1
|
Mons E, Kim RQ, Mulder MPC. Technologies for Direct Detection of Covalent Protein—Drug Adducts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040547. [PMID: 37111304 PMCID: PMC10146396 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, drug candidates with a covalent binding mode have gained the interest of medicinal chemists, as several covalent anticancer drugs have successfully reached the clinic. As a covalent binding mode changes the relevant parameters to rank inhibitor potency and investigate structure-activity relationship (SAR), it is important to gather experimental evidence on the existence of a covalent protein–drug adduct. In this work, we review established methods and technologies for the direct detection of a covalent protein–drug adduct, illustrated with examples from (recent) drug development endeavors. These technologies include subjecting covalent drug candidates to mass spectrometric (MS) analysis, protein crystallography, or monitoring intrinsic spectroscopic properties of the ligand upon covalent adduct formation. Alternatively, chemical modification of the covalent ligand is required to detect covalent adducts by NMR analysis or activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). Some techniques are more informative than others and can also elucidate the modified amino acid residue or bond layout. We will discuss the compatibility of these techniques with reversible covalent binding modes and the possibilities to evaluate reversibility or obtain kinetic parameters. Finally, we expand upon current challenges and future applications. Overall, these analytical techniques present an integral part of covalent drug development in this exciting new era of drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elma Mons
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Q. Kim
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique P. C. Mulder
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The B-DNA to Z-DNA transition is a remarkable conformational change in DNA, which was originally observed in poly-GC DNA in the presence of high salt concentration. This eventually prompted the observation of the crystal structure of Z-DNA, a left-handed double-helical DNA, at atomic resolution. Despite advances in Z-DNA research, the application of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy as the fundamental technique to characterize this unique DNA conformation has remained constant. In this chapter, we describe a CD spectroscopic method for characterizing the B-DNA to Z-DNA transition of a CG-repeat double-stranded DNA fragment formed from a protein or chemical inducer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Subramani
- Department of Precision Medicine, Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paz MM, Champeil E. Insight Into Factors Governing Formation, Synthesis and Stereochemical Configuration of DNA Adducts Formed by Mitomycins. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200193. [PMID: 36251922 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitomycin C, (MC), an antitumor drug used in the clinics, is a DNA alkylating agent. Inert in its native form, MC is reduced to reactive mitosenes in cellulo which undergo nucleophilic attack by DNA bases to form monoadducts as well as interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). These properties constitute the molecular basis for the cytotoxic effects of the drug. The mechanism of DNA alkylation by mitomycins has been studied for the past 30 years and, until recently, the consensus was that drugs of the mitomycins family mainly target CpG sequences in DNA. However, that paradigm was recently challenged. Here, we relate the latest research on both MC and dicarbamoylmitomycin C (DMC), a synthetic derivative of MC which has been used to investigate the regioselectivity of mitomycins DNA alkylation as well as the relationship between mitomycins reductive activation pathways and DNA adducts stereochemical configuration. We also review the different synthetic routes to access mitomycins nucleoside adducts and oligonucleotides containing MC/DMC DNA adducts located at a single position. Finally, we briefly describe the DNA structural modifications induced by MC and DMC adducts and how site specifically modified oligonucleotides have been used to elucidate the role each adduct plays in the drugs cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Paz
- Instituto de Materiais (iMATUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, 15782, Spain
| | - Elise Champeil
- Department of sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide problem afflicting 19 million people. Inhibition of DNA synthesis has been a cornerstone of anticancer therapy. A variety of chemotherapy drugs have been developed and many of these are aimed at inhibiting DNA synthesis, as they damage DNA, form DNA adduct and interfere with DNA synthesis. Another type of chemotherapy interferes with the synthesis of nucleotide pools. There are also other types of drugs that inhibit topoisomerases resulting in the interference with DNA replication and transcription. Significant progress has been made regarding radiation therapy that includes X-ray (and γ-ray), proton therapy and heavy ion therapy. The Auger therapy is a type of radiation therapy that differs from X-ray, proton or heavy ion therapy. The method relies on the use of high Z elements such as gadolinium, iodine, gold or silver. Irradiation of these elements results in the release of electrons including the Auger electrons that have strong DNA damaging effect. Tamanoi et al. developed novel nanoparticles containing gadolinium or iodine to place high Z elements at the periphery of the nucleus thus localizing them close to DNA. Irradiation with monochromatic X-ray resulted in the formation of double-strand DNA breaks leading to the destruction of tumor mass. Comparison of conventional X-ray therapy and the Auger therapy is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van der Westhuizen D, Bezuidenhout DI, Munro OQ. Cancer molecular biology and strategies for the design of cytotoxic gold(I) and gold(III) complexes: a tutorial review. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17413-17437. [PMID: 34693422 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review highlights key principles underpinning the design of selected metallodrugs to target specific biological macromolecules (DNA and proteins). The review commences with a descriptive overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and the molecular biology of cancer, particularly apoptosis, which is provided as a necessary foundation for the discovery, design, and targeting of metal-based anticancer agents. Drugs which target DNA have been highlighted and clinically approved metallodrugs discussed. A brief history of the development of mainly gold-based metallodrugs is presented prior to addressing ligand systems for stabilizing and adding functionality to bio-active gold(I) and gold(III) complexes, particularly in the burgeoning field of anticancer metallodrugs. Concepts such as multi-modal and selective cytotoxic agents are covered where necessary for selected compounds. The emerging role of carbenes as the ligand system of choice to achieve these goals for gold-based metallodrug candidates is highlighted prior to closing the review with comments on some future directions that this research field might follow. The latter section ultimately emphasizes the importance of understanding the fate of metal complexes in cells to garner key mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle van der Westhuizen
