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Brandenburg K, Seydel U, Schromm AB, Loppnow H, Koch MH, Rietschel ET. Conformation of lipid A, the endotoxic center of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Brandenburg
- Borstel Research Center, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Seydel
- Borstel Research Center, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Andra B. Schromm
- Borstel Research Center, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Harald Loppnow
- Borstel Research Center, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Michel H.J. Koch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory EMBL, Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ernst Th. Rietschel
- Borstel Research Center, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
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Mally M, Fontana C, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Laacisse L, Fan YY, Widmalm G, Aebi M. Glycoengineering of host mimicking type-2 LacNAc polymers and Lewis X antigens on bacterial cell surfaces. Mol Microbiol 2012; 87:112-31. [PMID: 23163552 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial carbohydrate structures play a central role in mediating a variety of host-pathogen interactions. Glycans can either elicit protective immune response or lead to escape of immune surveillance by mimicking host structures. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, is composed of a lipid A-core and the O-antigen polysaccharide. Pathogens like Neisseria meningitidis expose a lipooligosaccharide (LOS), which outermost glycans mimick mammalian epitopes to avoid immune recognition. Lewis X (Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc) antigens of Helicobacter pylori or of the helminth Schistosoma mansoni modulate the immune response by interacting with receptors on human dendritic cells. In a glycoengineering approach we generate human carbohydrate structures on the surface of recombinant Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium that lack O-antigen. A ubiquitous building block in mammalian N-linked protein glycans is Galβ1-4GlcNAc, referred to as a type-2 N-acetyllactosamine, LacNAc, sequence. Strains displaying polymeric LacNAc were generated by introducing a combination of glycosyltransferases that act on modified lipid A-cores, resulting in efficient expression of the carbohydrate epitope on bacterial cell surfaces. The poly-LacNAc scaffold was used as an acceptor for fucosylation leading to polymers of Lewis X antigens. We analysed the distribution of the carbohydrate epitopes by FACS, microscopy and ELISA and confirmed engineered LOS containing LacNAc and Lewis X repeats by MALDI-TOF and NMR analysis. Glycoengineered LOS induced pro-inflammatory response in murine dendritic cells. These bacterial strains can thus serve as tools to analyse the role of defined carbohydrate structures in different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mally
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI F 406, CH- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Brandenburg K, Seydel U. Conformation and Supramolecular Structure of Lipid A. LIPID A IN CANCER THERAPY 2009; 667:25-38. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1603-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer, the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in the interaction of symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria with their host organisms, the major role of this membrane must usually be to serve as a permeability barrier to prevent the entry of noxious compounds and at the same time to allow the influx of nutrient molecules. This review summarizes the development in the field since our previous review (H. Nikaido and M. Vaara, Microbiol. Rev. 49:1-32, 1985) was published. With the discovery of protein channels, structural knowledge enables us to understand in molecular detail how porins, specific channels, TonB-linked receptors, and other proteins function. We are now beginning to see how the export of large proteins occurs across the outer membrane. With our knowledge of the lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid asymmetric bilayer of the outer membrane, we are finally beginning to understand how this bilayer can retard the entry of lipophilic compounds, owing to our increasing knowledge about the chemistry of lipopolysaccharide from diverse organisms and the way in which lipopolysaccharide structure is modified by environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nikaido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3202, USA.
