1
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Wright EB, Lannigan DA. Therapeutic targeting of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1297292. [PMID: 38169775 PMCID: PMC10758423 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1297292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are downstream effectors of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and are activated in response to tyrosine kinase receptor or G-protein coupled receptor signaling. RSK contains two distinct kinase domains, an N-terminal kinase (NTKD) and a C-terminal kinase (CTKD). The sole function of the CTKD is to aid in the activation of the NTKD, which is responsible for substrate phosphorylation. RSK regulates various homeostatic processes including those involved in transcription, translation and ribosome biogenesis, proliferation and survival, cytoskeleton, nutrient sensing, excitation and inflammation. RSK also acts as a major negative regulator of ERK1/2 signaling. RSK is associated with numerous cancers and has been primarily studied in the context of transformation and metastasis. The development of specific RSK inhibitors as cancer therapeutics has lagged behind that of other members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Importantly, a pan-RSK inhibitor, PMD-026, is currently in phase I/1b clinical trials for metastatic breast cancer. However, there are four members of the RSK family, which have overlapping and distinct functions that can vary in a tissue specific manner. Thus, a problem for transitioning a RSK inhibitor to the clinic may be the necessity to develop isoform specific inhibitors, which will be challenging as the NTKDs are very similar to each other. CTKD inhibitors have limited use as therapeutics as they are not able to inhibit the activity of the NTKD but could be used in the development of proteolysis-targeting chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Wright
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Deborah A. Lannigan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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Ehtewish H, Mesleh A, Ponirakis G, Lennard K, Al Hamad H, Chandran M, Parray A, Abdesselem H, Wijten P, Decock J, Alajez NM, Ramadan M, Khan S, Ayadathil R, Own A, Elsotouhy A, Albagha O, Arredouani A, Blackburn JM, Malik RA, El-Agnaf OMA. Profiling the autoantibody repertoire reveals autoantibodies associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1256745. [PMID: 38107644 PMCID: PMC10722091 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1256745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia is a debilitating neurological disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The exact mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease remain to be fully defined. There is an increasing body of evidence for the role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of dementia, where blood-borne autoimmune antibodies have been studied as potential markers associated with pathological mechanisms of dementia. Methods This study included plasma from 50 cognitively normal individuals, 55 subjects with MCI (mild cognitive impairment), and 22 subjects with dementia. Autoantibody profiling for more than 1,600 antigens was performed using a high throughput microarray platform to identify differentially expressed autoantibodies in MCI and dementia. Results The differential expression analysis identified 33 significantly altered autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with dementia compared to cognitively normal subjects, and 38 significantly altered autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with dementia compared to subjects with MCI. And 20 proteins had significantly altered autoantibody responses in MCI compared to cognitively normal individuals. Five autoantibodies were commonly dysregulated in both dementia and MCI, including anti-CAMK2A, CKS1B, ETS2, MAP4, and NUDT2. Plasma levels of anti-ODF3, E6, S100P, and ARHGDIG correlated negatively with the cognitive performance scores (MoCA) (r2 -0.56 to -0.42, value of p < 0.001). Additionally, several proteins targeted by autoantibodies dysregulated in dementia were significantly enriched in the neurotrophin signaling pathway, axon guidance, cholinergic synapse, long-term potentiation, apoptosis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Conclusion We have shown multiple dysregulated autoantibodies in the plasma of subjects with MCI and dementia. The corresponding proteins for these autoantibodies are involved in neurodegenerative pathways, suggesting a potential impact of autoimmunity on the etiology of dementia and the possible benefit for future therapeutic approaches. Further investigations are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Ehtewish
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Areej Mesleh
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Georgios Ponirakis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Katie Lennard
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanadi Al Hamad
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mani Chandran
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Aijaz Parray
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Houari Abdesselem
- Proteomics Core Facility, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick Wijten
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Nehad M. Alajez
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Marwan Ramadan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Shafi Khan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Raheem Ayadathil
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Own
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Elsotouhy
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rayaz A. Malik
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar M. A. El-Agnaf
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
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Miller SC, MacDonald CC, Kellogg MK, Karamysheva ZN, Karamyshev AL. Specialized Ribosomes in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076334. [PMID: 37047306 PMCID: PMC10093926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal heterogeneity exists within cells and between different cell types, at specific developmental stages, and occurs in response to environmental stimuli. Mounting evidence supports the existence of specialized ribosomes, or specific changes to the ribosome that regulate the translation of a specific group of transcripts. These alterations have been shown to affect the affinity of ribosomes for certain mRNAs or change the cotranslational folding of nascent polypeptides at the exit tunnel. The identification of specialized ribosomes requires evidence of the incorporation of different ribosomal proteins or of modifications to rRNA and/or protein that lead(s) to physiologically relevant changes in translation. In this review, we summarize ribosomal heterogeneity and specialization in mammals and discuss their relevance to several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Clinton C. MacDonald
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Morgana K. Kellogg
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | | | - Andrey L. Karamyshev
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-743-4102
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Fu Z, Ding C, Gong W, Lu C. ncRNAs mediated RPS6KA2 inhibits ovarian cancer proliferation via p38/MAPK signaling pathway. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1028301. [PMID: 36741009 PMCID: PMC9893488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1028301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecology malignancy in the world, therefore, research on the molecular biological mechanism of ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and progression has received widespread attention. Methods We identified RPS6KA2 as the prognosis-related gene of ovarian cancer from TCGA, GSE26712 and GSE26193 database via bioinformatic analysis. qRT-PCR and western blot detected the differential expression of RPS6KA2 in normal ovaries and ovarian cancer tissues. The biological functions of RPS6KA2 were verified by in vitro and in vivo. GSEA analysis was used to select candidate signaling pathway of RPS6KA2 which was further verified by western blot. The possible binding sites of RPS6KA2 with miRNAs and circRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics analysis, and then a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed. Results We found the expression of RPS6KA2 was down-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues. Overexpression of RPS6KA2 could suppress cell proliferation, whereas knockdown of RPS6KA2 had the opposite effects on proliferation. GSEA analysis showed that the MARK signaling pathway was closely associated with RPS6KA2. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that RPS6KA2 was regulated with miR-19a-3p, miR-106a-5p and miR-519d-3p. Further analysis showed that circFAM169A was the common ceRNA of miR-19a-3p, miR-106a-5p and miR-519d-3p. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed the relationship of circFAM169A and miR-106a-5p and miR-519d-3p. After network analysis, one circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis (circFAM169A/miR-106a-5p, miR-519d-3p/RPS6KA2) was identified. Conclusions We demonstrated that circFAM169A/miR-106a-5p, miR-519d-3p mediated low expression of RPS6KA2 could affect the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells via p38/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Fu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Ding
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangang Gong
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Chao Lu,
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5
