1
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Gao M, Liu S, Chatham WW, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. IL-4-Induced Quiescence of Resting Naive B Cells Is Disrupted in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1513-1522. [PMID: 36165181 PMCID: PMC9741951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated naive (aNAV) B cells have been shown to be the precursor of the CD11c+T-bet+ IgD-CD27- double-negative (DN)2 or atypical memory (aMEM) B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To determine factors that maintain resting naive (rNAV) B cells, the transcriptomic program in naive (IGHD+IGHM +) B cells in human healthy control subjects (HC) and subjects with SLE was analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. In HC, naive B cells expressed IL-4 pathway genes, whereas in SLE, naive B cells expressed type I IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In HC, aNAV B cells exhibited upregulation of the gene signature of germinal center and classical memory (cMEM) B cells. In contrast, in SLE, aNAV B cells expressed signature genes of aMEM. In vitro exposure of SLE B cells to IL-4 promoted B cell development into CD27+CD38+ plasmablasts/plasma and IgD-CD27+ cMEM B cells. The same treatment blocked the development of CD11c+Tbet+ aNAV and DN2 B cells and preserved DN B cells as CD11c-Tbet- DN1 B cells. Lower expression of IL-4R and increased intracellular IFN-β in naive B cells was correlated with the accumulation of CD21-IgD- B cells and the development of anti-Smith and anti-DNA autoantibodies in patients with SLE (n = 47). Our results show that IL-4R and type I IFN signaling in naive B cells induce the development of distinct lineages of cMEM versus aMEM B cells, respectively. Furthermore, diminished IL-4R signaling shifted activated B cell development from the DN1 to the DN2 trajectory in patients with SLE. Therapies that enhance IL-4R signaling may be beneficial for ISGhi SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Shanrun Liu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - W Winn Chatham
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - John D Mountz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
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2
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Abstract
Three decades of research in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and HIV/AIDS fields have shaped a picture of immune restoration disorders. This manuscript overviews the molecular biology of interferon networks, the molecular pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, and post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation immune restoration disorders (IRD). It also summarizes the effects of thymic involution on T cell diversity, and the results of the assessment of diagnostic biomarkers of IRD, and tested targeted immunomodulatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Mohei
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Usha Kellampalli
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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3
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Conaway EA, de Oliveira DC, McInnis CM, Snapper SB, Horwitz BH. Inhibition of Inflammatory Gene Transcription by IL-10 Is Associated with Rapid Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Enhancer Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2906-2915. [PMID: 28213503 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 limits the magnitude of inflammatory gene expression following microbial stimuli and is essential to prevent inflammatory disease; however, the molecular basis for IL-10-mediated inhibition remains elusive. Using a genome-wide approach, we demonstrate that inhibition of transcription is the primary mechanism for IL-10-mediated suppression in LPS-stimulated macrophages and that inhibited genes can be divided into two clusters. Genes in the first cluster are inhibited only if IL-10 is included early in the course of LPS stimulation and is strongly enriched for IFN-inducible genes. Genes in the second cluster can be rapidly suppressed by IL-10 even after transcription is initiated, and this is associated with suppression of LPS-induced enhancer activation. Interestingly, the ability of IL-10 to rapidly suppress active transcription exhibits a delay following LPS stimulation. Thus, a key pathway for IL-10-mediated suppression involves rapid inhibition of enhancer function during the secondary phase of the response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Conaway
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Christine M McInnis
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and.,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bruce H Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; .,Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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4
