1
|
Galarreta CI, Kennedy C, Blair DR, Slavotinek A. Expanding the phenotype of PIK3C2A related syndrome: Report of two siblings with novel features and genotype. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2724-2731. [PMID: 35770347 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A pair of siblings was ascertained due to multiple congenital anomalies, including strikingly similar facial, skeletal, and ocular abnormalities. Exome sequencing of both the children and their mother revealed two novel PIK3C2A variants in the siblings, c.4381delC (p.Arg1461Glufs*31) and c.1555C > T (p.Arg519Ter). PIK3C2A belongs to the Class IIa family of Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, which create second messenger lipids that regulate a wide range of downstream signaling pathways involved in cell growth, survival and migration. Tiosano et al. (2019) identified the first monogenic disorder associated with biallelic PIK3C2A loss-of-function variants (oculoskeletodental syndrome). The novel syndrome was characterized by short stature, coarse facial features, ocular and skeletal abnormalities. This report describes two additional siblings affected by the PIK3C2A-related syndrome, confirms core clinical features, establishes intrafamilial variability and expands the phenotype to include proteinuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Galarreta
- Medical Genetics and Metabolism Department, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California, USA
| | - Colleen Kennedy
- Medical Genetics and Metabolism Department, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California, USA
| | - David R Blair
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Evodiamine Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation via PTEN-Mediated EGF/PI3K Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5570831. [PMID: 34824590 PMCID: PMC8610660 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims In this study, the pharmacological effects and potential molecular mechanisms of evodiamine in treating gastric cancer (GC) were investigated. Methods GC cells lines of AGS and BGC-823 were treated with evodiamine at various concentrations for different times (24, 48, and 72 h). Inhibition of the proliferation of AGS and BGC-823 cells was assessed using a CCK-8 assay. The morphology of gastric cancer cells was detected by high-content screening (HCS). The apoptosis-inducing effect of evodiamine on AGS and BGC-823 cells was detected by flow cytometric analysis. Cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell assay. The relative mRNA and protein expression levels of PTEN-mediated EGF/PI3K signaling pathways were investigated via RT-qPCR or western blotting, respectively. Results Evodiamine substantially inhibited AGS and BGC-823 cells proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that evodiamine could induce apoptosis of AGS and BGC-823 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, evodiamine inhibited AGS and BGC-823 cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, the results demonstrated that evodiamine promoted the relative mRNA and protein expression of PTEN and decreased expression of EGF, EGFR, PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, and mTOR. Most importantly, evodiamine could effectively increase the mRNA and protein expression of PTEN and decrease the protein expression of EGF/PI3K pathway, indicating that evodiamine downregulated EGF/PI3K through the activation of PTEN pathway. Conclusion Evodiamine inhibited the directional migration and invasion of GC cells by inhibiting PTEN-mediated EGF/PI3K signaling pathway. These findings revealed that evodiamine might serve as a potential candidate for the treatment or prevention of GC.
Collapse
|
3
|
Brosinsky P, Bornbaum J, Warga B, Schulz L, Schlüter KD, Ghigo A, Hirsch E, Schulz R, Euler G, Heger J. PI3K as Mediator of Apoptosis and Contractile Dysfunction in TGFβ 1-Stimulated Cardiomyocytes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070670. [PMID: 34356525 PMCID: PMC8301398 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGFβ1 is a growth factor that plays a major role in the remodeling process of the heart by inducing cardiomyocyte dysfunction and apoptosis, as well as fibrosis thereby restricting heart function. TGFβ1 mediates its effect via the TGFβ receptor I (ALK5) and the activation of SMAD transcription factors, but TGFβ1 is also known as activator of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) via the non-SMAD signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PI3K is also involved in TGFβ1-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis and contractile dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Incubation of isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes with TGFβ1 resulted in impaired contractile function. Pre-incubation of cells with the PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 or the ALK5 inhibitor SB431542 attenuated the decreased cell shortening in TGFβ1-stimulated cells. Additionally, TGFβ-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced by the PI3K inhibitor Ly294002. Administration of a PI3Kγ-specific inhibitor AS605240 abolished the TGFβ effect on apoptosis and cell shortening. This was also confirmed in cardiomyocytes from PI3Kγ KO mice. Induction of SMAD binding activity and the TGFβ target gene collagen 1 could be blocked by the PI3K inhibitor Ly294002, but not by the specific PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ1-induced SMAD activation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and impaired cell shortening are mediated via both, the ALK5 receptor and PI3K, in adult cardiomyocytes. PI3Kγ specifically contributes to apoptosis induction and impairment of contractile function independent of SMAD signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulin Brosinsky
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Julia Bornbaum
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Björn Warga
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Lisa Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (A.G.); (E.H.)
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (A.G.); (E.H.)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Gerhild Euler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Jacqueline Heger
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.B.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (L.S.); (K.-D.S.); (R.S.); (G.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-99-47215
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karaaslan Z, Kahraman ÖT, Şanlı E, Ergen HA, Ulusoy C, Bilgiç B, Yılmaz V, Tüzün E, Hanağası HA, Küçükali Cİ. Inflammation and regulatory T cell genes are differentially expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson's disease patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2316. [PMID: 33504893 PMCID: PMC7841172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls by microarray technology and analysis of related molecular pathways by functional annotation. Thirty PD patients and 30 controls were enrolled. Agilent Human 8X60 K Oligo Microarray was used for gene level expression identification. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were used for functional annotation of DEGs. Protein–protein interaction analyses were performed with STRING. Expression levels of randomly selected DEGs were quantified by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for validation. Flow cytometry was done to determine frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in PBMC. A total of 361 DEGs (143 upregulated and 218 downregulated) were identified after GeneSpring analysis. DEGs were involved in 28 biological processes, 12 cellular components and 26 molecular functions. Pathway analyses demonstrated that upregulated genes mainly enriched in p53 (CASP3, TSC2, ATR, MDM4, CCNG1) and PI3K/Akt (IL2RA, IL4R, TSC2, VEGFA, PKN2, PIK3CA, ITGA4, BCL2L11) signaling pathways. TP53 and PIK3CA were identified as most significant hub proteins. Expression profiles obtained by RT-PCR were consistent with microarray findings. PD patients showed increased proportions of CD49d+ Tregs, which correlated with disability scores. Survival pathway genes were upregulated putatively to compensate neuronal degeneration. Bioinformatics analysis showed an association between survival and inflammation genes. Increased CD49d+ Treg ratios might signify the effort of the immune system to suppress ongoing neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Karaaslan
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Timirci Kahraman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Şanlı
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Arzu Ergen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Başar Bilgiç
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuslat Yılmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Ayhan Hanağası
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem İsmail Küçükali
