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Martínez-Orts M, Pujals S. Responsive Supramolecular Polymers for Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4077. [PMID: 38612886 PMCID: PMC11012635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymers are ordered nanosized materials that are held together by non-covalent interactions (hydrogen-bonding, metal-ligand coordination, π-stacking and, host-guest interactions) and can reversibly undergo self-assembly. Their non-covalent nature endows supramolecular polymers with the ability to respond to external stimuli (temperature, light, ultrasound, electric/magnetic field) or environmental changes (temperature, pH, redox potential, enzyme activity), making them attractive candidates for a variety of biomedical applications. To date, supramolecular research has largely evolved in the development of smart water-soluble self-assemblies with the aim of mimicking the biological function of natural supramolecular systems. Indeed, there is a wide variety of synthetic biomaterials formulated with responsiveness to control and trigger, or not to trigger, aqueous self-assembly. The design of responsive supramolecular polymers ranges from the use of hydrophobic cores (i.e., benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide) to the introduction of macrocyclic hosts (i.e., cyclodextrins). In this review, we summarize the most relevant advances achieved in the design of stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems used to control transport and release of both diagnosis agents and therapeutic drugs in order to prevent, diagnose, and treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
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2
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Evaluation of Mannitol Intervention Effects on Ischemic Cerebral Edema in Mice Using Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral edema is a serious complication of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and mannitol is a commonly used dehydrating agent for relieving cerebral edema. However, the edema state and surrounding vascular perfusion level during mannitol treatment remains unclear, which affects the clinical application of the medicine. In this paper, we demonstrated the role of swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the evaluation of mannitol efficacy using mouse models. The OCT-based angiography and attenuation imaging technology were used to obtain the cerebral vascular perfusion level and cerebral edema state at different times. Vascular parameters and edema parameters were quantified and compared. Experimental results show that mannitol can significantly reduce the water content in the central region of edema, effectively inhibiting the rapid growth of the edema area, and restoring cerebral blood flow. On average, the edema area decreased by 33% after 2 h, and the vascular perfusion density increased by 12% after 5 h. This work helps to provide a valuable theoretical basis and research ideas for the clinical treatment of cerebral edema.
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3
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Peterson K, Coffman S, Wolfe S, Xiang Z. A novel method for ex-vivo latex angiography of the mouse brain. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 363:109342. [PMID: 34478766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Latex perfusion is an effective tool to study cerebrovascular pathology in the animal brain. It provides, low-cost, high fidelity anatomical information on ex-vivo analysis, and can be utilized to study multiple, states. However, current methods of latex casting and tissue-clearance do not allow for immunohistochemical analysis following sample processing. This results in experiments that require increased numbers of animals to attain adequate data. NEW METHOD In this paper, we present a modified latex perfusion and tissue processing protocol for ex-vivo analysis, of the cerebral vasculature. The method consists of injection of the arterial tree with liquid latex, followed by tissue clearance with a scale solution. RESULTS Our results demonstrate effective and reliable perfusion of the murine cerebrovascular tree, rendering the arterial morphology of the brain in high detail, while allowing for post-perfusion, immunohistochemistry of the sample. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Our technique bypasses the limitations of previous latex angiography protocols by allowing for postperfusion, pathologic analysis of casted cerebrovascular tissue. CONCLUSION This protocol provides a reliable, low-cost, method of cerebrovascular perfusion that reduces the number of animals required to generate robust data from latex-casted brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyan Peterson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Stephanie Coffman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Stacey Wolfe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhidan Xiang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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4
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Chen Y, Chen B, Yu T, Yin L, Sun M, He W, Ma C. Photoacoustic Mouse Brain Imaging Using an Optical Fabry-Pérot Interferometric Ultrasound Sensor. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:672788. [PMID: 34079437 PMCID: PMC8165253 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.672788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA, or optoacoustic, OA) mesoscopy is a powerful tool for mouse cerebral imaging, which offers high resolution three-dimensional (3D) images with optical absorption contrast inside the optically turbid brain. The image quality of a PA mesoscope relies on the ultrasonic transducer which detects the PA signals. An all-optical ultrasound sensor based on a Fabry-Pérot (FP) polymer cavity has the following advantages: broadband frequency response, wide angular coverage and small footprint. Here, we present 3D PA mesoscope for mouse brain imaging using such an optical sensor. A heating laser was used to stabilize the sensor's cavity length during the imaging process. To acquire data for a 3D angiogram of the mouse brain, the sensor was mounted on a translation stage and raster scanned. 3D images of the mouse brain vasculature were reconstructed which showed cerebrovascular structure up to a depth of 8 mm with high quality. Imaging segmentation and dual wavelength imaging were performed to demonstrate the potential of the system in preclinical brain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Buhua Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjian Sun
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip, Beijing, China
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5
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Knauss S, Albrecht C, Dirnagl U, Mueller S, Harms C, Hoffmann CJ, Koch SP, Endres M, Boehm-Sturm P. A Semiquantitative Non-invasive Measurement of PcomA Patency in C57BL/6 Mice Explains Variance in Ischemic Brain Damage in Filament MCAo. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:576741. [PMID: 33071747 PMCID: PMC7538613 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.576741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies on experimental ischemic stroke use the filament middle cerebral artery occlusion (fMCAo) model in C57BL/6 mice, but lesion sizes in this strain are highly variable. A known contributor is variation in the posterior communicating artery (PcomA) patency. We therefore aimed to provide a semiquantitative non-invasive in vivo method to routinely assess PcomA patency. We included 43 male C57BL/6 mice from four independent studies using a transient 45 min fMCAo model. Edema-corrected lesion sizes were measured by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging 24 h after reperfusion. Time-of-flight MR angiography was performed 7 days before and 24 h after fMCAo. Scores of PcomA size measured 24 h after, but not scores measured 7 days before fMCAo were negatively correlated with lesion size. Variability in PcomA patency explained 30% of the variance in our cohort (p < 0.0001, coefficient of determination r2 = 0.3). In a simulation using parameters typical for experimental stroke research, the power to detect a true effect of d = 1 between two groups increased by 15% when an according covariate was included in the statistical model. We have demonstrated that in vivo measurement of PcomA size is feasible and can lead to increased accuracy in assessing the effect of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Knauss
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Albrecht
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Quality, Ethics, Open Science, Translation, Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Harms
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Paul Koch
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Arnold SA, Platt SR, Gendron KP, West FD. Imaging Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disease of the Brain in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:279. [PMID: 32528985 PMCID: PMC7266937 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, are the most common underlying cause of acute, non-progressive encephalopathy in dogs. In effect, substantial information detailing the underlying causes and predisposing factors, affected vessels, imaging features, and outcomes based on location and extent of injury is available. The features of canine strokes on both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been described in numerous studies. This summary article serves as a compilation of these various descriptions. Drawing from the established and emerging stroke evaluation sequences used in the investigation of strokes in humans, this summary describes all theoretically available sequences. Particular detail is given to logistics of image acquisition, description of imaging findings, and each sequence's advantages and disadvantages. As the imaging features of both forms of strokes are highly representative of the underlying pathophysiologic stages in the hours to months following stroke onset, the descriptions of strokes at various stages are also discussed. It is unlikely that canine strokes can be diagnosed within the same rapid time frame as human strokes, and therefore the opportunity for thrombolytic intervention in ischemic strokes is unattainable. However, a thorough understanding of the appearance of strokes at various stages can aid the clinician when presented with a patient that has developed a stroke in the days or weeks prior to evaluation. Additionally, investigation into new imaging techniques may increase the sensitivity and specificity of stroke diagnosis, as well as provide new ways to monitor strokes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Arnold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Karine P Gendron
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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7
