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Bernhardt L, Dittrich M, Prell A, Potabattula R, Drummer C, Behr R, Hahn T, Schorsch M, Müller T, Haaf T. Age-related methylation changes in the human sperm epigenome. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:1257-1278. [PMID: 36849136 PMCID: PMC10042684 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Advanced paternal age is associated with increased risks for reproductive and offspring medical problems. Accumulating evidence suggests age-related changes in the sperm epigenome as one underlying mechanism. Using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing on 73 sperm samples of males attending a fertility center, we identified 1,162 (74%) regions which were significantly (FDR-adjusted) hypomethylated and 403 regions (26%) being hypermethylated with age. There were no significant correlations with paternal BMI, semen quality, or ART outcome. The majority (1,152 of 1,565; 74%) of age-related differentially methylated regions (ageDMRs) were located within genic regions, including 1,002 genes with symbols. Hypomethylated ageDMRs were closer to transcription start sites than hypermethylated DMRs, half of which reside in gene-distal regions. In this and conceptually related genome-wide studies, so far 2,355 genes have been reported with significant sperm ageDMRs, however most (90%) of them in only one study. The 241 genes which have been replicated at least once showed significant functional enrichments in 41 biological processes associated with development and the nervous system and in 10 cellular components associated with synapses and neurons. This supports the hypothesis that paternal age effects on the sperm methylome affect offspring behaviour and neurodevelopment. It is interesting to note that sperm ageDMRs were not randomly distributed throughout the human genome; chromosome 19 showed a highly significant twofold enrichment with sperm ageDMRs. Although the high gene density and CpG content have been conserved, the orthologous marmoset chromosome 22 did not appear to exhibit an increased regulatory potential by age-related DNA methylation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Prell
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ramya Potabattula
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
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Bergmann S, Penfold CA, Slatery E, Siriwardena D, Drummer C, Clark S, Strawbridge SE, Kishimoto K, Vickers A, Tewary M, Kohler TN, Hollfelder F, Reik W, Sasaki E, Behr R, Boroviak TE. Spatial profiling of early primate gastrulation in utero. Nature 2022; 609:136-143. [PMID: 35709828 PMCID: PMC7614364 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation controls the emergence of cellular diversity and axis patterning in the early embryo. In mammals, this transformation is orchestrated by dynamic signalling centres at the interface of embryonic and extraembryonic tissues1-3. Elucidating the molecular framework of axis formation in vivo is fundamental for our understanding of human development4-6 and to advance stem-cell-based regenerative approaches7. Here we illuminate early gastrulation of marmoset embryos in utero using spatial transcriptomics and stem-cell-based embryo models. Gaussian process regression-based 3D transcriptomes delineate the emergence of the anterior visceral endoderm, which is hallmarked by conserved (HHEX, LEFTY2, LHX1) and primate-specific (POSTN, SDC4, FZD5) factors. WNT signalling spatially coordinates the formation of the primitive streak in the embryonic disc and is counteracted by SFRP1 and SFRP2 to sustain pluripotency in the anterior domain. Amnion specification occurs at the boundaries of the embryonic disc through ID1, ID2 and ID3 in response to BMP signalling, providing a developmental rationale for amnion differentiation of primate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Spatial identity mapping demonstrates that primed marmoset PSCs exhibit the highest similarity to the anterior embryonic disc, whereas naive PSCs resemble the preimplantation epiblast. Our 3D transcriptome models reveal the molecular code of lineage specification in the primate embryo and provide an in vivo reference to decipher human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher A Penfold
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erin Slatery
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dylan Siriwardena
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charis Drummer
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Clark
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stanley E Strawbridge
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keiko Kishimoto
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Alice Vickers
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mukul Tewary
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Timo N Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Wolf Reik
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten E Boroviak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Daskalaki M, Drummer C, Behr R, Heistermann M. The use of alfaxalone for short-term anesthesia can confound serum progesterone measurements in the common marmoset: a case report. Primate Biol 2022; 9:23-28. [PMID: 36034474 PMCID: PMC9399913 DOI: 10.5194/pb-9-23-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfaxan® (alfaxalone) is a steroid general anesthetic widely used in veterinary medicine for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in several species. While the use of alfaxalone in veterinary practice has several benefits compared to the use of other anesthetic agents, the fact that it is derived from progesterone may confound the measurement of the latter in the blood of animals under alfaxalone treatment. In the present case study, we report the measurement of serum progesterone in an individual common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) during five ovarian cycles in which luteolysis was
induced by PGF2α. Blood samples were usually taken from the awake
animal with the exception of the fifth cycle in which the sample was
collected under alfaxalone anesthesia in connection with a tooth extraction. In contrast to the previous four cycles in which luteolysis resulted in the expected marked decrease in progesterone concentrations, the – apparent – progesterone level in the cycle under alfaxalone treatment remained unexpectedly high. Cross-reactivity of the non-specific antibody used in the progesterone assay with alfaxalone most likely explains this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daskalaki
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center – Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center – Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center – Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Vogt PH, Rauschendorf MA, Zimmer J, Drummer C, Behr R. AZFa Y gene, DDX3Y, evolved novel testis transcript variants in primates with proximal 3´UTR polyadenylation for germ cell specific translation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8954. [PMID: 35624115 PMCID: PMC9142519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational control is a major level of gene expression regulation in the male germ line. DDX3Y located in the AZFa region of the human Y chromosome encodes a conserved RNA helicase important for translational control at the G1-S phase of the cell cycle. In human, DDX3Y protein is expressed only in premeiotic male germ cells. In primates, DDX3Y evolved a second promoter producing novel testis-specific transcripts. Here, we show primate species-specific use of alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites for these testis-specific DDX3Y transcript variants. They have evolved subsequently in the 3´UTRs of the primates´ DDX3Y transcripts. Whereas a distal APA site (PAS4) is still used for polyadenylation of most DDX3Y testis transcripts in Callithrix jacchus; two proximal APAs (PAS1; PAS2) are used predominantly in Macaca mulatta, in Pan trogloydates and in human. This shift corresponds with a significant increase of DDX3Y protein expression in the macaque testis tissue. In chimpanzee and human, shift to predominant use of the most proximal APA site (PAS1) is associated with translation of these DDX3Y transcripts in only premeiotic male germ cells. We therefore assume evolution of a positive selection process for functional DDX3Y testis transcripts in these primates which increase their stability and translation efficiency to promote its cell cycle balancing function in the human male germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. H. Vogt
- Division of Reproduction Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M-A. Rauschendorf
- Molecular Health GmbH, Kurfürsten-Anlage 21, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Zimmer
- Division of Reproduction Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Drummer
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Behr
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Gundling N, Drummer C, Lüpke M, Hoedemaker M. Quantitative measurement of udder oedema in dairy cows using ultrasound to monitor the effectiveness of diuretic treatment with furosemide. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2021; 164:767-777. [PMID: 34758952 DOI: 10.17236/sat00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to record the course of peripartal udder oedema with ultrasonography in dairy cows and to investigate the therapeutic effects of diuretic furosemide. For this purpose, a device with a force sensor for the ultrasound probe was developed, which ensured the generation of data under similar pressure conditions and thereby repeatable and comparable results. In a pretrial with ten cows, ultrasonographic measurements were performed daily at four locations per udder quarter beginning 14 days ante partum until 14 d post partum. The main study included 50 dairy cows. The experimental group (n=25) received 500 mg furosemide intramuscularly on the day of calving, as well as on the first and second day post partum. The control group (n=25) was treated with 10 mL 0,9 % sodium chloride solution (NaCl) at the same timepoints. The experimental period was extended from 21 days ante partum until 21 days post partum and included 15 ultrasonographic measurements at three-day intervals. The measurements were performed at the teat base, which turned out to be the most suitable location in the pretrial. Quarter milk samples were collected on the day of calving, 7 and 14 days post partum. The average thickness of the udder oedema between the group treated with furosemide and the control group did not differ. In conclusion, a method for the ultrasonographic measurement of udder oedema under comparable applied forces was established. The teat base turned out to be a suitable location to monitor the characteristic temporal course of udder oedema. In the present study, treatment with furosemide did not have a measurable, positive effect on the severity of the udder oedema post partum in the study animals. Finally, further studies with a higher sample size are necessary to confirm this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gundling
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - C Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Lüpke
- Institute of General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - M Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
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6
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Stöckl JB, Schmid N, Flenkenthaler F, Drummer C, Behr R, Mayerhofer A, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T. Age-Related Alterations in the Testicular Proteome of a Non-Human Primate. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061306. [PMID: 34074003 PMCID: PMC8225046 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging of human testis and associated cellular changes is difficult to assess. Therefore, we used a translational, non-human primate model to get insights into underlying cellular and biochemical processes. Using proteomics and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed testicular tissue of young (age 2 to 3) and old (age 10 to 12) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach, we identified 63,124 peptides, which could be assigned to 5924 proteins. Among them, we found proteins specific for germ cells and somatic cells, such as Leydig and Sertoli cells. Quantitative analysis showed 31 differentially abundant proteins, of which 29 proteins were more abundant in older animals. An increased abundance of anti-proliferative proteins, among them CDKN2A, indicate reduced cell proliferation in old testes. Additionally, an increased abundance of several small leucine rich repeat proteoglycans and other extracellular matrix proteins was observed, which may be related to impaired cell migration and fibrotic events. Furthermore, an increased abundance of proteins with inhibitory roles in smooth muscle cell contraction like CNN1 indicates functional alterations in testicular peritubular cells and may mirror a reduced capacity of these cells to contract in old testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. Stöckl
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 München, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Nina Schmid
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Anatomy III–Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, LMU München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (N.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 München, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.D.); (R.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.D.); (R.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Anatomy III–Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, LMU München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (N.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Georg J. Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 München, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.J.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 München, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.J.A.); (T.F.)