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Ma Y, Guo M, Yang H, Guan X. Salvianolic acid B suppresses EMT and apoptosis to lessen drug resistance through AKT/mTOR in gastric cancer cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 73:49-61. [PMID: 33505113 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug resistance of tumor cells greatly reduces the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs in gastric cancer. Salvianolic acid B (Sal-B) is considered as a chemopreventive agent which suppresses oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, the study aims to clarify the mechanism of Sal-B in drug-resistant gastric cancer cells. CCK8 assay analyzed cell viabilities after GES1, AGS and AGS/DDP cells were respectively treated by Sal-B of different concentration or after AGS/DDP cells were disposed by cisplatin (DDP) in different concentration. The colony formation, ROS generation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and EMT marker proteins were respectively analyzed through formation assay, ROS kits, TUNNEL staining, Wound healing, Transwell assays and Western blot. The results demonstrated that Sal-B acted alone or in synergy with DDP to reduce cell viabilities, initiate ROS generation, promote cell apoptosis, as well as decrease migration, invasion and EMT in AGS and AGS/DDP cells. AKT activator and mTOR activator significantly reversed the above effects of Sal-B. Collectively, Sal-B regulated proliferation, EMT and apoptosis to reduce the resistance to DDP via AKT/mTOR pathway in DDP-resistant gastric cancer cells. Sal-B could be a potential anti-drug resistance agent to chemotherapy in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, 132000 China
| | - Yingze Ma
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, 132000 China
| | - Min Guo
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061 Shaanxi China
| | - Haixia Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Haixia Yang No. 157 West Five Road, Xi'an, 710004 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaohui Guan
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, 132000 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
War AR, Dang K, Jiang S, Xiao Z, Miao Z, Yang T, Li Y, Qian A. Role of cancer stem cells in the development of giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:135. [PMID: 32351329 PMCID: PMC7183664 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary bone tumor is usually observed in adolescence age group which has been shown to be part of nearly 20% of the sarcomas known today. Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) can be benign as well as malignant tumor which exhibits localized dynamism and is usually associated with the end point of a long bone. Giant cell tumor (GCT) involves mononuclear stromal cells which proliferate at a high rate, multinucleated giant cells and stromal cells are equally present in this type of tumor. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been confirmed to play a potential role in the development of GCT. Cancer stem cell-based microRNAs have been shown to contribute to a greater extent in giant cell tumor of bone. CSCs and microRNAs present in the tumors specifically are a great concern today which need in-depth knowledge as well as advanced techniques to treat the bone cancer effectively. In this review, we attempted to summarize the role played by cancer stem cells involving certain important molecules/factors such as; Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), miRNAs and signaling mechanism such as; mTOR/PI3K-AKT, towards the formation of giant cell tumor of bone, in order to get an insight regarding various effective strategies and research advancements to obtain adequate knowledge related to CSCs which may help to focus on highly effective treatment procedures for bone tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rouf War
- 1Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,2Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,3NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Kai Dang
- 1Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,2Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,3NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Shanfen Jiang
- 1Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,2Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,3NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhongwei Xiao
- 4Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Miao
- 1Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,2Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,3NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Tuanmin Yang
- 5Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Yu Li
- 1Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,2Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,3NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Airong Qian
- 1Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,2Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China.,3NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
PI3K/mTOR Pathway Inhibition: Opportunities in Oncology and Rare Genetic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225792. [PMID: 31752127 PMCID: PMC6888641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been implicated as a cancer target. Big pharma players and small companies have been developing small molecule inhibitors of PI3K and/or mTOR since the 1990s. Although four inhibitors have been approved, many open questions regarding tolerability, patient selection, sensitivity markers, development of resistances, and toxicological challenges still need to be addressed. Besides clear oncological indications, PI3K and mTOR inhibitors have been suggested for treating a plethora of different diseases. In particular, genetically induced PI3K/mTOR pathway activation causes rare disorders, known as overgrowth syndromes, like PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) hamartomas, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA)-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS), and activated PI3-Kinase delta syndrome (PI3KCD, APDS). Some of those disorders likeTSC or hemimegalencephaly, which are one of the PROS disorders, also belong to a group of diseases called mTORopathies. This group of syndromes presents with additional neurological manifestations associated with epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric symptoms induced by neuronal mTOR pathway hyperactivation. While PI3K and mTOR inhibitors have been and still are intensively tested in oncology indications, their use in genetically defined syndromes and mTORopathies appear to be promising avenues for a pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakada-Tsukui K, Watanabe N, Maehama T, Nozaki T. Phosphatidylinositol Kinases and Phosphatases in Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:150. [PMID: 31245297 PMCID: PMC6563779 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) metabolism is indispensable in eukaryotes. Phosphoinositides (PIs) are phosphorylated derivatives of PtdIns and consist of seven species generated by reversible phosphorylation of the inositol moieties at the positions 3, 4, and 5. Each of the seven PIs has a unique subcellular and membrane domain distribution. In the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, it has been previously shown that the PIs phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are localized to phagosomes/phagocytic cups, plasma membrane, and phagocytic cups, respectively. The localization of these PIs in E. histolytica is similar to that in mammalian cells, suggesting that PIs have orthologous functions in E. histolytica. In contrast, the conservation of the enzymes that metabolize PIs in this organism has not been well-documented. In this review, we summarized the full repertoire of the PI kinases and PI phosphatases found in E. histolytica via a genome-wide survey of the current genomic information. E. histolytica appears to have 10 PI kinases and 23 PI phosphatases. It has a panel of evolutionarily conserved enzymes that generate all the seven PI species. However, class II PI 3-kinases, type II PI 4-kinases, type III PI 5-phosphatases, and PI 4P-specific phosphatases are not present. Additionally, regulatory subunits of class I PI 3-kinases and type III PI 4-kinases have not been identified. Instead, homologs of class I PI 3-kinases and PTEN, a PI 3-phosphatase, exist as multiple isoforms, which likely reflects that elaborate signaling cascades mediated by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are present in this organism. There are several enzymes that have the nuclear localization signal: one phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinase, two PI 3-phosphatases, and one PI 5-phosphatase; this suggests that PI metabolism also has conserved roles related to nuclear functions in E. histolytica, as it does in model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burk K, Pasterkamp RJ. Disrupted neuronal trafficking in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:859-877. [PMID: 30721407 PMCID: PMC6531423 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord leading to muscle weakness. Median survival after symptom onset in patients is 3-5 years and no effective therapies are available to treat or cure ALS. Therefore, further insight is needed into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause motor neuron degeneration and ALS. Different ALS disease mechanisms have been identified and recent evidence supports a prominent role for defects in intracellular transport. Several different ALS-causing gene mutations (e.g., in FUS, TDP-43, or C9ORF72) have been linked to defects in neuronal trafficking and a picture is emerging on how these defects may trigger disease. This review summarizes and discusses these recent findings. An overview of how endosomal and receptor trafficking are affected in ALS is followed by a description on dysregulated autophagy and ER/Golgi trafficking. Finally, changes in axonal transport and nucleocytoplasmic transport are discussed. Further insight into intracellular trafficking defects in ALS will deepen our understanding of ALS pathogenesis and will provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Burk