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Liu J, Li Y, Yu Y, Yuan X, Lv H, Liu L, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Ma Z. Simultaneous detection of cerebral blood perfusion and cerebral edema using swept-source optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960087. [PMID: 31702865 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The progression of ischemic cerebral edema (CE) is closely related to the level of cerebral blood perfusion (CBP) and affects each other. Simultaneous detection of CBP and CE is helpful in understanding the mechanisms of ischemic CE development. In this article, a wide field of view swept-source optical coherence tomography system was used to detect CE status and CBP levels simultaneously in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Images reflecting these two physiological states can be reconstructed with only one C-scan. We quantify these two physiological states into four parameters, which contain two vascular parameters (vascular displacement distance and vascular perfusion density) and two edema parameters (optical attenuation coefficient and edema area). The association between the two vascular parameters and the two edema parameters was analyzed. The results show that there is a strong linear relationship between blood flow parameters and edema parameters. This work provides a new option for CE in vivo detection, and is very likely to play an important role in the development of relevant drugs or in selection of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xincheng Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hongyu Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
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8
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Lepore MG, Buscemi L, Hirt L, Lei H. Metabolic fingerprints discriminating severity of acute ischemia using in vivo high-field 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurochem 2019; 152:252-262. [PMID: 31758862 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the improving imaging techniques, it remains challenging to produce magnetic resonance (MR) imaging fingerprints depicting severity of acute ischemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the overall high-field 1 H MR Spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) neurochemical profile as a metabolic signature for acute ischemia severity in rodent brains. We modeled global ischemia with one-stage 4-vessel-occlusion (4VO) in rats. Vascular structures were assessed immediately by magnetic resonance angiography. The neurochemical responses in the bilateral cortex were measured 1 h after stroke onset by 1 H-MRS. Then we used Partial-Least-Squares discriminant analysis on the overall neurochemical profiles to seek metabolic signatures for ischemic severity subgroups. This approach was further tested on neurochemical profiles of mouse striatum 1 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, where vascular blood flow was monitored by laser Doppler. Magnetic resonance angiography identified successful 4VO from controls and incomplete global ischemia (e.g., 3VO). 1 H-MR spectra of rat cortex after 4VO showed a specific metabolic pattern, distinct from that of respective controls and rats with 3VO. Partial-Least-Squares discriminant analysis on the overall neurochemical profiles revealed metabolic signatures of acute ischemia that may be extended to mice after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Fingerprinting severity of acute ischemia using neurochemical information may improve MR diagnosis in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Lepore
- Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lara Buscemi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Hirt
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hongxia Lei
- Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Chiziane E, Telemann H, Krueger M, Adler J, Arnhold J, Alia A, Flemmig J. Free Heme and Amyloid-β: A Fatal Liaison in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:963-984. [PMID: 29332049 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unknown, an increased formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and oxidative processes are major pathological mechanism of the disease. The interaction of Aβ with free heme leads to the formation of peroxidase-active Aβ-heme complexes. However, enzyme-kinetic data and systematic mutational studies are still missing. These aspects were addressed in this study to evaluate the role of Aβ-heme complexes in AD. The enzyme-kinetic measurements showed peroxidase-specific pH- and H2O2-dependencies. In addition, the enzymatic activity of Aβ-heme complexes constantly increased at higher peptide excess. Moreover, the role of the Aβ sequence for the named enzymatic activity was tested, depicting human-specific R5, Y10, and H13 as essential amino acids. Also by studying Y10 as an endogenous peroxidase substrate for Aβ-heme complexes, ratio-specific effects were observed, showing an optimal dityrosine formation at an about 40-fold peptide excess. As dityrosine formation promotes Aβ fibrillation while free heme disturbs protein aggregation, we also investigated the effect of Aβ-heme complex-derived peroxidase activity on the formation of Aβ fibrils. The fluorescence measurements showed a different fibrillation behavior at strong peroxidase activity, leading also to altered fibril morphologies. The latter was detected by electron microscopy. As illustrated by selected in vivo measurements on a mouse model of AD, the disease is also characterized by Aβ-derived microvessel destructions and hemolytic processes. Thus, thrombo-hemorrhagic events are discussed as a source for free heme in brain tissue. In summary, we suggest the formation and enzymatic activity of Aβ-heme complexes as pathological key features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Chiziane
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henriette Telemann
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute for Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Adler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Di Giovanna AP, Tibo A, Silvestri L, Müllenbroich MC, Costantini I, Allegra Mascaro AL, Sacconi L, Frasconi P, Pavone FS. Whole-Brain Vasculature Reconstruction at the Single Capillary Level. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12573. [PMID: 30135559 PMCID: PMC6105658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The distinct organization of the brain’s vascular network ensures that it is adequately supplied with oxygen and nutrients. However, despite this fundamental role, a detailed reconstruction of the brain-wide vasculature at the capillary level remains elusive, due to insufficient image quality using the best available techniques. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach that improves vascular demarcation by combining CLARITY with a vascular staining approach that can fill the entire blood vessel lumen and imaging with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. This method significantly improves image contrast, particularly in depth, thereby allowing reliable application of automatic segmentation algorithms, which play an increasingly important role in high-throughput imaging of the terabyte-sized datasets now routinely produced. Furthermore, our novel method is compatible with endogenous fluorescence, thus allowing simultaneous investigations of vasculature and genetically targeted neurons. We believe our new method will be valuable for future brain-wide investigations of the capillary network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Paolo Di Giovanna
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tibo
- Department of Information Engineering (DINFO), University of Florence, Via di S. Marta 3, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, Florence, 50125, Italy
| | - Marie Caroline Müllenbroich
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, Florence, 50125, Italy
| | - Irene Costantini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56125, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, Florence, 50125, Italy
| | - Paolo Frasconi
- Department of Information Engineering (DINFO), University of Florence, Via di S. Marta 3, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy. .,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, Florence, 50125, Italy. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
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11
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Bohn KA, Adkins CE, Mittapalli RK, Terrell-Hall TB, Mohammad AS, Shah N, Dolan EL, Nounou MI, Lockman PR. Semi-automated rapid quantification of brain vessel density utilizing fluorescent microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 270:124-131. [PMID: 27321229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of vascular density has significant value in characterizing healthy and diseased tissue, particularly in brain where vascular density varies among regions. Further, an understanding of brain vessel size helps distinguish between capillaries and larger vessels like arterioles and venules. Unfortunately, few cutting edge methodologies are available to laboratories to rapidly quantify vessel density. NEW METHOD We developed a rapid microscopic method, which quantifies the numbers and diameters of blood vessels in brain. Utilizing this method we characterized vascular density of five brain regions in both mice and rats, in two tumor models, using three tracers. RESULTS We observed the number of sections/mm(2) in various brain regions: genu of corpus callosum 161±7, hippocampus 266±18, superior colliculus 300±24, frontal cortex 391±55, and inferior colliculus 692±18 (n=5 animals). Regional brain data were not significantly different between species (p>0.05) or when using different tracers (70kDa and 2000kDa Texas Red; p>0.05). Vascular density decreased (62-79%) in preclinical brain metastases but increased (62%) a rat glioma model. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our values were similar (p>0.05) to published literature. We applied this method to brain-tumors and observed brain metastases of breast cancer to have a ∼2.5-fold reduction (p>0.05) in vessels/mm(2) compared to normal cortical regions. In contrast, vascular density in a glioma model was significantly higher (sections/mm(2) 736±84; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In summary, we present a vascular density counting method that is rapid, sensitive, and uses fluorescence microscopy without antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaci A Bohn
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; Harding University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Searcy, AR 72149-12230, USA
| | - Chris E Adkins
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rajendar K Mittapalli
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA
| | - Tori B Terrell-Hall
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Afroz S Mohammad
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Neal Shah
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Emma L Dolan
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mohamed I Nounou
