. [PMID: 12575795 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021520529952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We performed multidirectional chromosome painting in a comparative cytogenetic study of the three howler monkey species Alouatta fusca, A. caraya and A. seniculus macconnelli (Atelinae, Platyrrhini) in order to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within this genus. Comparative genome maps between these species were established by multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) employing human, Saguinus oedipus and Lagothrix lagothricha chromosome-specific probes. The three species included in this study and previously analyzed howler monkey species were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis on the basis of a data matrix comprised of 98 discrete molecular cytogenetic characters. The results revealed that howler monkeys represent the genus with the most extensive karyotype diversity within Platyrrhini so far analyzed with high levels of intraspecific chromosomal variability. Two different multiple sex chromosome systems were identified. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Alouatta is a monophyletic clade which can be derived from a proposed ancestral Atelinae karyotype of 2n = 62 chromosomes by a chromosome fusion, a fission, a Y-autosomal translocation and a pericentric inversion. Following these suggestions, the genus Alouatta can be divided into two distinct species groups: the first includes A. caraya and A. belzebul, the second A. s. macconnelli, A. sara, A. s. arctoidea and A. fusca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edivaldo H C de Oliveira
- Department Biologie II, Humangenetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, D-80333 Munich, Germany
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35
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García F, Ruiz-Herrera A, Egozcue J, Ponsà M, Garcia M. Chromosomal homologies between Cebus and Ateles (primates) based on ZOO-FISH and G-banding comparisons. Am J Primatol 2002; 57:177-88. [PMID: 12210670 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ZOO-FISH (Fluorescent "in vitro" hybridization) was used to establish the chromosomal homology between humans (HSA) and Cebus nigrivitatus (CNI) and Ateles belzebuth hybridus (ABH). These two species belong to different New World monkey families (Cebidae and Atelidae, respectively) which differ greatly in chromosome number and in chromosome morphology. The molecular results were followed by a detailed banding analysis. The ancestral karyotype of Cebus was then determined by a comparison of in situ hybridization results, as well as chromosomal morphology and banding in other Platyrrhini species. The karyotypes of the four species belonging to the genus Cebus differ from each other by three inversions and one fusion as well as in the location and amounts of heterochromatin. Results obtained by ZOO-FISH in ABH are in general agreement with previous gene-mapping and in situ hybridization data in Ateles, which show that spider monkeys have highly derived genomes. The chromosomal rearrangements detected between HSA and ABH on a band-to-band basis were 27 fusions/fissions, 12 centromeric shifts, and six pericentric inversions. The ancestral karyotype of Cebus was then compared with that of Ateles. The rearrangements detected were 20 fusions/fissions, nine centromeric shifts, and five inversions. Atelidae species are linked by a fragmentation of chromosome 4 into three segments forming an association of 4/15, while Ateles species are linked by 13 derived associations. The results also helped clarify the content of the ancestral platyrrhine karyotype and the mode of chromosomal evolution in these primates. In particular, associations 2/16 and 5/7 should be included in the ancestral karyotype of New World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- F García
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Brok HP, Hornby RJ, Griffiths GD, Scott LA, Hart BA. An extensive monoclonal antibody panel for the phenotyping of leukocyte subsets in the common marmoset and the cotton-top tamarin. CYTOMETRY 2001; 45:294-303. [PMID: 11746099 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20011201)45:4<294::aid-cyto10002>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
New World monkeys are valuable animal models to study human diseases. To determine the phenotype of cells involved in immune responses, we used flow cytometry to screen a large panel of anti-human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for cross-reactivity with cells of the common marmoset and the cotton-top tamarin. Certain antigens (e.g., CD2, CD8, CD20) are well conserved. However, CD10, CD23, and CD33 showed a clear discrepancy in their reaction patterns in both species, indicating that significant differences on the epitope level occurred during evolution. Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines were shown to be a valuable tool for screening B-cell-specific reagents. In some cases, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE) modification of mAbs had a negative effect on the binding capacity, which stressed the importance of choosing the right label. Despite the fact that some CD antigens were not detected, adequate numbers of cross-reactive mAbs were identified to perform extensive studies on immunological functions in both the common marmoset and the cotton-top tamarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Brok
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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37
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Ferguson-Smith MA, Yang F, O'Brien PC. Comparative Mapping Using Chromosome Sorting and Painting. ILAR J 2001; 39:68-76. [PMID: 11528066 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.39.2-3.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wienberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom and Human Genetics and Anthropology at the Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, München, Germany