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Frecer V, Ho B, Ding JL. Molecular dynamics study on lipid A from Escherichia coli: insights into its mechanism of biological action. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1466:87-104. [PMID: 10825434 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural properties of the Escherichia coli lipid A moiety were analysed by means of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations and compared to synthetic monophospho and dephospho analogues with different biological activities in the Limulus assay. The conformation of glucosamine disaccharide headgroup, order and packing of fatty acid chains, solvation of phosphate groups, coordination by water molecules, sodium counterions and models of cationic amino acid side chains were described in terms of mean values, mean residence times, radial distribution functions, coordination numbers, solvation and interaction energies. Solvation and polar interactions of the phosphate groups were correlated to known biological activities the lipid A variants. The observed relationship between the biological effect and the number and position of the phosphate groups were explained with the help of simple mechanistic models of lipid A action. The possible mechanism of action involving specific binding of lipid A disaccharide headgroup to cationic residues of a receptor model was compared with an alternative mechanism, which assumes a relationship between the ability to adopt non-lamellar supramolecular structures and the biological activity. Conclusions are drawn about the probable mode of lipid A action. Implications for rational drug design of endotoxin-neutralising agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Frecer
- Departmnt of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Naitonal University of Singapore, Singapore
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Seydel U, Oikawa M, Fukase K, Kusumoto S, Brandenburg K. Intrinsic conformation of lipid A is responsible for agonistic and antagonistic activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:3032-9. [PMID: 10806403 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2000.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin) represent a major virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria, which can cause septic shock in mammals, including man. The lipid anchor of LPS to the bacterial outer membrane, lipid A, exhibits a peculiar chemical structure, harbours the 'endotoxic principle' of LPS and is also responsible for the expression of pathophysiological effects. Chemically modified lipid A can be endotoxically inactive, but may express strong antagonistic activity against endotoxically active LPS. By applying orientation measurements with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy on hydrated lipid A samples, we show here that these different biological activities are directly correlated to the intrinsic conformation of lipid A. Bisphosphoryl-hexaacyl lipid A molecules with an asymmetric (4/2) distribution of the acyl chains linked to the diglucosamine backbone have a large tilt angle (> 45 degrees ) of the diglucosamine backbone with respect to the membrane surface, a conical molecular shape (larger cross-section of the hydrophobic than the hydrophilic moiety), and are endotoxically highly active. Monophosphoryl hexaacyl lipid A has a smaller tilt angle, and the conical shape is less expressed in favour of a more cylindrical shape. This correlates with decreasing endotoxic activity. Penta- and tetraacyl lipid A or hexaacyl lipid A with a symmetric acyl chain distribution (3/3) have a small tilt angle (< 25 degrees ) and a cylindrical shape and are endotoxically inactive, but may be antagonistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Seydel
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.
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Schromm AB, Brandenburg K, Loppnow H, Moran AP, Koch MH, Rietschel ET, Seydel U. Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides are determined by the shape of their lipid A portion. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:2008-13. [PMID: 10727940 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) represents a major virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria ('endotoxin') that can cause septic shock in mammals including man. The lipid anchor of LPS to the outer membrane, lipid A, has a peculiar chemical structure, harbours the 'endotoxic principle' of LPS and is responsible for the expression of pathophysiological effects. Chemically modified lipid A can be endotoxically inactive, but may express strong antagonistic activity against LPS, a property that can be utilized in antisepsis treatment. We show here that these different biological activities are directly correlated with the molecular shape of lipid A. Only (hexaacyl) lipid A with a conical/concave shape, the cross-section of the hydrophobic region being larger than that of the hydrophilic region, exhibited strong interleukin-6 (IL-6)-inducing capacity. Most strikingly, a correlation between a cylindrical molecular shape of lipid A and antagonistic activity was established: IL-6 induction by enterobacterial LPS was inhibited by cylindrically shaped lipid A except for compounds with reduced headgroup charge. The antagonistic action is interpreted by assuming that lipid A molecules intercalate into the cytoplasmic membrane of mononuclear cells, and subsequently blocking of the putative signaling protein by the lipid A with cylindrical shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Schromm
- The Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, MA, USA
