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Balistreri CR, Di Giorgi L, Monastero R. Focus of endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease: Possible intervention strategies. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102362. [PMID: 38830545 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX), a mixture of carbohydrates attached to proteins expressed on the surface of blood vessel endothelial cells (EC), is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis of the cardiovascular system and all systems of the human body, the endothelium being the critical component of the stroma of all tissues. Consequently, dysfunction of eGCX results in a dysfunctional cardiovascular wall and severe downstream cardiovascular events, which contribute to the onset of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as other age-related diseases (ARDs). The key role of eGCX dysfunction in the onset of ARDs is examined here, with a focus on the most prevalent neurological diseases: ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of some treatment strategies for anti-eGCX dysfunction are described, ranging from experimental drug therapies, which need to be better tested and explored not only in animal models but also in humans, as well as reprogramming, the use of nutraceuticals, which are emerging as regenerative and new approaches. The promotion of these strategies is essential to keep eGCX and endothelium healthy, as is the development of intravital (e.g., intravascular) tools to estimate eGCX health status and treatment efficacy, which could lead to advanced solutions to address ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo 90134, Italy.
| | - Lucia Di Giorgi
- Memory and Parkinson's disease Center Policlinico "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, and Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Memory and Parkinson's disease Center Policlinico "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, and Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, Palermo 90129, Italy.
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2
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Sarakpi T, Mesic A, Speer T. Leukocyte-endothelial interaction in CKD. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1845-1860. [PMID: 37915921 PMCID: PMC10616504 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Accordingly, CKD patients show a substantial increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Inflammation represents an important link between CKD and CVD. The interaction between endothelial cells and effector cells of the innate immune system plays a central role in the development and progression of inflammation. Vascular injury causes endothelial dysfunction, leading to augmented oxidative stress, increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and chronic inflammation. CKD induces numerous metabolic changes, creating a uremic milieu resulting in the accumulation of various uremic toxins. These toxins lead to vascular injury, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the innate immune system. Recent studies describe CKD-dependent changes in monocytes that promote endothelial dysfunction and thus CKD progression and CKD-associated CVD. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3-interleukin-1β-interleukin-6 (NLRP3-IL-1β-IL-6) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of CVD and CKD alike. Several clinical trials are investigating targeted inhibition of this pathway indicating that anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies may emerge as novel approaches in patients at high cardiovascular risk and nonresolving inflammation. CKD patients in particular would benefit from targeted anti-inflammatory therapy, since conventional therapeutic regimens have limited efficacy in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Sarakpi
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 – Nephrology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum for Nephrological Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armir Mesic
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 – Nephrology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum for Nephrological Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 – Nephrology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum for Nephrological Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Bhoge PR, Raigawali R, Mardhekar S, Anand S, Kikkeri R. Synergestic interplay of uronic acid and sulfation composition of heparan sulfate on molecular recognition to activity. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108919. [PMID: 37557021 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is ubiquitous polysaccharide on the surface of all mammalian cells and extracellular matrices. The incredible structural complexity of HS arises from its sulfation patterns and disaccharide compositions, which orchestrate a wide range of biological activities. Researchers have developed elegant synthetic methods to obtain well-defined HS oligosaccharides to understand the structure-activity relationship. These studies revealed that specific sulfation codes and uronic acid variants could synergistically modulate HS-protein interactions (HSPI). Additionally, the conformational flexibility of l-Iduronic acid, a uronic acid unit has emerged as a critical factor in fine-tuning the microenvironment to modulate HSPI. This review delineates how uronic acid composition in HS modulates protein binding affinity, selectivity, and biological activity. Finally, the significance of sulfated homo-oligo uronic acid as heparin mimics in drug development is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Ravindra Bhoge
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 4110008, India
| | - Rakesh Raigawali
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 4110008, India
| | - Sandhya Mardhekar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 4110008, India
| | - Saurabh Anand
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 4110008, India
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 4110008, India.
