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Tepaamorndech S, Oort P, Kirschke CP, Cai Y, Huang L. ZNT7 binds to CD40 and influences CD154-triggered p38 MAPK activity in B lymphocytes-a possible regulatory mechanism for zinc in immune function. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:675-690. [PMID: 28469980 PMCID: PMC5407898 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency impairs the immune system leading to frequent infections. Although zinc is known to play critical roles in maintaining healthy immune function, the underlying molecular targets are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that zinc is important for the CD154–CD40‐mediated activation of downstream signaling pathways in human B lymphocytes. CD40 is a receptor localized on the cell surface of many immune cells, including B lymphocytes. It binds to CD154, a membrane protein expressed on antigen‐activated T helper (Th) lymphocytes. This CD154‐CD40 interaction leads to B‐cell activation. We showed that cellular zinc deficiency impaired the CD154‐CD40‐mediated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation. We also showed that zinc supplemental treatment of B lymphocytes had limited effect on this CD40‐mediated p38 MAPK signaling. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the zinc transporter protein zinc transporter 7 (ZNT7) interacted with CD40 using immunoprecipitation analyses. ZNT7 knockdown in B lymphocytes had a negative effect on the cell surface expression of CD40. Consequently, the CD40‐mediated p38 MAPK signaling transduction was down‐regulated in ZNT7KD B lymphocytes. Conversely, this p38 MAPK signaling activity was up‐regulated by overexpression (OE) of ZNT7 in B lymphocytes. Moreover, we found that ZNT7 knockdown in B lymphocytes constitutively up‐ and down‐regulated the inhibitor of i kappa B kinase and AKT serine/threonine kinase phosphorylation, respectively, which implies the activation of survival signaling in ZNT7KD B cells. We conclude that CD40 is the target molecule for ZNT7 in regulation of immune function of B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapun Tepaamorndech
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group University of California Davis CA USA.,Food Biotechnology Research Unit National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Pieter Oort
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center Davis CA USA.,Present address: Astrona Biotechnologies HM Clause Innovation Center 28605 County Road 104 Davis CA 95618 USA
| | - Catherine P Kirschke
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center Davis CA USA
| | - Yimeng Cai
- Graduate Group of Nutritional Biology University of California Davis CA USA
| | - Liping Huang
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group University of California Davis CA USA.,Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center Davis CA USA.,Graduate Group of Nutritional Biology University of California Davis CA USA
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Paulo JA, McAllister FE, Everley RA, Beausoleil SA, Banks AS, Gygi SP. Effects of MEK inhibitors GSK1120212 and PD0325901 in vivo using 10-plex quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics. Proteomics 2014; 15:462-73. [PMID: 25195567 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed isobaric tag based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics strategies can comprehensively analyze drug treatments effects on biological systems. Given the role of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) signaling in cancer and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent diseases, we sought to determine if this pathway could be inhibited safely by examining the downstream molecular consequences. We used a series of tandem mass tag 10-plex experiments to analyze the effect of two MEK inhibitors (GSK1120212 and PD0325901) on three tissues (kidney, liver, and pancreas) from nine mice. We quantified ∼ 6000 proteins in each tissue, but significant protein-level alterations were minimal with inhibitor treatment. Of particular interest was kidney tissue, as edema is an adverse effect of these inhibitors. From kidney tissue, we enriched phosphopeptides using titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) and quantified 10 562 phosphorylation events. Further analysis by phosphotyrosine peptide immunoprecipitation quantified an additional 592 phosphorylation events. Phosphorylation motif analysis revealed that the inhibitors decreased phosphorylation levels of proline-x-serine-proline (PxSP) and serine-proline (SP) sites, consistent with extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibition. The MEK inhibitors had the greatest decrease on the phosphorylation of two proteins, Barttin and Slc12a3, which have roles in ion transport and fluid balance. Further studies will provide insight into the effect of these MEK inhibitors with respect to edema and other adverse events in mouse models and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Ma X, Liang S, Yang D. Characteristics of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 8 and its potential role in gonad of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 141:77-86. [PMID: 24486454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) are important enzymes catalyzing steroids biosynthesis and metabolism in vertebrates. Although studies indicate steroids play a potential role in reproduction of molluscs, little is known about the presence and function of 17β-HSDs in molluscs. In the present study, a full-length cDNA encoding 17β-HSD type 8 (17β-HSD8) was identified in the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri, which is 1104bp in length with an open reading