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zacarias O, Petrovic AG, Abzalimov R, Pradhan P, Champeil E. Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing Trans Mitomycin C DNA Adducts at N 6 of Adenine and N 2 of Guanine. Chemistry 2021; 27:14263-14272. [PMID: 34319608 PMCID: PMC8516704 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitomycin C, (MC), an antitumor drug, is a DNA alkylating agent currently used in the clinics. Inert in its native form, MC is reduced to reactive mitosenes, which undergo nucleophilic attack by guanine or adenine bases in DNA to form monoadducts as well as interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Although ICLs are considered the most cytotoxic lesions, the role of each individual adduct in the drug's cytotoxicity is still not fully understood. Synthetic routes have been developed to access modified oligonucleotides containing dG MC-monoadducts and dG-MC-dG ICL at a single position of their base sequences to investigate the biological effects of these adducts. However, until now, oligonucleotides containing monoadducts formed by MC at the adenine base had not been available, thus preventing the examination of the role played by these lesions in the toxicity of MC. Here, we present a route to access these substrates. Structural proof of the adducted oligonucleotides were provided by enzymatic digestion to nucleosides and high-resolution mass spectral analysis. Additionally, parent oligonucleotides containing a dG monoadduct and a dG-MC-dG ICL were also produced. The stability and physical properties of all substrates were compared via CD spectroscopy and UV melting temperature studies. Finally, virtual models were created to explore the conformational space and structural features of these MC-DNA complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Zacarias
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Ana G Petrovic
- New York Institute of Technology, 1855 Broadway, EGGC 405 A, New York, NY, 10023, USA
| | - Rinat Abzalimov
- City University of New York, Advanced Research Center, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Padmanava Pradhan
- The City College, 138th Street at Convent Avenue, New York, New York, 10031, USA
| | - Elise Champeil
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin S, Liang Y, Cheng J, Pan F, Wang Y. Novel diaryl-2H-azirines: Antitumor hybrids for dual-targeting tubulin and DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113256. [PMID: 33581556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiple-target drugs may achieve better therapeutic effect via different pathways than single-target ones, especially for complex diseases. Tubulin and DNA are well-characterized molecular targets for anti-cancer drug development. A novel class of diaryl substituted 2H-azirines were designed based on combination of pharmacophores from Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and aziridine-type alkylating agents, which are known tubulin polymerization inhibitor and DNA damaging agents, respectively. The antitumor activities of these compounds were evaluated in vitro and 6h showed the most potent activities against four cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.16 to 1.40 μM. Further mechanistic studies revealed that 6h worked as a bifunctional agent targeting both tubulin and DNA. In the nude mice xenograft model, 6h significantly inhibited the tumor growth with low toxicity, demonstrating the promising potential for further developing novel cancer therapy with a unique mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuru Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiayi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aguilar W, Zacarias O, Romaine M, Proni G, Petrovic AG, Abzalimov R, Paz MM, Champeil E. Synthesis of Oligonucleotides containing the cis-Interstrand Crosslink Produced by Mitomycins in their Reaction with DNA. Chemistry 2020; 26:12570-12578. [PMID: 32574396 PMCID: PMC7681910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MC) an antitumor drug and decarbamoylmitomycin C (DMC), a derivative of MC lacking the carbamoyl moiety, are DNA alkylating agents which can form DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) between deoxyguanosine residues located on opposing DNA strands. MC forms primarily deoxyguanosine adducts with a 1"-R stereochemistry at the guanine-mitosene bond (1"-α, trans) whereas DMC forms mainly adducts with a 1"-S stereochemistry (1"-β, cis). The crosslinking reaction is diastereospecific: trans-crosslinks are formed exclusively at CpG sequences, while cis-crosslinks are formed only at GpC sequences. Until now, oligonucleotides containing 1"-β-deoxyguanosine adducts or ICL at a specific site could not be synthesized, thus limiting the investigation of the role played by the stereochemical configuration at C1'' in the toxicity of these compounds. Here, a novel biomimetic synthesis to access these substrates is presented. Structural proof of the adducted oligonucleotides and ICL were provided by enzymatic digestion to nucleosides, high resolution mass spectral analysis, CD spectroscopy and UV melting temperature studies. Finally, a virtual model of the 25-mer 1"-β ICL synthesized was created to explore the conformational space and structural features of the crosslinked duplex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Aguilar
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Owen Zacarias
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Marian Romaine
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Gloria Proni
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Ana G Petrovic
- New York Institute of Technology, 1855 Broadway, EGGC 405A, New York, NY, 10023, USA
| | - Rinat Abzalimov
- City University of New York, Advanced Research Center, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Manuel M Paz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, 15782, Spain
| | - Elise Champeil
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reuvers TGA, Kanaar R, Nonnekens J. DNA Damage-Inducing Anticancer Therapies: From Global to Precision Damage. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2098. [PMID: 32731592 PMCID: PMC7463878 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage-inducing therapies are of tremendous value for cancer treatment and function by the direct or indirect formation of DNA lesions and subsequent inhibition of cellular proliferation. Of central importance in the cellular response to therapy-induced DNA damage is the DNA damage response (DDR), a protein network guiding both DNA damage repair and the induction of cancer-eradicating mechanisms such as apoptosis. A detailed understanding of DNA damage induction and the DDR has greatly improved our knowledge of the classical DNA damage-inducing therapies, radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy, and has paved the way for rational improvement of these treatments. Moreover, compounds targeting specific DDR proteins, selectively impairing DNA damage repair in cancer cells, form a promising novel therapy class that is now entering the clinic. In this review, we give an overview of the current state and ongoing developments, and discuss potential avenues for improvement for DNA damage-inducing therapies, with a central focus on the role of the DDR in therapy response, toxicity and resistance. Furthermore, we describe the relevance of using combination regimens containing DNA damage-inducing therapies and how they can be utilized to potentiate other anticancer strategies such as immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thom G. A. Reuvers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.G.A.R.); (R.K.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.G.A.R.); (R.K.)