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Schromm AB, Brandenburg K, Loppnow H, Zähringer U, Rietschel ET, Carroll SF, Koch MHJ, Kusumoto S, Seydel U. The Charge of Endotoxin Molecules Influences Their Conformation and IL-6-Inducing Capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The activation of cells by endotoxin (LPS) is one of the early host responses to infections with Gram-negative bacteria. The lipid A part of LPS molecules is known to represent the endotoxic principle; however, the specific requirements for the expression of biologic activity are still not fully understood. We previously found that a specific molecular conformation (endotoxic conformation) is a prerequisite for lipid A to be biologically active. In this study, we have investigated the interdependence of molecular charge and conformation of natural and chemically modified LPS and lipid A and its transport and intercalation into phospholipid membranes mediated by human LPS-binding protein, as well as IL-6 production after stimulation of whole blood or PBMCs. We found that the number, nature, and location of negative charges strongly modulate the molecular conformation of endotoxin. In addition, the LPS-binding protein-mediated transport of LPS into phospholipid membranes depends on the presence of net negative charge, yet charge is only a necessary, but not a sufficient, prerequisite for transport and intercalation. The biologic activity is determined mainly by the molecular conformation: only conical molecules are highly biologically active, whereas cylindrical ones are largely inactive. We could demonstrate that the net negative charge of the lipid A component and its distribution within the hydrophilic headgroup strongly influence the molecular conformation and, therefore, also the biologic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra B. Schromm
- *Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Borstel, Germany
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- *Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Borstel, Germany
| | - Harald Loppnow
- †Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kardiologische Intensivmedizin, Forschungslabor, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrich Zähringer
- *Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ernst Th. Rietschel
- *Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Michel H. J. Koch
- §European Molecular Biology Laboratory c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Shoichi Kusumoto
- ¶Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ulrich Seydel
- *Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Borstel, Germany
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Brandenburg K, Richter W, Koch MH, Meyer HW, Seydel U. Characterization of the nonlamellar cubic and HII structures of lipid A from Salmonella enterica serovar Minnesota by X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 1998; 91:53-69. [PMID: 9488999 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aggregate structures of lipid A, the 'endotoxic principle' of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from rough mutant Salmonella enterica sv. Minnesota R595 was analyzed at different water content, cation (Mg2+) concentration, and temperature applying synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and, in selected cases, freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction spectra prove the existence of different lamellar, mixed lamellar/cubic, various cubic, and inverted hexagonal (HII) structures depending on ambient conditions. The three mainly bicontinuous cubic phases Q224, Q229, and Q230 can be observed between 30 and 50 degrees C in narrow water and cation concentration ranges. Above 50 degrees C, Q212 an intermediate phase between bicontinuous and micellar is adopted. In freeze-fracture electron microscopic experiments, cubic structures of these symmetries are not readily detected, which can be understood in the light of changes in hydration during freezing and the metastability of these phases. However, 'lipidic particles' closely related to cubic phases are observed. Above 65-70 degrees C, the existence of the HII phase with hexagonal periodicities dH between 4.0 and 6.0 nm for different hydration states is shown using both techniques. Possible biological implications for the preference of lipid A for nonlamellar structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brandenburg
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Germany
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Holst O, Ulmer AJ, Brade H, Flad HD, Rietschel ET. Biochemistry and cell biology of bacterial endotoxins. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 16:83-104. [PMID: 8988390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1996.tb00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Holst
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Germany
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Rau H, Seydel U, Freudenberg M, Weckesser J, Mayer H. Lipopolysaccharide of Rhodospirillum salinarum 40: structural studies on the core and lipid A region. Arch Microbiol 1995; 164:280-9. [PMID: 7487334 DOI: 10.1007/bf02529962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The structural elucidation of lipid A of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Rhodospirillum salinarum 40 by chemical methods and laser desorption mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a mixed lipid A composed of three different 1,4'bisphosphorylated beta (1 --> 6)-linked backbone hexosaminyl-hexosamine disaccharides, i.e. those composed of GlcN --> GlcN, 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-Glc-(DAG --> DAG, and DAG --> GlcN. Lipid A of R. salinarum contained preferentially 3-OH-18:0 and 3-OH-14:0 as amide-linked and cis delta 11-18:1 and c19:0 as ester-linked fatty acids. The mass spectra of the liberated acyl-oxyacyl residues proved the concomitant presence of 