- Department of Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Str. 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Faia K, White K, Murphy E, Proctor J, Pink M, Kosmider N, McGovern K, Kutok J. The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-δ,γ inhibitor, duvelisib shows preclinical synergy with multiple targeted therapies in hematologic malignancies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200725. [PMID: 30067771 PMCID: PMC6070190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duvelisib is an orally active dual inhibitor of PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ in clinical development in hematologic malignancies (HM). To identify novel pairings for duvelisib in HM, it was evaluated alone and in combination with 35 compounds comprising a diverse panel of standard-of-care agents and emerging drugs in development for HM. These compounds were tested in 20 cell lines including diffuse large B-cell, follicular, T-cell, and mantle cell lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Single agent activity was seen in fourteen cell lines, with a median GI50 of 0.59 μM. A scalar measure of the strength of synergistic drug interactions revealed a synergy hit rate of 19.3% across the matrix of drug combinations and cell lines. Synergy with duvelisib was prominent in lymphoma lines with approved and emerging drugs used to treat HM, including dexamethasone, ibrutinib, and the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. Western blotting revealed that certain duvelisib-treated cell lines showed inhibition of phosphorylated (p) AKT at serine 473 only out to 12 hours, with mTORC2 dependent re-phosphorylation of pAKT evident at 24 hours. Combination with dexamethasone or ibrutinib, however, prevented this reactivation leading to durable inhibition of pAKT. The combination treatments also inhibited downstream signaling effectors pPRAS40 and pS6. The combination of duvelisib with dexamethasone also significantly reduced p-4EBP1, which controls cap dependent translation initiation, leading to decreased levels of c-MYC 6 hours after treatment. In support of the in vitro studies, in vivo xenograft studies revealed that duvelisib in combination with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus led to greater tumor growth inhibition compared to single agent administration. These data provide a rationale for exploring multiple combinations in the clinic and suggest that suppression of mTOR-driven survival signaling may be one important mechanism for combination synergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Faia
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kerry White
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erin Murphy
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Proctor
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa Pink
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Kosmider
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen McGovern
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Kutok
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krygowska AA, Castellano E. PI3K: A Crucial Piece in the RAS Signaling Puzzle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031450. [PMID: 28847905 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins are key signaling switches essential for control of proliferation, differentiation, and survival of eukaryotic cells. RAS proteins are mutated in 30% of human cancers. In addition, mutations in upstream or downstream signaling components also contribute to oncogenic activation of the pathway. RAS proteins exert their functions through activation of several signaling pathways and dissecting the contributions of these effectors in normal cells and in cancer is an ongoing challenge. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about how RAS regulates type I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), one of the main RAS effectors. RAS signaling through PI3K is necessary for normal lymphatic vasculature development and for RAS-induced transformation in vitro and in vivo, especially in lung cancer, where it is essential for tumor initiation and necessary for tumor maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Adelajda Krygowska
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Castellano
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Caiola E, Brunelli L, Marabese M, Broggini M, Lupi M, Pastorelli R. Different metabolic responses to PI3K inhibition in NSCLC cells harboring wild-type and G12C mutant KRAS. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51462-51472. [PMID: 27283493 PMCID: PMC5239488 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are considered a negative predictive factor and indicate poor response to anticancer treatments. KRAS mutations lead to activation of the PI3K/akt/mTOR pathway, whose inhibition remains a challenging clinical target. Since the PI3K/akt/mTOR pathway and KRAS oncogene mutations all have roles in cancer cell metabolism, we investigated whether the activity of PI3K/akt/mTOR inhibitors (BEZ235 and BKM120) in cells harboring different KRAS status is related to their metabolic effect. Isogenic NSCLC cell clones expressing wild-type (WT) and mutated (G12C) KRAS were used to determine the response to BEZ235 and BKM120. Metabolomics analysis indicated the impairment of glutamine in KRAS-G12C and serine metabolism in KRAS-WT, after pharmacological blockade of the PI3K signaling, although the net effect on cell growth, cell cycle distribution and caspase activation was similar. PI3K inhibitors caused autophagy in KRAS-WT, but not in KRAS-G12C, where there was a striking decrease in ammonia production, probably a consequence of glutamine metabolism impairment. These findings lay the grounds for more effective therapeutic combinations possibly distinguishing wild-type and mutated KRAS cancer cells in NSCLC, exploiting their different metabolic responses to PI3K/akt/mTOR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Brunelli
- Protein and Gene Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Protein and Gene Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bilancio A, Rinaldi B, Oliviero MA, Donniacuo M, Monti MG, Boscaino A, Marino I, Friedman L, Rossi F, Vanhaesebroeck B, Migliaccio A. Inhibition of p110δ PI3K prevents inflammatory response and restenosis after artery injury. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171112. [PMID: 28851839 PMCID: PMC5617917 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cells play key roles in restenosis upon vascular surgical procedures such as bypass grafts, angioplasty and stent deployment but the molecular mechanisms by which these cells affect restenosis remain unclear. The p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is mainly expressed in white blood cells. Here, we have investigated whether p110δ PI3K is involved in the pathogenesis of restenosis in a mouse model of carotid injury, which mimics the damage following arterial grafts. We used mice in which p110δ kinase activity has been disabled by a knockin (KI) point mutation in its ATP-binding site (p110δD910A/D910A PI3K mice). Wild-type (WT) and p110δD910A/D910A mice were subjected to longitudinal carotid injury. At 14 and 30 days after carotid injury, mice with inactive p110δ showed strongly decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells (including T lymphocytes and macrophages) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), compared with WT mice. Likewise, PI-3065, a p110δ-selective PI3K inhibitor, almost completely prevented restenosis after artery injury. Our data showed that p110δ PI3K plays a main role in promoting neointimal thickening and inflammatory processes during vascular stenosis, with its inhibition providing significant reduction in restenosis following carotid injury. p110δ-selective inhibitors, recently approved for the treatment of human B-cell malignancies, therefore, present a new therapeutic opportunity to prevent the restenosis upon artery injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bilancio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Oliviero
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Gaia Monti
- Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Amedeo Boscaino
- Department of Histopathology, AORN "Cardarelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Marino
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lori Friedman
- Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmaco-epidemiology - University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Uehara M, McGrath MM, Ohori S, Solhjou Z, Banouni N, Routray S, Evans C, DiNitto JP, Elkhal A, Turka LA, Strom TB, Tullius SG, Winkler DG, Azzi J, Abdi R. Regulation of T cell alloimmunity by PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ. Nat Commun 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 29038423 PMCID: PMC5643371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are preferentially enriched in leukocytes, and defects in these signaling pathways have been shown to impair T cell activation. The effects of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ on alloimmunity remain underexplored. Here, we show that both PI3Kγ−/− and PI3KδD910A/D910A mice receiving heart allografts have suppression of alloreactive T effector cells and delayed acute rejection. However, PI3Kδ mutation also dampens regulatory T cells (Treg). After treatment with low dose CTLA4-Ig, PI3Kγ−/−, but not PI3ΚδD910A/D910A, recipients exhibit indefinite prolongation of heart allograft survival. PI3KδD910A/D910A Tregs have increased apoptosis and impaired survival. Selective inhibition of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ (using PI3Kδ and dual PI3Kγδ chemical inhibitors) shows that PI3Kγ inhibition compensates for the negative effect of PI3Kδ inhibition on long-term allograft survival. These data serve as a basis for future PI3K-based immune therapies for transplantation. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are key regulators of T cell signaling. Here the author show, using mouse heart allograft transplantation models, that PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ deficiency prolongs graft survival, but selective inhibition of PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ reveals alternative transplant survival outcomes post CTLA4-Ig treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Martina M McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ohori
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhabiz Solhjou
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naima Banouni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sujit Routray
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Evans
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan P DiNitto
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital-East Charlestown Navy Yard Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2020, USA
| | - Terry B Strom
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS Room 607, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David G Winkler
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pirali T, Ciraolo E, Aprile S, Massarotti A, Berndt A, Griglio A, Serafini M, Mercalli V, Landoni C, Campa CC, Margaria JP, Silva RL, Grosa G, Sorba G, Williams R, Hirsch E, Tron GC. Identification of a Potent Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pan Inhibitor Displaying a Strategic Carboxylic Acid Group and Development of Its Prodrugs. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1542-1554. [PMID: 28857471 PMCID: PMC5697638 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a key signaling event in cancer, inflammation, and other proliferative diseases. PI3K inhibitors are already approved for some specific clinical indications, but their systemic on-target toxicity limits their larger use. In particular, whereas toxicity is tolerable in acute treatment of life-threatening diseases, this is less acceptable in chronic conditions. In the past, the strategy to overcome this drawback was to block selected isoforms mainly expressed in leukocytes, but redundancy within the PI3K family members challenges the effectiveness of this approach. On the other hand, decreasing exposure to selected target cells represents a so-far unexplored alternative to circumvent systemic toxicity. In this manuscript, we describe the generation of a library of triazolylquinolones and the development of the first prodrug pan-PI3K inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Pirali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Elisa Ciraolo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Alex Berndt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyMedical Research CouncilCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - Alessia Griglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Marta Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Valentina Mercalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Clarissa Landoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Carlo Cosimo Campa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Jean Piero Margaria
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Rangel L. Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloAvenida Bandeirantes 390014049-900Ribeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Giorgio Grosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Giovanni Sorba
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
| | - Roger Williams
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyMedical Research CouncilCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
- Kither Biotech S.r.l.Molecular Biotechnology CenterVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Largo Donegani 228100NovaraItaly
- Kither Biotech S.r.l.Molecular Biotechnology CenterVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Signalling Pathways in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070086. [PMID: 28696382 PMCID: PMC5532622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) derives from keratinocytes in the epidermis and accounts for 15–20% of all cutaneous malignancies. Although it is usually curable by surgery, 5% of these tumours metastasise leading to poor prognosis mostly because of a lack of therapies and validated biomarkers. As the incidence rate is rising worldwide it has become increasingly important to better understand the mechanisms involved in cSCC development and progression in order to develop therapeutic strategies. Here we discuss some of the evidence indicating that activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)-dependent signalling pathways (in particular the PI3Ks targets Akt and mTOR) has a key role in cSCC. We further discuss available data suggesting that inhibition of these pathways can be beneficial to counteract the disease. With the growing number of different inhibitors currently available, it would be important to further investigate the specific contribution of distinct components of the PI3Ks/Akt/mTOR pathways in order to identify the most promising molecular targets and the best strategy to inhibit cSCC.
Collapse
|
17
|
PI3K-p110α mediates the oncogenic activity induced by loss of the novel tumor suppressor PI3K-p85α. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704706114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation or loss of the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is emerging as a transforming factor in cancer, but the mechanism of transformation has been controversial. Here we find that hemizygous deletion of the PIK3R1 gene encoding p85α is a frequent event in breast cancer, with PIK3R1 expression significantly reduced in breast tumors. PIK3R1 knockdown transforms human mammary epithelial cells, and genetic ablation of Pik3r1 accelerates a mouse model of HER2/neu-driven breast cancer. We demonstrate that partial loss of p85α increases the amount of p110α-p85 heterodimers bound to active receptors, augmenting PI3K signaling and oncogenic transformation. Pan-PI3K and p110α-selective pharmacological inhibition effectively blocks transformation driven by partial p85α loss both in vitro and in vivo. Together, our data suggest that p85α plays a tumor-suppressive role in transformation, and suggest that p110α-selective therapeutics may be effective in the treatment of breast cancer patients with PIK3R1 loss.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Oncogenic PIK3CA mutations are found in a significant fraction of human cancers, but therapeutic inhibition of PI3K has only shown limited success in clinical trials. To understand how mutant PIK3CA contributes to cancer cell proliferation, we used genome scale loss-of-function screening in a large number of genomically annotated cancer cell lines. As expected, we found that PIK3CA mutant cancer cells require PIK3CA but also require the expression of the TCA cycle enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH). To understand the relationship between oncogenic PIK3CA and OGDH function, we interrogated metabolic requirements and found an increased reliance on glucose metabolism to sustain PIK3CA mutant cell proliferation. Functional metabolic studies revealed that OGDH suppression increased levels of the metabolite 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). We found that this increase in 2OG levels, either by OGDH suppression or exogenous 2OG treatment, resulted in aspartate depletion that was specifically manifested as auxotrophy within PIK3CA mutant cells. Reduced levels of aspartate deregulated the malate-aspartate shuttle, which is important for cytoplasmic NAD+ regeneration that sustains rapid glucose breakdown through glycolysis. Consequently, because PIK3CA mutant cells exhibit a profound reliance on glucose metabolism, malate-aspartate shuttle deregulation leads to a specific proliferative block due to the inability to maintain NAD+/NADH homeostasis. Together these observations define a precise metabolic vulnerability imposed by a recurrently mutated oncogene.