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Zhang Y, El-Far M, Dupuy FP, Abdel-Hakeem MS, He Z, Procopio FA, Shi Y, Haddad EK, Ancuta P, Sekaly RP, Said EA. HCV RNA Activates APCs via TLR7/TLR8 While Virus Selectively Stimulates Macrophages Without Inducing Antiviral Responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29447. [PMID: 27385120 PMCID: PMC4935957 DOI: 10.1038/srep29447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems fail to control HCV infection in the majority of infected individuals. HCV is an ssRNA virus, which suggests a role for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8 in initiating the anti-viral response. Here we demonstrate that HCV genomic RNA harbours specific sequences that initiate an anti-HCV immune response through TLR7 and TLR8 in various antigen presenting cells. Conversely, HCV particles are detected by macrophages, but not by monocytes and DCs, through a TLR7/8 dependent mechanism; this leads to chloroquine sensitive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, while the antiviral type I Interferon response is not triggered in these cells. Antibodies to DC-SIGN, a c-type lectin selectively expressed by macrophages but not pDCs or mDCs, block the production of cytokines. Novel anti-HCV vaccination strategies should target the induction of TLR7/8 stimulation in APCs in order to establish potent immune responses against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, Florida 3498, USA
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, Florida 3498, USA.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Zhong He
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, Florida 3498, USA
| | - Francesco Andrea Procopio
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, Florida 3498, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, Florida 3498, USA
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, Florida 3498, USA
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, Florida 3498, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elias A Said
- Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, the Sultanate of Oman
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5
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Pattison MJ, MacKenzie KF, Elcombe SE, Arthur JSC. IFNβ autocrine feedback is required to sustain TLR induced production of MCP-1 in macrophages. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1496-503. [PMID: 23542035 PMCID: PMC3655261 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MCP-1 mRNA levels and protein secretion in macrophages are induced by TLR activation. In response to LPS, the initial induction of MCP-1 mRNA is IFNβ independent. The sustained production of MCP-1 by LPS requires an IFNβ mediated feedback loop. The sustained production of MCP-1 by poly IC also requires IFNβ.
Chemokines, including MCP-1, are crucial to mounting an effective immune response due to their ability to recruit other immune cells. We show that sustained LPS or poly(I:C)-stimulated MCP-1 production requires an IFNβ-mediated feedback loop. Consistent with this, exogenous IFNβ was able to induce MCP-1 transcription in the absence of other stimuli. Blocking IFNβ signaling with Ruxolitinib, a JAK inhibitor, inhibited MCP-1 transcription. The MCP-1 promoter contains potential STAT binding sites and we demonstrate that STAT1 is recruited upon IFNβ stimulation. Furthermore we find that IL-10 knockout increases MCP-1 production in response to LPS, which may reflect an ability of IL-10 to repress IFNβ production. Overall, these results show the importance of the balance between IFNβ and IL-10 in the regulation of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pattison
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
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6
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Abstract
Chronic infections with persistent pathogens such as helminths, mycobacteria, Plasmodium, and hepatitis viruses affect more than a third of the human population and are associated with increased susceptibility to other pathogens as well as reduced vaccine efficacy. Although these observations suggest an impact of chronic infections in modulating immunity to unrelated antigens, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Here, we summarize evidence of the most prevalent infections affecting immunity to unrelated pathogens and vaccines, and discuss potential mechanisms of how different bystander chronic infections might impact immune responses. We suggest that bystander chronic infections affect different stages of host responses and may impact transmission and recognition of other pathogens, innate immune responses, priming and differentiation of adaptive effector responses, as well as the development and maintenance of immunological memory. Further understanding of the immunological effects of coinfection should provide opportunities to enhance vaccine efficacy and control of infectious diseases.