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39
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Stanyon R, Consigliere S, Bigoni F, Ferguson-Smith M, O'Brien PC, Wienberg J. Reciprocal chromosome painting between a New World primate, the woolly monkey, and humans. Chromosome Res 2001; 9:97-106. [PMID: 11321373 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009274802086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We employed fluorescence-activated chromosome sorting (FACS) to construct chromosome paint sets for the woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) and then FISH to reciprocally paint human and woolly monkey metaphases. Reciprocal chromosome painting between humans and the woolly monkey allowed us to assign subchromosomal homologies between these species. The reciprocal painting data between humans and the woolly monkey also allow a better interpretation of the chromosomal difference between humans and platyrrhines, and refine hypotheses about the genomic rearrangements that gave origin to the genome of New World monkeys. Paints of woolly monkey chromosomes were used to paint human metaphases and forty-five clear signals were detected. Paints specific to each human chromosome were used to paint woolly monkey metaphases. The 23 human paints gave 39 clear signals on the woolly monkey karyotype. The woolly monkey chromosomes painted by human paints produced 7 associations of segments homologous to human chromosomes or human chromosome segments: 2/16, 3/21, 4/15, 5/7, 8/18, 10/16 and 14/15. A derived translocation between segments homologous to human chromosomes 4 and 15 is a synapomorphic marker linking all Atelines. These species may also be linked by fragmentation of homologs to human 1, 4, and 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stanyon
- Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Cytogenetic Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T. Chromosome painting in farm, pet and wild animal species. METHODS IN CELL SCIENCE : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR IN VITRO BIOLOGY 2001; 23:37-55. [PMID: 11741143 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0330-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the advanced karyotype analysis approaches embraced by animal cytogenetics during the past decade, chromosome painting has had the greatest impact. Generation of chromosome specific paints is considered pivotal to his development. Additionally, ability to use these paints across species (referred to as Zoo-FISH or comparative painting) is undisputedly the most important breakthrough that has contributed to our ability to compare karyotypes of a wide range of evolutionarily highly diverged chromosome painting, and makes them aware of the tools/resources available to carry out this research in a variety of animal species. An overview of the current status of comparative chromosome painting results across closely as well as distantly related species is presented. Findings from different studies show how some segmental syntenies are more conserved as compared to others. The comparisons provide insight into the likely constitution of a vertebrate/mammalian ancestral karyotype and help understand some of the intricacies about karyotype evolution. Importance of comparative painting in setting the stage for rapid development of gene maps in a number of economically important species is elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA.
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Consigliere S, Stanyon R, Koehler U, Arnold N, Wienberg J. In situ hybridization (FISH) maps chromosomal homologies between Alouatta belzebul (Platyrrhini, Cebidae) and other primates and reveals extensive interchromosomal rearrangements between howler monkey genomes. Am J Primatol 2000; 46:119-33. [PMID: 9773675 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)46:2<119::aid-ajp2>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We hybridized whole human chromosome specific probes to metaphases of the black-and-red howler monkey Alouatta belzebul in order to establish chromosomal homology between humans and black-and-red howlers. The results show that the black-and-red howler monkey has a highly rearranged genome and that the human chromosome homologs are often fragmented and translocated. The number of hybridization signals we obtained per haploid set was 40. Nine human chromosome probes gave multiple signals on different howler chromosomes, showing that their synteny is disturbed in A. belzebul. Fourteen black-and-red howler autosomes were completely hybridized by one human autosomal paint, six had two signals, three had three signals, and one chromosome had four signals. Howler chromosomes with multiple signals have produced 12 chromosomal syntenies or hybridization associations which differ from those found in humans: 1/2, 2/20, 3/21, 4/15, 4/16, 5/7, 5/11, 8/18, 9/12, 10/16, 14/15, and 15/22. The hybridization pattern was then compared with those found in two red howler taxa and other mammals. The comparison shows that even within the genus Alouatta numerous interchromosomal rearrangements differentiate each taxa: A. belzebul has six unique apomorphic associations, A. seniculus sara and A. seniculus arctoidea share seven derived associations, and additionally A. seniculus sara has four apomorphic associations and A. seniculus arctoidea seven apomorphic associations. A. belzebul appears to have a more conserved karyotype than the red howlers. Both red and black-and-red howlers are characterized by Y-autosome translocations; the peculiar chromosomal sex system found in the red howler taxa could be considered a further transformation of the A. belzebul sex system. The finding that apparently morphologically similar or even identical taxa have such extreme genomic differences has important implications for speciation theory and neotropical primate conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Consigliere