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Amato A, Arrigo A, Aragona E, Manitto MP, Saladino A, Bandello F, Battaglia Parodi M. Gene Therapy in Inherited Retinal Diseases: An Update on Current State of the Art. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:750586. [PMID: 34722588 PMCID: PMC8553993 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.750586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gene therapy cannot be yet considered a far perspective, but a tangible therapeutic option in the field of retinal diseases. Although still confined in experimental settings, the preliminary results are promising and provide an overall scenario suggesting that we are not so far from the application of gene therapy in clinical settings. The main aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated overview of the current state of the art and of the future perspectives of gene therapy applied on retinal diseases. Methods: We carefully revised the entire literature to report all the relevant findings related to the experimental procedures and the future scenarios of gene therapy applied in retinal diseases. A clinical background and a detailed description of the genetic features of each retinal disease included are also reported. Results: The current literature strongly support the hope of gene therapy options developed for retinal diseases. Although being considered in advanced stages of investigation for some retinal diseases, such as choroideremia (CHM), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), gene therapy is still quite far from a tangible application in clinical practice for other retinal diseases. Conclusions: Gene therapy is an extremely promising therapeutic tool for retinal diseases. The experimental data reported in this review offer a strong hope that gene therapy will be effectively available in clinical practice in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Amato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Manitto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Saladino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Ma J, Wang K, Chai J, Xu T, Wei J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Li M, Fan L. High RSK4 expression constitutes a predictor of poor prognosis for patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 227:153642. [PMID: 34649054 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research focuses on exploring RSK4 protein expression within Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), based on these investigations on level of expressions coupled with the relevance to clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes. METHODS The expression of RSK4 in 48 ccRCC and 20 hydronephrosis samples were under the detection of immunohistochemistry; besides, its relevance to the combination of clinicopathologic features with prognosis was committed in virtue of statistical approaches. RESULTS The 48 ccRCC samples included 36 (75%, 36/48) positive for RSK4, while the positive rate in hydronephrosis samples were 5 (25%, 5/20). Statistical analysis showed that RSK4 in ccRCC samples express higher expression the hydronephrosis samples (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of RSK4 in ccRCC samples weren't correlated with ages and genders (P > 0.05), while WHO/ISUP nucleolar grade harboured relevance to low survival rate (P = 0.018). Molecular researches demonstrated that over-expression of RSK4 was able to upgrade the proliferation capability of ccRCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS According to the expression pattern and molecular systems featured RSK4 in ccRCCs, it performed the function of a latent independent prognostic factor performing the function of a newly built latent therapeutic aim oriented with the patients undergoing RCC. Moreover, the specific mechanism of action is expected to be revealed in the future research.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kidney Neoplasms/enzymology
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Tumor Burden
- Up-Regulation
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China
| | - Kaijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China
| | - Tianqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China
| | - Yixiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China; The 31666 Troop of PLA, Wuwei 733000, China.
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China.
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China.
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Yuan Y, Xu J, Jiang L, Yu K, Ge Y, Li M, He H, Niu Q, Shi X, Fan L, Chen Z, Zhao Z, Li S, Xu Y, Wang Z, Li H. Discovery, Optimization, and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Novel and Potent RSK4 Inhibitors as Promising Agents for the Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13572-13587. [PMID: 34496560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) was identified to be a promising target for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in our previous research, whose current treatments are primarily chemotherapy and radiotherapy due to the lack of targeted therapy. However, few potent and specific RSK4 inhibitors are reported. In this study, a series of 1,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimido[4,5-d][1,3]oxazin-2-ones derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel and potent RSK4 inhibitors. Compound 14f was identified with potent RSK4 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. 14f significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro with IC50 values of 0.57 and 0.98 μM, respectively. It dose dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of RSK4 downstream substrates while exerting little effect on the substrates of RSK1-3 in ESCC cells. The markedly suppressed tumor growth and no observed toxicity to main organs in the ESCC xenograft mouse model suggested 14f to be a promising RSK4-targeting agent for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiqi Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiayu Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
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8
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Rubio C, Taddei E, Acosta J, Custodio V, Paz C. Neuronal Excitability in Epileptogenic Zones Regulated by the Wnt/ Β-Catenin Pathway. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:2-11. [PMID: 31987027 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200120143133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that involves abnormal and recurrent neuronal discharges, producing epileptic seizures. Recently, it has been proposed that the Wnt signaling pathway is essential for the central nervous system development and function because it modulates important processes such as hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic clefting, and mitochondrial regulation. Wnt/β- catenin signaling regulates changes induced by epileptic seizures, including neuronal death. Several genetic studies associate Wnt/β-catenin signaling with neuronal excitability and epileptic activity. Mutations and chromosomal defects underlying syndromic or inherited epileptic seizures have been identified. However, genetic factors underlying the susceptibility of an individual to develop epileptic seizures have not been fully studied yet. In this review, we describe the genes involved in neuronal excitability in epileptogenic zones dependent on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Elisa Taddei
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Verónica Custodio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Carlos Paz
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
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9
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Li MY, Fan LN, Han DH, Yu Z, Ma J, Liu YX, Li PF, Zhao DH, Chai J, Jiang L, Li SL, Xiao JJ, Duan QH, Ye J, Shi M, Nie YZ, Wu KC, Liao DJ, Shi Y, Wang Y, Yan QG, Guo SP, Bian XW, Zhu F, Zhang J, Wang Z. Ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 promotes radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4301-4319. [PMID: 32396532 DOI: 10.1172/jci134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers and is highly resistant to current treatments. ESCC harbors a subpopulation of cells exhibiting cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties that contribute to therapeutic resistance including radioresistance, but the molecular mechanisms in ESCC CSCs are currently unknown. Here, we report that ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) plays a pivotal role in promoting CSC properties and radioresistance in ESCC. RSK4 was highly expressed in ESCC CSCs and associated with radioresistance and poor survival in patients with ESCC. RSK4 was found to be a direct downstream transcriptional target of ΔNp63α, the main p63 isoform, which is frequently amplified in ESCC. RSK4 activated the β-catenin signaling pathway through direct phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9. Pharmacologic inhibition of RSK4 effectively reduced CSC properties and improved radiosensitivity in both nude mouse and patient-derived xenograft models. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that the ΔNp63α/RSK4/GSK-3β axis plays a key role in driving CSC properties and radioresistance in ESCC, indicating that RSK4 is a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin-Ni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan-Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Liang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Juan Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and
| | - Yong-Zhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Chun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, and.,Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Ma J, Li M, Chai J, Wang K, Li P, Liu Y, Zhao D, Xu J, Yu K, Yan Q, Guo S, Wang Z, Fan L. Expression of RSK4, CD44 and MMP-9 is upregulated and positively correlated in metastatic ccRCC. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:28. [PMID: 32209138 PMCID: PMC7093975 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the expression and function of RSK4, MMP-9 and CD44 in primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (primary ccRCC) and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (metastatic ccRCC), as well as the correlation with clinicopathological features of patients. METHOD The expression levels of RSK4, CD44 and MMP-9 in 52 primary ccRCC samples and 48 metastatic ccRCC samples were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between RSK4, CD44 and MMP-9 expression and clinicopathological features as well as prognosis of metastatic ccRCC patients was statistically analysed. Ectopic RSK4 expression in ccRCC cell lines was performed to determine its effect on cell cycle regulation, tumour invasiveness, and metastatic capability. RESULTS The positive rates of RSK4, MMP-9 and CD44 expression in metastatic ccRCC tissues were 75, 68.75 and 91.7%, respectively, while the rates in primary ccRCC tissues were 44.2, 34.6 and 69.2%, respectively. Thus, the positive rates in metastatic ccRCC were higher than those in primary ccRCC (PRSK4 = 0. 002; PMMP-9 = 0. 002; PCD44 = 0. 001). However, the expression of RSK4, CD44 and MMP-9 was unrelated to age, gender, or metastatic sites (P > 0.05) but was related to WHO/ISUP nucleolar grade (PRSK4 = 0.019; PCD44 = 0.026; PMMP-9 = 0.049). In metastatic ccRCC, expression among the three proteins showed a positive correlation (P = 0.008). Moreover, expression between RSK4 and CD44 (P = 0.019) and MMP-9 and CD44 (P = 0.05) also showed positive correlations, whereas RSK4 and MMP-9 showed no significant correlation (P = 1.00). Molecular studies showed that overexpression of RSK4 could enhance the invasive and migratory abilities of ccRCC cell lines through the regulation of CD44 and MMP-9 expression and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of RSK4, MMP-9 and CD44 is associated with the invasion and metastasis of ccRCC, indicating that they could be potential prognostic factors and serve as new potential therapeutic targets for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Kaijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Peifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