frame of 759bp encoding a protein of 252 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the C. farreri 17β-HSD8 (Cf-17β-HSD8) belongs to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family (SDR) and shares high homology with other 17β-HSD8 homologues. Catalytic activity assay in vitro demonstrated that the refolded Cf-17β-HSD8 expressed in Escherichia coli could effectively convert estradiol-17β (E2) to estrone (E1), and weakly catalyze the conversion of testosterone (T) to androstenedione (A) in the presence of NAD(+). The Cf-17β-HSD8 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues analyzed, including gonads. The expression levels of Cf-17β-HSD8 mRNA and protein increased with gametogenesis in both ovary and testis, and were significantly higher in testis than in ovary at growing stage and mature stage. Moreover, results of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that the mRNA and protein of Cf-17β-HSD8 were expressed in follicle cells and gametes at all stages except spermatozoa. Our findings suggest that Cf-17β-HSD8 may play an important role in regulating gametogenesis through modulating E2 levels in gonad of C. farreri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Xiaoshi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Shaoshuai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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4
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Yan G, Zhang Y, Yu J, Yu Y, Zhang F, Zhang Z, Wu A, Yan X, Zhou Y, Wang F. Slc39a7/zip7 plays a critical role in development and zinc homeostasis in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42939. [PMID: 22912764 PMCID: PMC3418240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Slc39a7/Zip7, also known as Ke4, is a member of solute carrier family 39 (Slc39a) and plays a critical role in regulating cell growth and death. Because the function of Zip7 in vivo was unclear, the present study investigated the function of zip7 in vertebrate development and zinc metabolism using zebrafish as a model organism. Principal Finding Using real-time PCR to determine the gene expression pattern of zip7 during zebrafish development, we found that zip7 mRNA is expressed throughout embryonic development and into maturity. Interestingly, whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that while zip7 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed until 12 hours post-fertilization (hpf); at 24 hpf and beyond, zip7 mRNA was specifically detected only in eyes. Morpholino-antisense (MO) gene knockdown assay revealed that downregulation of zip7 expression resulted in several morphological defects in zebrafish including decreased head size, smaller eyes, shorter palates, and shorter and curved spinal cords. Analysis by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) showed reduced concentrations of zinc in brain, eyes, and gills of zip7-MO-injected embryos. Furthermore, incubation of the zip7 knockdown embryos in a zinc-supplemented solution was able to rescue the MO-induced morphological defects. Significance Our data suggest that zip7 is required for eye, brain, and skeleton formation during early embryonic development in zebrafish. Moreover, zinc supplementation can partially rescue defects resulting from zip7 gene knockdown. Taken together, our data provide critical insight into a novel function of zip7 in development and zinc homeostasis in vivo in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yan
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlei Yu
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Schools of Life and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology Children's Hospital Boston and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fudi Wang
- Group of Bio-Metal Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Chasapis CT, Loutsidou AC, Spiliopoulou CA, Stefanidou ME. Zinc and human health: an update. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:521-34. [PMID: 22071549 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of micronutrients in health and nutrition is undisputable, and among them, zinc is an essential element whose significance to health is increasingly appreciated and whose deficiency may play an important role in the appearance of diseases. Zinc is one of the most important trace elements in the organism, with three major biological roles, as catalyst, structural, and regulatory ion. Zinc-binding motifs are found in many proteins encoded by the human genome physiologically, and free zinc is mainly regulated at the single-cell level. Zinc has critical effect in homeostasis, in immune function, in oxidative stress, in apoptosis, and in aging, and significant disorders of great public health interest are associated with zinc deficiency. In many chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, several malignancies, neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, aging, age-related degenerative diseases, and Wilson's disease, the concurrent zinc deficiency may complicate the clinical features, affect adversely immunological status, increase oxidative stress, and lead to the generation of inflammatory cytokines. In these diseases, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation may play important causative roles. It is therefore important that status of zinc is assessed in any case and zinc deficiency is corrected, since the unique properties of zinc may have significant therapeutic benefits in these diseases. In the present paper, we review the zinc as a multipurpose trace element, its biological role in homeostasis, proliferation and apoptosis and its role in immunity and in chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, depression, Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos T Chasapis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Wang M, Xu Q, Yu J, Yuan M. The putative Arabidopsis zinc transporter ZTP29 is involved in the response to salt stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:467-79. [PMID: 20358261 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress leads to a stress response, called the unfolded protein response (UPR), in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR is also induced in a wide range of organisms by zinc deficiency. However, it is not clear whether regulation of zinc levels is involved in the initiation of the UPR in plant response to salt stress. In this study, a putative zinc transporter, ZTP29, was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. ZTP29 localizes to the ER membrane and is expressed primarily in hypocotyl and cotyledon tissues, but its expression can be induced in root tissue by salt stress. T-DNA insertion into the ZTP29 gene led to NaCl hypersensitivity in seed germination and seedling growth, leaf etiolation, and widening of cells in the root elongation zone. In addition, in ztp29 mutant plants, salt stress-induced upregulation of the UPR pathway genes BiP2 and bZIP60 was inhibited. Furthermore, under conditions of salt stress, upregulation of BiP2 and bZIP60 was inhibited by treatment with high concentrations of zinc in both control and ztp29 plants. However, zinc chelation restored salt stress-induced BiP2 and bZIP60 upregulation in ztp29 mutant plants. These experimental results suggest that ZTP29 is involved in the response to salt stress, perhaps through regulation of zinc levels required to induce the UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
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Lichten LA, Cousins RJ. Mammalian zinc transporters: nutritional and physiologic regulation. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:153-76. [PMID: 19400752 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-033009-083312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research advances defining how zinc is transported into and out of cells and organelles have increased exponentially within the past five years. Research has progressed through application of molecular techniques including genomic analysis, cell transfection, RNA interference, kinetic analysis of ion transport, and application of cell and animal models including knockout mice. The knowledge base has increased for most of 10 members of the ZnT family and 14 members of the Zrt-, Irt-like protein (ZIP) family. Relative to the handling of dietary zinc is the involvement of ZnT1, ZIP4, and ZIP5 in intestinal zinc transport, involvement of ZIP10 and ZnT1 in renal zinc reabsorption, and the roles of ZIP5, ZnT2, and ZnT1 in pancreatic release of endogenous zinc. These events are major factors in regulation of zinc homeostasis. Other salient findings are the involvement of ZnT2 in lactation, ZIP14 in the hypozincemia of inflammation, ZIP6, ZIP7, and ZIP10 in metastatic breast cancer, and ZnT8 in insulin processing and as an autoantigen in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Lichten
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2710, USA
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Chen Z, Kastaniotis AJ, Miinalainen IJ, Rajaram V, Wierenga RK, Hiltunen JK. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 8 and carbonyl reductase type 4 assemble as a ketoacyl reductase of human mitochondrial FAS. FASEB J 2009; 23:3682-91. [PMID: 19571038 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-133587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (FAS) generates the octanoyl-group that is required for the synthesis of lipoic acid and is linked to mitochondrial RNA metabolism. All of the human enzymes involved in mitochondrial FAS have been characterized except for beta-ketoacyl thioester reductase (HsKAR), which catalyzes the second step in the pathway. We report here the unexpected finding that a heterotetramer composed of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 8 (Hs17beta-HSD8) and human carbonyl reductase type 4 (HsCBR4) forms the long-sought HsKAR. Both proteins share sequence similarities to the yeast 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase (Oar1p) and the bacterial FabG, although HsKAR is NADH dependent, whereas FabG and Oar1p are NADPH dependent. Hs17beta-HSD8 and HsCBR4 show a strong genetic interaction in vivo in yeast, where, only if they are expressed together, they rescue the respiratory deficiency and restore the lipoic acid content of oar1Delta cells. Moreover, these two proteins display a stable physical interaction and form an active heterotetramer. Both Hs17beta-HSD8 and HsCBR4 are targeted to mitochondria in vivo in cultured HeLa cells. Notably, 17beta-HSD8 was previously classified as a steroid-metabolizing enzyme, but our data suggest that 17beta-HSD8 is primarily involved in mitochondrial FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Chen