- Department of Anthropological Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
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42
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Richard F, Lombard M, Dutrillaux B. Phylogenetic origin of human chromosomes 7, 16, and 19 and their homologs in placental mammals. Genome Res 2000; 10:644-51. [PMID: 10810086 PMCID: PMC310886 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.5.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1999] [Accepted: 03/09/2000] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The origin of human chromosomes (HSA) 7, 16, and 19 was studied by comparing data obtained from chromosome banding, chromosome painting, and gene mapping in species belonging to 11 orders of placental mammals (Eutherians). This allowed us to propose the reconstruction of their presumed ancestral forms. The HSA7 homologs were composed of two parts, the largest forming an acrocentric. The smallest formed one arm of a small submetacentric; the other arm was composed of sequences homologous to the short arm of HSA16 (HSA16p). The sequences homologous to the long arm of HSA16 (HSA16q) were associated with sequences homologous to the long arm of HSA19 (HSA19q) and formed another submetacentric. From their origin, these chromosomes underwent the following rearrangements to give rise to current human chromosomes: centromeric fission of the two submetacentrics in ancestors of all primates (approximately 80 million years ago); fusion of the HSA19p and HSA19q sequences, originating the current HSA19, in ancestors of all simians (approximately 55 million years ago); fusions of the HSA16p and HSA16q sequences, originating the current HSA16 and the two components of HSA7 before the separation of Cercopithecoids and Hominoids ( approximately 35 million years ago); and finally, pericentric and paracentric inversions of the homologs to HSA7 after the divergence of orangutan and gorilla, respectively. Thus, compared with HSA16 and HSA19, HSA7 is a fairly recent chromosome shared by man and chimpanzee only.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Richard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 147 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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43
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Stanyon R, Consigliere S, Müller S, Morescalchi A, Neusser M, Wienberg J. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) maps chromosomal homologies between the dusky titi and squirrel monkey. Am J Primatol 2000; 50:95-107. [PMID: 10676707 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(200002)50:2<95::aid-ajp1>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Platyrrhini are one of the most karyologically derived groups of primates and the evolution of their karyotypes is far from understood. The identification of the origin and direction of chromosome rearrangements will contribute to a better understanding of New World monkey phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution. We mapped homology and identified translocations in the chromosomes of the dusky titi monkey (Callicebus moloch, 2n = 50) and the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus, 2n = 44) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of human chromosome paints. The hybridization results established chromosomal homologies between these New World primates, humans, other primates, and more distantly related mammalian species and show that both species have highly rearranged karyotypes. The total number of hybridization signals was 37 in C. moloch and 40 in S. sciureus, which is in the range of most comparisons of human chromosomes with phylogenetically more distant species outside of the primate order. Parsimony analyses of outgroup painting patterns allowed us to propose an ancestral karyotype for New World monkeys consisting of 2n = 56 with homologs to the following human chromosomes or chromosome segments: 1b; 1c; 2a; 2b; 3a; 3b; 3/21; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8a; 8/18; 9; 10a; 10/16; 11; 12; 13; 14/15; 15a; 16a; 17; 19; 20; 22; X; Y. Associations 8/18 and 10/16 are derived ancestral associations for all Platyrrhini. A 2/16 association found in S. sciureus and C. moloch was also seen in Ateles geoffroyi and Cebus capucinus; a 5/7 association in S. sciureus was present in A. geoffroyi, C. capucinus, and Alouatta belzebul. Other associations seen in the dusky titi monkey or the squirrel monkey are probably automorphisms. Comparison with chromosome phylogenies based on R-banding [Dutrillaux et al., 1986] showed that there were many errors in assigning homology with human chromosomes. The chromosomal phylogeny of New World monkeys based on banding patterns is in need of revision using modern molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stanyon
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Primate pericentromeric regions recently have been shown to exhibit extraordinary evolutionary plasticity. In this paper we report an additional peculiar feature of these regions that we discovered while analyzing, by FISH, the evolutionary conservation of primate phylogenetic chromosome IX. If the position of the centromere is not taken into account, a relatively small number of rearrangements must be invoked to account for interspecific differences. Conversely, if the centromere is included, a paradox emerges: The position of the centromere seems to have undergone, in some species, an evolutionary history independent from the surrounding markers. A significant number of additional rearrangements must be proposed to reconcile the order of the markers with centromere position. Alternatively, the evolutionary emergence of neocentromeres can be postulated.
