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Dong Y, Li M, Kang L, Wang W, Li Z, Wang Y, Wu Z, Zhu C, Zhu L, Zheng X, Qian D, Dai H, Wu B, Zhao H, Wang J. A new preparation method of covalent annular nanodiscs based on MTGase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 756:109997. [PMID: 38621443 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The preservation of the native conformation and functionality of membrane proteins has posed considerable challenges. While detergents and liposome reconstitution have been traditional approaches, nanodiscs (NDs) offer a promising solution by embedding membrane proteins in phospholipids encircled by an amphipathic helical protein MSP belt. Nevertheless, a drawback of commonly used NDs is their limited homogeneity and stability. In this study, we present a novel approach to construct covalent annular nanodiscs (cNDs) by leveraging microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) to catalyze isopeptide bond formation between the side chains of terminal amino acids, specifically Lysine (K) and Glutamine (Q). This methodology significantly enhances the homogeneity and stability of NDs. Characterization of cNDs and the assembly of membrane proteins within them validate the successful reconstitution of membrane proteins with improved homogeneity and stability. Our findings suggest that cNDs represent a more suitable tool for investigating interactions between membrane proteins and lipids, as well as for analyzing membrane protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Dong
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Ming Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Li Kang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Wanxue Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Zehua Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ziwei Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Xinwei Zheng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Dongming Qian
- Hefei China Science Longwood Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China
| | - Han Dai
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; Hefei China Science Longwood Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China
| | - Bo Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; Hefei China Science Longwood Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230039, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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2
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Tran T, Senger S, Baldassarre M, Brosnan RA, Cristofori F, Crocco M, De Santis S, Elli L, Faherty CS, Francavilla R, Goodchild-Michelman I, Kenyon VA, Leonard MM, Lima RS, Malerba F, Montuori M, Morelli A, Norsa L, Passaro T, Piemontese P, Reed JC, Sansotta N, Valitutti F, Zomorrodi AR, Fasano A. Novel Bacteroides Vulgatus strain protects against gluten-induced break of human celiac gut epithelial homeostasis: a pre-clinical proof-of-concept study. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1254-1264. [PMID: 38177249 PMCID: PMC11035120 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We have identified a decreased abundance of microbial species known to have a potential anti-inflammatory, protective effect in subjects that developed Celiac Disease (CeD) compared to those who did not. We aim to confirm the potential protective role of one of these species, namely Bacteroides vulgatus, and to mechanistically establish the effect of bacterial bioproducts on gluten-dependent changes on human gut epithelial functions. METHODS We identified, isolated, cultivated, and sequenced a unique novel strain (20220303-A2) of B. vulgatus found only in control subjects. Using a human gut organoid system developed from pre-celiac patients, we monitored epithelial phenotype and innate immune cytokines at baseline, after exposure to gliadin, or gliadin plus B. vulgatus cell free supernatant (CFS). RESULTS Following gliadin exposure, we observed increases in epithelial cell death, epithelial monolayer permeability, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These effects were mitigated upon exposure to B. vulgatus 20220303-A2 CFS, which had matched phenotype gene product mutations. These protective effects were mediated by epigenetic reprogramming of the organoids treated with B. vulgatus CFS. CONCLUSIONS We identified a unique strain of B. vulgatus that may exert a beneficial role by protecting CeD epithelium against a gluten-induced break of epithelial tolerance through miRNA reprogramming. IMPACT Gut dysbiosis precedes the onset of celiac disease in genetically at-risk infants. This dysbiosis is characterized by the loss of protective bacterial strains in those children who will go on to develop celiac disease. The paper reports the mechanism by which one of these protective strains, B. vulgatus, ameliorates the gluten-induced break of gut epithelial homeostasis by epigenetically re-programming the target intestinal epithelium involving pathways controlling permeability, immune response, and cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tran
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Senger
- Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rachel A Brosnan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernanda Cristofori
- Pediatric Unit "Bruno Trambusti", Osp Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Crocco
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Ospedale Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania De Santis
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Luca Elli
- Celiac Disease Referral Center, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Christina S Faherty
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruggero Francavilla
- Pediatric Unit "Bruno Trambusti", Osp Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Goodchild-Michelman
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria A Kenyon
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen M Leonard
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mass General for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosiane S Lima
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federica Malerba
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Ospedale Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Montuori
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morelli
- Pediatric Training Program, University of Salerno School of Medicine, Salerno, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Norsa
- Pediatric Hepatology Gastroenterology and Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Passaro
- Celiac Disease Referral Center, "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona" University Hospital, Pole of Cava de' Tirreni, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pasqua Piemontese