Collapse
|
19
|
King H, Thillai K, Whale A, Arumugam P, Eldaly H, Kocher HM, Wells CM. PAK4 interacts with p85 alpha: implications for pancreatic cancer cell migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42575. [PMID: 28205613 PMCID: PMC5312077 DOI: 10.1038/srep42575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is amplified in pancreatic cancer tissue. PAK4 is a member of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases, which act as effectors for several small GTPases, and has been specifically identified to function downstream of HGF-mediated c-Met activation in a PI3K dependent manner. However, the functionality of PAK4 in pancreatic cancer and the contribution made by HGF signalling to pancreatic cancer cell motility remain to be elucidated. We now find that elevated PAK4 expression is coincident with increased expression levels of c-Met and the p85α subunit of PI3K. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pancreatic cancer cells have a specific motility response to HGF both in 2D and 3D physiomimetic organotypic assays; which can be suppressed by inhibition of PI3K. Significantly, we report a specific interaction between PAK4 and p85α and find that PAK4 deficient cells exhibit a reduction in Akt phosphorylation downstream of HGF signalling. These results implicate a novel role for PAK4 within the PI3K pathway via interaction with p85α. Thus, PAK4 could be an essential player in PDAC progression representing an interesting therapeutic opportunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen King
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Whale
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, UK
| | - Prabhu Arumugam
- Barts Cancer Institute, a CRUK centre of Excellance, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Hesham Eldaly
- Dept of Haematopathology Oncology Diagnostic Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Barts Cancer Institute, a CRUK centre of Excellance, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Novel roles for class II Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase C2β in signalling pathways involved in prostate cancer cell invasion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23277. [PMID: 26983806 PMCID: PMC4794650 DOI: 10.1038/srep23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate several cellular functions such as proliferation, growth, survival and migration. The eight PI3K isoforms are grouped into three classes and the three enzymes belonging to the class II subfamily (PI3K-C2α, β and γ) are the least investigated amongst all PI3Ks. Interest on these isoforms has been recently fuelled by the identification of specific physiological roles for class II PI3Ks and by accumulating evidence indicating their involvement in human diseases. While it is now established that these isoforms can regulate distinct cellular functions compared to other PI3Ks, there is still a limited understanding of the signalling pathways that can be specifically regulated by class II PI3Ks. Here we show that PI3K-C2β regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. We further demonstrate that MEK/ERK and PI3K-C2β are required for PCa cell invasion but not proliferation. In addition we show that PI3K-C2β but not MEK/ERK regulates PCa cell migration as well as expression of the transcription factor Slug. These data identify novel signalling pathways specifically regulated by PI3K-C2β and they further identify this enzyme as a key regulator of PCa cell migration and invasion.
Collapse
|
21
|
Marat AL, Haucke V. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphates-at the interface between cell signalling and membrane traffic. EMBO J 2016; 35:561-79. [PMID: 26888746 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) form a minor class of phospholipids with crucial functions in cell physiology, ranging from cell signalling and motility to a role as signposts of compartmental membrane identity. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphates are present at the plasma membrane and within the endolysosomal system, where they serve as key regulators of both cell signalling and of intracellular membrane traffic. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic pathways that regulate cellular synthesis of PI 3-phosphates at distinct intracellular sites and discuss the mechanisms by which these lipids regulate cell signalling and membrane traffic. Finally, we provide a framework for how PI 3-phosphate metabolism is integrated into the cellular network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Marat
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peng J, Awad A, Sar S, Komaiha OH, Moyano R, Rayal A, Samuel D, Shewan A, Vanhaesebroeck B, Mostov K, Gassama-Diagne A. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110δ promotes lumen formation through the enhancement of apico-basal polarity and basal membrane organization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5937. [PMID: 25583025 PMCID: PMC5094449 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling triggered by adhesion to the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the spatial orientation of epithelial polarity and formation of lumens in glandular tissues. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in particular is known to influence the polarization process during epithelial cell morphogenesis. Here, using Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells grown in 3D culture, we show that the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase co-localizes with focal adhesion proteins at the basal surface of polarized cells. Pharmacological, siRNA- or kinase-dead-mediated inhibition of p110δ impair the early stages of lumen formation, resulting in inverted polarized cysts, with no laminin or type IV collagen assembly at cell/extracellular matrix contacts. p110δ also regulates the organization of focal adhesions and membrane localization of dystroglycan. Thus, we uncover a previously unrecognized role for p110δ in epithelial cells in the orientation of the apico-basal axis and lumen formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Peng
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Aline Awad
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Sokhavuth Sar
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Ola Hamze Komaiha
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Romina Moyano
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Amel Rayal
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Annette Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Keith Mostov
- Departments of Anatomy, and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140
| | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France;-Inserm
- Unité 785, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family is important to nearly all aspects of cell and tissue biology and central to human cancer, diabetes and aging. PI3Ks are spatially regulated and multifunctional, and together, act at nearly all membranes in the cell to regulate a wide range of signaling, membrane trafficking and metabolic processes. There is a broadening recognition of the importance of distinct roles for each of the three different PI3K classes (I, II and III), as well as for the different isoforms within each class. Ongoing issues include the need for a better understanding of the in vivo complexity of PI3K regulation and cellular functions. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster summarize the biochemical activities, cellular roles and functional requirements for the three classes of PI3Ks. In doing so, we aim to provide an overview of the parallels, the key differences and crucial interplays between the regulation and roles of the three PI3K classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Jean
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carter YM, Kunnimalaiyaan S, Chen H, Gamblin TC, Kunnimalaiyaan M. Specific glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition reduces neuroendocrine markers and suppresses neuroblastoma cell growth. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:510-5. [PMID: 24521712 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroblastoma is a common neuroendocrine (NE) tumor that presents in early childhood, with a high incidence of malignancy and recurrence. The glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) pathway is a potential therapeutic target, as this pathway has been shown to be crucial in the management of other NE tumors. However, it is not known which isoform is necessary for growth inhibition. In this study, we investigated the effect of the GSK-3 inhibitor AR-A014418 on the different GSK-3 isoforms in neuroblastoma. METHODS NGP and SH-5Y-SY cells were treated with 0-20 μM of AR-A014418 and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Expression levels of NE markers CgA and ASCL1, GSK-3 isoforms, and apoptotic markers were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS Neuroblastoma cells treated with AR-A014418 had a significant reduction in growth at all doses and time points (P<0.001). A reduction in growth was noted in cell lines on day 6, with 10 μM (NGP-53% vs. 0% and SH-5Y-SY-38% vs. 0%, P<0.001) treatment compared to control, corresponding with a noticeable reduction in tumor marker ASCL1 and CgA expression. CONCLUSION Treatment of neuroblastoma cell lines with AR-A014418 reduced the level of GSK-3α phosphorylation at Tyr279 compared to GSK-3β phosphorylation at Tyr216, and attenuated growth via the maintenance of apoptosis. This study supports further investigation to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which GSK-3α inhibition downregulates the expression of NE tumor markers and growth of neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette M Carter