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, VA 24631, USA; Alexandria University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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12
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Demené C, Tiran E, Sieu LA, Bergel A, Gennisson JL, Pernot M, Deffieux T, Cohen I, Tanter M. 4D microvascular imaging based on ultrafast Doppler tomography. Neuroimage 2016; 127:472-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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13
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Klohs J, Rudin M, Shimshek DR, Beckmann N. Imaging of cerebrovascular pathology in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:32. [PMID: 24659966 PMCID: PMC3952109 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular pathology may interact with neurodegeneration and thus aggravate cognitive decline. As the relationship between these two processes is poorly understood, research has been increasingly focused on understanding the link between cerebrovascular alterations and AD. This has at last been spurred by the engineering of transgenic animals, which display pathological features of AD and develop cerebral amyloid angiopathy to various degrees. Transgenic models are versatile for investigating the role of amyloid deposition and vascular dysfunction, and for evaluating novel therapeutic concepts. In addition, research has benefited from the development of novel imaging techniques, which are capable of characterizing vascular pathology in vivo. They provide vascular structural read-outs and have the ability to assess the functional consequences of vascular dysfunction as well as to visualize and monitor the molecular processes underlying these pathological alterations. This article focusses on recent in vivo small animal imaging studies addressing vascular aspects related to AD. With the technical advances of imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance, nuclear and microscopic imaging, molecular, functional and structural information related to vascular pathology can now be visualized in vivo in small rodents. Imaging vascular and parenchymal amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition as well as Aβ transport pathways have been shown to be useful to characterize their dynamics and to elucidate their role in the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and AD. Structural and functional imaging read-outs have been employed to describe the deleterious affects of Aβ on vessel morphology, hemodynamics and vascular integrity. More recent imaging studies have also addressed how inflammatory processes partake in the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, imaging can be pivotal in the search for novel therapies targeting the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation/Neuroinflammation Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Trotier AJ, Lefrançois W, Ribot EJ, Thiaudiere E, Franconi JM, Miraux S. Time-resolved TOF MR angiography in mice using a prospective 3D radial double golden angle approach. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:984-94. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien J. Trotier
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - William Lefrançois
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Emeline J. Ribot
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Eric Thiaudiere
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Jean-Michel Franconi
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Sylvain Miraux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux Cedex France
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15
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Huang CH, Chen CCV, Siow TY, Hsu SHS, Hsu YH, Jaw FS, Chang C. High-resolution structural and functional assessments of cerebral microvasculature using 3D Gas ΔR2*-mMRA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78186. [PMID: 24223773 PMCID: PMC3817180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to evaluate the cerebral microvascular structure and function is crucial for investigating pathological processes in brain disorders. Previous angiographic methods based on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast offer appropriate visualization of the cerebral vasculature, but these methods remain to be optimized in order to extract more comprehensive information. This study aimed to integrate the advantages of BOLD MRI in both structural and functional vascular assessments. The BOLD contrast was manipulated by a carbogen challenge, and signal changes in gradient-echo images were computed to generate ΔR2* maps. Simultaneously, a functional index representing the regional cerebral blood volume was derived by normalizing the ΔR2* values of a given region to those of vein-filled voxels of the sinus. This method is named 3D gas ΔR2*-mMRA (microscopic MRA). The advantages of using 3D gas ΔR2*-mMRA to observe the microvasculature include the ability to distinguish air-tissue interfaces, a high vessel-to-tissue contrast, and not being affected by damage to the blood-brain barrier. A stroke model was used to demonstrate the ability of 3D gas ΔR2*-mMRA to provide information about poststroke revascularization at 3 days after reperfusion. However, this technique has some limitations that cannot be overcome and hence should be considered when it is applied, such as magnifying vessel sizes and predominantly revealing venous vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Tiing-Yee Siow
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Hua Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shan Jaw
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Krucker T, Schuler A, Meyer EP, Staufenbiel M, Beckmann N. Magnetic resonance angiography and vascular corrosion casting as tools in biomedical research: application to transgenic mice modeling Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2013; 26:507-16. [PMID: 15265268 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225016281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging technologies are presently receiving considerable attention in the biomedical and pharmaceutical research areas. One of the principal imaging modalities is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The multiparametric nature of MRI enables anatomical, functional and even molecular information to be obtained non-invasively from intact organisms at high spatial resolution. Here we describe the use of one MRI modality, namely angiography (MRA), to non-invasively study the arterial vascular architecture of APP23 transgenic mice modeling Alzheimer's disease. Because the spatial resolution of the technique is limited, the in vivo studies are complemented by a powerful analysis of the vasculature using vascular corrosion casting. Both techniques revealed age-dependent blood flow alterations and cerebrovascular abnormalities in these mice. Our experience suggests that MRA complemented by cast analysis are important tools to describe vascular alterations and test new therapy concepts in animal models of AD. Furthermore, being non-invasive, MRA can also be applied to studies in patients suffering from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krucker
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Cai K, Shore A, Singh A, Haris M, Hiraki T, Waghray P, Reddy D, Greenberg JH, Reddy R. Blood oxygen level dependent angiography (BOLDangio) and its potential applications in cancer research. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:1125-1132. [PMID: 22302557 PMCID: PMC3390450 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinically, development of anti-angiogenic drugs for cancer therapy is pivotal. Longitudinal monitoring of tumour angiogenesis can help clinicians determine the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic therapy. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect has been widely used for functional imaging and tumour oxygenation assessment. In this study, the BOLD effect is investigated under different levels of oxygen inhalation for the development of a novel angiographic MRI technique, blood oxygen level dependent angiography (BOLDangio). Under short-term (<10 min) generalized hypoxia induced by inhalation of 8% oxygen, we measure BOLD contrast as high as 25% from vessels at 9.4T using a simple gradient echo (GRE) pulse sequence. This produces high-resolution 2D and 3D maps of normal and tumour brain vasculature in less than 10 minutes. Additionally, this technique reliably detects metastatic tumours and tumour-induced intracranial hemorrhage. BOLDangio provides a sensitive research tool for MRI of vasculature under normal and pathological conditions. Thus, it may be applied as a simple monitoring technique for measuring the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic drugs in a preclinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Cai
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Thromboembolic stroke in C57BL/6 mice monitored by 9.4 T MRI using a 1H cryo probe. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2012; 4:18. [PMID: 22967955 PMCID: PMC3514176 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background A new thromboembolic animal model showed beneficial effects of t-PA with an infarct volume reduction of 36.8% in swiss mice. Because knock-out animal experiments for stroke frequently used C57BL76 mice we evaluated t-PA effects in this mouse strain and measured infarct volume and vascular recanalisation in-vivo by using high-field 9.4 T MRI and a 1H surface cryo coil. Methods Clot formation was triggered by microinjection of murine thrombin into the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). Animals (n = 28) were treated with 10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or no tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) 40 min after MCA occlusion. For MR-imaging a Bruker 9.4 T animal system with a 1H surface cryo probe was used and a T2-weighted RARE sequence, a diffusion weighted multishot EPI sequence and a 3D flow-compensated gradient echo TOF angiography were performed. Results The infarct volume in animals treated with t-PA was significantly reduced (0.67 ± 1.38 mm3 for 10 mg/kg and 10.9 ± 8.79 mm3 for 5 mg/kg vs. 19.76 ± 2.72 mm3 ; p < 0.001) compared to untreated mice. An additional group was reperfused with t-PA inside the MRI. Already ten minutes after beginning of t-PA treatment, reperfusion flow was re-established in the right MCA. However, signal intensity was lower than in the contralateral MCA. This reduction in cerebral blood flow was attenuated during the first 60 minutes after reperfusion. 24 h after MCA occlusion and reperfusion, no difference in signal intensity of the contralateral and ipsilateral MCAs was observed. Conclusions We confirm a t-Pa effect using this stroke model in the C57BL76 mouse strain and demonstrate a chronological sequence MRI imaging after t-PA using a 1H surface cryo coil in a 9.4 T MRI. This setting will allow testing of new thrombolytic strategies for stroke treatment in-vivo in C57BL76 knock-out mice.