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7
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Moussavi A, Mißbach S, Serrano Ferrel C, Ghasemipour H, Kötz K, Drummer C, Behr R, Zimmermann WH, Boretius S. Comparison of cine and real-time cardiac MRI in rhesus macaques. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10713. [PMID: 34021218 PMCID: PMC8140156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac MRI in rhesus macaques, a species of major relevance for preclinical studies on biological therapies, requires artificial ventilation to realize breath holding. To overcome this limitation of standard cine MRI, the feasibility of Real-Time (RT) cardiac MRI has been tested in a cohort of ten adult rhesus macaques using a clinical MR-system. In spite of lower tissue contrast and sharpness of RT-MRI, cardiac functions were similarly well assessed by RT-MRI compared to cine MRI (similar intra-subject repeatability). However, systematic underestimation of the end-diastolic volume (31 ± 9%), end-systolic volume (20 ± 11%), stroke volume (40 ± 12%) and ejection fraction (13 ± 9%) hamper the comparability of RT-MRI results with those of other cardiac MRI methods. Yet, the underestimations were very consistent (< 5% variability) for repetitive measurements, making RT-MRI an appropriate alternative to cine MRI for longitudinal studies. In addition, RT-MRI enabled the analysis of cardio-respiratory coupling. All functional parameters showed lower values during expiration compared to inspiration, most likely due to the pressure-controlled artificial ventilation. In conclusion, despite systematic underestimation of the functional parameters, RT-MRI allowed the assessment of left ventricular function in macaques with significantly less experimental effort, measurement time, risk and burden for the animals compared to cine MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Moussavi
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany. .,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sophie Mißbach
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany.,Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Serrano Ferrel
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hasti Ghasemipour
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristin Kötz
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany.,Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany.,Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany.,Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Drummer C, Vogt EJ, Heistermann M, Roshani B, Becker T, Mätz-Rensing K, Kues WA, Kügler S, Behr R. Generation and Breeding of EGFP-Transgenic Marmoset Monkeys: Cell Chimerism and Implications for Disease Modeling. Cells 2021; 10:505. [PMID: 33673402 PMCID: PMC7996964 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of non-human primates (NHP) paves the way for realistic disease models. The common marmoset is a NHP species increasingly used in biomedical research. Despite the invention of RNA-guided nucleases, one strategy for protein overexpression in NHP is still lentiviral transduction. We generated three male and one female enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-transgenic founder marmosets via lentiviral transduction of natural preimplantation embryos. All founders accomplished germline transmission of the transgene by natural mating, yielding 20 transgenic offspring together (in total, 45 pups; 44% transgenic). This demonstrates that the transgenic gametes are capable of natural fertilization even when in competition with wildtype gametes. Importantly, 90% of the transgenic offspring showed transgene silencing, which is in sharp contrast to rodents, where the identical transgene facilitated robust EGFP expression. Furthermore, we consistently discovered somatic, but so far, no germ cell chimerism in mixed wildtype/transgenic litters. Somatic cell chimerism resulted in false-positive genotyping of the respective wildtype littermates. For the discrimination of transgenic from transgene-chimeric animals by polymerase chain reaction on skin samples, a chimeric cell depletion protocol was established. In summary, it is possible to establish a cohort of genetically modified marmosets by natural mating, but specific requirements including careful promoter selection are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edgar-John Vogt
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Berit Roshani
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Tamara Becker
- Primate Husbandry, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center–Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) at Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Bouteldja N, Klinkhammer BM, Bülow RD, Droste P, Otten SW, Freifrau von Stillfried S, Moellmann J, Sheehan SM, Korstanje R, Menzel S, Bankhead P, Mietsch M, Drummer C, Lehrke M, Kramann R, Floege J, Boor P, Merhof D. Deep Learning-Based Segmentation and Quantification in Experimental Kidney Histopathology. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:52-68. [PMID: 33154175 PMCID: PMC7894663 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephropathologic analyses provide important outcomes-related data in experiments with the animal models that are essential for understanding kidney disease pathophysiology. Precision medicine increases the demand for quantitative, unbiased, reproducible, and efficient histopathologic analyses, which will require novel high-throughput tools. A deep learning technique, the convolutional neural network, is increasingly applied in pathology because of its high performance in tasks like histology segmentation. METHODS We investigated use of a convolutional neural network architecture for accurate segmentation of periodic acid-Schiff-stained kidney tissue from healthy mice and five murine disease models and from other species used in preclinical research. We trained the convolutional neural network to segment six major renal structures: glomerular tuft, glomerulus including Bowman's capsule, tubules, arteries, arterial lumina, and veins. To achieve high accuracy, we performed a large number of expert-based annotations, 72,722 in total. RESULTS Multiclass segmentation performance was very high in all disease models. The convolutional neural network allowed high-throughput and large-scale, quantitative and comparative analyses of various models. In disease models, computational feature extraction revealed interstitial expansion, tubular dilation and atrophy, and glomerular size variability. Validation showed a high correlation of findings with current standard morphometric analysis. The convolutional neural network also showed high performance in other species used in research-including rats, pigs, bears, and marmosets-as well as in humans, providing a translational bridge between preclinical and clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS We developed a deep learning algorithm for accurate multiclass segmentation of digital whole-slide images of periodic acid-Schiff-stained kidneys from various species and renal disease models. This enables reproducible quantitative histopathologic analyses in preclinical models that also might be applicable to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Bouteldja
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Klinkhammer
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman D. Bülow
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Droste
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon W. Otten
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Julia Moellmann
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sylvia Menzel
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Bankhead
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Mietsch
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dorit Merhof
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
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10
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Stöckl JB, Schmid N, Flenkenthaler F, Drummer C, Behr R, Mayerhofer A, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T. Proteomic Insights into Senescence of Testicular Peritubular Cells from a Nonhuman Primate Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112498. [PMID: 33213088 PMCID: PMC7698562 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in the human testis may include morphological alterations, disturbed steroidogenesis, and impaired spermatogenesis. However, the specific impact of cell age remains poorly understood and difficult to assess. Testicular peritubular cells fulfill essential functions, including sperm transport, contributions to the spermatogonial stem cell niche, and paracrine interactions within the testis. To study their role in age-associated decline of testicular functions, we performed comprehensive proteome and secretome analyses of repeatedly passaged peritubular cells from Callithrix jacchus. This nonhuman primate model better reflects the human testicular biology than rodents and further gives access to young donors unavailable from humans. Among 5095 identified proteins, 583 were differentially abundant between samples with low and high passage numbers. The alterations indicate a reduced ability of senescent peritubular cells to contract and secrete proteins, as well as disturbances in nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling and a reduced capacity to handle reactive oxygen species. Since this in vitro model may not exactly mirror all molecular aspects of in vivo aging, we investigated the proteomes and secretomes of testicular peritubular cells from young and old donors. Even though the age-related alterations at the protein level were less pronounced, we found evidence for impaired protein secretion, altered NF-κB signaling, and reduced contractility of these in vivo aged peritubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. Stöckl
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Nina Schmid
- LMU München, Biomedical Center (BMC), Anatomy III—Cell Biology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (N.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.D.); (R.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.D.); (R.B.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- LMU München, Biomedical Center (BMC), Anatomy III—Cell Biology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (N.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Georg J. Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.J.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.B.S.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.J.A.); (T.F.)