- Department of Pathology, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yixiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Danhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Kangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Qingguo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Shuangping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road #169, Xi’an, 710032 Shaan Xi Province China
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Erkilic N, Gatinois V, Torriano S, Bouret P, Sanjurjo-Soriano C, Luca VD, Damodar K, Cereso N, Puechberty J, Sanchez-Alcudia R, Hamel CP, Ayuso C, Meunier I, Pellestor F, Kalatzis V. A Novel Chromosomal Translocation Identified due to Complex Genetic Instability in iPSC Generated for Choroideremia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091068. [PMID: 31514470 PMCID: PMC6770680 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have revolutionized the study of human diseases as they can renew indefinitely, undergo multi-lineage differentiation, and generate disease-specific models. However, the difficulty of working with iPSCs is that they are prone to genetic instability. Furthermore, genetically unstable iPSCs are often discarded, as they can have unforeseen consequences on pathophysiological or therapeutic read-outs. We generated iPSCs from two brothers of a previously unstudied family affected with the inherited retinal dystrophy choroideremia. We detected complex rearrangements involving chromosomes 12, 20 and/or 5 in the generated iPSCs. Suspecting an underlying chromosomal aberration, we performed karyotype analysis of the original fibroblasts, and of blood cells from additional family members. We identified a novel chromosomal translocation t(12;20)(q24.3;q11.2) segregating in this family. We determined that the translocation was balanced and did not impact subsequent retinal differentiation. We show for the first time that an undetected genetic instability in somatic cells can breed further instability upon reprogramming. Therefore, the detection of chromosomal aberrations in iPSCs should not be disregarded, as they may reveal rearrangements segregating in families. Furthermore, as such rearrangements are often associated with reproductive failure or birth defects, this in turn has important consequences for genetic counseling of family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Erkilic
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Chromosomal Genetics Unit, Chromostem Platform, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Simona Torriano
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Bouret
- Chromosomal Genetics Unit, Chromostem Platform, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Sanjurjo-Soriano
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Valerie De Luca
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Krishna Damodar
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Cereso
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Puechberty
- Service of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Rocio Sanchez-Alcudia
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Sanitary Investigation, Foundation Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian P Hamel
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, CHU, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Sanitary Investigation, Foundation Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, CHU, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Pellestor
- Chromosomal Genetics Unit, Chromostem Platform, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Inserm U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
- University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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12
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Lin L, White SA, Hu K. Role of p90RSK in Kidney and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040972. [PMID: 30813401 PMCID: PMC6412535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 90 kDa ribosomal s6 kinases (RSKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases consisting of 4 RSK isoforms (RSK1-4), of which RSK1 is also designated as p90RSK. p90RSK plays an important role in the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascade and is the direct downstream effector of Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signalling. ERK1/2 activation directly phosphorylates and activates p90RSK, which, in turn, activates various signalling events through selection of different phosphorylation substrates. Upregulation of p90RSK has been reported in numerous human diseases. p90RSK plays an important role in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. Thus, aberrant activation of p90RSK plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction and damage. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of p90RSK functions and roles in the development and progression of kidney diseases. Roles of p90RSK, as well as other RSKs, in cardiovascular disorders and cancers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Samantha A White
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Kebin Hu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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The chromatin basis of neurodevelopmental disorders: Rethinking dysfunction along the molecular and temporal axes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:306-327. [PMID: 29309830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the human brain emerges from a long and finely tuned developmental process orchestrated by the crosstalk between genome and environment. Vis à vis other species, the human brain displays unique functional and morphological features that result from this extensive developmental process that is, unsurprisingly, highly vulnerable to both genetically and environmentally induced alterations. One of the most striking outcomes of the recent surge of sequencing-based studies on neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is the emergence of chromatin regulation as one of the two domains most affected by causative mutations or Copy Number Variations besides synaptic function, whose involvement had been largely predicted for obvious reasons. These observations place chromatin dysfunction at the top of the molecular pathways hierarchy that ushers in a sizeable proportion of NDDs and that manifest themselves through synaptic dysfunction and recurrent systemic clinical manifestation. Here we undertake a conceptual investigation of chromatin dysfunction in NDDs with the aim of systematizing the available evidence in a new framework: first, we tease out the developmental vulnerabilities in human corticogenesis as a structuring entry point into the causation of NDDs; second, we provide a much needed clarification of the multiple meanings and explanatory frameworks revolving around "epigenetics", highlighting those that are most relevant for the analysis of these disorders; finally we go in-depth into paradigmatic examples of NDD-causing chromatin dysregulation, with a special focus on human experimental models and datasets.
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14
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Abeshi A, Zulian A, Beccari T, Dundar M, Viola F, Garoli E, Colombo L, Bertelli M. Genetic testing for choroideremia. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/s1.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of the genetic test for choroideremia (CHM). CHM is an inherited X-linked recessive disorder associated with variations in the CHM gene. The overall prevalence of CHM varies from 1 in 50 000 to 1 in 100 000. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, visual field, fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography and electroretinography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Abeshi
- MAGI Balkans, Tirana , Albania
- MAGI’S Lab, Rovereto , Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia , Italy
| | - Munis Dundar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Francesco Viola
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Ophthalmological Unit, IRCCS-Cà Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan , Italy
| | - Elena Garoli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Ophthalmological Unit, IRCCS-Cà Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan , Italy
| | - Leonardo Colombo
- Department of Ophthalmology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan , Italy
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15
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Jiang Y, Ye X, Ji Y, Zhou X, Yang H, Wei W, Li Q. Aberrant expression of RSK4 in breast cancer and its role in the regulation of tumorigenicity. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:883-890. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Liu R, Liu T, Wei W, Guo K, Yang N, Tian S, Zhu J, Liu Y, Zhou W, Yang H. Novel interacting proteins identified by tandem affinity purification coupled to nano LC–MS/MS interact with ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) and its variant protein (RSK4m). Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:421-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Heterogeneity of Brain Ribosomal Genes Expression Following Positive Fighting Experience in Male Mice as Revealed by RNA-Seq. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:390-401. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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18
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Altered ERK1/2 Signaling in the Brain of Learned Helpless Rats: Relevance in Vulnerability to Developing Stress-Induced Depression. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:7383724. [PMID: 26839717 PMCID: PMC4709739 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7383724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2- (ERK1/2-) mediated cellular signaling plays a major role in synaptic and structural plasticity. Although ERK1/2 signaling has been shown to be involved in stress and depression, whether vulnerability to develop depression is associated with abnormalities in ERK1/2 signaling is not clearly known. The present study examined ERK1/2 signaling in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats that showed vulnerability (learned helplessness, (LH)) or resiliency (non-learned helplessness, (non-LH)) to developing stress-induced depression. In frontal cortex and hippocampus of LH rats, we found that mRNA and protein expressions of ERK1 and ERK2 were significantly reduced, which was associated with their reduced activation and phosphorylation in cytosolic and nuclear fractions, where ERK1 and ERK2 target their substrates. In addition, ERK1/2-mediated catalytic activities and phosphorylation of downstream substrates RSK1 (cytosolic and nuclear) and MSK1 (nuclear) were also lower in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of LH rats without any change in their mRNA or protein expression. None of these changes were evident in non-LH rats. Our study indicates that ERK1/2 signaling is differentially regulated in LH and non-LH rats and suggests that abnormalities in ERK1/2 signaling may be crucial in the vulnerability to developing depression.