- Oncode Institute, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile (JIM), Jaarbeursplein 6, 3561 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Nonnekens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.G.A.R.); (R.K.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile (JIM), Jaarbeursplein 6, 3561 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aguilar W, Paz MM, Vargas A, Zheng M, Cheng SY, Champeil E. Interdependent Sequence Selectivity and Diastereoselectivity in the Alkylation of DNA by Decarbamoylmitomycin C. Chemistry 2018; 24:13278-13289. [PMID: 29958326 PMCID: PMC7152928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MC), an antitumor drug, and decarbamoylmitomycin C (DMC), a derivative of MC, alkylate DNA and form deoxyguanosine monoadducts and interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Interestingly, in mammalian culture cells, MC forms primarily deoxyguanosine adducts with a 1"-R stereochemistry at the guanine-mitosene bond (1"-α) whereas DMC forms mainly adducts with a 1"-S stereochemistry (1"-β). The molecular basis for the stereochemical configuration exhibited by DMC has been investigated using biomimetic synthesis. Here, we present the results of our studies on the monoalkylation of DNA by DMC. We show that the formation of 1"-β-deoxyguanosine adducts requires bifunctional reductive activation of DMC, and that monofunctional activation only produces 1"-α-adducts. The stereochemistry of the deoxyguanosine adducts formed is also dependent on the regioselectivity of DNA alkylation and on the overall DNA CG content. Additionally, we found that temperature plays a determinant role in the regioselectivity of duplex DNA alkylation by mitomycins: At 0 °C, both deoxyadenosine (dA) and deoxyguanosine (dG) alkylation occur whereas at 37 °C, mitomycins alkylate dG preferentially. The new reaction protocols developed in our laboratory to investigate DMC-DNA alkylation raise the possibility that oligonucleotides containing DMC 1"-β-deoxyguanosine adducts at a specific site may be synthesized by a biomimetic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Aguilar
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Manuel M Paz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anayatzinc Vargas
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Maggie Zheng
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Shu-Yuan Cheng
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Elise Champeil
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City, University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aguilar W, Paz MM, Vargas A, Clement CC, Cheng SY, Champeil E. Sequence-Dependent Diastereospecific and Diastereodivergent Crosslinking of DNA by Decarbamoylmitomycin C. Chemistry 2018; 24:6030-6035. [PMID: 29504661 PMCID: PMC7046179 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MC), a potent antitumor drug, and decarbamoylmitomycin C (DMC), a derivative lacking the carbamoyl group, form highly cytotoxic DNA interstrand crosslinks. The major interstrand crosslink formed by DMC is the C1'' epimer of the major crosslink formed by MC. The molecular basis for the stereochemical configuration exhibited by DMC was investigated using biomimetic synthesis. The formation of DNA-DNA crosslinks by DMC is diastereospecific and diastereodivergent: Only the 1''S-diastereomer of the initially formed monoadduct can form crosslinks at GpC sequences, and only the 1''R-diastereomer of the monoadduct can form crosslinks at CpG sequences. We also show that CpG and GpC sequences react with divergent diastereoselectivity in the first alkylation step: 1"S stereochemistry is favored at GpC sequences and 1''R stereochemistry is favored at CpG sequences. Therefore, the first alkylation step results, at each sequence, in the selective formation of the diastereomer able to generate an interstrand DNA-DNA crosslink after the "second arm" alkylation. Examination of the known DNA adduct pattern obtained after treatment of cancer cell cultures with DMC indicates that the GpC sequence is the major target for the formation of DNA-DNA crosslinks in vivo by this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Aguilar
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Manuel M Paz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anayatzinc Vargas
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Cristina C Clement
- Pathology Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx, New York, 10468, USA
| | - Shu-Yuan Cheng
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Elise Champeil
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
- The Graduate Center of the, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang M, Yu Y, Liang C, Lu A, Zhang G. Recent Advances in Developing Small Molecules Targeting Nucleic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060779. [PMID: 27248995 PMCID: PMC4926330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids participate in a large number of biological processes. However, current approaches for small molecules targeting protein are incompatible with nucleic acids. On the other hand, the lack of crystallization of nucleic acid is the limiting factor for nucleic acid drug design. Because of the improvements in crystallization in recent years, a great many structures of nucleic acids have been reported, providing basic information for nucleic acid drug discovery. This review focuses on the discovery and development of small molecules targeting nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Wang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bose A, Surugihalli C, Pande P, Champeil E, Basu AK. Comparative Error-Free and Error-Prone Translesion Synthesis of N(2)-2'-Deoxyguanosine Adducts Formed by Mitomycin C and Its Metabolite, 2,7-Diaminomitosene, in Human Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:933-9. [PMID: 27082015 PMCID: PMC4871107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mitomycin C (MC) is a cytotoxic and
mutagenic antitumor agent that
alkylates DNA upon reductive activation. 2,7-Diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM)
is a major metabolite of MC in tumor cells, which also alkylates DNA.
MC forms seven DNA adducts, including monoadducts and inter- and intrastrand
cross-links, whereas 2,7-DAM forms two monoadducts. Herein, the biological
effects of the dG-N2 adducts formed by
MC and 2,7-DAM have been compared by constructing single-stranded
plasmids containing these adducts and replicating them in human embryonic
kidney 293T cells. Translesion synthesis (TLS) efficiencies of dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM
were 38 ± 3 and 27 ± 3%, respectively, compared to that
of a control plasmid. This indicates that both adducts block DNA synthesis
and that dG-N2-2,7-DAM is a stronger replication
block than dG-N2-MC. TLS of each adducted
construct was reduced upon siRNA knockdown of pol η, pol κ,
or pol ζ. For both adducts, the most significant reduction occurred
with knockdown of pol κ, which suggests that pol κ plays
a major role in TLS of these dG-N2 adducts.
Analysis of the progeny showed that both adducts were mutagenic, and
the mutation frequencies (MF) of dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM were 18 ±
3 and 10 ± 1%, respectively. For both adducts, the major type
of mutation was G → T transversions. Knockdown of pol η
and pol ζ reduced the MF of dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM, whereas knockdown
of pol κ increased the MF of these adducts. This suggests that
pol κ predominantly carries out error-free TLS, whereas pol
η and pol ζ are involved in error-prone TLS. The largest
reduction in MF by 78 and 80%, respectively, for dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM constructs
occurred when pol η, pol ζ, and Rev1 were simultaneously
knocked down. This result strongly suggests that, unlike pol κ,
these three TLS polymerases cooperatively perform the error-prone
TLS of these adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Bose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Chaitra Surugihalli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Elise Champeil
- Department of Science, John Jay College of Criminal Justice , New York, New York 10019, United States