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11
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Potabattula R, Zacchini F, Ptak GE, Dittrich M, Müller T, El Hajj N, Hahn T, Drummer C, Behr R, Lucas‐Hahn A, Niemann H, Schorsch M, Haaf T. Increasing methylation of sperm rDNA and other repetitive elements in the aging male mammalian germline. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13181. [PMID: 32608562 PMCID: PMC7431825 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In somatic cells/tissues, methylation of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) increases with age and age‐related pathologies, which has a direct impact on the regulation of nucleolar activity and cellular metabolism. Here, we used bisulfite pyrosequencing and show that methylation of the rDNA transcription unit including upstream control element (UCE), core promoter, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA in human sperm also significantly increases with donor's age. This positive correlation between sperm rDNA methylation and biological age is evolutionarily conserved among mammals with widely different life spans such as humans, marmoset, bovine, and mouse. Similar to the tandemly repeated rDNA, methylation of human α‐satellite and interspersed LINE1 repeats, marmoset α‐satellite, bovine alpha‐ and testis satellite I, mouse minor and major satellite, and LINE1‐T repeats increases in the aging male germline, probably related to their sperm histone packaging. Deep bisulfite sequencing of single rDNA molecules in human sperm revealed that methylation does not only depend on donor's age, but also depend on the region and sequence context (A vs. G alleles). Both average rDNA methylation of all analyzed DNA molecules and the number of fully (>50%) methylated alleles, which are thought to be epigenetically silenced, increase with donor's age. All analyzed CpGs in the sperm rDNA transcription unit show comparable age‐related methylation changes. Unlike other epigenetic aging markers, the rDNA clock appears to operate in similar ways in germline and soma in different mammalian species. We propose that sperm rDNA methylation, directly or indirectly, influences nucleolar formation and developmental potential in the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Potabattula
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
| | - Federica Zacchini
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
- Percuros B.V. Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Grazyna Ewa Ptak
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
- College of Health and Life Sciences Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha Qatar
| | | | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Andrea Lucas‐Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institute Mariensee/Neustadt Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology Medical University Hannover Hannover Germany
| | | | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics Julius Maximilians University Würzburg Germany
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12
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Moussavi A, Mietsch M, Drummer C, Behr R, Mylius J, Boretius S. Cardiac MRI in common marmosets revealing age-dependency of cardiac function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10221. [PMID: 32576909 PMCID: PMC7311402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a feasible and robust magnetic resonance imaging protocol for the quantitative assessment of cardiac function in marmosets and to present normal values of cardiac function across different ages from young adult, middle-aged, to very old clinically healthy animals. Cardiac MRI of 33 anesthetized marmosets at the age of 2-15 years was performed at 9.4 T using IntraGate-FLASH that operates without any ECG-triggering and breath holding. Normalized to post-mortem heart weight, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LV-EDV) was significantly reduced in older marmosets. The LV end-systolic volume (LV-ESV) and the LV stroke volume (LV-SV) showed a similar trend while the LV ejection fraction (LV-EF) and wall thickening remained unchanged. Similar observations were made for the right ventricle. Moreover, the total ventricular myocardial volume was lower in older monkeys while no significant difference in heart weight was found. In conclusion, IntraGate-FLASH allowed for quantification of left ventricular cardiac function but seems to underestimate the volumes of the right ventricle. Although less strong and without significant sex differences, the observed age related changes were similar to previously reported findings in humans supporting marmosets as a model system for age related cardiovascular human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Moussavi
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany. .,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Mietsch
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Mylius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Mietsch M, Paqué K, Drummer C, Stahl-Hennig C, Roshani B. The aging common marmoset's immune system: From junior to senior. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23128. [PMID: 32246726 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The social, health, and economic challenges of a steadily increasing aging population demand the use of appropriate translational animal models to address questions like healthy aging, vaccination strategies, or potential interventions during the aging process. Due to their genetic proximity to humans, especially nonhuman primates (NHPs) with a relatively short generation period compared to humans, qualify as excellent animal models for these purposes. The use of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in gerontology research steadily increased over the last decades, yet important information about their aging parameters are still missing. We therefore aimed to characterize their aging immune system by comprehensive flow cytometric phenotyping of blood immune cells from juvenile, adult, aging, and geriatric animals. Aged and geriatric animals displayed clear signs of immunosenescence. A decline in CD4/CD8 ratio, increased expression of HLA-DR and PD-1, higher frequencies of CD95+ memory cells, alterations in cytokine secretion, and a decline in the proliferative capacity proved T cell senescence in aging marmosets. Also, the B cell compartment was affected by age-related changes: while overall B cell numbers remained stable with advancing age, expression of the activation marker CD80 increased and immunoglobulin M expression decreased. Interestingly, marmoset B cell memory subset distribution rather mirrored the human situation than that of other NHP. CD21+ CD27- naïve B cell frequencies decreased while those of CD21- CD27- tissue memory B cells increased with age. Furthermore, frequencies and numbers of NK cells as part of the innate immune system declined with advancing age. Thus, the observed immunological changes in common marmosets over their life span revealed several similarities to age-related changes in humans and encourages further studies to strengthen the common marmoset as a potential aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mietsch
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Paqué
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Berit Roshani
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
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14
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Wahab F, Drummer C, Mätz-Rensing K, Fuchs E, Behr R. Irisin is expressed by undifferentiated spermatogonia and modulates gene expression in organotypic primate testis cultures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110670. [PMID: 31801682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating undifferentiated spermatogonial cell proliferation and differentiation are still not fully understood. Irisin is an exercise-induced hormone, which is a cleaved and secreted fragment of the fibronectin type III repeat containing 5 (FNDC5) transmembrane protein. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of irisin in cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues. However, testicular irisin expression and its potential action have not been analyzed. Here, we demonstrate expression of irisin in undifferentiated spermatogonia of primates and in the tree shrew, a bridging species between primates and insectivores. Rhesus monkeys are seasonal breeders with annual phases of high and low testicular activity and germ cell proliferation. Interestingly, expression of both FNDC5 mRNA and irisin is altered between breeding (high spermatogenesis) and nonbreeding seasons (low spermatogenesis). Organotypic testis culture in the presence of irisin increased the expression levels of the Sertoli cell (GDNF) and spermatogonial transcripts Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), Inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4), Cluster of differentiation 117 (cKIT), and SALL4, compared to untreated controls, while irisin suppressed its own FNDC5 mRNA. Our data suggest that irisin is a novel endocrine factor involved in the regulation of spermatogonial activities in the testes of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Wahab
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center- Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Schmid N, Stöckl JB, Flenkenthaler F, Dietrich KG, Schwarzer JU, Köhn FM, Drummer C, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Behr R, Mayerhofer A. Characterization of a non-human primate model for the study of testicular peritubular cells-comparison with human testicular peritubular cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:401-410. [PMID: 29846669 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are monkey testicular peritubular cells (MKTPCs) from the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) a suitable translational model for the study of human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER MKTPCs can be isolated and propagated in vitro, retain characteristic markers for testicular peritubular cells and their proteome strongly (correlation coefficient of 0.78) overlaps with the proteome of HTPCs. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Smooth-muscle-like peritubular cells form the wall of seminiferous tubules, transport sperm, are immunologically active, secrete a plethora of factors and may contribute to the spermatogonial stem cell niche. Mechanistic studies are hampered by heterogeneity of human samples. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We established a culture method for MKTPCs and characterized these cells from six young adult animals (2-3 years). To examine whether they qualify as a translational model we also examined HTPCs from seven men and compared the proteomes of both groups. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We used explant cultures to obtain MKTPCs, which express smooth muscle markers (calponin (CNN1), smooth muscle actin (ACTA2)), lack FSH-receptors (FSHR) and LH-receptors (LHCGR), but possess androgen receptors (AR). MKTPCs can be passaged at least up to eight times, without discernable phenotypic changes. Mass-spectrometry-based analyses of the MKTPC and HTPC proteomes were performed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We established a method for isolation and cultivation of MKTPCs, and provide a comprehensive analysis of their protein repertoire. The results let us conclude that MKTPCs are suitable as a non-human primate model to study peritubular cell functions. LARGE SCALE DATA List of identified proteins in MKTPCs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is accessible at the ProteomeXchange (identifier PXD009394). LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION This is an in vitro cellular non-human primate model used to provide a window into the role of these cells in the human testis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Previous studies with HTPCs from patients revealed a degree of heterogeneity, possibly due to age, lifestyle and medical history of the individual human donors. We anticipate that the new translational model, derived from young healthy non-human primates, may allow us to circumvent these issues and may lead to a better understanding of the role of peritubular cells. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETION OF INTEREST(S) This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (MA 1080/27-1; AR 362/9-1; BE 2296/8-1). The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schmid