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ZHU JIA, LI QIUYUN, LIU JIANLUN, WEI WEI, YANG HUAWEI, TANG WEI. RSK4 knockdown promotes proliferation, migration and metastasis of human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:3156-62. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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20
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Frequent epigenetic inactivation of RSK4 by promoter methylation in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of breast cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 31:793. [PMID: 24338215 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Ribosomal s6 kinase4 (RSK4) is a potential tumor suppressor in multiple cancers, while its role in breast cancer is largely unknown. Our study here aimed to explore the relationship between RSK4 expression with the clinicopathologic characteristics and the promoter methylation status of RSK4. Real-time PCR and bisulfite sequencing PCR were, respectively, used to detect the expression difference of RSK4 mRNA and RSK4 methylation in the 49 breast cancer and paired non-cancerous samples. The associations of RSK4 expression and methylation status with the clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed. In the 49 breast cancer patients' specimens, RSK4 mRNA expression was found to be significantly decreased in most of breast cancer tissues compared with paired non-cancerous tissues (p = 0.002), which was largely due to the promoter hypermethylation (p = 0.005). Frequency of RSK4 promoter methylation in breast cancers was significantly higher than paired non-cancerous tissues (p = 0.009); RSK4 methylation was not associated with all clinicopathological features. The silencing of RSK4 due to promoter hypermethylation is a frequent event in breast cancer. The majority of cancers have a higher level of methylation status when compared with non-cancerous tissues. RSK4 may be a valuable biomarker for the study of breast cancer carcinogenesis and progression.
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21
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Choroideremia: towards a therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156:433-437.e3. [PMID: 23810476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review what progress has been made towards the application of ocular gene therapy to prevent progressive vision loss in patients affected by choroideremia. DESIGN A Perspective based on the collective opinions of researchers and clinicians actively engaged in vision research on choroideremia and a review of current literature. METHODS Researchers from Europe, Canada, Australia, and the United States were convened to the first International Choroideremia Research Symposium held in Sommières, France in September 2011. Attendees shared their collective understanding of the pathophysiology of choroideremia and current trends in the development of treatments, with an emphasis on the potential of gene therapy as an achievable approach. Supplemental perspectives are provided along with an update of progress made since the meeting. RESULTS The complexity of treating a retinal disease such as choroideremia that affects multiple tissue layers has been brought to light. The genetic basis of choroideremia must be thoroughly deciphered and appropriate clinical tests selected to follow disease progression and evaluate the efficiency of treatments. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the time frame for the development of therapies for some retinal dystrophies may be in the years hence, gene therapy trials for choroideremia have started in the United Kingdom and results are pending. These first trials may help resolve the remaining issues associated with the treatment of this disease.
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22
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Ribosomal s6 protein kinase 4: a prognostic factor for renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1137-46. [PMID: 23942078 PMCID: PMC3778307 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The expression and function of ribosomal s6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are unknown. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of RSK4 in RCC, and the relationship between RSK4 expression and clinicopathological features as well as prognosis of RCC patients was statistically analysed. Ectopic RSK4 expression in RCC cell lines was performed to determine its effect on cell cycle regulation, tumour invasiveness, and metastatic capability. Results: RSK4 was overexpressed in RCCs (P=0.003), compared with normal tissues, and the expression varied in different RCC subtypes (P=0.021), especially in two subtypes of papillary RCCs (P=0.001). RSK4 expression was positively correlated with high pT stage (P<0.001), high Fuhrman grade (P<0.001), lymph node involvement (P<0.001), and presence of distant metastasis (P=0.039), and could predict poor outcome in RCC patients. Molecular studies showed that overexpression of RSK4 could promote cell cycle progression and enhance the invasive and metastatic capability of RCC cell lines and vice versa. Conclusion: The expression pattern and molecular mechanisms of RSK4 in RCCs indicate that it could be a potential independent prognostic factor and serve as a new potential therapeutic target for RCC patients.
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Motwani M, Li DQ, Horvath A, Kumar R. Identification of novel gene targets and functions of p21-activated kinase 1 during DNA damage by gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66585. [PMID: 23950862 PMCID: PMC3741304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a serine/threonine protein kinase, modulates many cellular processes by phosphorylating its downstream substrates. In addition to its role in the cytoplasm, PAK1 also affects gene transcription due to its nuclear localization and association with chromatin. It is now recognized that PAK1 kinase activity and its nuclear translocation are rapidly stimulated by ionizing radiation (IR), and that PAK1 activation is a component of the DNA damage response. Owing to the role of PAK1 in the cell survival, its association with the chromatin, and now, stimulation by ionizing radiation, we hypothesize that PAK1 may be contributing to modulation of genes with roles in cellular processes that might be important in the DNA damage response. The purpose of this study was to identify new PAK1 targets in response to ionizing radiation with putative role in the DNA damage response. We examined the effect of IR on the gene expression patterns in the murine embryonic fibroblasts with or without Pak1 using microarray technology. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified using Gene Spring GX 10.0.2. Pathway, network, functional analyses and gene family classification were carried out using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Ingenuity Pathway, Gene Ontology and PANTHER respectively. Selective targets of PAK1 were validated by RT-qPCR. For the first time, we provide a genome-wide analysis of PAK1 and identify its targets with potential roles in the DNA damage response. Gene Ontology analysis identified genes in the IR-stimulated cells that were involved in cell cycle arrest and cell death. Pathway analysis revealed p53 pathway being most influenced by IR responsive, PAK1 targets. Gene family of transcription factors was over represented and gene networks involved in DNA replication, repair and cellular signaling were identified. In brief, this study identifies novel PAK1 dependent IR responsive genes which reveal new aspects of PAK1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Motwani
- McCormick Genomic and Proteomics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Da-Qiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Anelia Horvath
- McCormick Genomic and Proteomics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- McCormick Genomic and Proteomics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peng HY, Hsieh MC, Lai CY, Chen GD, Huang YP, Lin TB. Glucocorticoid mediates water avoidance stress-sensitized colon-bladder cross-talk via RSK2/PSD-95/NR2B in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1094-106. [PMID: 23125098 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00235.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected environmental and social stimuli could trigger stress. Although coping with stress is essential for survival, long-term stress impacts visceral functions, and therefore, it plays a role in the development and exacerbation of symptoms of gastrointestinal/urogenital disorders. The aim of this study is to characterize the role of corticosterone in stress-sensitized colon-bladder cross-talk, a phenomenon presumed to underlie the comorbidity of functional bowel and bladder disorders. Cystometry and protein/mRNA expression in the lumbosacral dorsal horn (L6-S1) in response to intracolonic mustard oil (MO) instillation were analyzed in female Wistar-Kyoto rats subjected to water avoidance stress (WAS; 1 h/day for 10 days) or sham stress (WAsham). Whereas it had no effect on baseline-voiding function, chronic stress upregulated plasma corticosterone concentration and dorsal horn spinal p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) protein/mRNA levels, and RSK2 immunoreactivity colocalized with NeuN-positive neurons. Intracolonic MO dose-dependently decreased intrercontraction intervals and threshold pressure, provoked spinal RSK2 and NR2B phosphorylation, and enhanced PSD-95-RSK2 and PSD-95-NR2B coupling. Intrathecal kaempferol (a RSK2 activation antagonist; 30 min before MO instillation), bilateral adrenalectomy (7 days prior the stress paradigm), and subcutaneous RU-38486 (a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist; 30 min daily before stress sessions), but not RU-28318 (a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist), attenuated MO-induced bladder hyperactivity, protein phosphorylation, and protein-protein interactions in the WAS group. Our results suggest that stress-associated glucocorticoid release mediates WAS-dependent sensitization of colon-bladder cross-talk via the spinal RSK2/PSD-95/NR2B cascade and offer a possibility for developing pharmacological strategies for the treatment of stress-related pelvic pain.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Glands/drug effects