- Biocenter Oulu, and Department of Biochemistry, P. O. Box 3000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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Ma Y, Xu SZ, Gao X, Ren HY, Xin YP, Gao SX, Zhang YH. Molecular cloning of bovine FABGL gene and its effects on bovine bioeconomic traits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:1096-104. [PMID: 17185169 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-4172(06)60147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The complete CDS sequence of the bovine FABGL gene was determined by homology cloning approach combined with RT-PCR and 3'- and 5'-RACE. The results of sequence analysis and bioinformatics study showed that this cDNA contained 994 nucleotides, with a 780 bp open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a 16 bp 5'-UTR (incompletely) and a 198 bp 3'-UTR. The deduced amino acid sequence (260 AA) shows 88% identity with the corresponding sequence in humans. Two single nucleotide substitutions, one located in intron 5 (I5) at position 1 065 bp (Y = C/T) (GenBank: DQ409814) and the other in intron 8 (I8) at position 1 792 bp (R = A/G), were detected using the PCR-SSCP method. Analysis of the allele frequencies of the two polymorphic sites in three different cattle breeds (Angus, Hereford, and Simmental) with different genotypes showed large differences: in locus I8, cattle with the GG genotype showed higher beef performance index (BPI) (4.283 +/- 0.475 kg/cm) in comparison with cattle with the AA genotype (4.008 +/- 0.465 kg/cm) (P = 0.01). Regarding the ribeye area, cattle with the GG genotype showed significantly higher ribeye area (73.380 +/- 13.005 cm(2)) compared with cattle with the AA genotype (67.744 +/- 12.777 cm(2)) (p = 0.05). In locus I5, some associations for the average daily gain (ADG) were found at the significance level of 0.01 between three different genotypes (CC, CT, TT): cattle with the TT genotype showed the highest ADG (0.652 +/- 0.330 kg/d), whereas cattle with the CC genotype showed the lowest ADG value (0.421 +/- 0.178 kg/d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Institue of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
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10
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Mindnich R, Adamski J. Zebrafish 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:20-6. [PMID: 19111899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The term 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) describes an enzyme that stereospecifically reduces or oxidizes a keto- or hydroxy group at C17 of the steroid scaffold, respectively. Fourteen mammalian 17beta-HSDs have been identified so far and nine sequence homologs are found in zebrafish. 17beta-HSDs additionally active in fatty acid metabolism display high sequence conservation and widespread tissue expression. Homologs of these multifunctional 17beta-HSDs have been identified in flies, worms and yeast, and steroid-converting activity was demonstrated in some cases. The "classical" 17beta-HSDs, types 1, 2 and 3, are steroid-specific enzymes expressed in few tissues. They may have arisen at the beginning of vertebrate evolution allowing new, differently controlled modes of steroid hormone action. These findings reflect on two aspects: (1) the evolutionary origin of steroid-specific enzymes and (2) a possible conservation of steroid hormone function in invertebrates through currently unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mindnich
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 3620 Hamilton Walk, 135 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential heavy metal that is incorporated into a number of human Zn metalloproteins. Zn plays important roles in nucleic acid metabolism, cell replication, and tissue repair and growth. Zn deficiency is associated with a range of pathological conditions, including impaired immunity, retarded growth, brain development disorders and delayed wound healing. Moreover, many reports have suggested that Zn is involved in cancer development and levels of Zn in serum and malignant tissues of patients with various types of cancer are abnormal. Zn may directly affect tumor cells by regulating gene expression profiles and/or cell viability, both of which are mediated in part by tumor-induced changes in Zn transporter expression. On the other hand, Zn may indirectly influence tumor cells by affecting processes within the cancer microenvironment, including immune responses; the functions and/or activity levels of immune cells that attack tumor cells are influenced by the intracellular Zn concentrations within those cells. In both cases, Zn contributes to intracellular metal homeostasis and/or signal transduction in tumor and immune cells. In this review article, we will summarize the current understanding of the roles of Zn homeostasis and signaling primarily in immune cells, with a discussion of the contributions of these processes to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Murakami
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Hirano T, Murakami M, Fukada T, Nishida K, Yamasaki S, Suzuki T. Roles of zinc and zinc signaling in immunity: zinc as an intracellular signaling molecule. Adv Immunol 2008; 97:149-76. [PMID: 18501770 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient required for cell growth, differentiation, and survival, and its deficiency causes growth retardation, immunodeficiency, and other health problems. Therefore, Zn homeostasis must be tightly controlled in individual cells. Zn is known to be important in the immune system, although its precise roles and mechanisms have not yet been resolved. Zn has been suggested to act as a kind of neurotransmitter. In addition, Zn has been shown to bind and affect the activity of several signaling molecules, such as protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). However, it has not been known whether Zn itself might act as an intracellular signaling molecule, that is, a molecule whose intracellular status is altered in response to an extracellular stimulus, and that is capable of transducing the extracellular stimulus into an intracellular signaling event. Here we propose that Zn acts as a signaling molecule and that there are at least two kinds of Zn signaling: "late Zn signaling," which is dependent on a change in the expression profile of Zn transporters, and "early Zn signaling," which involves a "Zn wave" and is directly induced by an extracellular stimulus. We also review recent progress in uncovering the roles of Zn in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hirano