3-O-(cis delta 11-18:1)-18:0 and 3-O-(c19:0)-14:0 as the predominating diesters in this mixed lipid A. The glycosidically linked and the ester-linked phosphate groups of the backbone disaccharide were neither substituted by ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine, nor by 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, in contrast to most of the enterobacterial lipid As. In the core oligosaccharide fraction, a HexA (1 --> 4)HexA(1 --> 5)Kdo-trisaccharide was identified by methylation analysis. The terminal HexA (hexuronic acid) is possibly 4-OMe-GalA, a component described here as an LPS constituent for the first time. LPS of R. salinarum showed a lethality in C57BL/10 ScSN (LPS-responder)-mice) of an order of 10(-1)-10(-2) of that reported for Salmonella abortus equi LPS, and it was also capable of inducing TNF alpha and IL6 in macrophages of C57BL/10ScSN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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Helander IM, Kilpeläinen I, Vaara M, Moran AP, Lindner B, Seydel U. Chemical structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides of the genus Pectinatus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:63-70. [PMID: 8076652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure of the lipid A components of smooth-type lipopolysaccharides isolated from the type strains of strictly anaerobic beer-spoilage bacteria Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Pectinatus frisingensis were analyzed. The hydrophilic backbone of lipid A was shown, by controlled degradation of lipopolysaccharide combined with chemical assays and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, to consist of the common beta 1-6-linked disaccharide of pyranosidic 2-deoxy-glucosamine (GlcN), phosphorylated at the glycosidic position and at position 4'. In de-O-acylated lipopolysaccharide, the latter phosphate was shown to be quantitatively substituted with 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose, whereas the glycosidically linked phosphate was present as a monoester. Laser-desorption mass spectrometry of free dephosphorylated lipid A revealed that the distal (non-reducing) GlcN was substituted at positions 2' and 3' with (R)-3-(undecanoyloxy)tridecanoic acid, whereas the reducing GlcN carried two unsubstituted (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acids at positions 2 and 3. The lipid A of both Pectinatus species were thus of the asymmetric hexaacyl type. The linkage of lipid A to polysaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide was relatively resistant to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, enabling the preparation of a dephosphorylated and deacylated saccharide backbone. Methylation analysis of the backbone revealed that position 6' of the distal GlcN of lipid A was the attachment site of the polysaccharide. Despite the quantitative substitution of the lipid A 4'-phosphate by 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose, which theoretically should render the bacteria resistant to polymyxin, P. cerevisiiphilus was shown to be susceptible to this antibiotic. P. cerevisiiphilus was, however, also susceptibile to vancomycin and bacitracin, indicating that the outer membrane of this bacterium does not act as an effective permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Helander
- Department of Bacterial Vaccine Research and Molecular Biology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Brandenburg K, Mayer H, Koch MH, Weckesser J, Rietschel ET, Seydel U. Influence of the supramolecular structure of free lipid A on its biological activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 218:555-63. [PMID: 8269946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional supramolecular structures and the states of order of the acyl chains of lipid A from different Gram-negative species were investigated at 40 degrees C, high water content (80-90%), and different [lipid A]/[Mg2+] molar ratios using synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Measurements were made on free lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595, mono- and bi-phosphoryl, as well as those from the non-enterobacterial strains Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4, Rhodopseudomonas viridis F, and Rhodocyclus gelatinosus 29/1. Parallel to differences in their chemical primary structure, the structural polymorphisms and states of order at 37 degrees C of the non-enterobacterial lipid A were found to be different from those of enterobacterial lipid A. A clear correlation between the supramolecular structure and previously determined biological activities was found. Lipid A with a strong preference for lamellar structures (Rb. capsulatus and Rp. viridis) are endotoxically inactive and lack cytokine-inducing capacity; the compounds assuming a mixed lamellar/nonlamellar structure (monophosphoryl lipid A from S. minnesota) are of lower toxicity in vivo, but may induce cytokines in vitro; those lipid A with a strong tendency to form non-lamellar inverted structures (lipid A from S. minnesota and Rc. gelatinosus) exhibit full endotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, anti-complementary activity is most pronounced for compounds with lamellar and least expressed for those with inverted structures. The states of order at 37 degrees C vary non-systematically, exhibiting the highest values for lipid A of S. minnesota and the lowest for that of Rc. gelatinosus. We propose to extend the term 'endotoxic conformation', which is used to describe the conformation of a single lipid A molecule required for optimal triggering of biological effects, to 'endotoxic supramolecular conformation' which denotes the particular organization of lipid A aggregates in physiological fluids causing biological activity.