- Adrenal Glands/metabolism
- Animals
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/physiopathology
- Corticosterone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Corticosterone/blood
- Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Urinary Bladder/drug effects
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/physiopathology
- Urinary Bladder Diseases/etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Sun Y, Cao S, Yang M, Wu S, Wang Z, Lin X, Song X, Liao DJ. Basic anatomy and tumor biology of the RPS6KA6 gene that encodes the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-4. Oncogene 2012; 32:1794-810. [PMID: 22614021 PMCID: PMC3427418 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RPS6KA6 gene encodes the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-4 (RSK4) that is still largely uncharacterized. In this study we identified a new RSK4 transcription initiation site and several alternative splice sites with a 5’RACE approach. The resulting mRNA variants encompass four possible first start codons. The first 15 nucleotides (nt) of exon 22 in mouse and the penultimate exon in both human (exon 21) and mouse (exon 24) RSK4 underwent alternative splicing, although the penultimate exon deleted variant appeared mainly in cell clines, but not in most normal tissues. Demethylation agent 5-azacytidine inhibited the deletion of the penultimate exon whereas two indolocarbazole-derived inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinase 4 or 6 induced deletion of the first 39 nt from exon 21 of human RSK4. In all human cancer cell lines studied, the 90-kD wild type RSK4 was sparse but, surprisingly, several isoforms at or smaller than 72-kD were expressed as detected by seven different antibodies. On immunoblots, each of these smaller isoforms often appeared as a duplet or triplet and the levels of these isoforms varied greatly among different cell lines and culture conditions. Cyclin D1 inhibited RSK4 expression and serum starvation enhanced the inhibition, whereas c-Myc and RSK4 inhibited cyclin D1. The effects of RSK4 on cell growth, cell death and chemoresponse depended on the mRNA variant or the protein isoform expressed, on the specificity of the cell lines, as well as on the anchorage-dependent or -independent growth conditions and the in vivo situation. Moreover, we also observed that even a given cDNA might be expressed to multiple proteins; therefore, when using a cDNA, one needs to exclude this possibility before attribution of the biological results from the cDNA to the anticipated protein. Collectively, our results suggest that whether RSK4 is oncogenic or tumor suppressive depends on many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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26
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Abstract
DNA methylation and chromatin modifications regulate gene expression and contribute to changes in brain transcriptomes underlying neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Clinical genetics and preclinical animal models highlight the crucial importance of the correct establishment of epigenetic marks during sensitive windows of development for normal brain function. On the same side of the coin, some of the concerned factors also appear engaged in the programming of experience-dependent long-term effects on mental health following exposure to relevant early-life events. Delineating the particular role of genetic variations in these players could provide new insights into the molecular basis of vulnerability and resilience and advance tailored therapies.
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27
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Xu X, Coats JK, Yang CF, Wang A, Ahmed OM, Alvarado M, Izumi T, Shah NM. Modular genetic control of sexually dimorphic behaviors. Cell 2012; 148:596-607. [PMID: 22304924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone are essential for sexually dimorphic behaviors in vertebrates. However, the hormone-activated molecular mechanisms that control the development and function of the underlying neural circuits remain poorly defined. We have identified numerous sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns in the adult mouse hypothalamus and amygdala. We find that adult sex hormones regulate these expression patterns in a sex-specific, regionally restricted manner, suggesting that these genes regulate sex typical behaviors. Indeed, we find that mice with targeted disruptions of each of four of these genes (Brs3, Cckar, Irs4, Sytl4) exhibit extremely specific deficits in sex specific behaviors, with single genes controlling the pattern or extent of male sexual behavior, male aggression, maternal behavior, or female sexual behavior. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that various components of sexually dimorphic behaviors are governed by separable genetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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28
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Abstract
The RSK (90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase) family comprises a group of highly related serine/threonine kinases that regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, survival and motility. This family includes four vertebrate isoforms (RSK1, RSK2, RSK3 and RSK4), and single family member orthologues are also present in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. The RSK isoforms are downstream effectors of the Ras/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) signalling pathway. Significant advances in the field of RSK signalling have occurred in the past few years, including several new functions ascribed to the RSK isoforms, the discovery of novel protein substrates and the implication of different RSK isoforms in cancer. Collectively, these new findings increase the diversity of biological functions regulated by RSK, and highlight potential new directions of research. In the present paper, we review the structure, expression and activation mechanisms of the RSK isoforms, and discuss their physiological roles on the basis of established substrates and recent discoveries.
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29
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Yin Z, Fan L, Huang G, Wang H, Wang Z. The possible role of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 4 in the senescence of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:12. [PMID: 22297070 PMCID: PMC3295662 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The decrease and dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has been assumed as an important cause/consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications, in which the senescence of EPCs induced by hyperglycemia may play an immensurable role. However, the mechanisms of EPCs senescence has not been fully investigated. Recently, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 4 (RSK4), a member of serine/threomine (Ser/Thr) kinase family and p53-related gene, is reported to regulate the replicative and stress-induced senescence of different cells. Presentation of the hypothesis These above lead to consideration of an evidence-based hypothesis that RSK4 may serve as a mediator of EPCs senescence in DM. Testing the hypothesis EPCs of healthy subjects and DM patients are isolated from peripheral blood and incubated with high glucose (HG). Then, the EPCs senescence would be detected by senescence associated β-galactosides (SA-β-gal) staining. Meanwhile, the RSK4 expression is assessed by RT-PCR and western blot. Moreover, overexpressing or RNA interfering of RSK4 in EPCs to investigate the relationship between RSK4 expression and the senescence of EPCs are necessary to substantiate this hypothesis. Also, studies on possible upstream and downstream factors of RSK4 would be explored to reveal the RSK4-mediated senescence pathway in EPCs. Implications of the hypothesis If proved, this hypothesis will provide another mediator of EPCs senescence, and may establish a novel pathogenesis for DM and further benefit to the management of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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30
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Abstract
Choroideremia (CHM) is an X-linked retinal dystrophy belonging to the family of blinding disorders. It is characterized by progressive degeneration of the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. CHM is caused by mutations in the Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP-1) gene, which encodes a protein involved in vesicular trafficking. This paper gives an overview of the clinical features, visual function, biochemistry, histology, molecular genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of CHM.