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ohno S, Nishikawa K, Honda Y, Nakajin S. Expression in E. coli and tissue distribution of the human homologue of the mouse Ke 6 gene, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 8. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 309:209-15. [PMID: 17978863 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the human Ke 6 gene, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 8, in E. coli and the substrate specificity of the expressed protein were examined. The tissue distribution of mRNA expression of the human Ke 6 gene was also studied using real-time PCR. Human Ke 6 gene was expressed as an enzymatically-active His-tag fusion protein, whose molecular weight was estimated to be 32.5 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Expressed human Ke 6 gene effectively catalyzed the conversion of estradiol into estrone. Testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol were also catalyzed into the corresponding 17-ketosteroid at 2.4-5.9% that of estradiol oxidation. Furthermore, expressed enzyme catalyzed the reduction of estrone to estradiol, but the rate was a mere 2.3%. Human Ke 6 gene mRNA was expressed in the various tissues examined, such as brain, cerebellum, heart, lung, kidney, liver, small intestine, ovary, testis, adrenals, placenta, prostate, and stomach. Expression of human Ke 6 gene mRNA was especially abundant in prostate, placenta, and kidney. The levels in prostate and placenta were higher than that in kidney, where it is known to be expressed in large quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ohno
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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14
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Villar J, Celay J, Alonso MM, Rotinen M, de Miguel C, Migliaccio M, Encío I. Transcriptional regulation of the human type 8 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene by C/EBPbeta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 105:131-9. [PMID: 17583490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSD) regulate the intracellular concentration of active sex steroid hormones in target tissues. To date, at least 14 different isozymes have been identified. The type 8 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD8) selectively catalyzes the conversion of estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1). To map the promoter region and to investigate its regulation, we cloned and fused a 1600 bp DNA fragment upstream of the 17beta-HSD8 transcriptional start site to a luciferase reporter gene. After transient transfection in HepG2 cells, this fragment was shown to possess promoter activity. Deletion constructs of the 5' flanking region of the 17beta-HSD8 gene led to the identification of the minimal promoter region within the first 75 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. This region included two CCAAT boxes and sequences closely resembling the consensus Sp1 and NF-kappaB motifs. Site directed mutagenesis revealed that the CCAAT boxes were essential for transcription in HepG2. EMSA, supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation reflected that these sequences were binding sites for C/EBPbeta. Furthermore, promoter activity was increased by the co-transfection of a C/EBPbeta expression vector, and this transactivation was through both CCAAT boxes. Our studies indicate that C/EBPbeta is essential for the transcription of the 17beta-HSD8 gene in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Villar
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Huang L, Kirschke CP, Zhang Y, Yu YY. The ZIP7 Gene (Slc39a7) Encodes a Zinc Transporter Involved in Zinc Homeostasis of the Golgi Apparatus. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:15456-63. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412188200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Mindnich R, Möller G, Adamski J. The role of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 218:7-20. [PMID: 15130507 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of steroid hormones is regulated at the pre-receptor level by several enzymes including 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17 beta -HSD). The latter are present in many microorganisms, invertebrates and vertebrates. Dysfunctions in human 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases result in disorders of biology of reproduction and neuronal diseases, the enzymes are also involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases reveal a remarkable multifunctionality being able to modulate concentrations not only of steroids but as well of fatty and bile acids. Current knowledge on genetics, biochemistry and medical implications is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mindnich