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Jantzen E, Sonesson A, Tangen T, Eng J. Hydroxy-fatty acid profiles of Legionella species: diagnostic usefulness assessed by principal component analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:1413-9. [PMID: 8314981 PMCID: PMC265553 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.6.1413-1419.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine species (76 strains) of members of the genus Legionella were analyzed for their cellular hydroxylated fatty acids (OH-FAs). The individual patterns were unusually complex and included both monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated chains of unbranched or branched (iso and anteiso) types. Comparison of the strain profiles by SIMCA (Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy) principal component analysis revealed four main groups. Group 1 included Legionella pneumophila plus L. israelensis strains, and group 2 included L. micdadei and L. maceacherneii strains. These two closely related groups were characterized by the occurrence of di-OH-FAs and differed mainly in the amounts of 3-OH-a21:0, 3-OH-n21:0, 3-OH-n22:0, and 3-OH-a23:0. Group 3 (13 species) was distinguished by i14:0 at less than 3%, 3-OH-3-OH-n14:0 at greater than 5%, 3-OH-n15:0 at greater than 2%, and minute amounts of OH-FAs with chains longer than 21:0. Group 4 (12 species) was heterogeneous. Its main characteristics were the presence of 3-OH-n12:0 and 3-OH-n13:0, 3-OH-i14:0 at greater than 5%, as well as significant amounts of 3-OH-a21:0 and 3-OH-n21:0. The groupings obtained by OH-FA profiles were found to reflect DNA-DNA homology groupings reasonably well, and the profiles appear to be useful for differentiation of Legionella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jantzen
- Statens Institutt for Folkehelse, Oslo, Norway
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Sonesson A, Moll H, Jantzen E, Zähringer U. Long-chain alpha-hydroxy-(omega-1)-oxo fatty acids and alpha-hydroxy-1,omega-dioic fatty acids are cell wall constituents of Legionella (L. jordanis, L. maceachernii and L. micdadei). FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 106:315-20. [PMID: 8454196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Four long-chain fatty acids, 2-hydroxy-27-oxo-octacosanoic acid (n28:0(2-OH,27-oxo)), 2-hydroxy-29-oxo-triacontanoic acid (n30:0(2-OH,29-oxo)), 2-hydroxy-heptacosane-1,27-dioic acid (27:0(2-OH)-dioic) and 2-hydroxy-nonacosane-1,29-dioic acid (29:0(2-OH)-dioic) were identified by GLC-MS analysis in the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) extracts of Legionella jordanis, L. maceachernii and L. micdadei indicating that they are constituents of lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, five long-chain fatty acids (28:0(27-OH), 28:0(27-oxo), 30:0(29-oxo), 27:0-dioic and 29:0-dioic) previously identified in L. pneumophila (Moll, H. et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 97 (1992), 1-6) were also found in these species. This is to our knowledge the first report on the existence of long chain 2-hydroxylated (omega-1)-oxo fatty acids and 2-hydroxylated 1,omega-dioic fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sonesson
- Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Institut für Experimentelle Biologie und Medizin, FRG
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Kuhn HM. Immune response of rabbits to lipid A: influence of immunogen preparation and distribution of various lipid A specificities. Infect Immun 1993; 61:680-8. [PMID: 7678589 PMCID: PMC302780 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.2.680-688.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixty-two rabbit anti-lipid A serum samples were compared with respect to the immunogens used (synthetic lipid A and partial structures, natural lipid A, or acid-treated bacteria). Immunoglobulin (Ig) type-specific differences in rabbit response between liposomal membrane-embedded (LME) and other lipid A immunogens were found: LME lipid A elicited predominantly IgM antibodies. Previous findings of equally good immune responses to synthetic lipid A and acid-treated bacteria (L. Brade, E.T. Rietschel, S. Kusumoto, T. Shiba, and H. Brade, Infect. Immun. 51:110-114, 1986, and L. Brade, E.T. Rietschel, S. Kusumoto, T. Shiba, and H. Brade, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 231:75-97, 1987) turned out to be restricted to complement-fixing antibodies; IgG titers of sera against free lipid A (whether synthetic or natural) were significantly lower than those raised with bacteria. The results indicated an increase in IgG content of sera from LME lipid A over other free lipid A immunogens to acid-treated bacteria. These data underline the importance of the physicochemical environment for the immunogenicity of lipid A. As a second objective, the presence of various lipid A antibody specificities was tested with synthetic lipid A antigens. Antibodies to monophosphoryl lipid A were detected only in sera raised with monophosphoryl immunogens. Reactivity with monosaccharide partial structures of lipid A was found both in sera against monophosphoryl lipid A and in 60% of sera against bisphosphoryl lipid A. In the former, monosaccharide reactivity was of a magnitude similar to that of reactivity with lipid A; in sera against bisphosphoryl lipid A, it was lower. No reactivity or only marginal reactivity was found with phosphate-free lipid A, thus emphasizing the role of phosphate substitution for the lipid A epitopes recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kuhn