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - James C Reed
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mass General for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naire Sansotta
- Pediatric Hepatology Gastroenterology and Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Valitutti
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ali R Zomorrodi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mass General for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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3
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Fallahee I, Hawiger D. Episomal Vectors for Stable Production of Recombinant Proteins and Engineered Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:18. [PMID: 38534208 PMCID: PMC10967652 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for research and therapeutic use. Here, we demonstrate a highly versatile plasmid system that allows the rapid generation of stable Expi293 cell pools by episomal retention of transfected DNA. By linking protein expression to puromycin resistance through an attenuated internal ribosome entry site, we achieve stable cell pools producing proteins of interest. In addition, split intein-split puromycin-mediated selection of two separate protein expression cassettes allows the stable production of bispecific antibody-like molecules or antibodies with distinct C-terminal heavy chain modifications, such as an antigen on one chain and a sortase tag on the other chain. We also use this novel expression system to generate stable Expi293 cell pools that secrete sortase A Δ59 variant Srt4M. Using these reagents, we prepared a site-specific drug-to-antibody ratio of 1 antibody-siRNA conjugate. We anticipate the simple, robust, and rapid stable protein expression systems described here being useful for a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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4
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Fallahee I, Hawiger D. EPISOMAL VECTORS FOR STABLE PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS AND ENGINEERED ANTIBODIES. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574076. [PMID: 38260603 PMCID: PMC10802304 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for research and therapeutic use. Here, we demonstrate a highly versatile plasmid system that allows rapid generation of stable Expi293 cell pools by episomal retention of transfected DNA. By linking protein expression to puromycin resistance though an attenuated internal ribosome entry site, we achieve stable cell pools producing proteins of interest. In addition, split intein-split puromycin-mediated selection of two separate protein expression cassettes allows the stable production of bispecific antibody-like molecules or antibodies with distinct C-terminal heavy chain modifications, such as an antigen on one chain and a sortase tag on the other chain. We also use this novel expression system to generate stable Expi293 cell pools that secrete sortase A Δ59 variant Srt4M. Using these reagents, we prepared a site-specific drug-to-antibody ratio of 1 antibody-siRNA conjugate. We anticipate the simple, robust, and rapid stable protein expression systems described here being useful for a wide variety of applications.
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5
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Zhao Y, Kim S, Zheng X, Kim SH, Han A, Chen TH, Wang S, Zhong J, Qiu H, Li N. Investigation of High Molecular Weight Size Variant Formation in Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Microbial Transglutaminase-Mediated Crosslinking. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2629-2636. [PMID: 37586591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) has become a powerful tool for manufacturing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). It enables site-specific conjugation by catalyzing formation of stable isopeptide bond between glutamine (Q) side chain and primary amine. However, the downstream impact of mTG-mediated conjugation on ADC product quality, especially on high molecular weight (HMW) size variant formation has not been studied in a systematic manner. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying the formation of HMW size variants in mTG-mediated ADCs using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Our findings revealed that the mTG-mediated glutamine and lysine (K) crosslinking is the primary source of the increased level of HMW size variants in the ADCs. In the study, two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with glutamine engineered for site-specific conjugation were used as model systems. Based on the LC-MS analysis, a single lysine (K56) in the heavy chain (HC) was identified as the major Q-K crosslinking site in one of the two mAbs. The HC C-terminal K was observed to crosslink to the target Q in both mAbs. Quantitative correlation was established between the percentage of HMW size variants determined by SEC and the percentage of crosslinked peptides quantified by MS peptide mapping. Importantly, it was demonstrated that the level of HMW size variants in the second ADC was substantially reduced by the complete removal of HC C-terminal K before conjugation. The current work demonstrates that crosslinking and other side reactions during mTG-mediated conjugation needs to be carefully monitored and controlled to ensure process consistency and high product quality of the final ADC drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Sunnie Kim
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Amy Han
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Tse-Hong Chen
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Serena Wang
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jieqiang Zhong
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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6
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Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Transglutaminase in Foods and Biotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12402. [PMID: 37569776 PMCID: PMC10419021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization and reusability of enzyme transglutaminase (TGM) are important goals for the enzymatic process since immobilizing TGM plays an important role in different technologies and industries. TGM can be used in many applications. In the food industry, it plays a role as a protein-modifying enzyme, while, in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications, it is used in mediated bioconjugation due to its extraordinary crosslinking ability. TGMs (EC 2.3.2.13) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amino group of protein-bound or peptide-bound lysine, which acts as an acyl acceptor, and the γ-carboxamide group of protein-bound or peptide-bound glutamine, which acts as an acyl donor. This results in the modification of proteins through either intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking, which improves the use of the respective proteins significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vasić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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7