- Cell Biology-Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - J B Stöckl
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, Fedor-Lynen-Strasse 25, Munich, Germany
| | - F Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, Fedor-Lynen-Strasse 25, Munich, Germany
| | - K-G Dietrich
- Cell Biology-Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - J U Schwarzer
- Andrology Center, Lortzingstrasse 26, Munich, Germany
| | - F-M Köhn
- Andrologicum, Burgstrassse 7, Munich, Germany
| | - C Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, Fedor-Lynen-Strasse 25, Munich, Germany
| | - G J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, Fedor-Lynen-Strasse 25, Munich, Germany
| | - R Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Mayerhofer
- Cell Biology-Anatomy III, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Wahab F, Khan IU, Polo IR, Zubair H, Drummer C, Shahab M, Behr R. Irisin in the primate hypothalamus and its effect on GnRH in vitro. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:175-187. [PMID: 30913538 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, encoded by the FNDC5 gene, is a recently discovered endocrine factor mainly secreted as a myokine and adipokine. However, irisin/FNDC5 expression has also been reported in different other organs including components of the reproductive axis. Yet, there is the scarcity of data on FNDC5/irisin expression, regulation and its reproductive effects, particularly in primates. Here, we report the expression of FNDC5/irisin, along with PGC1A (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) and ERRA (estrogen-related receptor alpha), in components of the reproductive axis of marmoset monkeys. Hypothalamic FNDC5 and ERRA transcript levels are developmentally regulated in both male and female. We further uncovered sex-specific differences in FNDC5, ERRA and PGC1A expression in muscle and the reproductive axis. Moreover, irisin and ERRα co-localize in the marmoset hypothalamus. Additionally, in the arcuate nucleus of rhesus monkeys, the number of irisin+ cells was significantly increased in short-term fasted monkeys as compared to ad libitum-fed monkeys. More importantly, we observed putative interaction of irisin-immunoreactive fibers and few GnRH-immunoreactive cell bodies in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rhesus monkeys. Functionally, we noted a stimulatory effect of irisin on GnRH synthesis and release in mouse hypothalamic neuronal GT1-7 cells. In summary, our findings show that FNDC5 and irisin are developmentally, metabolic-status dependently and sex-specifically expressed in the primate hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and exert a stimulatory effect on GnRH expression and release in mouse hypothalamic cells. Further studies are required to confirm the reproductive effects of irisin in vivo and to illuminate the mechanisms of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Wahab
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ignacio Rodriguez Polo
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hira Zubair
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shahab
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Rulle A, Tsikolia N, de Bakker B, Drummer C, Behr R, Viebahn C. On the Enigma of the Human Neurenteric Canal. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:256-278. [PMID: 30481762 DOI: 10.1159/000493276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Existence and biomedical relevance of the neurenteric canal, a transient midline structure during early neurulation in the human embryo, have been controversially discussed for more than a century by embryologists and clinicians alike. In this study, the authors address the long-standing enigma by high-resolution histology and three-dimensional reconstruction using new and historic histological sections of 5 human 17- to 21-day-old embryos and of 2 marmoset monkey embryos of the species Callithrix jacchus at corresponding stages. The neurenteric canal presents itself as the classical vertical connection between the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac cavity and is lined (a) craniolaterally by a horseshoe-shaped "hinge of involuting notochordal cells" within Hensen's node and (b) caudally by the receding primitive streak epiblast dorsally and by notochordal plate epithelium ventrally, the latter of which covered the (longitudinal) notochordal canal on its ventral side at the preceding stage. Furthermore, asymmetric parachordal nodal expression in Callithrix and morphological asymmetries within the nodes of the other specimens suggest an early non-cilium-dependent left-right symmetry breaking mode previously postulated for other mammals. We conclude that structure and position of the mammalian neurenteric canal support the notion of its homology with the reptilian blastopore as a whole and with a dorsal segment of the blastopore in amphibia. These new features of the neurenteric canal may further clarify the aetiology of foetal malformations such as junctional neurulation defects, neuroendodermal cysts, and the split notochord syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rulle
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernadette de Bakker
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy & Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Wahab F, Drummer C, Schlatt S, Behr R. Dynamic Regulation of Hypothalamic DMXL2, KISS1, and RFRP Expression During Postnatal Development in Non-Human Primates. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8447-8457. [PMID: 27957681 PMCID: PMC5684250 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanism of puberty onset in primates is currently only partly understood. A recent study reported an important role of Dmx-like 2 (DMXL2), a gene encoding rabconnectin-3α vesicular protein, in human subjects with mental retardation and neuroendocrine impairment of reproduction. To further characterize the potential role of DMXL2 in the regulation of reproduction, we analyzed the expression of DMXL2 in hypothalami of newborn, infantile, juvenile, pubertal, and postpubertal female and male common marmoset monkeys. Additionally, as the relative hypothalamic levels of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) transcript during postnatal development are unknown in primates, we also quantified messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of RFRP, a gene encoding GnIH. Moreover, the transcript levels of kisspeptin, a well-known regulator of the hypothalamic neurohormonal axis controlling reproduction, were also checked. Transcript and protein levels of DMXL2 and Kiss1 transcript levels increase from the newborn to the infantile and from the juvenile (prepubertal) to the pubertal and the postpubertal period. We also noted a clear upsurge in RFRP transcript levels in the prepubertal period. In conclusion, the hypothalamic expressions of Kiss1 and DMXL2 mRNA increase during infantile, pubertal, and adult stages compared to newborn and juvenile stages in common marmoset monkeys. In contrast, the expression of RFRP mRNA upsurges in juvenile monkeys. Further mechanistic studies are needed to characterize the potential inhibitory role of the GnIH-GPR147 signaling in the prepubertal period and the role of DMXL2 in the molecular cascade regulating the neuroendocrine reproductive axis in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Wahab
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlatt
- Institute of Reproduction and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Reuss B, Asif AR, Almamy A, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Ishikawa H, Drummer C, Behr R. Antisera against Neisseria gonorrhoeae cross-react with specific brain proteins of the common marmoset monkey and other nonhuman primate species. Brain Res 2016; 1653:23-38. [PMID: 27765579 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal maternal infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) correlate with an increased lifetime probability for the offspring to develop psychosis. We could previously demonstrate that in human choroid plexus papilloma cells, anti-NG antibodies (α-NG) bind to mitochondrial proteins HSP60 and ATPB, and interfere with cellular energy metabolism. To assess the in vivo relevance for this, especially during prenatal neural development, we investigated here interactions of NG-specific antisera (α-NG1, α-NG2) with brain, choroid plexus and other non-neural tissues in pre- and perinatal samples of the nonhuman primate (NHP) Callithrix jacchus (CJ), a NHP model for preclinical research. In histological sections at embryonic day E75, immunohistochemistry revealed α-NG1 and -2-staining in choroid plexus, ganglionic hill, optic cup, heart, and liver. Within the cells, organelle-like structures were labeled, which could be identified by immunohistochemical double-labeling as mitochondria. Both one- and two-dimensional Western blot analysis revealed tissue specific patterns of α-NG1 immunoreactive bands and spots, respectively, which were subsequently characterized by mass spectrometry. Thereby we could confirm the interactions of α-NG1 with human HSP60 and ATPB also in CJ choroid plexus and liver. Even more important, in the CJ brain, several new targets, including NCAM1, CRMP2, and SYT1, were identified, which by unrelated studies have been previously suggested to correlate with an increased schizophrenia risk. These findings support the idea that the marmoset monkey is a useful NHP model to investigate the role of maternal bacterial infections during prenatal brain development, and thereby might improve the understanding of this important aspect of schizophrenia pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Reuss
- Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Abdul R Asif
- Clinical Chemistry/UMG-Labs, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Debowski K, Drummer C, Lentes J, Cors M, Dressel R, Lingner T, Salinas-Riester G, Fuchs S, Sasaki E, Behr R. The transcriptomes of novel marmoset monkey embryonic stem cell lines reflect distinct genomic features. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29122. [PMID: 27385131 PMCID: PMC4935898 DOI: 10.1038/srep29122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are useful for the study of embryonic development. However, since research on naturally conceived human embryos is limited, non-human primate (NHP) embryos and NHP ESCs represent an excellent alternative to the corresponding human entities. Though, ESC lines derived from naturally conceived NHP embryos are still very rare. Here, we report the generation and characterization of four novel ESC lines derived from natural preimplantation embryos of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). For the first time we document derivation of NHP ESCs derived from morula stages. We show that quantitative chromosome-wise transcriptome analyses precisely reflect trisomies present in both morula-derived ESC lines. We also demonstrate that the female ESC lines exhibit different states of X-inactivation which is impressively reflected by the abundance of the lncRNA X inactive-specific transcript (XIST). The novel marmoset ESC lines will promote basic primate embryo and ESC studies as well as preclinical testing of ESC-based regenerative approaches in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Debowski
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jana Lentes
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maren Cors
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821 Japan.,Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Wahab et al. introduce the marmosets, a group of peculiar New World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Wahab
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Charis Drummer