- Division of Biochemical Microbiology, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Institut für Experimentelle Biologie und Medizin, Germany
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Ravenscroft N, Walker SG, Dutton GG, Smit J. Identification, isolation, and structural studies of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide of Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:7595-605. [PMID: 1447131 PMCID: PMC207470 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.23.7595-7605.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane of Caulobacter crescentus was purified and analyzed. Two distinct strains of the species, NA 1000 and CB2A, were examined; despite differences in other membrane-related polysaccharides, the two gave similar LPS composition profiles. The LPS was the equivalent of the rough LPS described for other bacteria in that it lacked the ladder of polysaccharide-containing species that results from addition of variable amounts of a repeated sequence of sugars, as detected by gel electrophoresis in smooth LPS strains. The purified LPS contained two definable regions: (i) an oligosaccharide region, consisting of an inner core of three residues of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, two residues of alpha-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, and one alpha-D-glycero-D-mannoheptose unit and an outer core region containing one residue each of alpha-D-mannose, alpha-D-galactose, and alpha-D-glucose, with the glucose likely phosphorylated and (ii) a region equivalent to the lipid A region of the archetype, consisting primarily of an esterified fatty acid, 3-OH-dodecanoate. The lipid A-like region was resistant to conclusive analysis; in particular, although a variety of analytical methods were used, no amino sugars were detected, as is found in the lipid A of the LPS of most bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ravenscroft
- Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Kuhn HM, Brade L, Appelmelk BJ, Kusumoto S, Rietschel ET, Brade H. Characterization of the epitope specificity of murine monoclonal antibodies directed against lipid A. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2201-10. [PMID: 1375194 PMCID: PMC257144 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.6.2201-2210.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of monoclonal antibodies directed against lipid A was characterized by using synthetic lipid A analogs and partial structures. These compounds vary in phosphate substitution, acylation pattern (type, number, and distribution of fatty acids), and, in the case of monosaccharides, in their backbone glycosyl residue. The monoclonal antibodies tested could be subdivided into five groups according to their reactivity patterns. One group reacted exclusively with 1,4'-bisphosphoryl lipid A, and a second also reacted with 4'-monophosphoryl lipid A. Two further groups recognized either 4-phosphoryl or 1-phosphoryl monosaccharide partial structures of lipid A. The fifth group reacted with 4-phosphoryl monosaccharide structures and with phosphate-free compounds. Antibodies reactive with monosaccharide structures also recognized their epitopes in corresponding phosphorylated disaccharide compounds. Both groups of monosaccharide and monophosphoryl lipid A-recognizing antibodies have access to their epitopes in bisphosphoryl compounds as well. Because of this unidirectional reactivity with more complex structures, the various specificities cannot be distinguished by using bisphosphoryl lipid A (e.g., Escherichia coli lipid A) as a test antigen. The epitopes recognized by the various monoclonal antibodies all reside in the hydrophilic backbone of lipid A, and there was no indication that fatty acids were part of the epitopes recognized. Nevertheless, the reactivities of compounds in the different test systems are strongly influenced by their acylation patterns; i.e., acyl groups may modulate the exposure of lipid A epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kuhn
- Division of Biochemical Microbiology, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Germany
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20
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Rasool O, Freer E, Moreno E, Jarstrand C. Effect of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide on oxidative metabolism and lysozyme release by human neutrophils. Infect Immun 1992; 60:1699-702. [PMID: 1548094 PMCID: PMC257051 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.4.1699-1702.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A were low activators of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and lysozyme release in human neutrophils. The stimulation was dose dependent and was higher in the presence of autologous plasma than in its absence. The comparison between Brucella LPS and lipid A versus Salmonella LPS revealed that at least 100 times more LPS and 1,000 times more lipid A of the former genus were required to induce significant nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and a corresponding lysozyme release in neutrophils. Low Brucella LPS-mediated superoxide and lysozyme production might contribute to the survival of these facultative intracellular bacteria in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rasool