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Yamazaki S, Inoue K, Mihara Y, Matsuda Y. Tag‐Free Antibody Modification Mediated by Lipoic Acid Ligase A: Application to Antibody‐Drug Conjugates Production. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kota Inoue
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1 Suzuki-cho 210-8681 Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mihara
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1 Suzuki-cho 210-8681 Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services 11040 Roselle Street 92121 San Diego CA United States
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8
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Yamazaki S, Matsuda Y. Tag‐Free Enzymatic Modification for Antibody−Drug Conjugate Production. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services 11040 Roselle Street San Diego CA 92121 United States
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9
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Ha SYY, Anami Y, Yamazaki CM, Xiong W, Haase CM, Olson SD, Lee J, Ueno NT, Zhang N, An Z, Tsuchikama K. An Enzymatically Cleavable Tripeptide Linker for Maximizing the Therapeutic Index of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1449-1461. [PMID: 35793453 PMCID: PMC9452487 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Valine-citrulline is a protease-cleavable linker commonly used in many drug delivery systems, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) for cancer therapy. However, its suboptimal in vivo stability can cause various adverse effects such as neutropenia and hepatotoxicity, leading to dose delays or treatment discontinuation. Here, we report that glutamic acid-glycine-citrulline (EGCit) linkers have the potential to solve this clinical issue without compromising the ability of traceless drug release and ADC therapeutic efficacy. We demonstrate that our EGCit ADC resists neutrophil protease-mediated degradation and spares differentiating human neutrophils. Notably, our anti-HER2 ADC shows almost no sign of blood and liver toxicity in healthy mice at 80 mg kg-1. In contrast, at the same dose level, the FDA-approved anti-HER2 ADCs Kadcyla and Enhertu show increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and morphologic changes in liver tissues. Our EGCit conjugates also exert greater antitumor efficacy in multiple xenograft tumor models compared with Kadcyla and Enhertu. This linker technology could substantially broaden the therapeutic windows of ADCs and other drug delivery agents, providing clinical options with improved efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Y. Y. Ha
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Chisato M. Yamazaki
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Candice M. Haase
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Scott D. Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jangsoon Lee
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Naoto T. Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
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10
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Jin Y, Edalatian Zakeri S, Bahal R, Wiemer AJ. New Technologies Bloom Together for Bettering Cancer Drug Conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:680-711. [PMID: 35710136 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug conjugates, including antibody-drug conjugates, are a step toward realizing Paul Ehrlich's idea from over 100 years ago of a "magic bullet" for cancer treatment. Through balancing selective targeting molecules with highly potent payloads, drug conjugates can target specific tumor microenvironments and kill tumor cells. A drug conjugate consists of three parts: a targeting agent, a linker, and a payload. In some conjugates, monoclonal antibodies act as the targeting agent, but new strategies for targeting include antibody derivatives, peptides, and even small molecules. Linkers are responsible for connecting the payload to the targeting agent. Payloads impact vital cellular processes to kill tumor cells. At present, there are 12 antibody-drug conjugates on the market for different types of cancers. Research on drug conjugates is increasing year by year to solve problems encountered in conjugate design, such as tumor heterogeneity, poor circulation, low drug loading, low tumor uptake, and heterogenous expression of target antigens. This review highlights some important preclinical research on drug conjugates in recent years. We focus on three significant areas: improvement of antibody-drug conjugates, identification of new conjugate targets, and development of new types of drug conjugates, including nanotechnology. We close by highlighting the critical barriers to clinical translation and the open questions going forward. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The development of anticancer drug conjugates is now focused in three broad areas: improvements to existing antibody drug conjugates, identification of new targets, and development of new conjugate forms. This article focuses on the exciting preclinical studies in these three areas and advances in the technology that improves preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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11