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Fereydouni B, Salinas-Riester G, Heistermann M, Dressel R, Lewerich L, Drummer C, Behr R. Long-Term Oocyte-Like Cell Development in Cultures Derived from Neonatal Marmoset Monkey Ovary. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:2480298. [PMID: 26664406 PMCID: PMC4655298 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2480298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We use the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) as a preclinical nonhuman primate model to study reproductive and stem cell biology. The neonatal marmoset monkey ovary contains numerous primitive premeiotic germ cells (oogonia) expressing pluripotent stem cell markers including OCT4A (POU5F1). This is a peculiarity compared to neonatal human and rodent ovaries. Here, we aimed at culturing marmoset oogonia from neonatal ovaries. We established a culture system being stable for more than 20 passages and 5 months. Importantly, comparative transcriptome analysis of the cultured cells with neonatal ovary, embryonic stem cells, and fibroblasts revealed a lack of germ cell and pluripotency genes indicating the complete loss of oogonia upon initiation of the culture. From passage 4 onwards, however, the cultured cells produced large spherical, free-floating cells resembling oocyte-like cells (OLCs). OLCs strongly expressed several germ cell genes and may derive from the ovarian surface epithelium. In summary, our novel primate ovarian cell culture initially lacked detectable germ cells but then produced OLCs over a long period of time. This culture system may allow a deeper analysis of early phases of female primate germ cell development and-after significant refinement-possibly also the production of monkey oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bentolhoda Fereydouni
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucia Lewerich
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charis Drummer
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Aeckerle N, Drummer C, Debowski K, Viebahn C, Behr R. Primordial germ cell development in the marmoset monkey as revealed by pluripotency factor expression: suggestion of a novel model of embryonic germ cell translocation. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:552. [PMID: 26026067 PMCID: PMC4447994 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Aeckerle
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Drummer
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Debowski
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Viebahn
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Center of Anatomy, University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Behr
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lauster
- Medizinische Klinik, Universität München, BRD
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25
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Drummer C, König J, Eildermann K, Fuchs E, Behr R, Hoffmann K. Core body temperature is not a reliable parameter to follow the reproductive cycle in female marmoset monkey (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>). Primate Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-1-11-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Marmosets represent an attractive and widely used animal species in biomedical research, and the routine monitoring of female reproductive cycles is often mandatory in the fields of reproductive biology and stem cell research. Today, the established method for the reliable detection of ovulation is the determination of progesterone concentrations from blood samples. This method is based on relatively frequent handling and blood collections; therefore, less invasive alternatives would help to reduce stress on the animals. Here, we investigated whether the core body temperature of marmosets would show a correlation with cycle-dependent hormonal fluctuations, as has been described for humans and other primate species. In particular, the objective was to investigate whether the telemetric recording of core body temperature could replace progesterone measurements as a reliable, less invasive method for the detection of ovulation in these animals. Here we show that the core body temperature parameters in female marmosets were characterized by frequent variations, but they were not related to particular days or phases during the reproductive cycle. Therefore, the recording of core body temperature in our controlled standard experimental setting is not an appropriate method to monitor the reproductive cycle in female marmosets, and cannot replace serum progesterone measurement as a state-of-the-art method.
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Aeckerle N, Drummer C, Debowski K, Viebahn C, Behr R. Primordial germ cell development in the marmoset monkey as revealed by pluripotency factor expression: suggestion of a novel model of embryonic germ cell translocation. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 21:66-80. [PMID: 25237007 PMCID: PMC4275041 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the embryonic progenitors of sperm and egg cells. Mammalian PGCs are thought to actively migrate from the yolk sac endoderm over long distances across the embryo to reach the somatic genital ridges. The general principles of mammalian PGC development were discovered in mice. In contrast, little is known about PGC development in primates due to extremely limited access to primate embryos. Here, we analyzed 12 well preserved marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) embryos covering the phase from PGC emergence in the endoderm to the formation of the sexually differentiated gonad (embryonic day (E) 50 to E95). We show using immunohistochemistry that the pluripotency factors OCT4A and NANOG specifically mark PGCs throughout the period studied. In contrast, SALL4 and LIN28 were first expressed ubiquitously and only later down-regulated in somatic tissues. We further show, for the first time, that PGCs are located in the endoderm in E50 embryos in close spatial proximity to the prospective genital ridge, making a long-range migration of PGCs dispensable. At E65, PGCs are already present in the primitive gonad, while significantly later embryonic stages still exhibit PGCs at their original endodermal site, revealing a wide spatio-temporal window of PGC distribution. Our findings challenge the ‘dogma’ of active long-range PGC migration from the endoderm to the gonads. We therefore favor an alternative model based primarily on passive translocation of PGCs from the mesenchyme that surrounds the gut to the prospective gonad through the intercalar expansion of mesenchymal tissue which contains the PGCs. In summary, we (i) show differential pluripotency factor expression during primate embryo development and (ii) provide a schematic model for embryonic PGC translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aeckerle
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Drummer
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Debowski
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Viebahn
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Center of Anatomy, University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Behr
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Oogonia are characterized by diploidy and mitotic proliferation. Human and mouse oogonia express several factors such as OCT4, which are characteristic of pluripotent cells. In human, almost all oogonia enter meiosis between weeks 9 and 22 of prenatal development or undergo mitotic arrest and subsequent elimination from the ovary. As a consequence, neonatal human ovaries generally lack oogonia. The same was found in neonatal ovaries of the rhesus monkey, a representative of the old world monkeys (Catarrhini). By contrast, proliferating oogonia were found in adult prosimians (now called Strepsirrhini), which is a group of ‘lower’ primates. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the new world monkeys (Platyrrhini) and is increasingly used in reproductive biology and stem cell research. However, ovarian development in the marmoset monkey has not been widely investigated. Herein, we show that the neonatal marmoset ovary has an extremely immature histological appearance compared with the human ovary. It contains numerous oogonia expressing the pluripotency factors OCT4A, SALL4, and LIN28A (LIN28). The pluripotency factor-positive germ cells also express the proliferation marker MKI67 (Ki-67), which has previously been shown in the human ovary to be restricted to premeiotic germ cells. Together, the data demonstrate the primitiveness of the neonatal marmoset ovary compared with human. This study may introduce the marmoset monkey as a non-human primate model to experimentally study the aspects of primate primitive gonad development, follicle assembly, and germ cell biology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fereydouni
- Stem Cell Biology UnitGerman Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyCentre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, Domagkstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C Drummer
- Stem Cell Biology UnitGerman Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyCentre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, Domagkstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Aeckerle
- Stem Cell Biology UnitGerman Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyCentre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, Domagkstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Schlatt
- Stem Cell Biology UnitGerman Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyCentre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, Domagkstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - R Behr
- Stem Cell Biology UnitGerman Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyCentre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, Domagkstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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28
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Hoffmann K, König J, Eildermann K, Fuchs E, Behr R, Drummer C. Core body temperature is not a valid parameter to follow the reproductive cycle in female marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1359442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Aeckerle N, Eildermann K, Drummer C, Ehmcke J, Schweyer S, Lerchl A, Bergmann M, Kliesch S, Gromoll J, Schlatt S, Behr R. The pluripotency factor LIN28 in monkey and human testes: a marker for spermatogonial stem cells? Mol Hum Reprod 2012; 18:477-88. [PMID: 22689537 PMCID: PMC3457707 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is maintained by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). However, since evidentiary assays and unequivocal markers are still missing in non-human primates (NHPs) and man, the identity of primate SSCs is unknown. In contrast, in mice, germ cell transplantation studies have functionally demonstrated the presence of SSCs. LIN28 is an RNA-binding pluripotent stem cell factor, which is also strongly expressed in undifferentiated mouse spermatogonia. By contrast, two recent reports indicated that LIN28 is completely absent from adult human testes. Here, we analyzed LIN28 expression in marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) and human testes during development and adulthood and compared it with that in mice. In the marmoset, LIN28 was strongly expressed in migratory primordial germ cells and gonocytes. Strikingly, we found a rare LIN28-positive subpopulation of spermatogonia also in adult marmoset testis. This was corroborated by western blotting and quantitative RT–PCR. Importantly, in contrast to previous publications, we found LIN28-positive spermatogonia also in normal adult human and additional adult NHP testes. Some seasonal breeders exhibit a degenerated (involuted) germinal epithelium consisting only of Sertoli cells and SSCs during their non-breeding season. The latter re-initiate spermatogenesis prior to the next breeding-season. Fully involuted testes from a seasonal hamster and NHP (Lemur catta) exhibited numerous LIN28-positive spermatogonia, indicating an SSC identity of the labeled cells. We conclude that LIN28 is differentially expressed in mouse and NHP spermatogonia and might be a marker for a rare SSC population in NHPs and man. Further characterization of the LIN28-positive population is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aeckerle
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Valenti G, Fraszl W, Addabbo F, Tamma G, Procino G, Satta E, Cirillo M, De Santo NG, Drummer C, Bellini L, Kowoll R, Schlemmer M, Vogler S, Kirsch KA, Svelto M, Gunga HC. Water immersion is associated with an increase in aquaporin-2 excretion in healthy volunteers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2006; 1758:1111-6. [PMID: 16764820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the alterations in renal water handling in healthy volunteers during a 6 h thermoneutral water immersion at 34 to 36 degrees C. We found that water immersion is associated with a reversible increase in total urinary AQP2 excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valenti
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Italy.