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19
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Weyers JJ, Carlson DD, Murry CE, Schwartz SM, Mahoney WM. Retrograde perfusion and filling of mouse coronary vasculature as preparation for micro computed tomography imaging. J Vis Exp 2012:e3740. [PMID: 22353785 DOI: 10.3791/3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualization of the vasculature is becoming increasingly important for understanding many different disease states. While several techniques exist for imaging vasculature, few are able to visualize the vascular network as a whole while extending to a resolution that includes the smaller vessels. Additionally, many vascular casting techniques destroy the surrounding tissue, preventing further analysis of the sample. One method which circumvents these issues is micro-Computed Tomography (μCT). μCT imaging can scan at resolutions <10 microns, is capable of producing 3D reconstructions of the vascular network, and leaves the tissue intact for subsequent analysis (e.g., histology and morphometry). However, imaging vessels by ex vivo μCT methods requires that the vessels be filled with a radiopaque compound. As such, the accurate representation of vasculature produced by μCT imaging is contingent upon reliable and complete filling of the vessels. In this protocol, we describe a technique for filling mouse coronary vessels in preparation for μCT imaging. Two predominate techniques exist for filling the coronary vasculature: in vivo via cannulation and retrograde perfusion of the aorta (or a branch off the aortic arch), or ex vivo via a Langendorff perfusion system. Here we describe an in vivo aortic cannulation method which has been specifically designed to ensure filling of all vessels. We use a low viscosity radiopaque compound called Microfil which can perfuse through the smallest vessels to fill all the capillaries, as well as both the arterial and venous sides of the vascular network. Vessels are perfused with buffer using a pressurized perfusion system, and then filled with Microfil. To ensure that Microfil fills the small higher resistance vessels, we ligate the large branches emanating from the aorta, which diverts the Microfil into the coronaries. Once filling is complete, to prevent the elastic nature of cardiac tissue from squeezing Microfil out of some vessels, we ligate accessible major vascular exit points immediately after filling. Therefore, our technique is optimized for complete filling and maximum retention of the filling agent, enabling visualization of the complete coronary vascular network--arteries, capillaries, and veins alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill J Weyers
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, USA
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20
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Kara F, Dongen ESV, Schliebs R, Buchem MAV, Groot HJMD, Alia A. Monitoring blood flow alterations in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by in vivo magnetic resonance angiography at 17.6 T. Neuroimage 2011; 60:958-66. [PMID: 22227054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease are linked to abnormalities in the vascular system. In AD, the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide in the cerebral vessel walls, known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is frequently observed, leading to blood flow abnormalities. Visualization of the changes in vascular structure is important for early diagnosis and treatment. Blood vessels can be imaged non-invasively by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). In this study we optimized high resolution MRA at 17.6 T to longitudinally monitor morphological changes in cerebral arteries in a Tg2576 mouse model, a widely used model of AD. Our results at 17.6 T show that MRA significantly benefits from the ultra-high magnetic field strength especially to visualize smaller vessels. Visual and quantitative analysis of MRA results revealed severe blood flow defects in large and medium sized arteries in Tg2576 mice. In particular blood flow defects were observed in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and in the anterior communicating artery (AComA) in Tg2576 mice. Histological data show that Aβ levels in the vessel wall may be responsible for impaired cerebral blood flow, thereby contributing to the early progression of AD. To our knowledge this is the first ultra-high field MRA study monitoring blood flow alterations longitudinally in living Tg2576 mice, consequently providing a powerful tool to test new therapeutic intervention related to CAA in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kara
- SSNMR, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratoria, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Figueiredo G, Brockmann C, Boll H, Heilmann M, Schambach SJ, Fiebig T, Kramer M, Groden C, Brockmann MA. Comparison of digital subtraction angiography, micro-computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography in the assessment of the cerebrovascular system in live mice. Clin Neuroradiol 2011; 22:21-8. [PMID: 22109696 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-011-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mice are often used as small animal models of brain ischemia, venous thrombosis, or vasospasm. This article aimed at providing an overview of the currently available methodologies for in vivo imaging of the murine cerebrovasculature and comparing the capabilities and limitations of the different methods. METHODS Micro-computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed during intra-arterial and intravenous administration of a contrast agent bolus. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed during intra-arterial administration of contrast agent using the micro-CT scanner. Time-of-flight (ToF) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography was performed using a small animal scanner (9.4 T) equipped with a cryogenic transceive quadrature coil. Datasets were compared for scan time, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), temporal and spatial resolution, radiation dose, contrast agent dose and detailed recognition of cerebrovascular structures. RESULTS Highest spatial resolution was achieved using micro-CTA (16 x 16 x 16 µm) and DSA (14 x 14 µm). Compared to micro-CTA (20-40 s) and ToF-MRA (57 min), DSA provided highest temporal resolutions (30 fps) allowing analyses of the cerebrovascular blood flow. Highest mean CNR was reached using ToF-MRA (50.7 ± 15.0), while CNR of micro-CTA depended on the intra-arterial (19.0 ± 1.0) and intravenous (1.3 ± 0.4) use of agents. The CNR of DSA was 10.0 ± 1.8. CONCLUSIONS The use of dedicated small animal scanners allows cerebrovascular imaging in live animals as small as mice. As each of the methods analyzed has its advantages and limitations, choosing the best suited imaging modality for a defined question is of great importance. By this means the aforementioned methods offer a great potential for future projects in preclinical cerebrovascular research including ischemic stroke or vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Figueiredo
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
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22
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Lefrançois W, Thiaudière E, Ben Hassen W, Sanchez S, Franconi JM, Miraux S. Fast whole-body magnetic resonance angiography in mice. Magn Reson Med 2011; 66:32-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kallur T, Hoehn M. Experimental stroke research: the contributions of in vivo MRI. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 771:255-275. [PMID: 21874483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-219-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a disease that develops from the very acute time point of first symptoms during the next several hours and further to a chronic time period of days or even weeks. During this evolution process, a whole series of pathophysiological events takes place. Therefore, the disease is characterized by a continuously changing pathophysiological pattern. In consequence, as the disease develops over time, different imaging modalities must be chosen to accurately describe the status of stroke. In the present chapter, we have divided the evolution of stroke into various dominant steps of the cascade of events, with corresponding time windows. Choice of MRI variables for depiction of the most important aspects during these time windows are presented and their information content is discussed for diagnosis and for investigations into a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the disease as well as the relevance of these imaging tools in success assessments for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therése Kallur
- In-vivo-NMR-Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, D-50931 Köln, Germany.