- University of Wisconsin Endocrine Surgery Laboratory; Madison, WI USA
| | - Selvi Kunnimalaiyaan
- University of Wisconsin Endocrine Surgery Laboratory; Madison, WI USA; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- University of Wisconsin Endocrine Surgery Laboratory; Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan
- University of Wisconsin Endocrine Surgery Laboratory; Madison, WI USA; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang CX, Zhang YL, Wang JF, Jiang JY, Bao JL. MCP-1 impacts RCT by repressing ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI through PI3K/Akt posttranslational regulation in HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1231-40. [PMID: 23402987 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m032482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays crucial roles at multiple stages of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that MCP-1 might impair the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) capacity of HepG2 cells by decreasing the cell-surface protein expression of ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), ATP binding cassette G1 (ABCG1), and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). MCP-1 reduced the total protein and mRNA levels of ABCA1 and SR-BI, but not of ABCG1. MCP-1 decreased the cell-surface protein expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners, as measured using cell-surface biotinylation. We further studied the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine protein kinase Akt pathway in regulating receptor trafficking. Both the translation and transcription of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI were not found to be regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. However, the cell-surface protein expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI could be regulated by PI3K activity, and PI3K activation corrected the MCP-1-induced decreases in the cell-surface protein expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI. Moreover, we found that MCP-1 decreased the lipid uptake by HepG2 cells and the ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to apoA-I, which could be reversed by PI3K activation. Our data suggest that MCP-1 impairs RCT activity in HepG2 cells by a PI3K/Akt-mediated posttranslational regulation of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI cell-surface expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can-Xia Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hart S, Novotny-Diermayr V, Goh KC, Williams M, Tan YC, Ong LC, Cheong A, Ng BK, Amalini C, Madan B, Nagaraj H, Jayaraman R, Pasha KM, Ethirajulu K, Chng WJ, Mustafa N, Goh BC, Benes C, McDermott U, Garnett M, Dymock B, Wood JM. VS-5584, a novel and highly selective PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:151-61. [PMID: 23270925 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, either through amplifications, deletions, or as a direct result of mutations, has been closely linked to the development and progression of a wide range of cancers. Moreover, this pathway activation is a poor prognostic marker for many tumor types and confers resistance to various cancer therapies. Here, we describe VS-5584, a novel, low-molecular weight compound with equivalent potent activity against mTOR (IC(50) = 37 nmol/L) and all class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms IC(50): PI3Kα = 16 nmol/L; PI3Kβ = 68 nmol/L; PI3Kγ = 25 nmol/L; PI3Kδ = 42 nmol/L, without relevant activity on 400 lipid and protein kinases. VS-5584 shows robust modulation of cellular PI3K/mTOR pathways, inhibiting phosphorylation of substrates downstream of PI3K and mTORC1/2. A large human cancer cell line panel screen (436 lines) revealed broad antiproliferative sensitivity and that cells harboring mutations in PI3KCA are generally more sensitive toward VS-5584 treatment. VS-5584 exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties after oral dosing in mice and is well tolerated. VS-5584 induces long-lasting and dose-dependent inhibition of PI3K/mTOR signaling in tumor tissue, leading to tumor growth inhibition in various rapalog-sensitive and -resistant human xenograft models. Furthermore, VS-5584 is synergistic with an EGF receptor inhibitor in a gastric tumor model. The unique selectivity profile and favorable pharmacologic and pharmaceutical properties of VS-5584 and its efficacy in a wide range of human tumor models supports further investigations of VS-5584 in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hart
- S*BIO Pte Ltd., Singapore 117528, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen J. Roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in Epstein-Barr virus-induced cancers and therapeutic implications. World J Virol 2012; 1:154-61. [PMID: 24175221 PMCID: PMC3782276 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i6.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have been shown to be responsible for 10%-15% of cancer cases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first virus to be associated with human malignancies. EBV can cause many cancers, including Burkett's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer. Evidence shows that phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) plays a key role in EBV-induced malignancies. The main EBV oncoproteins latent membrane proteins (LMP) 1 and LMP2A can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, which, in turn, affects cell survival, apoptosis, proliferation and genomic instability via its downstream target proteins to cause cancer. It has also been demonstrated that the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway can result in drug resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, the inhibition of this pathway can increase the therapeutic efficacy of EBV-associated cancers. For example, PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 has been shown to increase the effect of 5-fluorouracil in an EBV-associated gastric cancer cell line. At present, dual inhibitors of PI3K and its downstream target mammalian target of rapamycin have been used in clinical trials and may be included in treatment regimens for EBV-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Jiezhong Chen, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wojtalla A, Salm F, Christiansen DG, Cremona T, Cwiek P, Shalaby T, Gross N, Grotzer MA, Arcaro A. Novel agents targeting the IGF-1R/PI3K pathway impair cell proliferation and survival in subsets of medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47109. [PMID: 23056595 PMCID: PMC3466180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is fundamental for cancer cell proliferation and is known to be frequently altered and activated in neoplasia, including embryonal tumors. Based on the high frequency of alterations, targeting components of the PI3K signaling pathway is considered to be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. Here, we have investigated the potential of targeting the axis of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and PI3K signaling in two common cancers of childhood: neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial tumor in children and medulloblastoma, the most frequent malignant childhood brain tumor. By treating neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma cells with R1507, a specific humanized monoclonal antibody against the IGF-1R, we could observe cell line-specific responses and in some cases a strong decrease in cell proliferation. In contrast, targeting the PI3K p110α with the specific inhibitor PIK75 resulted in broad anti-proliferative effects in a panel of neuro- and medulloblastoma cell lines. Additionally, sensitization to commonly used chemotherapeutic agents occurred in neuroblastoma cells upon treatment with R1507 or PIK75. Furthermore, by studying the expression and phosphorylation state of IGF-1R/PI3K downstream signaling targets we found down-regulated signaling pathway activation. In addition, apoptosis occurred in embryonal tumor cells after treatment with PIK75 or R1507. Together, our studies demonstrate the potential of targeting the IGF-1R/PI3K signaling axis in embryonal tumors. Hopefully, this knowledge will contribute to the development of urgently required new targeted therapies for embryonal tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wojtalla