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Scheld K, Zittermann A, Heer M, Herzog B, Mika C, Drummer C, Stehle P. Nitrogen metabolism and bone metabolism markers in healthy adults during 16 weeks of bed rest. Clin Chem 2001; 47:1688-95. [PMID: 11514404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between nitrogen metabolism and bone turnover during bed rest are still not completely understood. METHODS We measured nitrogen balance (nitrogen intake minus urinary nitrogen excretion) and biochemical metabolic markers of calcium and bone turnover in six males before head-down tilt bed rest (baseline), during 2, 10, and 14 weeks of immobilization, and after reambulation. RESULTS The changes in nitrogen balance were highest between baseline and week 2 (net change, -5.05 +/- 1.30 g/day; 3.6 +/- 0.6 g/day at baseline vs -1.45 +/- 1.3 g/day at week 2; P<0.05). In parallel, serum intact osteocalcin (a marker of bone formation) was already reduced and renal calcium and phosphorus excretions were increased at week 2 (P <0.05). Fasting serum calcium and phosphorus values and renal excretion of N-telopeptide (a bone resorption marker) were enhanced at weeks 10 and 14 (P <0.05-0.001), whereas serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and type I collagen propeptide (a marker of bone collagen formation) were decreased at week 14 (P <0.05-0.01). Significant associations were present between changes of serum intact osteocalcin and 24-h calcium excretion (P <0.001), nitrogen balance and 24-h phosphorus excretion (P <0.001), nitrogen balance and renal N-telopeptide excretion (P <0.05), and between serum osteocalcin and nitrogen balance (P <0.025). CONCLUSIONS Bone formation decreases rapidly during immobilization in parallel with a higher renal excretion of intestinally absorbed calcium. These changes appear in association with the onset of a negative nitrogen balance, but decreased bone collagen synthesis and enhanced collagen breakdown occur after a time lag of several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scheld
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Most astronauts lose body mass during their stay in microgravity. The early hypothesis, which attributed this phenomenon to an increase in diuresis and natriuresis after entering microgravity, is now untenable. Although a fluid shift from the lower to the upper body occurs, it does not lead to a marked fluid loss in the first 2 days of space flight. The continuous day-by-day body mass measurement during the Euromir 94 mission showed that there was a gradual reduction over the entire mission instead of a rapid loss of 2 to 3 kg at the beginning of a mission. The daily energy intake during this mission and the negative energy balances found in the Skylab and LMS-Mission show that lowered body mass is very likely caused by an insufficient energy consumption and its accompanying effects. These include the metabolization of endogenous energy stores, ie, glycogen, protein, and fat. Mobilization of glycogen and protein buffers will also cause the water that is bound to both to be lost. Thus, a gradual decrease in body mass and a concomitant reduction in total body fluid occurs without a significant increase in urine flow or natriuresis. In conclusion, the body mass loss in microgravity is likely a result of undernutrition instead of diuresis and natriuresis caused by the fluid shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heer
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany.
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De Santo NG, Christensen NJ, Drummer C, Kramer HJ, Regnard J, Heer M, Cirillo M, Norsk P. Fluid balance and kidney function in space: introduction. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:664-7. [PMID: 11532703 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.27751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N G De Santo
- Prima Cattedra di Nefrologia, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
According to a classic hypothesis, weightlessness should promote the renal excretion rate of sodium and water and lead to a fluid- and electrolyte-depleted state. This hypothesis is based on experiments in which weightlessness has been simulated in humans by head-down bed rest and water immersion. However, after 5 to 6 days of space mission, the diuretic and natriuretic responses to an intravenous isotonic saline load were attenuated and plasma norepinephrine and renin concentrations increased compared with those of the acute supine position before flight. Renal fluid excretion after an oral water load was also attenuated in space. Similar decreases were not observed during head-down bed rest. Sympathetic activity is of major importance in regulating blood volume and renal function. Studies in space have indicated that, compared with that while in a supine position on Earth, sympathoadrenal activity is increased during space flights as measured using plasma concentration and urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine. The space-induced activation of antinatriuretic mechanisms and sympathoadrenal activity could have been caused by early in-flight reduction in total and central blood volume. The decreased plasma volume may be explained by such factors as redistribution of plasma from the lower to the upper body (thin legs and puffy face), reduced food intake, and decreased muscle activity. The decrease in plasma volume and the subsequent increase in sympathetic activity is due, at least in part, to the abrupt cessation of activity in large muscle groups during microgravity, which normally counteracts the effects of gravity in the upright posture. This would lead to accumulation of albumin and fluid in the interstitial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Christensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Abstract
Many studies have used water immersion and head-down bed rest as experimental models to simulate responses to microgravity. However, some data collected during space missions are at variance or in contrast with observations collected from experimental models. These discrepancies could reflect incomplete knowledge of the characteristics inherent to each model. During water immersion, the hydrostatic pressure lowers the peripheral vascular capacity and causes increased thoracic blood volume and high vascular perfusion. In turn, these changes lead to high urinary flow, low vasomotor tone, and a high rate of water exchange between interstitium and plasma. In contrast, the increase in thoracic blood volume during a space mission is combined with stimulated orthosympathetic tone and lowered urine flow. During bed rest, body tissues are compressed by pressure from gravity, whereas microgravity causes a negative pressure around the body. The differences in renal function between space and experimental models appear to be explained by the physical forces affecting tissues and hemodynamics as well as by the changes secondary to these forces. These differences may help in selecting experimental models to study possible effects of microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Regnard
- Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Besançon, France.