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7
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Interleukin-4 polymorphisms and response to combination therapy in Egyptian chronic hepatitis C patients. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Razzuoli E, Villa R, Sossi E, Amadori M. Characterization of the Interferon-α Response of Pigs to the Weaning Stress. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:237-47. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Villa
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sossi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
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9
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Amadori M, Cristiano A, Ferrari M. Constitutive expression of interferons in swine leukocytes. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Sriram U, Biswas C, Behrens EM, Dinnall JA, Shivers DK, Monestier M, Argon Y, Gallucci S. IL-4 suppresses dendritic cell response to type I interferons. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6446-55. [PMID: 17982033 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in modulating the development and function of dendritic cells (DCs). Type I IFNs activate DCs and drive anti-viral responses, whereas IL-4 is the prototype of a Th2 cytokine. Evidence suggests that type I IFNs and IL-4 influence each other to modulate DC functions. We found that two type I IFNs, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, stimulated a similar costimulatory profile in myeloid resting DCs. IL-4 suppressed the response of myeloid DCs to both type I IFNs in vitro and in vivo by impairing the up-regulation of MHC and costimulatory molecules and the production of cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-15, and anti-viral genes, such as Mx-1, upon type I IFN stimulation. In dissecting the mechanism underlying this inhibition, we characterized the positive feedback loop that is triggered by IFN-alpha in primary DCs and found that IL-4 inhibited the initial phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 (the transducers of signaling downstream of IFN-alpha and -beta receptors (IFNARs)) and reduced the up-regulation of genes involved in the amplification of the IFN response such as IRF-7, STAT1, STAT2, IFN-beta, and the IFNARs in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, IL-4 renders myeloid DCs less responsive to paracrine type I IFNs and less potent in sustaining the autocrine positive loop that normally amplifies the effects of type I IFNs. This inhibition could explain the increased susceptibility to viral infections observed during Th2-inducing parasitoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sriram
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Drescher KM, Kono K, Bopegamage S, Carson SD, Tracy S. Coxsackievirus B3 infection and type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice: insulitis determines susceptibility of pancreatic islets to virus infection. Virology 2004; 329:381-94. [PMID: 15518817 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 04/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are believed to trigger some cases of human type 1 diabetes (T1D), although the mechanism by which this may occur has not been shown. We demonstrated previously that inoculation of young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with any of several different CVB strains reduced T1D incidence. We also observed no evidence of CVB replication within islets of young NOD mice, suggesting no role for CVB in T1D induction in the NOD mouse model. The failure to observe CVB replication within islets of young NOD mice has been proposed to be due to interferon expression by insulin-producing beta cells or lack of expression of the CVB receptor CAR. We found that CAR protein is detectable within islets of young and older NOD mice and that a CVB3 strain, which expresses murine IL-4, can replicate in islets. Mice inoculated with the IL-4 expressing CVB3 chimeric strain were better protected from T1D onset than were mock-infected control mice despite intraislet viral replication. Having demonstrated that CVB can replicate in healthy islets of young NOD mice when the intraislet environment is suitably altered, we asked whether islets in old prediabetic mice were resistant to CVB infection. Unlike young mice in which insulitis is not yet apparent, older NOD mice demonstrate severe insulitis in all islets. Inoculating older prediabetic mice with different pathogenic CVB strains caused accelerated T1D onset relative to control mice, a phenomenon that was preceded by detection of virus within islets. Together, the results suggest a model for resolving conflicting data regarding the role of CVB in human T1D etiology.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Coxsackievirus Infections/complications
- Coxsackievirus Infections/virology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus B, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus B, Human/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Interferons/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/therapeutic use
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Receptors, Virus/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Transfection
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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12
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Deonarain R, Verma A, Porter ACG, Gewert DR, Platanias LC, Fish EN. Critical roles for IFN-beta in lymphoid development, myelopoiesis, and tumor development: links to tumor necrosis factor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:13453-8. [PMID: 14597717 PMCID: PMC263835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2230460100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated mice null for IFN-beta and report the diverse consequences of IFN-beta for both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Despite no abnormalities in the proportional balance of CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in the peripheral blood, thymus, and spleen of IFN-beta-/- mice, activated lymph node and splenic T lymphocytes exhibit enhanced T cell proliferation and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha production, relative to IFN-beta+/+ mice. Notably, constitutive and induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha is reduced in the spleen and bone marrow (BM) macrophages, respectively, of IFN-beta-/- mice. We also observe an altered splenic architecture in IFN-beta-/- mice and a reduction in resident macrophages. We identify a potential defect in B cell maturation in IFN-beta-/- mice, associated with a decrease in B220+ve/high/CD43-ve BM-derived cells and a reduction in BP-1, IgM, and CD23 expression. Circulating IgM-, Mac-1-, and Gr-1-positive cells are also substantially decreased in IFN-beta-/- mice. The decrease in the numbers of circulating macrophages and granulocytes likely reflects defective maturation of primitive BM hematopoiesis in mice, shown by the reduction of colony-forming units, granulocyte-macrophage. We proceeded to evaluate the in vivo growth of malignant cells in the IFN-beta-/- background and give evidence that Lewis lung carcinoma-specific tumor growth is more aggressive in IFN-beta-/- mice. Taken altogether, our data suggest that, in addition to the direct growth-inhibitory effects on tumor cells, IFN-beta is required during different stages of maturation in the development of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Deonarain
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada MG5 2M1
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13
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Pirhonen J, Matikainen S, Julkunen I. Regulation of virus-induced IL-12 and IL-23 expression in human macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5673-8. [PMID: 12421946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 is a novel cytokine that promotes the proliferation of naive and memory T cells and stimulates their IFN-gamma production. Besides functional similarities, IL-23 bears structural resemblance to IL-12. Biologically active IL-23 is a heterodimer whose p40 subunit is identical to IL-12p40 while its p19 subunit is distantly related to IL-12p35. In the present study we demonstrate that human monocyte-derived macrophages are able to produce IL-23 in response to virus infection. Sendai virus stimulates the expression of p19 and p40 mRNAs in macrophages. Furthermore, it enhances p35 mRNA expression and the production of IL-12. Influenza A virus, in contrast, fails to stimulate IL-12 or IL-23 expression in macrophages. IL-12 and IL-23 contribute to the IFN-gamma-inducing activity that cell culture supernatant from Sendai virus-infected macrophages show in NK-92 cells. The induction of IFN-gamma production occurs in concert with IFN-alphabeta and IL-18, which are also secreted from the virus-infected cells. The IFN-gamma-inducing activity is inhibited by IL-4, which down-regulates the transcription of p19 and p40 genes and the secretion of IFN-alphabeta, IL-12, and IL-18. IFN-gamma, in contrast, up-regulates the p19 and p40 mRNA expression in Sendai virus infection. Thus, IL-4 and IFN-gamma serve as opposing factors in the regulation of IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines, including IL-23, in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Pirhonen
- Department of Microbiology, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Rottenberg ME, Gigliotti-Rothfuchs A, Wigzell H. The role of IFN-gamma in the outcome of chlamydial infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:444-51. [PMID: 12088678 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia are intracellular bacteria which infect many vertebrates, including humans. They cause a myriad of severe diseases, ranging from asymptomatic infection to pneumonia, blindness or infertility. IFN-gamma plays an important role in defense against acute infection and in the establishment of persistence. Chlamydia have evolved mechanisms to escape IFN-gamma functions. IFN-gamma-mediated effector mechanisms may involve effects on the metabolism of tryptophan or iron, on the inducible NO synthase (iNOS), on the secretion of chemokines and adhesion molecules or on the regulation of T-cell activities. IFN-gamma is secreted by the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system. Within the former, Chlamydia-infected macrophages express IFN-gamma that in turn mediates resistance to infection. IFN-alpha/beta are pivotal for both IFN-gamma- and iNOS-mediated resistance to chlamydial infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín E Rottenberg
- Microbiology & Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Spanakis NE, Garinis GA, Alexopoulos EC, Patrinos GP, Menounos PG, Sklavounou A, Manolis EN, Gorgoulis VG, Valis D. Cytokine serum levels in patients with chronic HCV infection. J Clin Lab Anal 2002; 16:40-6. [PMID: 11835530 PMCID: PMC6808060 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic role of immune-mediated mechanisms in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we report different cytokine expression profiles from hemodialysis (HD) and non-HD HCV (+) patients. IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta1 serum levels, and liver biochemical parameters were determined in 85 individuals (41 HD patients and 44 non-HD patients). Screening for HCV RNA and anti-HCV antibodies was performed using qualitative and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) methods, respectively. IL-4 and IL-1beta demonstrated decreased serum levels in non-HD HCV carriers compared with healthy controls. Both T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 lymphocytes were highly associated with chronic HCV infection, as indicated by the increased IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 cytokine circulating levels in all chronic active hepatitis (CAH) patients examined. An enhanced Th2 response (IL-4 and IL-6) coupled with increased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta serum levels was reported in HD HCV (-) patients. In conclusion, our data show that a virus-induced Th2 and IL-1beta immunosuppression is an early event in HCV-related chronicity. Long-term HD specifically exerts a chronic effect on IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha serum circulating levels. Irrespective of the HD status, HCV viremia, and liver biochemistry parameters, both Th1 and Th2 responses are highly associated with chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick E Spanakis
- Medicanalysis Institute of Molecular Biology Applications, Athens, Greece.
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