| | - Ashis K Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mallory CM, Carfi RP, Moon S, Cornell KA, Warner DL. Modification of cellular DNA by synthetic aziridinomitosenes. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7378-85. [PMID: 26541587 PMCID: PMC4673046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two synthetic aziridinomitosenes (AZMs), Me-AZM and H-AZM, structurally related to mitomycin C (MC) were evaluated for their anticancer activity against six cancer cell lines (HeLa, Jurkat, T47D, HepG2, HL-60, and HuT-78) and tested for their DNA-modifying abilities in Jurkat cells. Cytotoxicity assays showed that Me-AZM is up to 72-fold and 520-fold more potent than MC and H-AZM, respectively. Me-AZM also demonstrated increased DNA modification over MC and H-AZM in alkaline COMET and Hoechst fluorescence assays that measured crosslinks in cellular DNA. Me-AZM and H-AZM treatment of Jurkat cells was found to sponsor significant DNA-protein crosslinks using a K-SDS assay. The results clearly indicate that the AZM C6/C7 substitution pattern plays an important role in drug activity and supports both DNA-DNA and DNA-protein adduct formation as mechanisms for inducing cytotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Mallory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Ryan P Carfi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - SangPhil Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Cornell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Don L Warner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Genome-Wide Mutational Signature of the Chemotherapeutic Agent Mitomycin C in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 6:133-40. [PMID: 26564951 PMCID: PMC4704711 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.021915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy largely depends on chemotherapeutic agents that generate DNA lesions. However, our understanding of the nature of the resulting lesions as well as the mutational profiles of these chemotherapeutic agents is limited. Among these lesions, DNA interstrand crosslinks are among the more toxic types of DNA damage. Here, we have characterized the mutational spectrum of the commonly used DNA interstrand crosslinking agent mitomycin C (MMC). Using a combination of genetic mapping, whole genome sequencing, and genomic analysis, we have identified and confirmed several genomic lesions linked to MMC-induced DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our data indicate that MMC predominantly causes deletions, with a 5'-CpG-3' sequence context prevalent in the deleted regions of DNA. Furthermore, we identified microhomology flanking the deletion junctions, indicative of DNA repair via nonhomologous end joining. Based on these results, we propose a general repair mechanism that is likely to be involved in the biological response to this highly toxic agent. In conclusion, the systematic study we have described provides insight into potential sequence specificity of MMC with DNA.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bass PD, Gubler DA, Judd TC, Williams RM. Mitomycinoid alkaloids: mechanism of action, biosynthesis, total syntheses, and synthetic approaches. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6816-63. [PMID: 23654296 PMCID: PMC3864988 DOI: 10.1021/cr3001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Bass
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sheng J, Gan J, Huang Z. Structure-based DNA-targeting strategies with small molecule ligands for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2013; 33:1119-73. [PMID: 23633219 DOI: 10.1002/med.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are the molecular targets of many clinical anticancer drugs. However, compared with proteins, nucleic acids have traditionally attracted much less attention as drug targets in structure-based drug design, partially because limited structural information of nucleic acids complexed with potential drugs is available. Over the past several years, enormous progresses in nucleic acid crystallization, heavy-atom derivatization, phasing, and structural biology have been made. Many complicated nucleic acid structures have been determined, providing new insights into the molecular functions and interactions of nucleic acids, especially DNAs complexed with small molecule ligands. Thus, opportunities have been created to further discover nucleic acid-targeting drugs for disease treatments. This review focuses on the structure studies of DNAs complexed with small molecule ligands for discovering lead compounds, drug candidates, and/or therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bueren-Calabuig JA, Negri A, Morreale A, Gago F. Rationale for the opposite stereochemistry of the major monoadducts and interstrand crosslinks formed by mitomycin C and its decarbamoylated analogue at CpG steps in DNA and the effect of cytosine modification on reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:1543-52. [PMID: 22222915 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06675g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MMC) is a potent antitumour agent that forms a covalent bond with the 2-amino group of selected guanines in the minor groove of double-stranded DNA following intracellular reduction of its quinone ring and opening of its aziridine moiety. At some 5'-CG-3' (CpG) steps the resulting monofunctional adduct can evolve towards a more deleterious bifunctional lesion, which is known as an interstrand crosslink (ICL). MMC reactivity is enhanced when the cytosine bases are methylated (5 MC) and decreased when they are replaced with 5-F-cytosine (5FC) whereas the stereochemical preference of alkylation changes upon decarbamoylation. We have studied three duplex oligonucleotides of general formula d(CGATAAXGCTAACG) in which X stands for C, 5MC or 5FC. Using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution, quantum mechanics and continuum electrostatics, we have been able to (i) obtain a large series of snapshots that facilitate an understanding in atomic detail of the distinct stereochemistry of monoadduct and ICL formation by MMC and its decarbamoylated analogue, (ii) provide an explanation for the altered reactivity of MMC towards DNA molecules containing 5MC or 5FC, and (iii) show the distinct accommodation in the DNA minor groove of the different covalent modifications, particularly the most cytotoxic C1α and C1β ICLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Bueren-Calabuig
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Paz MM, Pritsos CA. The Molecular Toxicology of Mitomycin C. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
20
|
Jaccob M, Venuvanalingam P. Computational Insights into the Roles of Steric and Electrostatic Interactions in Arsenic Ylide Mediated Aziridination Reactions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Interaction of polymyxin B with ds-DNA, and determination of DNA or polymyxin B via resonance Rayleigh scattering and resonance non-linear scattering spectra. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Boamah EK, Brekman A, Tomasz M, Myeku N, Figueiredo-Pereira M, Hunter S, Meyer J, Bhosle RC, Bargonetti J. DNA adducts of decarbamoyl mitomycin C efficiently kill cells without wild-type p53 resulting from proteasome-mediated degradation of checkpoint protein 1. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1151-62. [PMID: 20536192 PMCID: PMC2907727 DOI: 10.1021/tx900420k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The mitomycin derivative 10-decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC) more rapidly activates a p53-independent cell death pathway than mitomycin C (MC). We recently documented that an increased proportion of mitosene1-β-adduct formation occurs in human cells treated with DMC in comparison to those treated with MC. Here, we compare the cellular and molecular response of human cancer cells treated with MC and DMC. We find the increase in mitosene 1-β-adduct formation correlates with a condensed nuclear morphology and increased cytotoxicity in human cancer cells with or without p53. DMC caused more DNA damage than MC in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Checkpoint 1 protein (Chk1) was depleted following DMC, and the depletion of Chk1 by DMC was achieved through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway since chemical inhibition of the proteasome protected against Chk1 depletion. Gene silencing of Chk1 by siRNA increased the cytotoxicity of MC. DMC treatment caused a decrease in the level of total ubiquitinated proteins without increasing proteasome activity, suggesting that DMC mediated DNA adducts facilitate signal transduction to a pathway targeting cellular proteins for proteolysis. Thus, the mitosene-1-β stereoisomeric DNA adducts produced by the DMC signal for a p53-independent mode of cell death correlated with reduced nuclear size, persistent DNA damage, increased ubiquitin proteolysis and reduced Chk1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K Boamah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M. Paz