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Taylor KM, Morgan HE, Johnson A, Nicholson RI. Structure-function analysis of HKE4, a member of the new LIV-1 subfamily of zinc transporters. Biochem J 2004; 377:131-9. [PMID: 14525538 PMCID: PMC1223853 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The KE4 proteins are an emerging group of proteins with little known functional data. In the present study, we report the first characterization of the recombinant human KE4 protein in mammalian cells. The KE4 sequences are included in the subfamily of ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-like Proteins) zinc transporters, which we have termed LZT (LIV-1 subfamily of ZIP zinc Transporters). All these LZT sequences contain similarities to ZIP transporters, including the consensus sequence in transmembrane domain IV, which is essential for zinc transport. However, the new LZT subfamily can be separated from other ZIP transporters by the presence of a highly conserved potential metalloprotease motif (HEXPHEXGD) in transmembrane domain V. Here we report the location of HKE4 on intracellular membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum, and its ability to increase the intracellular free zinc as measured with the zinc-specific fluorescent dye, Newport Green, in a time-, temperature- and concentration-dependent manner. This is in contrast with the zinc influx ability of another LZT protein, LIV-1, which was due to its plasma membrane location. Therefore we have added to the functionality of LZT proteins by reporting their ability to increase intracellular-free zinc, whether they are located on the plasma membrane or on intracellular membranes. This result, in combination with the crucial role that zinc plays in cell growth, emphasizes the importance of this new LZT subfamily, including the KE4 sequences, in the control of intracellular zinc homoeostasis, aberrations of which can lead to diseases such as cancer, immunological disorders and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Taylor
- Tenovus Cancer Research Centre, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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18
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Steckelbroeck S, Watzka M, Reissinger A, Wegener-Toper P, Bidlingmaier F, Bliesener N, Hans VHJ, Clusmann H, Ludwig M, Siekmann L, Klingmüller D. Characterisation of estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity in the human brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 86:79-92. [PMID: 12943747 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a crucial role in multiple functions of the brain and the proper balance of inactive estrone and active estradiol-17beta might be very important for their cerebral effects. The interconversion of estrone and estradiol-17beta in target tissues is known to be catalysed by a number of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) isoforms. The present study shows that enzyme catalysed interconversion of estrone and estradiol-17beta occurs in the human temporal lobe. The oxidative cerebral pathway preferred estradiol-17beta to Delta(5)-androstenediol and testosterone, whereas the reductive pathway preferred dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to Delta(4)-androstenedione and estrone. An allosteric Hill kinetic for NAD-dependent oxidation of estradiol-17beta was observed, whereas a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic was shown for NADPH-dependent reduction of estrone. Investigations of the interconversion of estrogens in cerebral neocortex (CX) and subcortical white matter (SC) preparations of brain tissue from 12 women and 10 men revealed no sex-differences, but provide striking evidence for the presence of at least one oxidative membrane-associated 17beta-HSD and one cytosolic enzyme that catalyses both the reductive and the oxidative pathway. Membrane-associated oxidation of estradiol-17beta was shown to be significantly higher in CX than in SC (P<0.05), whereas the cytosolic enzyme activities were significantly higher in SC than in CX (P<0.0005). Finally, real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that besides 17beta-HSD types 4 and 5 also the isozymes type 7, 8, 10 and 11 show substantial expression in the human temporal lobe. The characteristics of the isozymes lead us to the conclusion that cytosolic 17beta-HSD type 5 is the best candidate for the observed cytosolic enzyme activities, whereas the data gave no clear answer to the question, which enzyme is responsible for the membrane-associated oxidation of estradiol-17beta. In conclusion, the study strongly suggests that different cell types and different isozymes are involved in the cerebral interconversion of estrogens, which might play a pivotal role in maintaining the functions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Steckelbroeck
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
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19
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Van Doren M, Mathews WR, Samuels M, Moore LA, Broihier HT, Lehmann R. fear of intimacy encodes a novel transmembrane protein required for gonad morphogenesis in Drosophila. Development 2003; 130:2355-64. [PMID: 12702650 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gonad formation requires specific interactions between germ cells and specialized somatic cells, along with the elaborate morphogenetic movements of these cells to create an ovary or testis. We have identified mutations in the fear of intimacy (foi) gene that cause defects in the formation of the embryonic gonad in Drosophila. foi is of particular interest because it affects gonad formation without affecting gonad cell identity, and is therefore specifically required for the morphogenesis of this organ. foi is also required for tracheal branch fusion during tracheal development. E-cadherin/shotgun is similarly required for both gonad coalescence and tracheal branch fusion, suggesting that E-cadherin and FOI cooperate to mediate these processes. foi encodes a member of a novel family of transmembrane proteins that includes the closely related human protein LIV1. Our findings that FOI is a cell-surface protein required in the mesoderm for gonad morphogenesis shed light on the function of this new family of proteins and on the molecular mechanisms of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Van Doren
- Department of Biology, 305 Mudd Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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20