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31
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Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:50-83. [PMID: 21372320 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00031-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2158] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs by relaying extracellular signals to intracellular responses. In mammals, there are more than a dozen MAPK enzymes that coordinately regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The best known are the conventional MAPKs, which include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 to 3 (JNK1 to -3), p38 (α, β, γ, and δ), and ERK5 families. There are additional, atypical MAPK enzymes, including ERK3/4, ERK7/8, and Nemo-like kinase (NLK), which have distinct regulation and functions. Together, the MAPKs regulate a large number of substrates, including members of a family of protein Ser/Thr kinases termed MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs). The MAPKAPKs are related enzymes that respond to extracellular stimulation through direct MAPK-dependent activation loop phosphorylation and kinase activation. There are five MAPKAPK subfamilies: the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), the mitogen- and stress-activated kinase (MSK), the MAPK-interacting kinase (MNK), the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MK2/3), and MK5 (also known as p38-regulated/activated protein kinase [PRAK]). These enzymes have diverse biological functions, including regulation of nucleosome and gene expression, mRNA stability and translation, and cell proliferation and survival. Here we review the mechanisms of MAPKAPK activation by the different MAPKs and discuss their physiological roles based on established substrates and recent discoveries.
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32
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Kantojärvi K, Kotala I, Rehnström K, Ylisaukko-Oja T, Vanhala R, von Wendt TN, von Wendt L, Järvelä I. Fine mapping of Xq11.1-q21.33 and mutation screening of RPS6KA6, ZNF711, ACSL4, DLG3, and IL1RAPL2 for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism Res 2011; 4:228-33. [PMID: 21384559 DOI: 10.1002/aur.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
About 80% of cases with autism express intellectual disability. Both in autism and in mental retardation without autism the majority of the cases are males, suggesting a X-chromosomal effect. In fact, some molecular evidence has been obtained for a common genetic background for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). In several genome-wide scans (GWS), evidence for linkage at X-chromosome has been reported including the GWS of Finnish ASD families with the highest multipoint lod score (MLS) of 2.75 obtained close to DXS7132 at Xq11.1. To further dissect the relationship between autism and genes implicated in XLMR, we have fine-mapped Xq11.1-q21.33 and analyzed five candidate genes in the region. We refined the region using 26 microsatellite markers and linkage analysis in 99 Finnish families with ASD. The most significant evidence for linkage was observed at DXS1225 on Xq21.1 with a nonparametric multipoint NPL(all) value of 3.43 (P = 0.0004). We sequenced the coding regions and splice sites of RPS6KA6 and ZNF711 residing at the peak region in 42 male patients from families contributing to the linkage. We also analyzed ACSL4 and DLG3, which have previously been known to cause XLMR and IL1RAPL2, a homologous gene for IL1RAPL1 that is mutated in autism and XLMR. A total of six novel and 11 known single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. Further studies are warranted to analyze the candidate genes at Xq11.1-q21.33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Kantojärvi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Cargnello M, Roux PP. Activation and Function of the MAPKs and Their Substrates, the MAPK-Activated Protein Kinases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011. [DOI: 78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10' target='_blank'>'"<>78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10','', '10.1006/geno.1999.6004')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
78495111110.1128/mmbr.00031-10" />
Abstract
SUMMARYThe mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs by relaying extracellular signals to intracellular responses. In mammals, there are more than a dozen MAPK enzymes that coordinately regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The best known are the conventional MAPKs, which include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 to 3 (JNK1 to -3), p38 (α, β, γ, and δ), and ERK5 families. There are additional, atypical MAPK enzymes, including ERK3/4, ERK7/8, and Nemo-like kinase (NLK), which have distinct regulation and functions. Together, the MAPKs regulate a large number of substrates, including members of a family of protein Ser/Thr kinases termed MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs). The MAPKAPKs are related enzymes that respond to extracellular stimulation through direct MAPK-dependent activation loop phosphorylation and kinase activation. There are five MAPKAPK subfamilies: the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), the mitogen- and stress-activated kinase (MSK), the MAPK-interacting kinase (MNK), the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MK2/3), and MK5 (also known as p38-regulated/activated protein kinase [PRAK]). These enzymes have diverse biological functions, including regulation of nucleosome and gene expression, mRNA stability and translation, and cell proliferation and survival. Here we review the mechanisms of MAPKAPK activation by the different MAPKs and discuss their physiological roles based on established substrates and recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cargnello
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe P. Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Song MH, Lee HK, Choi JY, Kim S, Bok J, Kim UK. Clinical evaluation of DFN3 patients with deletions in the POU3F4 locus and detection of carrier female using MLPA. Clin Genet 2011; 78:524-32. [PMID: 20412083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-linked deafness type 3 (DFN3), the most prevalent X-linked form of hereditary deafness, is caused by mutations of the POU3F4 locus in the Xq21 region. We evaluated two Korean families showing typical characteristics of DFN3, such as congenital hearing loss and pathognomonic inner ear anomalies. Genetic analysis of these families did not reveal any mutations in the POU3F4 coding sequence. Instead, one family carried a genomic deletion upstream of POU3F4 gene, where the regulatory element is predicted to reside, and the other family possessed a deletion of almost the entire Xq21 region. The lack of mutation in the POU3F4 coding sequence makes the detection of carrier females using conventional sequencing methods difficult. By applying the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) method, we successfully determined the carrier status of female members in these families, demonstrating that MLPA is a rapid and accurate way to detect POU3F4 deletions in sporadic undiagnosed carriers of DNF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
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35
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Abstract
The Ras family GTPases (Ras, Rap1, and Rap2) and their downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK) and PI3K signaling cascades control various physiological processes. In neuronal cells, recent studies have shown that these parallel cascades signal distinct forms of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor trafficking during experience-dependent synaptic plasticity and adaptive behavior. Interestingly, both hypo- and hyperactivation of Ras/ Rap signaling impair the capacity of synaptic plasticity, underscoring the importance of a "happy-medium" dynamic regulation of the signaling. Moreover, accumulating reports have linked various genetic defects that either up- or down-regulate Ras/Rap signaling with several mental disorders associated with learning disability (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Angelman syndrome, autism, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, Coffin-Lowry syndrome, Costello syndrome, Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndromes, fragile X syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, schizophrenia, tuberous sclerosis, and X-linked mental retardation), highlighting the necessity of happy-medium dynamic regulation of Ras/Rap signaling in learning behavior. Thus, the recent advances in understanding of neuronal Ras/Rap signaling provide a useful guide for developing novel treatments for mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Stornetta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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36
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López-Vicente L, Pons B, Coch L, Teixidó C, Hernández-Losa J, Armengol G, Ramon Y Cajal S. RSK4 inhibition results in bypass of stress-induced and oncogene-induced senescence. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:470-6. [PMID: 21239520 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p90 Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) 4 is a serine-threonine kinase that belongs to the p90RSK family. RSK4 has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene, related with anti-invasive activity, inhibition of the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and induction of senescence. Despite the related findings, little is known about RSK4 effectors. In human tumors, RSK4 is downregulated even in some benign lesions, such as colon adenomas and breast papillomas, indicating that RSK4 inhibition could be an early event in cellular transformation. For cells to achieve immortality and transformation, it is believed that they must override senescence. In the present study, we found that when RSK4 is inhibited in vitro using short hairpin RNA technology, cells can bypass stress-induced senescence and oncogene-induced senescence: normal human fibroblasts grew following oxidative stress, induction of DNA damage and KRAS(V12) or BRAF(E600) overexpression. To investigate the RSK4 effectors, we used short hairpin RNA or inhibitor molecules against major senescence mediators. We found that RSK4-induced senescence is mediated through p21, but is independent of p16, p38MAPKs and induction of reactive oxygen species, delimiting RSK4 signaling. These data support the importance of RSK4 for regulating senescence and indicate that downregulation of this kinase could be an important element in facilitating cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Vicente