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Salm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ditte G. Christiansen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tiziana Cremona
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Cwiek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tarek Shalaby
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Gross
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Research, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Grotzer
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Arcaro
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Juss JK, Hayhoe RP, Owen CE, Bruce I, Walmsley SR, Cowburn AS, Kulkarni S, Boyle KB, Stephens L, Hawkins PT, Chilvers ER, Condliffe AM. Functional redundancy of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms in signaling growth factor-mediated human neutrophil survival. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45933. [PMID: 23029326 PMCID: PMC3454369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the contribution of individual phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Class I isoforms to the regulation of neutrophil survival using (i) a panel of commercially available small molecule isoform-selective PI3K Class I inhibitors, (ii) novel inhibitors, which target single or multiple Class I isoforms (PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ), and (iii) transgenic mice lacking functional PI3K isoforms (p110δKOγKO or p110γKO). Our data suggest that there is considerable functional redundancy amongst Class I PI3Ks (both Class IA and Class IB) with regard to GM-CSF-mediated suppression of neutrophil apoptosis. Hence pharmacological inhibition of any 3 or more PI3K isoforms was required to block the GM-CSF survival response in human neutrophils, with inhibition of individual or any two isoforms having little or no effect. Likewise, isolated blood neutrophils derived from double knockout PI3K p110δKOγKO mice underwent normal time-dependent constitutive apoptosis and displayed identical GM-CSF mediated survival to wild type cells, but were sensitized to pharmacological inhibition of the remaining PI3K isoforms. Surprisingly, the pro-survival neutrophil phenotype observed in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was resilient to inactivation of the PI3K pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder K. Juss
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Hayhoe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Bruce
- Novartis, Horsham Research Centre, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R. Walmsley
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Cowburn
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Suhasini Kulkarni
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith B. Boyle
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Len Stephens
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Banham-Hall E, Clatworthy MR, Okkenhaug K. The Therapeutic Potential for PI3K Inhibitors in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:245-58. [PMID: 23028409 PMCID: PMC3460535 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The class 1 PI3Ks are lipid kinases with key roles in cell surface receptor-triggered signal transduction pathways. Two isoforms of the catalytic subunits, p110γ and p110δ, are enriched in leucocytes in which they promote activation, cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival through the generation of the second messenger PIP3. Genetic inactivation or pharmaceutical inhibition of these PI3K isoforms in mice result in impaired immune responses and reduced susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. We review the PI3K signal transduction pathways and the effects of inhibition of p110γ and/or p110δ on innate and adaptive immunity. Focusing on rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus we discuss the preclinical evidence and prospects for small molecule inhibitors of p110γ and/or p110δ in autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Banham-Hall
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22
3AT, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical
Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22
3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kolesnichenko M, Hong L, Liao R, Vogt PK, Sun P. Attenuation of TORC1 signaling delays replicative and oncogenic RAS-induced senescence. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2391-401. [PMID: 22627671 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous stimuli, including oncogenic signaling, DNA damage or eroded telomeres trigger proliferative arrest, termed cellular senescence. Accumulating evidence suggests that cellular senescence is a potent barrier to tumorigenesis in vivo, however oncogene induced senescence can also promote cellular transformation. Several oncogenes, whose overexpression results in cellular senescence, converge on the TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway. We therefore examined whether attenuation of TOR results in delay or reversal of cellular senescence. By using primary human fibroblasts undergoing either replicative or oncogenic RAS-induced senescence, we demonstrated that senescence can be delayed, and some aspects of senescence can be reversed by inhibition of TOR, using either the TOR inhibitor rapamycin or by depletion of TORC1 (TOR Complex 1). Depletion of TORC2 fails to affect the course of replicative or RAS-induced senescence. Overexpression of REDD1 (Regulated in DNA Damage Response and Development), a negative regulator of TORC1, delays the onset of replicative senescence. These results indicate that TORC1 is an integral component of the signaling pathway that mediates cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kolesnichenko
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kotula L. Abi1, a critical molecule coordinating actin cytoskeleton reorganization with PI-3 kinase and growth signaling. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2790-4. [PMID: 22617151 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of actin cytoskeletal reorganization with growth and proliferation signals is a key cellular process that is not fully understood. PI-3 kinase is one of the central nodes for distributing growth and proliferation signals downstream from growth factor receptors to the nucleus. Although PI-3 kinase function has been associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling, satisfactory explanations of the mechanisms mediating this regulation have been elusive. Here we propose that interaction of the Abi1 protein with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI-3 kinase represents the link between growth receptor signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. This function of Abi1, which involves WAVE complex, was initially observed in macropinocytosis, and may explain the coincident dysregulation of PI-3 kinase and actin cytoskeleton in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Kotula
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Proton-assisted amino acid transporter PAT1 complexes with Rag GTPases and activates TORC1 on late endosomal and lysosomal membranes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36616. [PMID: 22574197 PMCID: PMC3344915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is activated by growth factor-regulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Rheb signalling and extracellular amino acids (AAs) to promote growth and proliferation. These AAs induce translocation of mTOR to late endosomes and lysosomes (LELs), subsequent activation via mechanisms involving the presence of intralumenal AAs, and interaction between mTORC1 and a multiprotein assembly containing Rag GTPases and the heterotrimeric Ragulator complex. However, the mechanisms by which AAs control these different aspects of mTORC1 activation are not well understood. We have recently shown that intracellular Proton-assisted Amino acid Transporter 1 (PAT1)/SLC36A1 is an essential mediator of AA-dependent mTORC1 activation. Here we demonstrate in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293) cells that PAT1 is primarily located on LELs, physically interacts with the Rag GTPases and is required for normal AA-dependent mTOR relocalisation. We also use the powerful in vivo genetic methodologies available in Drosophila to investigate the regulation of the PAT1/Rag/Ragulator complex. We show that GFP-tagged PATs reside at both the cell surface and LELs in vivo, mirroring PAT1 distribution in several normal mammalian cell types. Elevated PI3K/Akt/Rheb signalling increases intracellular levels of PATs and synergistically enhances PAT-induced growth via a mechanism requiring endocytosis. In light of the recent identification of the vacuolar H+-ATPase as another Rag-interacting component, we propose a model in which PATs function as part of an AA-sensing engine that drives mTORC1 activation from LEL compartments.