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Anami Y, Otani Y, Xiong W, Ha SYY, Yamaguchi A, Rivera-Caraballo KA, Zhang N, An Z, Kaur B, Tsuchikama K. Homogeneity of antibody-drug conjugates critically impacts the therapeutic efficacy in brain tumors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110839. [PMID: 35613589 PMCID: PMC9195180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and fatal disease of all brain tumor types. Most therapies rarely provide clinically meaningful outcomes in the treatment of GBM. Although antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anticancer drugs, no ADCs have been clinically successful for GBM, primarily because of poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Here, we report that ADC homogeneity and payload loading rate are critical parameters contributing to this discrepancy. Although both homogeneous and heterogeneous conjugates exhibit comparable in vitro potency and pharmacokinetic profiles, the former shows enhanced payload delivery to brain tumors. Our homogeneous ADCs provide improved antitumor effects and survival benefits in orthotopic brain tumor models. We also demonstrate that overly drug-loaded species in heterogeneous conjugates are particularly poor at crossing the BBB, leading to deteriorated overall brain tumor targeting. Our findings indicate the importance of homogeneous conjugation with optimal payload loading in generating effective ADCs for intractable brain tumors. Most therapies rarely provide clinically meaningful improvements in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. Anami et al. report that intravenous administration of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) efficiently delivers payloads to brain tumors, leading to substantially improved tumor growth suppression. Their findings provide rational ADC design for effectively treating intractable brain tumors, including GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Summer Y Y Ha
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kimberly A Rivera-Caraballo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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12
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Debnath U, Verma S, Patra J, Mandal SK. A review on recent synthetic routes and computational approaches for antibody drug conjugation developments used in anti-cancer therapy. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Zhang X, Huang AC, Chen F, Chen H, Li L, Kong N, Luo W, Fang J. Novel development strategies and challenges for anti-Her2 antibody-drug conjugates. Antib Ther 2022; 5:18-29. [PMID: 35146330 PMCID: PMC8826051 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combining potent cytotoxicity of small-molecule drugs with the selectivity and excellent pharmacokinetic profile of monoclonal antibody (mAb) are promising therapeutic modalities for a diverse range of cancers. Owing to overexpression in a wide range of tumors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) is one of the most utilized targeting antigens for ADCs to treat Her2-positive cancers. Owing to the high density of Her2 antigens on the tumor cells and high affinity and high internalization capacity of corresponding antibodies, 56 anti-Her2 ADCs which applied >10 different types of novel payloads had entered preclinical or clinical trials. Seven of 12 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ADCs including Polivy (2019), Padcev (2019), EnHertu (2019), Trodelvy (2020), Blenrep (2020), Zynlonta (2021), and Tivdak) (2021) have been approved by FDA in the past three years alone, indicating that the maturing of ADC technology brings more productive clinical outcomes. This review, focusing on the anti-Her2 ADCs in clinical trials or on the market, discusses the strategies to select antibody formats, the linkages between linker and mAb, and effective payloads with particular release and action mechanisms for a good clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Zhang
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Andrew C Huang
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Fahai Chen
- CEO officer, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Hu Chen
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Lele Li
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Nana Kong
- Innovation Research Center, MabPlex International Ltd., 60 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- ADC R&D Department, RemeGen Co., Ltd. 58 Middle Beijing Road, Yantai 264006, ShanDong, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Hasan MM, Laws M, Jin P, Rahman KM. Factors influencing the choice of monoclonal antibodies for antibody-drug conjugates. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:354-361. [PMID: 34597756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) act as carriers for a cytotoxic payload providing the therapy with targeted action against cells expressing a target cell surface antigen. An appropriate choice of mAb is crucial to developing a successful ADC for clinical development. However, problems such as immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles and variable drug-antibody ratios (DARs) plague ADCs. In this review, we detail recent mAb-based innovations and factors that should be considered to overcome these problems to achieve a new generation of more effective ADC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Hasan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peiqin Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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15
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Propofol Suppresses Microglia Inflammation by Targeting TGM2/NF- κB Signaling. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:4754454. [PMID: 34485533 PMCID: PMC8410446 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4754454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Propofol is a known intravenous hypnotic drug used for induction and maintenance of sedation and general anesthesia. Emerging studies also reveal a neuroprotective effect of propofol in diverse diseases of neuronal injuries via modulating microglia activation. In this study, we aimed to uncover the downstream targets of propofol in this process. Methods RNA sequencing analysis to identify genes implicated in the propofol-mediated neuroprotective effect. Quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting analysis were performed to analyze inflammatory gene expression, cytokine levels, and TGM2. BV2 cells and primary microglia were used for functional verification and mechanism studies. Results The multifunctional enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) was identified as a putative functional mediator of propofol. TGM2 was significantly upregulated in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) primed BV2 cells. Genetic silencing of TGM2 abolished LPS-induced microglial activation. Notably, gain-of-function experiments showed that the proinflammatory effects of TGM2 were dependent on its GTP binding activity instead of transamidase activity. Then, TGM2 was revealed to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to facilitate microglial activation. Propofol can inhibit TGM2 expression and NF-κB signaling in BV2 cells and primary microglia. Ectopic expression of TGM2 or constitutively active IKKβ (CA-IKKβ) can compromise propofol-induced anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions Our findings suggest that TGM2-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling is an important mechanism in the propofol-induced neuroprotective effect that prevents microglial activation.