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36
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Abstract
Results from space have been unexpected and not predictable from the results of ground-based simulations. Therefore, the concept of how weightlessness and gravity modulates the regulation of body fluids must be revised and a new simulation model developed. The main questions to ask in the future are the following: Does weightlessness induce a diuresis and natriuresis during the initial hours of space flight leading to an extracellular and intravascular fluid volume deficit? Can sodium in excess be stored in a hitherto unknown way, particularly during space flight? Why are fluid and sodium retaining systems activated by spaceflight? Why are the renal responses to saline and water stimuli in space attenuated compared with those of ground simulations? How can the effects of weightlessness on fluid and electrolyte regulation be correctly simulated on the ground? The information obtained from space may be of relevance to fluid and electrolyte balance in edematous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Norsk
- Department of Aviation Medicine, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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37
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Abstract
We have previously shown that fluid balances and body fluid regulation in microgravity (microG) differ from those on Earth (Drummer et al, Eur J Physiol 441:R66-R72, 2000). Arriving in microG leads to a redistribution of body fluid-composed of a shift of fluid to the upper part of the body and an exaggerated extravasation very early in-flight. The mechanisms for the increased vascular permeability are not known. Evaporation, oral hydration, and urinary fluid excretion, the major components of water balance, are generally diminished during space flight compared with conditions on Earth. Nevertheless, cumulative water balance and total body water content are stable during flight if hydration, nutritional energy supply, and protection of muscle mass are at an acceptable level. Recent water balance data disclose that the phenomenon of an absolute water loss during space flight, which has often been reported in the past, is not a consequence of the variable microG. The handling of sodium, however, is considerably affected by microG. Sodium-retaining endocrine systems, such as renin-aldosterone and catecholamines, are much more activated during microG than on Earth. Despite a comparable oral sodium supply, urinary sodium excretion is diminished and a considerable amount of sodium is retained-without accumulating in the intravascular space. An enormous storage capacity for sodium in the extravascular space and a mechanism that allows the dissociation between water and sodium handling likely contribute to the fluid balance adaptation in weightlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drummer
- Medical Faculty, University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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38
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Abstract
Urodilatin, a 32-aminoacid peptide, is expressed in distal tubular cells of the human kidney and presumably released into the luminal part of the nephron to exert its effect via activation of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases (type A) at the medullary collecting duct. Thereby, the tubular reabsorption of sodium is inhibited and natriuresis is stimulated. The peptide is derived from the same gene and propeptide as the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a more N-terminal cleavage in the human kidney than in other body tissues may be responsible for the existence of this renal natriuretic peptide and its increased stability in the extreme environment of the kidney and primary urine. The results of a sequence of human and animal physiology experiments has suggested that the renal natriuretic peptide, rather than its cardiac analog ANP, may play an essential role in mediating urinary sodium excretion. First observations are made suggesting a contribution of the renal natriuretic peptide also to disturbed sodium handling under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drummer
- Department of Medicine, Division Head Systems Physiology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany. drummer@online..de
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39
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Abstract
An inadequate nutrient intake during space flight may compromise the crewmembers' health status. In fact, during recent European missions (D-2, EuroMIR 94 and EuroMIR 95), monitoring of the astronauts' food intake revealed that they had a deficient energy, fluid, and calcium intake and an excessive sodium consumption compared to the dietary reference intakes for earthbound conditions. Inappropriate amounts of these nutrients have a considerable impact on body fluid regulation, the cardiovascular system and on calcium and bone metabolism, especially bone mineral density, which are all stressed by the microgravity environment. Provision of adequate nutrition especially when facing long-term space flights is therefore one of the foremost challenges. Therefore, for the German MIR 97 mission, we considered the data obtained from previous European missions to devise a constant and controlled nutrient intake that matched the earthbound dietary reference intake values in our experiments. Specific markers indicated that bone formation continually declined and bone resorption increased in the MIR 97 astronaut. This suggests that the nutritional criteria chosen for the subjects remaining on Earth may be inadequate for extended space missions. Therefore, more emphasis has to be placed on investigating the effects of a deficient nutrient intake on astronauts during exposure to microgravity, to manage their nutritional care appropriately during long-term missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heer
- DLR-Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
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40
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Baisch JF, Wolfram G, Beck L, Drummer C, Störmer I, Buckey J, Blomqvist G. Orthostatic stress is necessary to maintain the dynamic range of cardiovascular control in space. Pflugers Arch 2001; 441:R52-61. [PMID: 11200981 DOI: 10.1007/s004240000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the upright position, gravity fills the low-pressure systems of human circulation with blood and interstitial fluid in the sections below the diaphragm. Without gravity one pressure component in the vessels disappears and the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure, which regulates fluid passage across the capillary endothelium in the terminal vascular bed, shifts constantly. The visible consequences of this are a puffy face and "bird" legs. The plasma volume shrinks in space and the range of cardiovascular control is reduced. When they stand up for the first time after landing, 30-50% of astronauts suffer from orthostatic intolerance. It remains unclear whether microgravity impairs cardiovascular reflexes, or whether it is the altered volume status that causes the cardiovascular instability following space flight. Lower body negative pressure was used in several space missions to stimulate the cardiovascular reflexes before, during and after a space flight. The results show that cardiovascular reflexes are maintained in microgravity. However, the astronauts' volume status changed in space, towards a volume-retracted state, as measurements of fluid-regulating hormones have shown. It can be hypothesized that the control of circulation and body fluid homeostasis in humans is adapted to their upright posture in the Earth's gravitational field. Autonomic control regulates fluid distribution to maintain the blood pressure in that posture, which most of us have to cope with for two-thirds of the day. A determined amount of interstitial volume is necessary to maintain the dynamic range of cardiovascular control in the upright posture; otherwise orthostatic intolerance may occur more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Baisch
- Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Cologne, Germany.
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41
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Abstract
Similar to the response to central hypervolemic conditions on Earth, the shift of blood volume from the legs to the upper part of the body in astronauts entering micro-gravity should, in accordance with the Henry-Gauer mechanism, mediate diuresis and natriuresis. However, fluid balance and kidney function experiments during various space missions resulted in the surprising observation that the responses qualitatively differ from those observed during simulations of hypervolemia on Earth. There is some evidence that the attenuated responses of the kidney while entering weightlessness, and also later during space flight, may be caused by augmented fluid distribution to extravascular compartments compared to conditions on Earth. A functional decoupling of the kidney may also contribute to the observation that renal responses during exposure to micro-gravity are consistently weaker than those during simulation experiments before space flight. Deficits in body mass after landing have always been interpreted as an indication of absolute fluid loss early during space missions. However, recent data suggest that body mass changes during space flight are rather the consequences of hypocaloric nutrition and can be overcome by improved nutrition schemes. Finally, sodium-retaining humoral systems are activated during space flight and may contribute to a new steady-state of metabolic balances with a pronounced increase in body sodium compared to respective conditions on Earth. A revision of the classical "micro-gravity fluid shift" scheme is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drummer
- Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Cologne, Germany.
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42
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Ivanova K, Das PK, van den Wijngaard RM, Lenz W, Klockenbring T, Malcharzyk V, Drummer C, Gerzer R. Differential expression of functional guanylyl cyclases in melanocytes: absence of nitric-oxide-sensitive isoform in metastatic cells. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:409-16. [PMID: 11231315 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive endogenous molecule with multiple functions and its cellular signaling activity is mainly mediated by activation of the soluble isoform of guanylyl cyclase, a heterodimeric (alpha/beta) hemeprotein. The expression of the NO-sensitive soluble isoform of guanylyl cyclase was studied in various cultured melanocytic cells by measuring the accumulation of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the presence and absence of NO donors. Here we report that 3-morpholino-sydnonimine, a donor of NO redox species, and (Z)-1-[2- (2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, a direct NO donor, induced a 20-fold increase in intracellular guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in nonmetastatic melanoma cells and normal melanocytes in culture that could be related to cellular melanin content in a concentration-dependent manner. The increased intracellular guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate was due to stimulation of the activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase as such increase was completely abolished by using a specific inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase. The involvement of functional soluble guanylyl cyclase was further confirmed by the presence of alpha1 and beta1 subunits in these cells at both mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, none of the NO donors induced guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production in metastatic melanoma cells, which could be attributed to the absence of the beta1 subunit that is essential for catalytic activity of the soluble isoform of guanylyl cyclase. Metastatic melanoma cells produced higher levels of intracellular guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in response to natriuretic peptides than other cell types, however, due to upregulation of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase activities, but they are less pigmented or unpigmented. The present finding suggests that NO signaling in association with melanogenesis is dependent on the soluble isoform of guanylyl cyclase, whereas absence of soluble guanylyl cyclase but the presence of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase correlates with the metastatic behavior of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ivanova
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.
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43
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Zittermann A, Heer M, Caillot-Augusso A, Rettberg P, Scheld K, Drummer C, Alexandre C, Horneck G, Vorobiev D, Stehle P. Microgravity inhibits intestinal calcium absorption as shown by a stable strontium test. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:1036-43. [PMID: 11122318 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the onset and degree of biochemical and functional alterations in calcium metabolism during microgravity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of microgravity on intestinal calcium absorption and calcium-regulating hormones under metabolic ward conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fractional calcium absorption (Fc240 in percentage of dose administered) was determined pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight, by use of a stable strontium test in one cosmonaut who spent 20 days in space. Moreover, a sequence of blood samples was collected for the determination of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcitriol and serum C-telopeptide (CTx, biomarker of bone resorption) levels. During all periods of data collection, calcium intake was held constant at a minimum level of 1.000 mg day(-1) and a daily supplement of 16.6 microg vitamin D2 was given. Personal ultraviolet (UV) light exposure was measured during the whole mission using a biologically weighting UV dosimeter. RESULTS Fc240 was markedly reduced on flight day 19 (4.4%) as compared to pre-flight and post-flight data (13.4% and 17.2%, respectively). Serum calcitriol levels fell from 40.6 pg mL(-1) (mean pre-flight level) to 1.3 pg mL(-1) on flight day 18 and returned into the normal range after recovery. Serum CTx increased during the flight, while serum PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal calcium absorption can be diminished after only three weeks of microgravity. Changes are associated with a severe suppression of circulating calcitriol levels, but are independent of exogenous vitamin D supply and serum PTH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zittermann
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Universität Bonn, Germany.