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45
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Korstanje R, O'Brien PC, Yang F, Rens W, Bosma AA, van Lith HA, van Zutphen LF, Ferguson-Smith MA. Complete homology maps of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and human by reciprocal chromosome painting. CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS 1999; 86:317-22. [PMID: 10575232 DOI: 10.1159/000015325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to construct a homology map to analyse the extent of evolutionary conservation of chromosome segments between human and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus, 2n = 44). Chromosome-specific probes were established by bivariate fluorescence activated flow sorting followed by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR). Painting of rabbit probes to human chromosomes and vice versa allowed a detailed analysis of the homology between these species. All rabbit chromosome paints, except for the Y paint, hybridized to human chromosomes. All human chromosome paints, except for the Y paint, hybridized to rabbit chromosomes. The results obtained revealed extensive genome conservation between the two species. Rabbit chromosomes 12, 19 and X were found to be completely homologous to human chromosomes 6, 17 and X, respectively. All other human chromosomes were homologous to two or sometimes three rabbit chromosomes. Many conserved chromosome segments found previously in other mammals (e.g. cat, pig, cattle, Indian muntjac) were also found to be conserved in rabbit chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Korstanje
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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46
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Abstract
Comparative gene mapping and chromosome painting permit the tentative reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes. The modern human karyotype is proposed to differ from that of the most recent common ancestor of catarrhine primates by two major rearrangements. The first was the fission of an ancestral chromosome to produce the homologues of human chromosomes 14 and 15. This fission occurred before the divergence of gibbons from humans and other apes. The second was the fusion of two ancestral chromosomes to form human chromosome 2. This fusion occurred after the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. Moving further back in time, homologues of human chromosomes 3 and 21 were formed by the fission of an ancestral linkage group that combined loci of both human chromosomes, whereas homologues of human chromosomes 12 and 22 were formed by a reciprocal translocation between two ancestral chromosomes. Both events occurred at some time after our most recent common ancestor with lemurs. Less direct evidence suggests that the short and long arms of human chromosomes 8, 16 and 19 were unlinked in this ancestor. Finally, the most recent common ancestor of primates and artiodactyls is proposed to have possessed a chromosome that combined loci from human chromosomes 4 and 8p, a chromosome that combined loci from human chromosomes 16q and 19q, and a chromosome that combined loci from human chromosomes 2p and 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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47
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Raudsepp T, Chowdhary BP. Construction of chromosome-specific paints for meta- and submetacentric autosomes and the sex chromosomes in the horse and their use to detect homologous chromosomal segments in the donkey. Chromosome Res 1999; 7:103-14. [PMID: 10328622 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009234814635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A pilot study comparing horse and donkey karyotypes on a molecular basis was initiated using the chromosomal microdissection approach. All equine meta- and submetacentric chromosomes, viz. ECA1 to ECA13 and the X and Y chromosomes, were microdissected. The DNA was PCR amplified, non-radioactively labelled and used as probes on equine metaphase chromosomes to confirm their origin. Once tested, the paints were used as probes on donkey metaphase chromosomes to detect homologous chromosomal segments between the two species. The results not only detected conservation of whole chromosome and/or arm synteny between the two karyotypes, but also highlighted varying degrees of rearrangements. The findings also enable deduction of homology between parts of donkey and human karyotypes. In light of the molecular evidence, this study examines the accuracy of the available comparative cytogenetic data between horse and donkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raudsepp
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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48