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16
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Yamazaki CM, Yamaguchi A, Anami Y, Xiong W, Otani Y, Lee J, Ueno NT, Zhang N, An Z, Tsuchikama K. Antibody-drug conjugates with dual payloads for combating breast tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3528. [PMID: 34112795 PMCID: PMC8192907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumors generally consist of a diverse population of cells with varying gene expression profiles. Breast tumor heterogeneity is a major factor contributing to drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis after chemotherapy. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are emerging chemotherapeutic agents with striking clinical success, including T-DM1 for HER2-positive breast cancer. However, these ADCs often suffer from issues associated with intratumor heterogeneity. Here, we show that homogeneous ADCs containing two distinct payloads are a promising drug class for addressing this clinical challenge. Our conjugates show HER2-specific cell killing potency, desirable pharmacokinetic profiles, minimal inflammatory response, and marginal toxicity at therapeutic doses. Notably, a dual-drug ADC exerts greater treatment effect and survival benefit than does co-administration of two single-drug variants in xenograft mouse models representing intratumor HER2 heterogeneity and elevated drug resistance. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the dual-drug ADC format for treating refractory breast cancer and perhaps other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato M Yamazaki
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jangsoon Lee
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Anami Y, Deng M, Gui X, Yamaguchi A, Yamazaki CM, Zhang N, Zhang CC, An Z, Tsuchikama K. LILRB4-targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2330-2339. [PMID: 32879051 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common and aggressive blood cancer in adults. In particular, significant unmet medical needs exist for effective treatment strategies for acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4) and acute monocytic leukemia (M5) AML subtypes. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are a promising drug class for AML therapy, as demonstrated by the FDA-approved anti-CD33 ADC, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg). However, CD33 is expressed in normal hematopoietic stem cells, highlighting the critical need to identify AML-specific targets to minimize the risk of potential adverse effects. We have demonstrated that the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B4 (LILRB4) is expressed at significantly higher levels on monocytic M4 and M5 AML cells than on normal counterparts. Here, we test whether LILRB4 is a promising ADC target to kill monocytic AML cells while sparing healthy counterparts. To this end, we generated ADCs from a humanized anti-LILRB4 mAb and the antimitotic payload, monomethyl auristatin F. The conjugates constructed were characterized and evaluated for LILRB4-specific cell killing potency, toxicity to progenitor cells, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy. Our ADC linker technology platform efficiently generated homogeneous anti-LILRB4 ADCs with defined drug-to-antibody ratios. The homogeneous anti-LILRB4 ADCs demonstrated the capacity for LILRB4-mediated internalization, suitable physicochemical properties, and high cell killing potency against LILRB4-positive AML cells. Importantly, our data indicate that these ADCs spare normal progenitor cells. One of our homogeneous conjugates exerted a remarkable therapeutic effect and no significant toxicity in a xenograft mouse model of disseminated human AML. Our findings highlight the clinical potential of anti-LILRB4 ADCs in monocytic AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xun Gui
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Chisato M Yamazaki
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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19
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Anami Y, Tsuchikama K. Next-generation Antibody-drug Conjugates (ADCs): Exploring New Frontiers with Chemical Approaches. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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