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Schaefer A, Tarakhovsky A, Greengard P. Epigenetic mechanisms of mental retardation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2011; 67:125-146. [PMID: 21141728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8989-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mental retardation is a common form of cognitive impairment affecting approximately 3% of the population in industrialized countries. The mental retardation syndrome incorporates a highly diverse group of mental disorders characterized by the combination of cognitive impairment and defective adaptive behavior. The genetic basis of the disease is strongly supported by identification of the genetic lesions associated with impaired cognition, learning, and social adaptation in many mental retardation syndromes. Several of the impaired genes encode epigenetic regulators of gene expression. These regulators exert their function through genome-wide posttranslational modification of histones or by mediating and/or recognizing DNA methylation. In this chapter, we review the most recent advances in the field of epigenetic mechanisms of mental retardation. In particular, we focus on animal models of the human diseases and the mechanism of transcriptional deregulation associated with changes in the cell epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaefer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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38
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Keshet Y, Seger R. The MAP kinase signaling cascades: a system of hundreds of components regulates a diverse array of physiological functions. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 661:3-38. [PMID: 20811974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-795-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequential activation of kinases within the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) cascades is a common, and evolutionary-conserved mechanism of signal transduction. Four MAPK cascades have been identified in the last 20 years and those are usually named according to the MAPK components that are the central building blocks of each of the cascades. These are the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-Terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK5 cascades. Each of these cascades consists of a core module of three tiers of protein kinases termed MAPK, MAPKK, and MAP3K, and often two additional tiers, the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAPKAPK, which can complete five tiers of each cascade in certain cell lines or stimulations. The transmission of the signal via each cascade is mediated by sequential phosphorylation and activation of the components in the sequential tiers. These cascades cooperate in transmitting various extracellular signals and thus control a large number of distinct and even opposing cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, development, stress response, and apoptosis. One way by which the specificity of each cascade is regulated is through the existence of several distinct components in each tier of the different cascades. About 70 genes, which are each translated to several alternatively spliced isoforms, encode the entire MAPK system, and allow the wide array of cascade's functions. These components, their regulation, as well as their involvement together with other mechanisms in the determination of signaling specificity by the MAPK cascade is described in this review. Mis-regulation of the MAPKs signals usually leads to diseases such as cancer and diabetes; therefore, studying the mechanisms of specificity-determination may lead to better understanding of these signaling-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonat Keshet
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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39
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Abstract
The ERK MAP kinase signaling cascade plays critical roles in brain development, learning, memory, and cognition. It has recently been appreciated that mutation or deletion of elements within this signaling pathway leads to developmental syndromes in humans that are associated with impaired cognitive function and autism. Here, we review recent studies that provide insight into the biological roles of the ERKs in the brain that may underlie the cognitive deficits seen in these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy S Samuels
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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40
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Anjum R, Blenis J. The RSK family of kinases: emerging roles in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9:747-58. [PMID: 18813292 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of proteins is a group of highly conserved Ser/Thr kinases that regulate diverse cellular processes, such as cell growth, cell motility, cell survival and cell proliferation. RSKs are downstream effectors of the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascade. Significant advances in the field of RSK and ERK/MAPK signalling have occurred in the past few years, including biological insights and the discovery of novel substrates and new RSK regulatory mechanisms. Collectively, these data expand the current models of RSK signalling and highlight potential directions of research in RSK-mediated survival, growth, proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Anjum
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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41
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Eisinger-Mathason TSK, Andrade J, Groehler AL, Clark DE, Muratore-Schroeder TL, Pasic L, Smith JA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Macara IG, Lannigan DA. Codependent functions of RSK2 and the apoptosis-promoting factor TIA-1 in stress granule assembly and cell survival. Mol Cell 2008; 31:722-36. [PMID: 18775331 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules aid cell survival in response to environmental stressors by acting as sites of translational repression. We report an unanticipated link between stress granules and the serine/threonine kinase RSK2. In stressed breast cells, endogenous RSK2 colocalizes in granules with TIA-1 and poly(A)-binding protein 1, and the sequestration of RSK2 and TIA-1 exhibits codependency. The RSK2 N-terminal kinase domain controls the direct interaction with the prion-related domain of TIA-1. Silencing RSK2 decreases cell survival in response to stress. Mitogen releases RSK2 from the stress granules and permits its nuclear import via a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling sequence in the C-terminal domain. Nuclear accumulation is dependent on TIA-1. Surprisingly, nuclear localization of RSK2 is sufficient to enhance proliferation through induction of cyclin D1, in the absence of other active signaling pathways. Hence, RSK2 is a pivotal factor linking the stress response to survival and proliferation.
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42
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Crespi B. Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:441-93. [PMID: 18783362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
I review and evaluate genetic and genomic evidence salient to the hypothesis that the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions have been mediated in part by alterations of imprinted genes expressed in the brain. Evidence from the genetics and genomics of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Prader-Willi syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and other neurogenetic conditions support the hypothesis that the etiologies of psychotic spectrum conditions commonly involve genetic and epigenetic imbalances in the effects of imprinted genes, with a bias towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal expression or other genes favouring maternal interests. By contrast, autistic spectrum conditions, including Kanner autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Turner syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, commonly engender increased relative effects from paternally expressed imprinted genes, or reduced effects from genes favouring maternal interests. Imprinted-gene effects on the etiologies of autistic and psychotic spectrum conditions parallel the diametric effects of imprinted genes in placental and foetal development, in that psychotic spectrum conditions tend to be associated with undergrowth and relatively-slow brain development, whereas some autistic spectrum conditions involve brain and body overgrowth, especially in foetal development and early childhood. An important role for imprinted genes in the etiologies of psychotic and autistic spectrum conditions is consistent with neurodevelopmental models of these disorders, and with predictions from the conflict theory of genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BCV5A1S6, Canada.