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44
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Baisch F, Beck L, Blomqvist G, Wolfram G, Drescher J, Rome JL, Drummer C. Cardiovascular response to lower body negative pressure stimulation before, during, and after space flight. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:1055-65. [PMID: 11122320 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that space travel cause post-flight orthostatic hypotension and it was assumed that autonomic cardiovascular control deteriorates in space. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) was used to assess autonomic function of the cardiovascular system. METHODS LBNP tests were performed on six crew-members before and on the first days post-flight in a series of three space missions. Additionally, two of the subjects performed LBNP tests in-flight. LBNP mimics fluid distribution of upright posture in a gravity independent way. It causes an artificial sequestration of blood, reduces preload, and filtrates plasma into the lower part of the body. Fluid distribution was assessed by bioelectrical impedance and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS Heart rate, blood pressure, and total peripheral resistance increased significantly during LBNP experiments in-flight. The decrease in stroke volume, the increased pooling of blood, and the increased filtration of plasma into the lower limbs during LBNP indicated that a plasma volume reduction and a deficit of the interstitial volume of lower limbs rather than a change in cardiovascular control was responsible for the in-flight response. Post-flight LBNP showed no signs of cardiovascular deterioration. The still more pronounced haemodynamic changes during LBNP reflected the expected behaviour of cardiovascular control faced with less intravascular volume. In-flight, the status of an intra-and extravascular fluid deficit increases sympathetic activity, the release of vasoactive substances and consequently blood pressure. Post-flight, blood pressure decreases significantly below pre-flight values after restoration of volume deficits. CONCLUSION We conclude that the cardiovascular changes in-flight are a consequence of a fluid deficit rather than a consequence of changes in autonomic signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baisch
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Cologne, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the very beginning of space physiology research, the deficit in body mass that is often observed after landing has always been interpreted as an indication of the absolute fluid loss early during space missions. However, in contrast to central hypervolemic conditions on Earth, the acute shift of blood volume from the legs to the upper part of the body in astronauts entering microgravity (microG) has neither stimulated diuresis and natriuresis nor resulted in negative water-and sodium-balances. DESIGN We therefore examined the kinetics of body mass changes in astronauts (n = 3) during their several weeks aboard the space station MIR. A continuous diet monitoring was performed during the first mission (EuroMIR94, 30 days). The second mission (MIR97, 19 days) comprised a 15-day metabolic ward period (including predefined constant energy and sodium intake). Water and sodium balances were calculated and the kinetic of changes in basal concentrations of fluid-balance-related hormones during flight were determined. CONCLUSION The data suggest firstly that loss of body mass during space flight is rather a consequence of hypocaloric nutrition. Secondly, microG provokes a sodium retaining hormonal status and may lead to sodium storage without an accompanying fluid retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drummer
- Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrtmedizin, DLR, Cologne, Germany.
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46
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Abstract
Urine output in astronauts following ingestion of an oral water load was low in space on the Russian space station Mir and less than during simulation by 6 degrees head-down bed rest. This surprising observation shows that the effects of gravity and weightlessness on fluid volume regulation are not well understood and that the head-down bed-rest model does not simulate the effects of weightlessness on renal water handling.
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47
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Drummer C, Heer M, Joosten M, Störmer I, Hesse C, Beck L, Wolfram G, Baisch F. Regulation and distribution of body fluid during a 6-day head-down tilt study in a randomized cross-over design. J Gravit Physiol 2000; 7:P187-8. [PMID: 12697510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Head down tilt (-6 degrees HDT) examinations are commonly used simulation models for various microgravity induced changes in body functions. Body fluid distribution (by means of dye dilution and two independent multifrequency impedance techniques), water- and sodium-handling, and the plasma/serum concentrations of fluid balance related hormones have been determined in a randomized, controlled, cross-over study in 8 healthy test subjects. The comparison of responses to HDT and an upright control position with respective experiences from space shows some similarities but also various discrepancies between the terrestrial simulation and real microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drummer
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center DLR, Cologne, Germany
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48
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Zittermann A, Bock P, Drummer C, Scheld K, Heer M, Stehle P. Lactose does not enhance calcium bioavailability in lactose-tolerant, healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:931-6. [PMID: 10731499 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.4.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence from animal studies that lactose has a beneficial effect on intestinal calcium absorption. However, data concerning the effect of lactose on calcium absorption in lactose-tolerant adults are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the effect of lactose on calcium bioavailability in humans by the use of a stable-strontium test under controlled metabolic conditions. DESIGN Eleven healthy, lactose-tolerant subjects (8 women, 3 men) randomly received a bolus of 2.27 mmol strontium alone (load A), the bolus with 35 g lactose (load B), or the bolus with 17.5 g glucose and 17.5 g galactose (load C). Blood samples were drawn at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, 240, and 300 min. Urine specimens were collected during the time intervals -2 to 0, 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, and 6-24 h. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic parameters of strontium bioavailability were comparable for all 3 loads. In detail, fractional absorption at 240 min for loads A, B, and C was 12.1 +/- 0.7%, 13.0 +/- 1.1%, and 12.2 +/- 0.7%, respectively. Areas under the curve for 0-240 min were 70.8 +/- 6.3, 69.6 +/- 3.5, and 65.8 +/- 5.1 micromol*h/L for loads A, B, and C, respectively (NS). Moreover, fractional strontium excretion values of 5.1 +/- 0.8% (load A), 5.8 +/- 0.4% (load B), and 5.2 +/- 0.8% (load C) were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Lactose does not have a beneficial effect on calcium bioavailability in lactose-tolerant adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zittermann
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Bonn, Germany.
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49
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Abstract
A commonly accepted hypothesis is that a chronically high-sodium diet expands extracellular volume and finally reaches a steady state where sodium intake and output are balanced whereas extracellular volume is expanded. However, in a recent study where the main purpose was to investigate the role of natriuretic peptides under day-to-day sodium intake conditions (Heer M, Drummer C, Baisch F, and Gerzer R. Pflügers Arch 425: 390-394, 1993), our laboratory observed increases in plasma volume without any rise in extracellular volume. To scrutinize these results that were observed as a side effect, we performed a controlled, randomized study including 32 healthy male test subjects in a metabolic ward. The NaCl intake ranged from a low level of 50 meq NaCl/day to 200, 400, and 550 meq/day, respectively. Plasma volume dose dependently increased (P < 0.01), being elevated by 315 +/- 37 ml in the 550-meq-NaCl-intake group. However, in contrast to the increased plasma volume, comparable to study I, total body water did not increase. In parallel, body mass also did not increase. Mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes, as an index for intracellular volume, was also unchanged. We conclude from the results of these two independently conducted studies that under the chosen study conditions, in contrast to present opinions, high sodium intake does not induce total body water storage but induces a relative fluid shift from the interstitial into the intravascular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heer
- Deutsche Forschungsansalt für Luft und Raumfahrt-Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51170 Cologne, Germany.
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50
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Wolfram G, Drummer C, Helbig R, Hesse C, Klan R, Sittner WD, Baisch F. Effects of an antihypertensive medication on functional capacity under simulated flight-typical stress-conditions. Eur J Med Res 1999; 4:379-81. [PMID: 10477504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A model to investigate the functional capacity (psychomental performance) under stressful conditions was developed. Twenty eight patients with mild hypertension receiving Nitrendipine (20 mg) for 30 days were tested under hypoxic (16% oxygen) and/or orthostatic (-30 mmHg lower body negative pressure) conditions using a subset of the AGARD battery. The main effect was a decreasing performance of the grammatical reasoning task (GRT) under hypoxia or the combination of hypoxia and orthostasis. A simultaneous application of stressors while performing psychometric test batteries may be useful to reveal pharmaceutical influences on human performance and may help to recommend the use of drugs in occupational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolfram
- Institut für Flugmedizin der RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
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