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24
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Price AN, Cheung KK, Cleary JO, Campbell AE, Riegler J, Lythgoe MF. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in experimental models. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:278-92. [PMID: 21331311 PMCID: PMC3040459 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the modality of choice for clinical studies of the heart and vasculature, offering detailed images of both structure and function with high temporal resolution. Small animals are increasingly used for genetic and translational research, in conjunction with models of common pathologies such as myocardial infarction. In all cases, effective methods for characterising a wide range of functional and anatomical parameters are crucial for robust studies. CMR is the gold-standard for the non-invasive examination of these models, although physiological differences, such as rapid heart rate, make this a greater challenge than conventional clinical imaging. However, with the help of specialised magnetic resonance (MR) systems, novel gating strategies and optimised pulse sequences, high-quality images can be obtained in these animals despite their small size. In this review, we provide an overview of the principal CMR techniques for small animals for example cine, angiography and perfusion imaging, which can provide measures such as ejection fraction, vessel anatomy and local blood flow, respectively. In combination with MR contrast agents, regional dysfunction in the heart can also be identified and assessed. We also discuss optimal methods for analysing CMR data, particularly the use of semi-automated tools for parameter measurement to reduce analysis time. Finally, we describe current and emerging methods for imaging the developing heart, aiding characterisation of congenital cardiovascular defects. Advanced small animal CMR now offers an unparalleled range of cardiovascular assessments. Employing these methods should allow new insights into the structural, functional and molecular basis of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Price
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Department of Medicine and UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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25
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Howles GP, Ghaghada KB, Qi Y, Mukundan S, Johnson GA. High-resolution magnetic resonance angiography in the mouse using a nanoparticle blood-pool contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 2010; 62:1447-56. [PMID: 19902507 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution magnetic resonance angiography is already a useful tool for studying mouse models of human disease. Magnetic resonance angiography in the mouse is typically performed using time-of-flight contrast. In this work, a new long-circulating blood-pool contrast agent-a liposomal nanoparticle with surface-conjugated gadolinium (SC-Gd liposomes)-was evaluated for use in mouse neurovascular magnetic resonance angiography. A total of 12 mice were imaged. Scan parameters were optimized for both time-of-flight and SC-Gd contrast. Compared to time-of-flight contrast, SC-Gd liposomes (0.08 mmol/kg) enabled improved small-vessel contrast-to-noise ratio, larger field of view, shorter scan time, and imaging of venous structures. For a limited field of view, time-of-flight and SC-Gd were not significantly different; however, SC-Gd provided better contrast-to-noise ratio when the field of view encompassed the whole brain (P < 0.001) or the whole neurovascular axis (P < 0.001). SC-Gd allowed acquisition of high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography (52 x 52 x 100 micrometer(3) or 0.27 nL), with 123% higher (P < 0.001) contrast-to-noise ratio in comparable scan time ( approximately 45 min). Alternatively, SC-Gd liposomes could be used to acquire high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography (0.27 nL) with 32% higher contrast-to-noise ratio (P < 0.001) in 75% shorter scan time (12 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel P Howles
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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26
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El Tannir El Tayara N, Delatour B, Volk A, Dhenain M. Detection of vascular alterations by in vivo magnetic resonance angiography and histology in APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 23:53-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-009-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Lin CY, Lin MH, Cheung WM, Lin TN, Chen JH, Chang C. In vivo cerebromicrovasculatural visualization using 3D ΔR2-based microscopy of magnetic resonance angiography (3DΔR2-mMRA). Neuroimage 2009; 45:824-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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28
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Kang BT, Jang DP, Lee JH, Jung DI, Gu SH, Lim CY, Kim YB, Quan FS, Kim HJ, Woo EJ, Cho ZH, Park HM. Detection of cerebral metabolites in a canine model of ischemic stroke using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:300-6. [PMID: 19278700 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) provides in vivo biochemical information on tissue metabolites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the serial metabolic changes of (1)H MRS in the cerebrum of ischemic dogs. An ischemic stroke was induced in five health laboratory beagle dogs by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion using a silicone plug. (1)H MRS was serially performed three times with a 1.5-T MR system: before, three days after and 10days after the stroke. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral cortex. Reduced levels of N-acetyl-asparate (p<0.05), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and myo-inositol (mI), and a marked increase in the lactate (Lac) level (p<0.01) were found at three days after the stroke. At 10days after the stroke, the levels of Lac significantly increased (p<0.01); however, the other metabolites were partially elevated. The changes of Cr, Cho and mI were not statistically significant (p>0.05) when the before and after stroke values were compared. There was a significant loss of NeuN and GFAP immunoreactivity at the ischemic core. (1)H MRS may be to a useful diagnostic tool for the evaluation of ischemic stroke in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Teck Kang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, #1 Hwayang-dong, Gwang-jin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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Thal DR, Capetillo-Zarate E, Larionov S, Staufenbiel M, Zurbruegg S, Beckmann N. Capillary cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with vessel occlusion and cerebral blood flow disturbances. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:1936-48. [PMID: 18359131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood. Here, we studied whether CAA is associated with alterations in microvascularisation in transgenic mouse models and in the human brain. APP23 mice at 25-26 months of age exhibited severe CAA in thalamic vessels whereas APP51/16 mice did not. Wild-type littermates were free of CAA. We found CAA-related capillary occlusion within the thalamus of APP23 mice but not in APP51/16 and wild-type mice. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed blood flow alterations in the thalamic vessels of APP23 mice. CAA-related capillary occlusion in the branches of the thalamoperforating arteries of APP23 mice, thereby, corresponded to the occurrence of blood flow disturbances. Similarly, CAA-related capillary occlusion was observed in the human occipital cortex of AD cases but less frequently in controls. These results indicate that capillary CAA can result in capillary occlusion and is associated with cerebral blood flow disturbances providing an additional mechanism for toxic effects of the amyloid beta-protein in AD.