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Subramanian V, Ducept P, Williams RM, Luger K. Effects of photochemically activated alkylating agents of the FR900482 family on chromatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:553-63. [PMID: 17524986 PMCID: PMC3097141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioreductive alkylating agents are an important class of clinical antitumor antibiotics that crosslink and monoalkylate DNA. Here, we use a synthetic, photochemically activated derivative of FR400482 to investigate the molecular mechanism of this class of drugs in a biologically relevant context. We find that the organization of DNA into nucleosomes effectively protects it against drug-mediated crosslinking, while permitting monoalkylation. This modification has the potential to lead to the formation of covalent crosslinks between chromatin and nuclear proteins. Using in vitro approaches, we found that interstrand crosslinking of free DNA results in a significant decrease in basal and activated transcription. Finally, crosslinked plasmid DNA is inefficiently assembled into chromatin. Our studies suggest pathways for the clinical effectiveness of this class of reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Pascal Ducept
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- The University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Corresponding authors: ;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Soares DG, Escargueil AE, Poindessous V, Sarasin A, de Gramont A, Bonatto D, Henriques JAP, Larsen AK. Replication and homologous recombination repair regulate DNA double-strand break formation by the antitumor alkylator ecteinascidin 743. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13062-7. [PMID: 17656556 PMCID: PMC1941813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609877104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adducts induced by the antitumor alkylator ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743, Yondelis, trabectedin) represent a unique challenge to the DNA repair machinery because no pathway examined to date is able to remove the ET adducts, whereas cells deficient in nucleotide excision repair show increased resistance. We here describe the processing of the initial ET adducts into cytotoxic lesions and characterize the influence of cellular repair pathways on this process. Our findings show that exposure of proliferating mammalian cells to pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ET-743 is accompanied by rapid formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), as shown by the neutral comet assay and induction of focalized phosphorylated H2AX. The ET adducts are stable and can be converted into DSBs hours after the drug has been removed. Loss of homologous recombination repair has no influence on the initial levels of DSBs but is associated with the persistence of unrepaired DSBs after ET-743 is removed, resulting in extensive chromosomal abnormalities and pronounced sensitivity to the drug. In comparison, loss of nonhomologous end-joining had only modest effect on the sensitivity. The identification of DSB formation as a key step in the processing of ET-743 lesions represents a novel mechanism of action for the drug that is in agreement with its unusual potency. Because loss of repair proteins is common in human tumors, expression levels of selected repair factors may be useful in identifying patients particularly likely to benefit, or not, from treatment with ET-743.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Grazziotin Soares
- *Group of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 673, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
- Departamento de Biofisica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil; and
| | - Alexandre E. Escargueil
- *Group of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 673, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Virginie Poindessous
- *Group of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 673, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2939, and Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Aimery de Gramont
- *Group of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 673, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Departamento de Biofisica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil; and
| | - João Antonio Pêgas Henriques
- Departamento de Biofisica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil; and
| | - Annette K. Larsen
- *Group of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 673, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2939, and Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lukin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, School of Medicine, 11794-8651, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rink SM, Warner DL, Klapars A, Vedejs E. Sequence-specific DNA interstrand cross-linking by an aziridinomitosene in the absence of exogenous reductant. Biochemistry 2006; 44:13981-6. [PMID: 16229487 DOI: 10.1021/bi050426w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aziridinomitosene derivative (1S,2S)-6-desmethyl(methylaziridino)mitosene (4) was shown to alkylate plasmid DNA at pH 7.4 in the absence of a reducing agent [Vedejs, E., Naidu, B. N., Klapars, A., Warner, D. L., Li, V. -s., Na, Y., and Kohn, H. (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 15796-15806], an activity not found in the parent mitomycins. We sought to evaluate aziridinomitosene 4 for the presence of DNA interstrand cross-linking activity using nonreductive reaction conditions. Radiolabeled DNA treated with 4 was analyzed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DPAGE), a technique that readily separates the less mobile cross-linked ds DNA from the more mobile ss DNA products. Nonreduced 4 produced an interstrand cross-link (ICL) in duplex DNA containing 5'-d(CG) sites, and the yield of ICL was comparable to that obtained from reduced MC under similar conditions. A ds DNA having the central tetranucleotide 5'-d(ACGT) provided the greatest ICL yield from both nonreduced 4 and reduced MC. Substitution of 5'-d(CG) with the inverted sequence 5'-d(GC) completely abolished interstrand cross-linking by 4, revealing 5'-d(CG) as its specific site of ICL formation. Replacement of dG at 5'-d(CG) with 2'-deoxyinosine (dI), which lacks the exocyclic C2 amino group present in dG, also prevented DNA ICL formation by 4, revealing an essential role for the dG C2 amino group in the interstrand cross-linking reaction between 4 and duplex DNA. This report directly demonstrates the presence of bifunctional alkylating activity in a nonreduced aziridinomitosene and clearly shows that unreduced 4 alkylates residues in the minor groove of ds DNA, cross-linking with the same 5'-d(CG) sequence specificity displayed by reduced MC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacia M Rink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Utzat CD, Clement CC, Ramos LA, Das A, Tomasz M, Basu AK. DNA adduct of the mitomycin C metabolite 2,7-diaminomitosene is a nontoxic and nonmutagenic DNA lesion in vitro and in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:213-23. [PMID: 15720125 DOI: 10.1021/tx049813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MC) is a cytotoxic and mutagenic antitumor agent that alkylates and cross-links DNA. These effects are dependent on reductive bioactivation of MC. 2,7-Diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM) is the major metabolite of MC in tumor cells, generated by the reduction of MC. 2,7-DAM alkylates DNA in the cell in situ, forming an adduct at the N7 position of 2'-deoxyguanosine (2,7-DAM-dG-N7). To determine the biological effects of this adduct, we have synthesized an oligonucleotide containing a single 2,7-DAM-dG-N7 adduct and inserted it into an M13 bacteriophage genome. Replication of this construct in repair-competent Escherichia coli showed that the adduct was only weakly toxic and generated approximately 50% progeny as compared to control. No mutant was isolated after analysis of more than 4000 progeny phages from SOS-induced or uninduced host cells; therefore, we estimate that the mutation frequency of 2,7-DAM-dG-N7 was less than 2 x 10(-4) in E. coli. Subsequently, to determine if this adduct might be mutagenic in mammalian cells, it was incorporated into a single-stranded shuttle phagemid vector, pMS2, and replicated in simian kidney (COS-7) cells. Analysis of the progeny showed that mutational frequency of a site specific 2,7-DAM-dG-N7 was not higher than the spontaneous mutation frequency in simian kidney cells. In parallel experiments in cell free systems, template oligonucleotides containing a single 2,7-DAM-dG-N7 adduct directed selective incorporation of cytosine in the 5'-32P-labeled primer strands opposite the adducted guanine, catalyzed by Klenow (exo-) DNA polymerase. The adducted templates also supported full extension of primer strands by Klenow (exo-) and T7 (exo-) DNA polymerases and partial extension by DNA polymerase eta. The innocuous behavior of the 2,7-DAM-dG-N7 monoadduct in vivo and in vitro is in sharp contrast to that of the toxic MC-dG-N2 monoadduct reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Galm U, Hager MH, Van Lanen SG, Ju J, Thorson JS, Shen B. Antitumor Antibiotics: Bleomycin, Enediynes, and Mitomycin. Chem Rev 2005; 105:739-58. [PMID: 15700963 DOI: 10.1021/cr030117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Galm