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43
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Genetic and epigenetic defects in mental retardation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:96-107. [PMID: 18765296 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mental retardation (MR) is a highly diverse group of cognitive disorders. The high incidence of MR, 2-3% in most populations, and the high burden for families and society makes this condition one of the major unsolved problems in modern medicine. Gene defects account for about half of all patients and more than 300 genes are known that, when mutated, lead to cognitive dysfunction. A strikingly high number of these MR genes encode regulators of chromatin structure and of chromatin-mediated transcription regulation. Prominent examples of these include the methyl CpG-binding protein MECP2, the H3K4 demethylase JARID1c and the H3K9 histone methyltransferase EHMT1. Moreover, several of these epigenetic MR proteins have been found to directly interact with one another or act in complexes that regulate the local chromatin structure at target genes that are key to normal neuronal activities. Thus, it appears that the function of individual MR genes converges to similar biological processes. More detailed knowledge about the altered DNA methylation and histone marks that are introduced by epigenetic gene mutations as well as more insight into neuronal genes whose expression is disrupted by this will provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies.
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Delbridge ML, McMillan DA, Doherty RJ, Deakin JE, Graves JAM. Origin and evolution of candidate mental retardation genes on the human X chromosome (MRX). BMC Genomics 2008; 9:65. [PMID: 18248684 PMCID: PMC2276207 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human X chromosome has a biased gene content. One group of genes that is over-represented on the human X are those expressed in the brain, explaining the large number of sex-linked mental retardation (MRX) syndromes. Results To determine if MRX genes were recruited to the X, or whether their brain-specific functions were acquired after relocation to the mammalian X chromosome, we examined the location and expression of their orthologues in marsupials, which diverged from human approximately 180 million years ago. We isolated and mapped nine tammar wallaby MRX homologues, finding that six were located on the tammar wallaby X (which represents the ancient conserved mammal X) and three on chromosome 5, representing the recently added region of the human X chromosome. The location of MRX genes within the same synteny groups in human and wallaby does not support the hypothesis that genes with an important function in the brain were recruited in multiple independent events from autosomes to the mammalian X chromosome. Most of the tammar wallaby MRX homologues were more widely expressed in tammar wallaby than in human. Only one, the tammar wallaby ARX homologue (located on tammar chromosome 5p), has a restricted expression pattern comparable to its pattern in human. The retention of the brain-specific expression of ARX over 180 million years suggests that this gene plays a fundamental role in mammalian brain development and function. Conclusion Our results suggest all the genes in this study may have originally had more general functions that became more specialised and important in brain function during evolution of humans and other placental mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Delbridge
- Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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45
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Abstract
Synaptic modification of transmission is a general phenomenon expressed at almost every excitatory synapse in the mammalian brain. Over the last three decades, much has been discovered about the cellular, synaptic, molecular, and signaling mechanisms responsible for controlling synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we present a brief review of these mechanisms with emphasis on the current understanding of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPA-R) trafficking and Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling events involved in controlling synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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46
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Lee KY, Bignone PA, Ganesan TS. p90 Ribosomal S6 kinases- eclectic members of the human kinome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Biel M, Wascholowski V, Giannis A. Epigenetics--an epicenter of gene regulation: histones and histone-modifying enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:3186-216. [PMID: 15898057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer through the development of new therapies is one of the most important challenges of our time. The decoding of the human genome has yielded important insights into the molecular basis of physical disorders, and in most cases a connection between failures in specific genes and the resulting clinical symptoms can be made. The modulation of epigenetic mechanisms enables, by definition, the alteration of cellular phenotype without altering the genotype. The information content of a single gene can be crucial or harmful, but the prerequisite for a cellular effect is active gene transcription. To this end, epigenetic mechanisms play a very important role, and the transcription of a given gene is directly influenced by the modification pattern of the surrounding histone proteins as well as the methylation pattern of the DNA. These processes are effected by different enzymes which can be directly influenced through the development of specific modulators. Of course, all genetic information is written as a four-character code in DNA. However, epigenetics describes the art of reading between the lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Biel
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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48
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Bignone PA, Lee KY, Liu Y, Emilion G, Finch J, Soosay AER, Charnock FML, Beck S, Dunham I, Mungall AJ, Ganesan TS. RPS6KA2, a putative tumour suppressor gene at 6q27 in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2006; 26:683-700. [PMID: 16878154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We had previously defined by allele loss studies a minimal region at 6q27 (between D6S264 and D6S297) to contain a putative tumour suppressor gene. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-3 gene (p90 Rsk-3, RPS6KA2) maps in this interval. It is a serine-threonine kinase that signals downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. It is expressed in normal ovarian epithelium, whereas reduced or absent in tumours or cell lines. We show that RPS6KA2 is monoallelically expressed in the ovary suggesting that loss of a single expressed allele is sufficient to cause complete loss of expression in cancer cells. Further, we have identified two new isoforms of RPS6KA2 with an alternative start codon. Homozygous deletions were identified within the RPS6KA2 gene in two cell lines. Re-expression of RPS6KA2 in ovarian cancer cell lines suppressed colony formation. In UCI101 cells, the expression of RPS6KA2 reduced proliferation, caused G1 arrest, increased apoptosis, reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and altered other cell cycle proteins. In contrast, small interfering RNA against RPS6KA2 showed the opposite effect in 41M cells. The above results suggest that RPS6KA2 is a putative tumour suppressor gene to explain allele loss at 6q27.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- RNA Interference
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bignone
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Ovarian Cancer Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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49
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Kim M, Lee JH, Koh H, Lee SY, Jang C, Chung CJ, Sung JH, Blenis J, Chung J. Inhibition of ERK-MAP kinase signaling by RSK during Drosophila development. EMBO J 2006; 25:3056-67. [PMID: 16763554 PMCID: PMC1500987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is known as an important downstream effector of the ribosomal protein S6 kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras/ERK) pathway, its endogenous role, and precise molecular function remain unclear. Using gain-of-function and null mutants of RSK, its physiological role was successfully characterized in Drosophila. Surprisingly, RSK-null mutants were viable, but exhibited developmental abnormalities related to an enhanced ERK-dependent cellular differentiation such as ectopic photoreceptor- and vein-cell formation. Conversely, overexpression of RSK dramatically suppressed the ERK-dependent differentiation, which was further augmented by mutations in the Ras/ERK pathway. Consistent with these physiological phenotypes, RSK negatively regulated ERK-mediated developmental processes and gene expressions by blocking the nuclear localization of ERK in a kinase activity-independent manner. In addition, we further demonstrated that the RSK-dependent inhibition of ERK nuclear migration is mediated by the physical association between ERK and RSK. Collectively, our study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of the Ras/ERK pathway by RSK, which negatively regulates ERK activity by acting as a cytoplasmic anchor in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - Hyongjong Koh
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - Cecilia J Chung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Sung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
| | - John Blenis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusong, Taejon, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong, Taejon 305-701, Korea. Tel.: +82 42 869 2620; Fax: +82 42 869 8260; E-mail:
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50
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Menkes JH, Flores-Sarnat L. Cerebral palsy due to chromosomal anomalies and continuous gene syndromes. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33:481-501. [PMID: 16765733 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When cerebral palsy is defined as a disorder of movement and posture that is due to nonprogressive disturbances that occur in the developing fetal and infant brain, a significant proportion-up to 10%--is the consequence of chromosomal anomalies and continuous gene syndromes. Abnormalities of chromosomes are constitutional or acquired. Acquired chromosomal abnormalities develop postnatally, affect only one clone of cells, and are implicated in the evolution of neoplasia. Constitutional abnormalities develop during gametogenesis or early embryogenesis and affect a significant portion of the subject's cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Menkes
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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