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Begum NA, Kobayashi M, Moriwaki Y, Matsumoto M, Toyoshima K, Seya T. Mycobacterium bovis BCG cell wall and lipopolysaccharide induce a novel gene, BIGM103, encoding a 7-TM protein: identification of a new protein family having Zn-transporter and Zn-metalloprotease signatures. Genomics 2002; 80:630-45. [PMID: 12504855 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.7000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To identify novel genes induced during innate immune activation, we screened a cDNA library prepared from monocytes stimulated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG cell wall. A novel transcript with three-protein coding potential was identified, and the expressed proteins from individual frames showed distinct intracellular localization. Live and heat-killed Mycobacterium, bacterial cell wall, and inflammatory cytokines like TNFalpha were found to be potent inducers of the transcript. Expression of this gene is very low or undetectable in unstimulated monocytes, while a steady expression level was observed during differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells and macrophages. The entire gene consisted of eight major exons and was localized on chromosome 4q22-q24, spanning approximately 84 kb. The main open reading frame of the transcript encoded a putative seven-transmembrane (TM) protein that showed homology with a number of functionally unknown proteins in the database. Further analysis revealed that all of these proteins have detectable similarity with the ZIP family of metal transporters. In fact, increased accumulation of intracellular Zn(2+) was observed due to the expression of BIGM103 in CHO cells. However, the identified proteins are structurally unique compared to known ZIP members and they also possess the hallmark of Zn-metalloproteases, suggesting a new class of multi-TM protein with dual features. Here we present a collection of these proteins and discuss the functional aspects of BIGM103, based on our results and current findings on two members of the family, Drosophila Catsup and Arabidopsis IAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim A Begum
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-8511, Japan
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21
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Jacobs K, Mattheeuws M, Van Poucke M, Van Zeveren A, Peelman LJ. Characterization of the porcine FABGL gene. Anim Genet 2002; 33:220-3. [PMID: 12030927 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The porcine major histocompatibility complex, also called swine lymphocyte antigen (SLA) complex, is of particular interest not only because of its central role in the immune response, but also because of its influence on many traits such as reproduction, fatness and meat quality. The porcine FABGL (FabG (beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrierprotein] reductase, Escherichia coli) like) gene, coding for a 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD), is a candidate gene for these traits. The complete gene was sequenced and compared with human and mouse FABGL sequences. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 85 and 83% sequence identity to human and mouse sequences, respectively. Polymorphicic BbvI and DdeI restriction sites were found in the porcine FABGL gene. The promoter was compared with the promoter regions of human and mouse FABGL sequence in order to identify putative regulatory elements. The transcription profile of the porcine gene was determined and showed a widespread tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jacobs
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Luu-The V, Dufort I, Pelletier G, Labrie F. Type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: its role in the formation of androgens in women. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:77-82. [PMID: 11165014 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 5 17beta-HSD, one of the seven types of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) so far characterized in humans, catalyzes the transformation of 4-androstenedione (4-dione) into testosterone (T). This reaction is also catalyzed by type 3 17beta-HSD which is responsible for pseudohermaphroditism in deficient man but is asymptomatic in deficient women. Since type 3 17beta-HSD is not found in the ovary, whereas type 5 is, it is suggested that the latter is involved in the conversion of 4-androstenedione to testosterone in the ovary. The comparison of type 5 17beta-HSD of different species shows that the human enzyme shares 95 and 78% identity with the monkey and mouse enzymes respectively. In addition, the human and monkey enzymes are labile and are destroyed upon homogenization of the transfected cells, whereas the mouse enzyme is not. Human type 5 17beta-HSD also possesses a high 20alpha-HSD activity that inactivates progesterone, whereas the monkey and mouse enzymes do not have such high 20alpha-HSD activity. Since the endocrine ovary is composed of two types of cells, one producing androgens (theca cells) and the other producing progesterone and estrogens (granulosa cells), it is tempting to suggest that the role of the high 20alpha-HSD activity of type 5 17beta-HSD is to protect the theca cells against the progesterone produced by the granulosa cells. The double activity of type 5 17beta-HSD in the female reproductive tissues is probably necessary to the control of the optimal level of progesterone and sex steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Luu-The
- Medical Research Council Group in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, G1V 4G2, Quebec, Canada.