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Dorr A, Sled JG, Kabani N. Three-dimensional cerebral vasculature of the CBA mouse brain: A magnetic resonance imaging and micro computed tomography study. Neuroimage 2007; 35:1409-23. [PMID: 17369055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of mouse cerebral vasculature to date have focused on the circle of Willis without examining the morphological distribution of blood vessels through the rest of the brain. Since mouse models are frequently used in brain-related studies, there is a need for a comprehensive cerebral vasculature atlas for the mouse with an emphasis on the location of vessels with respect to neuroanatomical structures, the watershed regions associated with specific arteries, as well as a consistent nomenclature of the cerebral vessels. This article describes such an atlas, based on a combination of magnetic resonance and computed tomography technology to yield high-resolution volumetric and vasculature data on CBA mouse. This three-dimensional vasculature dataset provides an anatomical resource for future mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dorr
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 3080 Yonge Street, Suite 6020, P.O. Box 89, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3N1
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31
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Beckmann N, Kneuer R, Gremlich HU, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blé FX, Müller M. In vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2007; 20:154-85. [PMID: 17451175 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Imaging modalities such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), micro-positron emission tomography (micro-PET), high-resolution MRI, optical imaging, and high-resolution ultrasound have become invaluable tools in preclinical pharmaceutical research. They can be used to non-invasively investigate, in vivo, rodent biology and metabolism, disease models, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The advantages and limitations of each approach usually determine its application, and therefore a small-rodent imaging laboratory in a pharmaceutical environment should ideally provide access to several techniques. In this paper we aim to illustrate how these techniques may be used to obtain meaningful information for the phenotyping of transgenic mice and for the analysis of compounds in murine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Discovery Technologies, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
MRI has contributed to significant advances in the understanding of neurological diseases in humans. It has also been used to evaluate the spectrum of mouse models spanning from developmental abnormalities during embryogenesis, evaluation of transgenic and knockout models, through various neurological diseases such as stroke, tumors, degenerative and inflammatory diseases. The MRI techniques used clinically are technically more challenging in the mouse because of the size of the brain; however, mouse imaging provides researchers with the ability to explore cellular and molecular imaging that one day may translate into clinical practice. This article presents an overview of the use of MRI in mouse models of a variety of neurological disorders and a brief review of cellular imaging using magnetically tagged cells in the mouse central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stasia A Anderson
- Animal MRI/Imaging Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hamans BC, Barth M, Leenders WP, Heerschap A. Contrast enhanced susceptibility weighted imaging (CE-SWI) of the mouse brain using ultrasmall superparamagnetic ironoxide particles (USPIO). Z Med Phys 2007; 16:269-74. [PMID: 17216752 DOI: 10.1078/0939-3889-00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) has been introduced as a novel approach to visualize the venous vasculature in the human brain. With SWI, small veins in the brain are depicted based on the susceptibility difference between deoxyhaemoglobin in the veins and surrounding tissue, which is further enhanced by the use of MR phase information. In this study we applied SWI in the mouse brain using an exogenous iron-based blood-pool contrast agent, with the aims of further enhancing the susceptibility effect and allowing the visualization of individual veins and arteries. Contrast enhanced (CE-) SWI of the brain was performed on healthy mice and mice carrying intracerebral glioma xenografts. This study demonstrates that detailed vascular information in the mouse brain can be obtained by using CE-SWI and is substantially enhanced compared to native SWI (i.e. without contrast agent). CE-SWI images of tumour-bearing mice were directly compared to histology, confirming that CE-SWI depicts the vessels supplying and draining the tumour. We propose that CE-SWI is a very promising tool for the characterization of tumour vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob C Hamans
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Miraux S, Franconi JM, Thiaudière E. Blood velocity assessment using 3D bright-blood time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography. Magn Reson Med 2006; 56:469-73. [PMID: 16902973 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood velocity is a functional parameter that is not easily assessed noninvasively, especially in small animals. A new noninvasive method that uses magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to measure blood flows is proposed. This method is based on the time-of-flight (TOF) phenomenon. By initially suppressing the signal from the stationary spins in the area of interest, it is possible to sequentially visualize only the signal from the moving spins entering a given volume. With this method, 3D cine images of the blood flow can be generated by positive contrast, with unparalleled spatial (<200 microm) and temporal resolutions (<10 ms/image). As a result, it is possible to measure flow in sinuous paths. The present method was applied in vivo to measure the blood velocity in mouse carotid arteries. Because of its robustness and simplicity of implementation, this method has numerous potential applications for fundamental studies in small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Miraux
- Magnetic Resonance Center, CNRS-Victor Segalen University of Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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35
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Bolan PJ, Yacoub E, Garwood M, Ugurbil K, Harel N. In vivo micro-MRI of intracortical neurovasculature. Neuroimage 2006; 32:62-9. [PMID: 16675271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes a methodology for in vivo MR imaging of arteries and veins within the visual cortex of the cat brain. Very high magnetic fields (9.4 T) and small field-of-view 3D acquisitions were used to image the neurovasculature at resolutions approaching the microscopic scale. A combination of time-of-flight MR angiography and T*(2)-weighted imaging, using both endogenous BOLD contrast and an exogenous iron-oxide contrast agent, provided high specificity for distinguishing between arteries and veins within the cortex. These acquisition techniques, combined with 3D image processing and display methods, were used to detect and visualize intracortical arteries and veins with diameters smaller than 100 microm. This methodology can be used for visualizing the neurovasculature or building models of the vascular network and may benefit a variety of research applications including fMRI, cerebrovascular disease and cancer angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Bolan
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 2021 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Kidoguchi K, Tamaki M, Mizobe T, Koyama J, Kondoh T, Kohmura E, Sakurai T, Yokono K, Umetani K. In vivo X-ray angiography in the mouse brain using synchrotron radiation. Stroke 2006; 37:1856-61. [PMID: 16741182 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000226904.96059.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We, for the first time, performed in vivo x-ray angiography in the mouse brain using SPring-8, a third-generation synchrotron radiation facility. METHODS A thin PE-50 tube was placed in the unilateral external carotid artery in adult male C57BL/6J mice. While maintaining the blood flow in the internal carotid artery, 33 muL of contrast agent was injected and then selective angiography of the hemisphere was performed. RESULTS The average diameters of cerebral artery were as follows: 142.5+/-7.90 microm in middle cerebral artery, 138.3+/-9.35 microm in anterior cerebral artery, 120.5+/-5.53 microm in posterior cerebral artery, and 162.6+/-10.87 microm in internal carotid artery (n=5). To demonstrate the changes in diameter, we induced hypercapnia and detected the dilatation of the vessels between 121% and 124% of the original diameters (n=5). We also repeated angiography in the mice before and after intracarotid injection of vasodilatation drugs papaverine hydrochloride, ATP disodium, and fasudil hydrochloride hydrate and demonstrated the chronological changes in the diameters in each artery at 1, 5, 15, and 30 minutes after injection (n=1 for each drug). CONCLUSIONS Using only a minimum volume of the contrast agent, synchrotron radiation enables us to study x-ray angiography in the mouse brain. The morphology of the vessels can be clearly observed under physiological conditions. The diameters and their changes can also be successfully studied in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kidoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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37
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Weber R, Ramos-Cabrer P, Hoehn M. Present status of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in animal stroke models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26:591-604. [PMID: 16292254 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is based on a wide variety of physical parameters, which, in principle, can all influence the image contrast conditions. As these diverse variables are validated by independent physiological, metabolic, hemodynamic, and histological techniques, a physiological MRI evolves. This imaging modality has been successfully applied to experimental stroke studies, covering a broad range of raised questions. In the present review, we present an overview of possible physiological criteria to be studied by in vivo MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and critically analyze the present limits and future potential of the imaging technique for experimental stroke investigations. The documented applications cover the spectrum from morphological-structural details of the lesion to hemodynamic and metabolic alterations, inflammatory reaction, evaluation of thrombolytic treatment, studies on recovery of functional brain activation by functional MRI, and, finally, the most recent applications of exploring stem cells for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Weber