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
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Moran AP, Helander IM, Kosunen TU. Compositional analysis of Helicobacter pylori rough-form lipopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:1370-7. [PMID: 1735724 PMCID: PMC206434 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.4.1370-1377.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the macromolecular heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from seven fresh clinical isolates and three culture collection strains of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori. All the clinical isolates produced smooth-form LPS with O side chains of relatively homogeneous chain length, whereas the culture collection strains yielded rough-form LPS. A better yield of the latter LPS was obtained when combined protease pretreatment and hot phenol-water extraction were used than when the conventional phenol-water technique alone was used for extraction. The LPS of the three culture collection strains (S-24, C-5437, and NCTC 11637) were chemically characterized. Constituents common to all the LPS were fucose, D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-glycero-D-manno-heptose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid. The molar ratios of the hexoses differed between different strains, thereby reflecting structural differences. Phosphate, phosphorylethanolamine, and pyrophosphorylethanolamine were present also. Free lipid A contained D-glucosamine and fatty acids, with phosphate and a minor amount of ethanolamine. The major fatty acids were ester- and amide-bound 3-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid and ester-bound octadecanioc and 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, with minor amounts of ester-bound tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids. In addition to the uncommonly long 3-hydroxy fatty acids, an unusual phosphorylation pattern was deduced to be present in the lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Moran
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Moran AP, Zähringer U, Seydel U, Scholz D, Stütz P, Rietschel ET. Structural analysis of the lipid A component of Campylobacter jejuni CCUG 10936 (serotype O:2) lipopolysaccharide. Description of a lipid A containing a hybrid backbone of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 198:459-69. [PMID: 2040305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure of Campylobacter jejuni CCUG 10936 lipid A was elucidated. The hydrophilic backbone of the lipid A was shown to consist of three (1----6)-linked bisphosphorylated hexosamine disaccharides. Neglecting the phosphorylation pattern, a D-glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose) disaccharide [beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1----6)-D-glucosamine], a hybrid disaccharide of 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose and D-glucosamine [2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----6)-D-glucosamine], and a 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose disaccharide were present in a molar ratio of 1:6:1.2. Although the backbones are bisphosphorylated, heterogeneity exists in the substitution of the polar head groups. Phosphorylethanolamine is alpha-glycosidically bound to the reducing sugar residue of the backbone, though C-1 is also non-stoichiometrically substituted by diphosphorylethanolamine. Position 4' of the non-reducing sugar residue carries an ester-bound phosphate group or is non-stoichiometrically substituted by diphosphorylethanolamine. By methylation analysis it was shown that position 6' is the attachment site for the polysaccharide moiety in lipopolysaccharide. These backbone species carry up to six molecules of ester- and amide-bound fatty acids. Four molecules of (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid are linked directly to the lipid A backbone (at positions 2, 3, 2', and 3'). Laser desorption mass spectrometry showed that both (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acids linked to the non-reducing sugar unit carry, at their 3-hydroxyl group, either two molecules of hexadecanoic acid or one molecule of tetradecanoic and one of hexadecanoic acid. It also suggested that the (R)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)-tetradecanoic acid was attached at position 2', whereas (R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-tetradecanoic acid was attached at position 3', or at positions 2' and 3'. Therefore, the occurrence of three backbone disaccharides differing in amino sugar composition and presence of a hybrid disaccharide differentiate the lipid A of this C. jejuni strain from enterobacterial and other lipids A described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Moran
- Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Institut für Experimentelle Biologie und Medizin, Federal Republic of Germany
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