Collapse
|
35
|
Optimal induction of myeloma cell death requires dual blockade of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mTOR signalling and is determined by translocation subtype. Leukemia 2012; 26:1761-70. [PMID: 22415553 PMCID: PMC3392205 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Novel inhibitors of PI3K, Akt and mTOR have been developed recently, some of which have entered clinical trials. Although such compounds inhibit cell proliferation, their effects on cell survival, an important determinant of clinical response, are less distinct. Using a broad panel of myeloma cell lines and primary patient samples, we show that dual PI3K and mTOR inhibition can induce cell death. The effects are most marked in cells expressing the t(4;14) translocation, whereas t(11;14) cells are largely resistant. Using specific inhibitors of individual pathway components, we show that optimal induction of cell death requires inhibition of both PI3K and mTOR. This is due to a PI3K-independent component of mTOR activation downstream of the MAP kinase pathway. Novel mTOR kinase inhibitors, which block both TORC1 and TORC2 complexes thereby also reducing Akt activity, are less effective than dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors because of feedback activation of PI3K signalling. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors sensitise t(4;14) and t(14;16), but not t(11;14), expressing cells to the cytotoxic effects of dexamethasone. We have identified a robust cytogenetic biomarker for response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition--these results will inform the design and prioritisation of clinical studies with novel inhibitors in genetic subgroups of myeloma.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zago CA, Bortoluci KR, Sardinha LR, Pretel FD, Castillo-Méndez SI, Freitas do Rosário AP, Hiyane MI, Muxel SM, Rodriguez-Málaga SM, Abrahamsohn IA, Álvarez JM, D'Império Lima MR. Anti-IL-2 treatment impairs the expansion of T(reg) cell population during acute malaria and enhances the Th1 cell response at the chronic disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29894. [PMID: 22272258 PMCID: PMC3260167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium chabaudi infection induces a rapid and intense splenic CD4(+) T cell response that contributes to both disease pathogenesis and the control of acute parasitemia. The subsequent development of clinical immunity to disease occurs concomitantly with the persistence of low levels of chronic parasitemia. The suppressive activity of regulatory T (T(reg)) cells has been implicated in both development of clinical immunity and parasite persistence. To evaluate whether IL-2 is required to induce and to sustain the suppressive activity of T(reg) cells in malaria, we examined in detail the effects of anti-IL-2 treatment with JES6-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on the splenic CD4(+) T cell response during acute and chronic P. chabaudi AS infection in C57BL/6 mice. JES6-1 treatment on days 0, 2 and 4 of infection partially inhibits the expansion of the CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cell population during acute malaria. Despite the concomitant secretion of IL-2 and expression of high affinity IL-2 receptor by large CD4(+) T cells, JES6-1 treatment does not impair effector CD4(+) T cell activation and IFN-γ production. However, at the chronic phase of the disease, an enhancement of cellular and humoral responses occurs in JES6-1-treated mice, with increased production of TNF-α and parasite-specific IgG2a antibodies. Furthermore, JES6-1 mAb completely blocked the in vitro proliferation of CD4(+) T cells from non-treated chronic mice, while it further increased the response of CD4(+) T cells from JES6-1-treated chronic mice. We conclude that JES6-1 treatment impairs the expansion of T(reg) cell population during early P. chabaudi malaria and enhances the Th1 cell response in the late phase of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia A Zago
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tripartite motif containing protein 27 negatively regulates CD4 T cells by ubiquitinating and inhibiting the class II PI3K-C2β. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20072-7. [PMID: 22128329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111233109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The K(+) channel KCa3.1 is required for Ca(2+) influx and the subsequent activation of CD4 T cells. The class II phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase C2β (PI3KC2β) is activated by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and is critical for KCa3.1 channel activation. Tripartite motif containing protein 27 (TRIM27) is a member of a large family of proteins that function as Really Interesting New Gene (RING) E3 ubiquitin ligases. We now show that TRIM27 functions as an E3 ligase and mediates lysine 48 polyubiquitination of PI3KC2β, leading to a decrease in PI3K enzyme activity. By inhibiting PI3KC2β, TRIM27 also functions to negatively regulate CD4 T cells by inhibiting KCa3.1 channel activity and TCR-stimulated Ca(2+) influx and cytokine production in Jurkat, primary human CD4 T cells, and Th0, Th1, and Th2 CD4 T cells generated from TRIM27(-/-) mice. These findings provide a unique mechanism for regulating class II PI3Ks, and identify TRIM27 as a previously undescribed negative regulator of CD4 T cells.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tokuyama M, Lorin C, Delebecque F, Jung H, Raulet DH, Coscoy L. Expression of the RAE-1 family of stimulatory NK-cell ligands requires activation of the PI3K pathway during viral infection and transformation. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002265. [PMID: 21966273 PMCID: PMC3178570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that play a major role in the elimination of virally-infected cells and tumor cells. NK cells recognize and target abnormal cells through activation of stimulatory receptors such as NKG2D. NKG2D ligands are self-proteins, which are absent or expressed at low levels on healthy cells but are induced upon cellular stress, transformation, or viral infection. The exact molecular mechanisms driving expression of these ligands remain poorly understood. Here we show that murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection activates the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and that this activation is required for the induction of the RAE-1 family of mouse NKG2D ligands. Among the multiple PI3K catalytic subunits, inhibition of the p110α catalytic subunit blocks this induction. Similarly, inhibition of p110α PI3K reduces cell surface expression of RAE-1 on transformed cells. Many viruses manipulate the PI3K pathway, and tumors frequently mutate the p110α oncogene. Thus, our findings suggest that dysregulation of the PI3K pathway is an important signal to induce expression of RAE-1, and this may represent a commonality among various types of cellular stresses that result in the induction of NKG2D ligands. Human and mouse cytomegaloviruses (HCMV and MCMV) are members of the Herpesvirus family. Both viruses cause disease in individuals with a compromised immune system, such as transplant patients and AIDS patients. Natural killer (NK) cells are essential players in the immune response against these viruses. NK cells recognize self-proteins, such as NKG2D ligands, that are poorly expressed on healthy cells but are upregulated on cells that are undergoing stress, such as infection and tumor development. The biological processes associated with NKG2D ligand expression in infected cells are unknown. The PI3K pathway, which controls many cellular processes, is activated by a variety of viruses to prime cells for efficient viral replication. We observed that MCMV activates the PI3K pathway and that this activation is required for NKG2D ligand expression. We also found that the expression of NKG2D ligands on cancer cell lines is dependent on this pathway. Our data suggest that NKG2D ligand expression, and thus recognition of infected and cancer cells by NK cells, is associated with a dysregulation in the PI3K pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tokuyama
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Clarisse Lorin
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Frederic Delebecque
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Heiyoun Jung
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David H. Raulet
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Quantification of PtdInsP3 molecular species in cells and tissues by mass spectrometry. Nat Methods 2011; 8:267-72. [PMID: 21278744 PMCID: PMC3460242 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Class I phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms generate the intracellular signaling lipid, phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)). PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) regulates major aspects of cellular behavior, and the use of both genetic and pharmacological intervention has revealed important isoform-specific roles for PI3Ks in health and disease. Despite this interest, current methods for measuring PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) have major limitations, including insensitivity, reliance on radiolabeling, low throughput and an inability to resolve different fatty-acyl species. We introduce a methodology based on phosphate methylation coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to solve many of these problems and describe an integrated approach to quantify PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and related phosphoinositides (regio-isomers of PtdInsP and PtdInsP(2) are not resolved). This methodology can be used to quantify multiple fatty-acyl species of PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) in unstimulated mouse and human cells (≥10(5)) or tissues (≥0.1 mg) and their increase upon appropriate stimulation.
Collapse
|