- In-vivo-NMR-Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
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38
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Lederlin M, Thiaudiere E, Laurent F, Franconi JM, Parzy E. In vivo MR imaging of pulmonary arteries of normal and experimental emboli in small animals. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24:1298-302. [PMID: 17083119 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of pulmonary MRA in living rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo sequence was adapted to perform a time-of-flight (TOF) angiography of rat lung. Angiogram with a spatial resolution of 195 x 228 x 228 microm(3) was acquired in around 33 minutes. The method was then applied in animals before and after pulmonary embolism (PE) induction. Section of the proximal right pulmonary artery was measured and compared between the two populations. RESULTS Good quality images were obtained with a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 9 +/- 3 in the proximal part of the pulmonary artery. Cross-section areas of the right main artery are statistically different before (3.45 +/- 0.69 mm(2)) and after induction of PE (4.3 +/- 0.86 mm(2)). CONCLUSION This noninvasive tool permits angiogram acquisition at around 200 microm spatial resolution and objective distinction between healthy and embolized arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lederlin
- Resonance Magnetique des Systemes Biologiques (RMSB) Unite Mixte Recherche (UMR)5536, Bordeaux, France
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Miraux S, Serres S, Thiaudière E, Canioni P, Merle M, Franconi JM. Gadolinium-enhanced small-animal TOF magnetic resonance angiography. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2004; 17:348-52. [PMID: 15624104 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-004-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
So far, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of rodents has only been performed by using time-of-flight (TOF) MRI techniques. This is because applications of first-passage contrast agents as in humans are hampered by pronounced physiologic differences (blood volume and heart beat rate). Here we describe the use of low-dose Gd-DOTA to enhance the performance of TOF MRA in rat brain. While no improvement in contrast was achieved, the measuring time could be reduced by almost a factor of three. This decrease in total acquisition time has been used to study the impact of a model of ligatured common carotid on the upper part of the blood system of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miraux
- Magnetic Resonance Center, CNRS-University, Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146, Rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
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Wagner S, Helisch A, Ziegelhoeffer T, Bachmann G, Schaper W. Magnetic resonance angiography of collateral vessels in a murine femoral artery ligation model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2004; 17:21-27. [PMID: 15011247 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo detection of growing collateral vessels following arterial occlusion is difficult in small animals. We have addressed the feasibility of performing high resolution time-of-flight angiograms to monitor the growth of collateral vessels after femoral artery occlusion in mice. We will also present a low-pass quadrature birdcage coil construction with a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to produce high resolution. After a 4-month recovery period a C57BL/6 mouse with a surgical occlusion of the right femoral artery was used to assess the image quality and time requirements to produce magnetic resonance angiograms sufficient to assess collateral artery development using a two-dimensional gradient echo sequence. At a resolution of 100 x 100 x 100 microm and a matrix size of 256 x 128 x 256 for a 2.56 cm isometric volume, three scans were performed with one, two and four repetitions resulting in signal-to-noise ratios for the femoral artery proximal to the ligation site of 58, 126 and 194, respectively. Five C57BL/6 mice were additionally measured 4 weeks after occlusion using two repetitions and the visual collateral vessels were assessed for number and location: 2.0 +/- 1.2 in quadriceps muscle, 0.6 +/- 0.5 in adductor (deep adductor vessel), 0.0 +/- 0.0 in adductor (surface adductor vessels). The results showed a significant difference, two-sided t-test, p < 0.05, in number of vessels in all the locations. We have shown that this method can be utilized to elucidate the contribution of collateral vessels to arterial flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Wagner
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Benekestrasse 2, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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Miraux S, Thiaudière E, Canioni P, Franconi JM. Magnetization recovery for signal enhancement: a fast imaging DEFT-based technique. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2004; 166:28-34. [PMID: 14675816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and application of a new fast MRI technique based on the DEFT principle. The sequence named MAgnetization RecoverY for Signal Enhancement (MARYSE) is composed of two completely symmetric gradient echoes separated by a 180 degrees refocusing pulse. The RF pulse scheme, 90 degrees x-180 degrees y-90 degrees -x enables restoration of the transverse magnetization along the longitudinal axis, and consequently artificially increases R1 relaxation rate. In this sequence, the period between the excitation pulse and the restoring pulse (Tem: transverse magnetization evolution time) is very short (< 10 ms). This makes possible a significant increase in signal-to-noise ratio, even with a relatively short repetition time (20 ms). Simulations were performed for different values of Tem and TR at definite T1 and T2 and for different values of T1 and T2 at constant Tem and TR. Relevant signal enhancement for species with long relaxation time constants as compared to classical gradient echo and fast spin-echo imaging was expected. In vitro studies on a fat/water phantom confirmed this simulation. Application of MARYSE to mouse brain imaging permitted to visualize almost completely cerebrospinal fluid of the ventricles, a signal usually partially saturated in fast gradient echo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Miraux
- Magnetic Resonance Center, CNRS-University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Case 93, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Age-dependent cerebrovascular abnormalities and blood flow disturbances in APP23 mice modeling Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 13679413 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-24-08453.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as amyloidplaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and related pathologies are reproduced in APP23 transgenic mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) with the Swedish mutation. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was applied to probe, in vivo, the cerebral arterial hemodynamics of these mice. Flow voids were detected at the internal carotid artery of 11-month-old APP23 mice. At the age of 20 months, additional flow disturbances were observed in large arteries at the circle of Willis. Vascular corrosion casts obtained from the same mice revealed that vessel elimination, deformation, or both had taken place at the sites where flow voids were detected by MRA. The detailed three-dimensional architecture of the vasculature visible in the casts assisted the identification of smaller vessels most likely formed as substitution or anastomosis within the circle of Willis. Angiograms and corrosion casts from nontransgenic, age-matched mice manifested no major abnormalities in the cerebrovascular arterial flow pattern. Because no transgene overexpression has been found in the cerebrovasculature of APP23 mice and no deposits of amyloid-beta (Abeta) were observed in large arteries in the region of the circle of Willis, the present results suggest that soluble Abeta may exert deleterious effects on the vasculature. Our findings support the idea that cerebral circulatory abnormalities evolving progressively could contribute to AD pathogenesis. The study also shows the power of MRA to identify changes of vascular function in genetically engineered mice. MRA as a noninvasive technique could be applied to test new therapeutic concepts in animal models of AD and in humans.
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Chaabane L, Soulas EC, Contard F, Salah A, Guerrier D, Briguet A, Douek P. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging at 2 Tesla: potential for atherosclerotic lesions exploration in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse. Invest Radiol 2003; 38:532-8. [PMID: 12874520 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000067491.31978.1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of high-resolution MRI at 2 Tesla (T) for direct noninvasive imaging of the aortic wall in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A specific mouse antenna was developed and sequence parameters were adjusted. T(1)- and T2-weighted images of abdominal aorta were obtained at 2 T with a spatial resolution of 86 x 86 x 800 microm3 in vivo. With a dedicated small coil, ex vivo MRI of the aorta was performed with a spatial resolution of 54 x 54 x 520 microm3. RESULTS In vivo, the aortic wall was clearly defined on T(2)-weighted images in 15 of 16 mice: along the aorta the lumen circumference ranged from 1.07 to 3.61 mm and mean wall thickness from 0.11 to 0.67 mm. In vivo measurements of plaque distribution were confirmed by ex vivo MR imaging and by histology, with a good correlation with histology regarding lumen circumference (r = 0.94) and wall thickness (r = 0.97). CONCLUSION Magnetic resonance imaging at 2 T to analyze in vivo atherosclerotic lesions in mice is possible with a spatial resolution of 86 x 86 x 800 microm3 and thus can be used for noninvasive follow-up in evaluation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chaabane
- Laboratoire de RMN, UMR 5012 CNRS, UCB-CPE, Lyon, France.