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dooley PA, Zhang M, Korbel GA, Nechev LV, Harris CM, Stone MP, Harris TM. NMR determination of the conformation of a trimethylene interstrand cross-link in an oligodeoxynucleotide duplex containing a 5'-d(GpC) motif. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:62-72. [PMID: 12515507 DOI: 10.1021/ja0207798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde interstrand cross-links in DNA show strong preference for 5'-d(CpG) sequences. The cross-links are unstable and a trimethylene cross-link has been used as a surrogate for structural studies. A previous structural study of the 5'-d(CpG) cross-link in the sequence 5'-d(AGGCGCCT), where G is the modified nucleotide, by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics using a simulated annealing protocol showed the guanine residues and the tether lay approximately in a plane such that the trimethylene tether and probably the malondialdehyde tether, as well, could be accommodated without major disruptions of duplex structure [Dooley et al. J. Am Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1730-1739]. The trimethylene cross-link has now been studied in a GpC motif using the reverse sequence. The structure lacks the planarity seen with the 5'-d(CpG) sequence and is skewed about the trimethylene cross-link. Melting studies indicate that the trimethylene cross-link is thermodynamically less stable in the GpC motif than in the 5-d(CpG). Furthermore, lack of planarity of the GpC cross-link precludes making an isosteric replacement of the trimethylene tether by malondialdehyde. A similar argument can be used to explain the 5'-d(CpG) preference for interchain cross-linking by acrolein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Dooley
- Department of Chemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
David-Cordonnier MH, Laine W, Lansiaux A, Kouach M, Briand G, Pierré A, Hickman JA, Bailly C. Alkylation of guanine in DNA by S23906-1, a novel potent antitumor compound derived from the plant alkaloid acronycine. Biochemistry 2002; 41:9911-20. [PMID: 12146956 DOI: 10.1021/bi020226+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new DNA-targeted antitumor agent is a challenging enterprise, and the elucidation of its mechanism of action is an essential first step in investigating the structural and biological consequences of DNA modification and to guide the rational design of analogues. Here, we have dissected the mode of action of the newly discovered antitumor agent S23906-1. Gel retardation experiments reveal that the diacetate compound S23906-1 and its monoacetate analogue S28687 form highly stable covalent adducts with DNA. The covalent adducts formed between S23906-1 and a 7-bp hairpin oligonucleotide duplex were identified by spectrometry. In contrast, the inactive compound S23907, lacking the two acetate groups of S23906-1, fails to yield covalent DNA adducts, indicating that the C1-C2 functionality is the DNA reactive moiety. DNase I footprinting and DNA alkylation experiments indicate that S23906-1 reacts primarily with guanine residues. A 30-mer oligonucleotide containing only G.C bp forms highly stable complexes with S23906-1 and S28687, whereas the equivalent A.T oligonucleotide is not a good substrate for these two drugs. The use of an oligonucleotide duplex containing inosines instead of guanosines identifies the guanine 2-amino group exposed in the minor groove of DNA as the potential reactive site. The reactivity of S23906-1 toward the guanine-N2 group was independently confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Covalent DNA adducts were also identified in the genomic DNA of B16 melanoma cells exposed to S23906-1, and the specific accumulation of the drug in the nucleus of the cells was visualized by confocal microscopy. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of this highly potent anticancer agent opens a new field for future drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier
- INSERM U-524, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Antitumorale du Centre Oscar Lambret, Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer, 1 Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wolkenberg SE, Boger DL. Mechanisms of in situ activation for DNA-targeting antitumor agents. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2477-95. [PMID: 12105933 DOI: 10.1021/cr010046q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Wolkenberg
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Subramaniam G, Paz MM, Suresh Kumar G, Das A, Palom Y, Clement CC, Patel DJ, Tomasz M. Solution structure of a guanine-N7-linked complex of the mitomycin C metabolite 2,7-diaminomitosene and DNA. Basis of sequence selectivity. Biochemistry 2001; 40:10473-84. [PMID: 11523988 DOI: 10.1021/bi010965a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2,7-Diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM), the major metabolite of the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C, forms DNA adducts in tumor cells. 2,7-DAM was reacted with the deoxyoligonucleotide d(GTGGTATACCAC) under reductive alkylation conditions. The resulting DNA adduct was characterized as d(G-T-G-[M]G-T-A-T-A-C-C-A-C) (5), where [M]G stands for a covalently modified guanine, linked at its N7-position to C10 of the mitosene. The adducted oligonucleotide complements with itself, retaining 2-fold symmetry in the 2:1 drug-duplex complex, and provides well-resolved NMR spectra, amenable for structure determination. Adduction at the N7-position of G4 ([M]G, 4) is characterized by a downfield shift of the G4(H8) proton and separate resonances for G4(NH(2)) protons. We assigned the exchangeable and nonexchangeable proton resonances of the mitosene and the deoxyoligonucleotide in adduct duplex 5 and identified intermolecular proton-proton NOEs necessary for structural characterization. Molecular dynamics computations guided by 126 intramolecular and 48 intermolecular distance restraints were performed to define the solution structure of the 2,7-DAM-DNA complex 5. A total of 12 structures were computed which exhibited pairwise rmsd values in the 0.54-1.42 A range. The 2,7-DAM molecule is anchored in the major groove of DNA by its C10 covalently linked to G4(N7) and is oriented 3' to the adducted guanine. The presence of 2,7-DAM in the major groove does not alter the overall B-DNA helical structure. Alignment in the major groove is a novel feature of the complexation of 2,7-DAM with DNA; other known major groove alkylators such as aflatoxin, possessing aromatic structural elements, form intercalated complexes. Thermal stability properties of the 2,7-DAM-DNA complex 5 were characteristic of nonintercalating guanine-N7 alkylating agents. Marked sequence selectivity of the alkylation by 2,7-DAM was observed, using a series of oligonucleotides incorporating variations of the 5'-TGGN sequence as substrates. The selectivity correlated with the sequence specificity of the negative molecular electrostatic potential of the major groove, suggesting that the alkylation selectivity of 2,7-DAM is determined by sequence-specific variation of the reactivity of the DNA. The unusual, major groove-aligned structure of the adduct 5 may account for the low cytotoxicity of 2,7-DAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Subramaniam
- Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lando DY, Fridman AS, Haroutiunian SG, Benight AS, Collery P. Melting of cross-linked DNA IV. Methods for computer modeling of total influence on DNA melting of monofunctional adducts, intrastrand and interstrand cross-links formed by molecules of an antitumor drug. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2000; 17:697-711. [PMID: 10698107 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2000.10506560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical method is developed for calculation of melting curves of covalent complexes of DNA with antitumor drugs. The method takes into account all the types of chemical modifications of the double helix caused by platinum compounds and DNA alkylating agents: 1) monofunctional adducts bound to one nucleotide; 2) intrastrand cross-links which appear due to bidentate binding of a drug molecule to two nucleotides that are included into the same DNA strand; 3) interstrand cross-links caused by bidentate binding of a molecule to two nucleotides of different strands. The developed calculation method takes into account the following double helix alterations at sites of chemical modifications: 1) a change in stability of chemically modified base pairs and neighboring ones, that is caused by all the types of chemical modifications; 2) a change in the energy of boundaries between helical and melted regions at sites of chemical modification (local alteration of the factor of cooperativity of DNA melting), that is caused by all the types of chemical modifications, too; 3) a change in the loop entropy factor of melted regions that include interstrand cross-links; 4) the prohibition of divergence of DNA strands in completely melted DNA molecules, which is caused by interstrand cross-links only. General equations are derived, and three calculation methods are proposed to calculate DNA melting curves and the parameters that characterize the helix-coil transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Y Lando
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Minsk.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murray V. A survey of the sequence-specific interaction of damaging agents with DNA: emphasis on antitumor agents. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 63:367-415. [PMID: 10506836 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature concerning the sequence specificity of DNA-damaging agents. DNA-damaging agents are widely used in cancer chemotherapy. It is important to understand fully the determinants of DNA sequence specificity so that more effective DNA-damaging agents can be developed as antitumor drugs. There are five main methods of DNA sequence specificity analysis: cleavage of end-labeled fragments, linear amplification with Taq DNA polymerase, ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single-strand ligation PCR, and footprinting. The DNA sequence specificity in purified DNA and in intact mammalian cells is reviewed for several classes of DNA-damaging agent. These include agents that form covalent adducts with DNA, free radical generators, topoisomerase inhibitors, intercalators and minor groove binders, enzymes, and electromagnetic radiation. The main sites of adduct formation are at the N-7 of guanine in the major groove of DNA and the N-3 of adenine in the minor groove, whereas free radical generators abstract hydrogen from the deoxyribose sugar and topoisomerase inhibitors cause enzyme-DNA cross-links to form. Several issues involved in the determination of the DNA sequence specificity are discussed. The future directions of the field, with respect to cancer chemotherapy, are also examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Murray
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Das A, Tang KS, Gopalakrishnan S, Waring MJ, Tomasz M. Reactivity of guanine at m5CpG steps in DNA: evidence for electronic effects transmitted through the base pairs. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1999; 6:461-71. [PMID: 10381403 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(99)80064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitomycin C (MC), a DNA cross-linking and alkylating agent, targets guanines in the m5CpG sequence with 2-3-fold preference over guanines in unmethylated CpG. Benzo[a]pyrenediolepoxide (BPDE) and several other aromatic carcinogens form guanine adducts with an identical selectivity for m5CpG, and in certain cancers G to T transversion mutation 'hotspots' in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are more frequent at this sequence than at guanines in other sequences. MC appears suitable to probe the general mechanism of this selectivity. RESULTS A 162-bp DNA fragment containing C, m5C or f5C (5-fluoro cytosine) at all cytosine positions was cross-linked by MC at guanines in CpG steps. The extent of cross-linking increased in the order f5C < C < m5C. Monoalkylation or cross-linking of duplex 12-mer oligonucleotides containing a single CpG, f5CpG or m5CpG step gave yields of adducts that increased in the same order. The rates showed a correlation with the Hammett sigma constant of the methyl and fluoro substituents of the cytosine. Only the base-pair cytosine substituent influenced reactivity of guanine. CONCLUSIONS The 2-amino group of guanine in the m5CpG sequence of DNA has a greater nucleophilic reactivity with mitomycin than CpG. Evidence is presented for a novel mechanism: transmission of the electron-donating effect of the 5-methyl substituent of the cytosine to guanine through H-bonding of the m5C.G base pair. The results explain the enhanced reaction of BPDE at m5CpG in DNA and the origin of G-T mutational hotspots in the p53 gene in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Das
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Scott R. Rajski
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tomasz M, Das A, Tang KS, Ford MGJ, Minnock A, Musser SM, Waring MJ. The Purine 2-Amino Group as the Critical Recognition Element for Sequence-Specific Alkylation and Cross-Linking of DNA by Mitomycin C. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9824019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tomasz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK
| | - Arunangshu Das
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK
| | - Kit S. Tang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK
| | - Marjin G. J. Ford
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK
| | - Andrew Minnock
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK
| | - Steven M. Musser
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK
| | - Michael J. Waring
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Berger I, Winston W, Manoharan R, Schwartz T, Alfken J, Kim YG, Lowenhaupt K, Herbert A, Rich A. Spectroscopic characterization of a DNA-binding domain, Z alpha, from the editing enzyme, dsRNA adenosine deaminase: evidence for left-handed Z-DNA in the Z alpha-DNA complex. Biochemistry 1998; 37:13313-21. [PMID: 9748339 DOI: 10.1021/bi9813126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) is an ubiquitous enzyme in metazoa that edits pre-mRNA changing adenosine to inosine in regions of double-stranded RNA. Zalpha, an N-terminal domain of human ADAR1 encompassing 76 amino acid residues, shows apparent specificity for the left-handed Z-DNA conformation adopted by alternating (dGdC) polymers modified by bromination or methylation, as well as for (dGdC)13 inserts present in supercoiled plasmids. Here, a combination of circular dichroism, fluorescence, and gel-retardation studies is utilized to characterize recombinant Zalpha peptide and to examine its interaction with DNA. Results from laser-Raman spectroscopy experiments provide direct evidence for the existence of Z-DNA in peptide-DNA complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Berger
- Department of Biology, George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Palom Y, Lipman R, Musser SM, Tomasz M. A mitomycin-N6-deoxyadenosine adduct isolated from DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11:203-10. [PMID: 9544618 DOI: 10.1021/tx970205u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A minor N6-deoxyadenosine adduct of mitomycin C (MC) was isolated from synthetic oligonucleotides and calf thymus DNA, representing the first adduct of MC and a DNA base other than guanine. The structure of the adduct (8) was elucidated using submilligram quantities of total available material. UV difference spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and electrospray mass spectroscopy as well as chemical transformations were utilized in deriving the structure of 8. A series of synthetic oligonucleotides was designed to probe the specificities of the alkylation of adenine by MC. The nature and frequency of the oligonucleotide-MC adducts formed under conditions of reductive activation of MC were determined by their enzymatic digestion to the nucleoside level followed by quantitative analysis of the products by HPLC. The analyses indicated the following: (i) (A)n sequence is favored over (AT)n for adduct formation; (ii) the alkylation favors the duplex structure; (iii) at adenine sites only monofunctional alkylation occurs; (iv) the adenine-to-alkylation frequency in the model oligonucleotides was 0.3-0.6 relative to guanine alkylation at the 5'-ApG sequence but only 0.02-0.1 relative to guanine alkylation at 5'-CpG. The 5'-phosphodiester linkage of the MC-adenine adduct is resistant to snake venom diesterase. The overall ratio of adenine to guanine alkylation in calf thymus DNA was 0.03, indicating that 8 is a minor MC-DNA adduct relative to MC-DNA adducts at guanine residues in the present experimental residues in the present experimental system. However, the HPLC elution time of 8 coincides with that of a major, unknown MC adduct detected previously in mouse mammary tumor cells treated with radiolabeled MC [Bizanek, R., Chowdary, D., Arai, H., Kasai, M., Hughes, C. S., Sartorelli, A. C., Rockwell, S., and Tomasz, M. (1993) Cancer Res. 53, 5127-5134]. Thus, 8 may be identical or closely related to this major adduct formed in vivo. This possibility can now be tested by further comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Palom