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Richard F, Dutrillaux B. Origin of human chromosome 21 and its consequences: a 50-million-year-old story. Chromosome Res 1998; 6:263-8. [PMID: 9688515 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009262622325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Great apes (Pongidae) possess a chromosome similar to human chromosome 21 (HSA21), whose trisomy was described in both chimpanzee and orangutan. Having studied more than 200 mammalian species by chromosome banding techniques and reconstructed Primates phylogeny, we reinvestigated, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, primate and non-primate mammals that we considered to possess a karyotype representative of their taxonomic group. DNA sequences from HSA21 and human chromosome 3 (HSA3) are synthenic and form a large and similar chromosome in species from distinct orders, such as Primates, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Scandentia. In Primates, this syntheny was maintained in lemurs and was disrupted by a fission in Old World monkeys (catarrhines). Another fission occurred in New World monkeys (platyrrhines), conserving a syntheny between HSA21 and a very short segment of HSA3 DNA sequences. Thus, the ancestral HSA21 was formed after the divergence between platyrrhines and catarrhines and before the emergence of Cercopithecidae. This exposed the human and Pongidae ancestry to trisomy 21 for a period of 30-50 million years, while, in other catarrhines, the equivalent of HSA21 was further involved in various translocations forming large chromosomes whose aneuploidy, very probably incompatible with life, protected them against trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Richard
- UMR 147 CNRS, Institut Curie, Section Recherche, Paris, France
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49
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Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T, Frönicke L, Scherthan H. Emerging patterns of comparative genome organization in some mammalian species as revealed by Zoo-FISH. Genome Res 1998; 8:577-89. [PMID: 9647633 DOI: 10.1101/gr.8.6.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although gene maps for a variety of evolutionarily diverged mammalian species have expanded rapidly during the past few years, until recently it has been difficult to precisely define chromosomal segments that are homologous between species. A solution to this problem has come from the development of Zoo-FISH, also known as cross-species chromosome painting. The use of Zoo-FISH to identify regions of chromosomal homology has allowed the transfer of information from map-rich species such as human and mouse to a wide variety of other species. From a Zoo-FISH analysis spanning four mammalian orders (Primates, Artiodactyla, Carnivora, and Perissodactyla), and involving eight species (human, pig, cattle, Indian muntjac, cat, American mink, harbor seal, and horse), three distinct classes of synteny conservation have been designated: (1) conservation of whole chromosome synteny, (2) conservation of large chromosomal blocks, and (3) conservation of neighboring segment combinations. This analysis has also made it possible to identify a set of chromosome segments (based on human chromosome equivalents) that probably made up the karyotype of the common ancestor of the four orders. This approach provides a basis for developing a picture of the ancestral mammalian karyotype, but a full understanding will depend on studies encompassing more diverse combinations of mammalian orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Chowdhary
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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50
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Morescalchi MA, Schempp W, Consigliere S, Bigoni F, Wienberg J, Stanyon R. Mapping chromosomal homology between humans and the black-handed spider monkey by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chromosome Res 1997; 5:527-36. [PMID: 9451952 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018489602312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We hybridized human chromosome-specific DNA probes to metaphases of the New World monkey Ateles geoffroyi to map the chromosomal homology between these two species. In the haploid Ateles geoffroyi karyotype the total number of signals was 51 for the 22 human autosomal probes used. Compared with Old World monkeys, the number of translocations found in the black-handed spider monkey karyotype was quite striking. The majority of these translocations are apparently Robertsonian and no reciprocal translocations were revealed. Nine autosomal human chromosome probes (11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) provided only two signals each per metaphase, but six of these were translocated to subregions of different spider monkey chromosomes. The other 13 autosomal human chromosome paints (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16) provided fragmented signals. Three human probes (5, 8, 10) provided signals located on two pairs of spider monkey chromosomes. Four human paints (2, 3, 4, 12) provided hybridization signals on three pairs of chromosomes. Probes 6, 7, 15 provided six signals each on two pairs of chromosomes; probe 16 gave eight signals on two pairs of spider monkey chromosomes and probe 1 gave 12 signals on four pairs of chromosomes. The synteny between segments to human 18/8 appears to be an apomorphic ancestral condition for all New World monkeys. A synteny between regions homologous to human 16/10, 5/7 and 2/16 HSA is probably an apomorphic ancestral condition for all Cebidae. The syntenic association 3/15 and 4/1 is an apomorphic condition for the Atelinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Morescalchi
- Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genoa, Italy
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