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Hilger T, Niessen F, Diedenhofen M, Hossmann KA, Hoehn M. Magnetic resonance angiography of thromboembolic stroke in rats: indicator of recanalization probability and tissue survival after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:652-62. [PMID: 12045663 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200206000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed in a thromboembolic stroke model of the rat to characterize intracranial vessel occlusion patterns and to test its predictive power for tissue recovery after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment. After rt-PA-treated selective middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, full recanalization was observed in two of three animals, whereas additional occlusion of the circle of Willis (CW) resulted in full vascular flow restitution in only one of six rats. Tissue reperfusion markedly lagged the onset of treatment, and the delay correlated with the pattern of vessel occlusion (20 to 23 minutes for selective MCA occlusion vs. 71 to 79 minutes for combined MCA/CW occlusion). In lateral cortex and striatum the apparent diffusion coefficient decreased to 78 +/- 15% of control after embolization, recovered to 80% to 85% after rt-PA treatment of selective MCA occlusion, but further declined to 66% to 69% after combined MCA/CW occlusion. Correspondingly, T2 relaxation time increased to 107% to 118% of control after selective MCA occlusion and to 112% to 124% after combined MCA/CW occlusion in these regions. The present investigation shows that MRA provides valuable information on the severity of thromboembolic stroke and has the power to predict, before the initiation of treatment, the functional tissue outcome after rt-PA-induced thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hilger
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Köln, Germany.
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45
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Hoehn M, Nicolay K, Franke C, van der Sanden B. Application of magnetic resonance to animal models of cerebral ischemia. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 14:491-509. [PMID: 11747001 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review has been compiled to highlight the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR spectroscopy (MRS) for the investigation of cerebral ischemia in the animal experimental field of basic research. We have focused on stroke investigations analyzing the pathomechanisms of the disease evolution and on new advances in both nuclear MR (NMR) methodology or genetic engineering of transgenic animals for the study of complex molecular relationships and causes of the disease. Furthermore, we have tried to include metabolic and genetic aspects, as well as the application of functional imaging, for the investigation of the disturbance or restitution of functional brain activation under pathological conditions as relates to controlled animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoehn
- Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany. mathias.mpin-koeln.mpg.de
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Besselmann M, Liu M, Diedenhofen M, Franke C, Hoehn M. MR angiographic investigation of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2001; 14:289-296. [PMID: 11477649 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Contrast agent free time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) was applied to the intraluminal thread occlusion model of experimental stroke in rat. It was combined with perfusion- and diffusion-weighted imaging (PWI and DWI) sequences to correlate occlusion and reopening of the middle cerebral artery with alterations in these well-established magnetic resonance sequences. Since TOF-MRA can be repeated without limitations, the time course of vascular patency is demonstrated during an experimental period of up to 8 h (2 h control, 1 h ischemia, 3-6 h reperfusion). With an acquisition time of 10 min, TOF-MRA proved to be suitable to analyze the vascular state of occlusion and reperfusion repetitively in longitudinal studies. Spatial resolution was sufficient to observe neurovascular structural details. In eight out of 10 animals complete vessel occlusion by the intraluminal thread could be validated by an entirely extinguished signal of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the angiograms. This was in accordance with a perfusion deficit in the MCA vascular territory detected by PWI (reduction to 30.4 +/- 7.4% relative to contralateral side) and a disturbance of water ion homeostasis monitored by DWI in this area. One animal showed a delayed occlusion after 30 min of MCA occlusion, in another animal vessel occlusion failed. In seven out of the eight successful occlusion experiments there was immediate reperfusion after withdrawal of the thread. One animal showed a delayed reperfusion after suture retraction. Remarkable hemispheric differences in vascular branching of the MCA could be recognized in three out of 10 animals. In conclusion, TOF-MRA is considered a helpful method to survey even in small laboratory animals the correct time course of vascular occlusion and reopening in experimental ischemia, and provides complementary information to the tissue perfusion status monitored by PWI and the ischemic lesion territory detected by DWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Besselmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Department of Experimental Neurology, Cologne, Germany
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Beckmann N, Mueggler T, Allegrini PR, Laurent D, Rudin M. From anatomy to the target: contributions of magnetic resonance imaging to preclinical pharmaceutical research. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2001; 265:85-100. [PMID: 11323771 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) methods have become established tools in the drug discovery and development process. In this article, the role of MR imaging (MRI) in the preclinical evaluation of drugs in animal models of diseases is illustrated on the basis of selected examples. The individual sections are devoted to applications of anatomic, physiologic, and "molecular" imaging providing, respectively, structural-morphological, functional, and target-specific information. The impact of these developments upon clinical drug evaluation is also briefly addressed. The main advantages of MRI are versatility, allowing a comprehensive characterization of a disease state and of the corresponding drug intervention; high spatial resolution; and noninvasiveness, enabling repeated measurements. Successful applications in drug discovery exploit one or several of these aspects. Additionally, MRI is contributing to strengthen the link between preclinical and clinical drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beckmann
- Novartis Pharma Ltd., Core Technologies Area, Basel, Switzerland.
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48
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Kooy RF, Verhoye M, Lemmon V, Van Der Linden A. Brain studies of mouse models for neurogenetic disorders using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:153-9. [PMID: 11313752 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2000] [Accepted: 11/16/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique commonly used to detect neural abnormalities in routine clinical practice. It is perhaps less well known that the technique can be adapted to measure various anatomical and physiological features of small laboratory rodents. This review focuses on the potential of the MRI technique to image the brain of (transgenic) mouse models for neurological diseases, and aims to introduce these exciting new technological developments to the non-specialist reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Beckmann N. High resolution magnetic resonance angiography non-invasively reveals mouse strain differences in the cerebrovascular anatomy in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2000; 44:252-8. [PMID: 10918324 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2594(200008)44:2<252::aid-mrm12>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High resolution magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed highly variable arterial cerebrovascular structures in mice from different strains and within the same strain. C57Black/6 mice presented small unilateral anastomoses between the posterior cerebral and the superior cerebellar arteries. Well developed, either unilateral or bilateral, posterior communicating arteries (PcomA) were detected on CBA mice. The arterial structure of CD1 mice ranged from no detectable anastomoses to well developed, unilateral PcomAs. SV-129 mice showed significantly shorter middle cerebral arteries compared to the other strains, and clear bilateral anastomoses between the posterior cerebral and the superior cerebellar arteries. Because of its non-invasiveness, MRA may be of importance in murine stroke studies by enabling the selection of animals and/or the side for performing the surgical intervention, and the verification of its success. Magn Reson Med 44:252-258, 2000.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Ischemia/genetics
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology
- Cerebrovascular Circulation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/anatomy & histology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/physiology
- Mice, Inbred CBA/anatomy & histology
- Mice, Inbred CBA/genetics
- Mice, Inbred CBA/physiology
- Mice, Inbred Strains/anatomy & histology
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beckmann
- Novartis Pharma Inc., Basel, Switzerland.
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50
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Hecke PV. Current awareness. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2000; 13:314-319. [PMID: 10960923 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1492(200008)13:5<314::aid-nbm627>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of NMR in biomedicine. Each bibliography is divided into 9 sections: 1 Books, Reviews ' Symposia; 2 General; 3 Technology; 4 Brain and Nerves; 5 Neuropathology; 6 Cancer; 7 Cardiac, Vascular and Respiratory Systems; 8 Liver, Kidney and Other Organs; 9 Muscle and Orthopaedic. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- PV Hecke
- Katholicke Universiteit Leuven, Facultiet der Geneeskunde, Biomedische NMR Eenheid, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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