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ramos LA, Lipman R, Tomasz M, Basu AK. The major mitomycin C-DNA monoadduct is cytotoxic but not mutagenic in Escherichia coli. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11:64-9. [PMID: 9477227 DOI: 10.1021/tx970163+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the mutagenic and genotoxic properties of the major guanine N2-adduct formed by the antitumor drug mitomycin C, we have synthesized a decanucleotide, d(TTACG[MC]TATCT), containing the adduct, which was inserted into a gapped bacteriophage M13 genome. Analysis of the constructed genome indicated that 41% ligation of the adducted 10-mer occurred on both sides of the gap, whereas the control 10-mer ligated with 34% efficiency. After transfection of the adducted single-stranded M13 DNA into Escherichia coli, the adduct was found to be highly genotoxic. Viability of the adducted genome in a repair-competent strain was only 7%, which increased to 12% and 15% upon induction of SOS by irradiating the cells with 254-nm light at 20 and 50 J/m2, respectively. Even lower viability of 2%, 4.6%, and 0.2% was observed in uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC strains, respectively, which increased up to 10-fold with SOS. An examination of the surviving phage populations revealed that the adduct was not detectably mutagenic. No mutants from the repair-proficient strain were detected after analysis of more than 2500 progeny phage. Only 0.2% of the survivors were mutants in the uvrA strain. It is uncertain, however, if they were induced by the adduct, since all the mutants showed untargeted mutations. We conclude that the major guanine N2-adduct formed by mitomycin C is cytotoxic but not appreciably mutagenic in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tomasz M, Palom Y. The mitomycin bioreductive antitumor agents: cross-linking and alkylation of DNA as the molecular basis of their activity. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 76:73-87. [PMID: 9535170 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the chemical and enzymatic aspects of the reductive activation of mitomycin C, its disulfide analogs KW-2149 and BMS-181174, and, in less detail, FR66979 and FR900482, newly discovered antitumor antibiotics related to mitomycins. Furthermore, structural aspects of DNA damage induced by these drugs in vitro and in vivo are described, including the chemical and conformational characteristics of DNA interstrand and intrastrand cross-links and monofunctional alkylation products, with emphasis on DNA adducts of mitomycin C. The DNA sequence specificity of the damage and its mechanism is reviewed. The relationship between the chemical and structural properties of the DNA damage on the one hand, and the antitumor and other biological activities of the mitomycins on the other, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tomasz
- Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li VS, Choi D, Wang Z, Jimenez LS, Tang MS, Kohn H. Role of the C-10 Substituent in Mitomycin C-1−DNA Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953871v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ven-Shun Li
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0939, and Science Park-Research Division, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas System, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Daeock Choi
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0939, and Science Park-Research Division, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas System, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Zheng Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0939, and Science Park-Research Division, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas System, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Leslie S. Jimenez
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0939, and Science Park-Research Division, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas System, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Moon-shong Tang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0939, and Science Park-Research Division, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas System, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Harold Kohn
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0939, and Science Park-Research Division, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas System, Smithville, Texas 78957
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rink SM, Lipman R, Alley SC, Hopkins PB, Tomasz M. Bending of DNA by the mitomycin C-induced, GpG intrastrand cross-link. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9:382-9. [PMID: 8839039 DOI: 10.1021/tx950156q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MC) forms interstrand and intrastrand cross-link adducts and monoalkylation products (monoadducts) with DNA. Each of the three types of adducts was incorporated site-specifically into both a 15-mer and a 21-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplex. The adduct-containing duplexes were 32P-phosphorylated and ligated to form multimers, which were then analyzed for anomalous electrophoretic mobility by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using the method of Koo and Crothers [(1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1763-1767] in order to detect DNA curvature caused by the adducts. The intrastrand cross-link adduct was found to induce a 14.6 +/- 2.0 degrees DNA bend per lesion (minimum value) while no DNA bending was detected for either the interstrand cross-link or the monoadduct. Molecular mechanics modeling indicated that the possible origin of the bend lies in a considerable deviation from parallel of the normals to the best planes of the intrastrand cross-linked guanines, due to a shorter than normal distance between their N2 atoms forced upon them by the cross-link. The observed bending by the MC intrastrand lesion may be the cause of the increased flexibility of MC-modified DNA, localized to distinct regions, as observed in earlier work by hydrodynamic methods and electron microscopy. The MC adduct-caused DNA bend may serve as a recognition site for certain DNA-binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Rink
- Department of Chemistry, City University of New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Suresh Kumar G, Musser SM, Cummings J, Tomasz M. 2,7-Diaminomitosene, a Monofunctional Mitomycin C Derivative, Alkylates DNA in the Major Groove. Structure and Base-Sequence Specificity of the DNA Adduct and Mechanism of the Alkylation. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9607401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
46
|
Cummings J, Spanswick VJ, Smyth JF. Re-evaluation of the molecular pharmacology of mitomycin C. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:1928-33. [PMID: 8562144 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Cummings
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Mitomycin C, an important antitumor drug and antibiotic, has an extraordinary ability to crosslink DNA with high efficiency and absolute specificity for the sequence CpG. Recent results have shown how mitomycin C crosslinks DNA, and why the sequence specificity is so complete. This new understanding may allow the design of agents that mimic mitomycin C's economy of structure and can crosslink other sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tomasz
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|