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23
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He XY, Merz G, Chu CH, Lin D, Yang YZ, Mehta P, Schulz H, Yang SY. Molecular cloning, modeling, and localization of rat type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:89-98. [PMID: 11165016 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rat and mouse complementary DNAs of type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were cloned and sequenced. The mouse cDNA clone's sequence corrected the previously published nucleotide and amino acid sequence of mouse endoplasmic reticulum-associated beta-amyloid-binding protein. A subunit of the rat enzyme consists of 261 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 27250 Da. Compared with its human counterpart, rat 17betaHSD type 10 shows 88% identity. Mouse 17betaHSD type 10 is composed of 261 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 27274 Da. There is 95% identity between the two rodent enzymes. A stereostructure model of rat 17betaHSD type 10 was constructed based on its amino acid sequence. Similar to human type 10 17betaHSD, the rodent enzymes also displayed relatively higher 3alphaHSD activity than 17betaHSD activity. Intracellular localization of rat 17betaHSD type 10 has been determined by subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy studies. The results unequivocally establish that this is a nuclear gene-encoded mitochondrial enzyme, and that this 17betaHSD is not associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The unique location distinguishes type 10 from other types of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y He
- Department of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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24
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Abstract
In uterine endometrium, the level of estradiol is controlled by oxidative 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD) activity which converts the bioactive hormone to the less active compound estrone. At least three different types of 17HSD (types 2, 4 and 8) use estradiol as their preferred substrate and may contribute to the overall rate of estradiol-inactivation in the uterus. In this study the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) was used for the investigation of the particular contribution of each type of 17HSD. Northern Blots revealed essentially the same tissue distribution as in the human. Likewise, uterine 17HSD enzyme activity increases in the secretory phase of the reproductive cycle, in parallel to the rise in circulating progesterone levels. Northern analysis of uteri from defined time points of the reproductive cycle showed that only the level of 17HSD2 expression is strongly upregulated in the secretory phase, whereas 17HSD4 and 17HSD8 seem to be expressed constitutively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Husen
- Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany.
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25
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Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSD) are pivotal in controlling the biological potency of steroid hormones by catalyzing oxidation or reduction at position 17. Several 17beta-HSDs may as well metabolize further substrates including alcohols, bile acids, fatty acids and retinols. This review summarizes recent progress in the field of 17beta-HSD research provides an update of nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adamski
- GSF-National Research Center for Health and Environment, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Proteomics Group, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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26
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Numasawa T, Koga H, Ueyama K, Maeda S, Sakou T, Harata S, Leppert M, Inoue I. Human retinoic X receptor beta: complete genomic sequence and mutation search for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14:500-8. [PMID: 10234570 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.4.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is characterized by ectopic bone formation in the ligament. OPLL is a very common disorder, in fact it constitutes the leading cause of myelopathy among Japanese. In the previous report, we provided the genetic linkage evidence that the genetic susceptibility of OPLL mapped to HLA complex of chromosome 6. As a candidate gene approach, retinoic X receptor beta (RXR beta), assigned to chromosome 6p21.3 adjacent to HLA class II, was analyzed for a possible causality. To start screening for the molecular variants of RXR beta in OPLL subjects, we first obtained P1 phage genomic clones containing the entire human RXR beta and elucidated the genomic organization of the gene. The human RXR beta is composed of 10 exons spanning over 6.2 kb of genomic DNA. Sequence analysis of the promoter region revealed a GC-rich sequence without TATA motif. We have identified three distinct molecular variants, one was in exon 10 and two were in the intergenic region between RXR beta and collagen 11A2 (COL11A2). Two variants in the intergenic region, 3' end + 140 and 3' end + 561, exhibit statistically significant associations with OPLL in case-control study (p = 0.0028 for 3' end + 140 and p = 0.034 for 3' end + 561). These results indicate that the genetic causality of OPLL lies within or close to the RXR beta/COL11A2 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Numasawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Japan
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27
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Kikuti YY, Tamiya G, Ando A, Chen L, Kimura M, Ferreira E, Tsuji K, Trowsdale J, Inoko H. Physical mapping 220 kb centromeric of the human MHC and DNA sequence analysis of the 43-kb segment including the RING1, HKE6, and HKE4 genes. Genomics 1997; 42:422-35. [PMID: 9205114 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cosmid contig was constructed from a YAC clone with a 220-kb insert that spans the centromeric side of the human MHC class II region, corresponding to the mouse t complex. The gene order was identified to be HSET-HKE1.5-HKE2-HKE3-RING1-HKE6- HKE4 (RING5). The genomic sequence of a 42,801-bp long region encoded by one cosmid clone in the RING1, HKE6, and HKE4 subregions was determined by the shotgun method. The exon-intron organization of these three genes, RING1 (Ring finger protein), HKE6 (steroid dehydrogenase-like protein), and HKE4 (transmembrane protein with histidine-rich charge clusters), was determined. The previously reported RING2 gene was revealed to be identical to HKE6. Transcripts from HKE4 were detected in the placenta, lung, kidney, and pancreas. Those of HKE6 were found in the liver and pancreas. The 25-kb region proximal to the RING1 gene includes an extensive dense cluster of Alu repeats (about 1.2 Alu per kb), and no gene has been identified in this so far. The region is equivalent to part of the mouse t complex and could be of relevance to human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Kikuti
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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