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4
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Lv B, Huang S, Huang H, Niu N, Liu J. Endothelial Glycocalyx Injury in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Targeted Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:6685251. [PMID: 37674786 PMCID: PMC10480029 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6685251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims at summarizing state-of-the-art knowledge on glycocalyx and SARS-CoV-2. The endothelial glycocalyx is a dynamic grid overlying the surface of the endothelial cell (EC) lumen and consists of membrane-bound proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The role of glycocalyx has been determined in the regulation of EC permeability, adhesion, and coagulation. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to β-coronavirus that causes the outbreak and the pandemic of COVID-19. Through the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 enters blood circulation and interacts with ECs possessing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Intact glycolyx prevents SARS-CoV-2 invasion of ECs. When the glycocalyx is incomplete, virus spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds with ACE2 and enters ECs for replication. In addition, cytokine storm targets glycocalyx, leading to subsequent coagulation disorder. Therefore, it is intriguing to develop a novel treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection through the maintenance of the integrity of glycocalyx. This review aims to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge of glycocalyx and its potential function in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxuan Lv
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Shengshi Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Na Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
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Santoro L, Zaccone V, Falsetti L, Ruggieri V, Danese M, Miro C, Di Giorgio A, Nesci A, D’Alessandro A, Moroncini G, Santoliquido A. Role of Endothelium in Cardiovascular Sequelae of Long COVID. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2239. [PMID: 37626735 PMCID: PMC10452509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The global action against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, shed light on endothelial dysfunction. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the pulmonary system, multiple studies have documented pan-vascular involvement in COVID-19. The virus is able to penetrate the endothelial barrier, damaging it directly or indirectly and causing endotheliitis and multi-organ injury. Several mechanisms cooperate to development of endothelial dysfunction, including endothelial cell injury and pyroptosis, hyperinflammation and cytokine storm syndrome, oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, glycocalyx disruption, hypercoagulability, and thrombosis. After acute-phase infection, some patients reported signs and symptoms of a systemic disorder known as long COVID, in which a broad range of cardiovascular (CV) disorders emerged. To date, the exact pathophysiology of long COVID remains unclear: in addition to the persistence of acute-phase infection mechanisms, specific pathways of CV damage have been postulated, such as persistent viral reservoirs in the heart or an autoimmune response to cardiac antigens through molecular mimicry. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main molecular patterns of enduring endothelial activation following SARS-CoV-2 infection and to offer the latest summary of CV complications in long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santoro
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Zaccone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Internal and Sub-Intensive Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Falsetti
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Vittorio Ruggieri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Martina Danese
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Miro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Angela Di Giorgio
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Nesci
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessia D’Alessandro
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Angelo Santoliquido
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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6
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Du R, Li L, Ji J, Fan Y. Receptor-Ligand Binding: Effect of Mechanical Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109062. [PMID: 37240408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining insight into the in situ receptor-ligand binding is pivotal for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological and pathological processes and will contribute to drug discovery and biomedical application. An important issue involved is how the receptor-ligand binding responds to mechanical stimuli. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the effect of several representative mechanical factors, such as tension, shear stress, stretch, compression, and substrate stiffness on receptor-ligand binding, wherein the biomedical implications are focused. In addition, we highlight the importance of synergistic development of experimental and computational methods for fully understanding the in situ receptor-ligand binding, and further studies should focus on the coupling effects of these mechanical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Du
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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7
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Liao S, Lin Y, Liu L, Yang S, Lin Y, He J, Shao Y. ADAM10-a "multitasker" in sepsis: focus on its posttranslational target. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:395-423. [PMID: 36565333 PMCID: PMC9789377 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis has a complex pathogenesis in which the uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response triggered by infection leads to vascular barrier disruption, microcirculation dysfunction and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Numerous recent studies reveal that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) acts as a "molecular scissor" playing a pivotal role in the inflammatory response during sepsis by regulating proteolysis by cleaving various membrane protein substrates, including proinflammatory cytokines, cadherins and Notch, which are involved in intercellular communication. ADAM10 can also act as the cellular receptor for Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin, leading to lethal sepsis. However, its substrate-specific modulation and precise targets in sepsis have not yet to be elucidated. METHODS We performed a computer-based online search using PubMed and Google Scholar for published articles concerning ADAM10 and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we focus on the functions of ADAM10 in sepsis-related complex endothelium-immune cell interactions and microcirculation dysfunction through the diversity of its substrates and its enzymatic activity. In addition, we highlight the posttranslational mechanisms of ADAM10 at specific subcellular sites, or in multimolecular complexes, which will provide the insight to intervene in the pathophysiological process of sepsis caused by ADAM10 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin Liao
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - Yao Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - Shuai Yang
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
| | - YingYing Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Junbing He
- The Key Laboratory of Organ Dysfunction and Protection Translational Medicine, Jieyang Medical Research Center, Jieyang People’s Hospital, Tianfu Road 107, Rongcheng District, Jieyang, 522000 Guangdong China
| | - Yiming Shao
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Intensive Care Unit, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Jiaoping Road 42, Tangxia Town, Dongguan, 523710 Guangdong China
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong China
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8
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Sutherland TE, Dyer DP, Allen JE. The extracellular matrix and the immune system: A mutually dependent relationship. Science 2023; 379:eabp8964. [PMID: 36795835 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
For decades, immunologists have studied the role of circulating immune cells in host protection, with a more recent appreciation of immune cells resident within the tissue microenvironment and the intercommunication between nonhematopoietic cells and immune cells. However, the extracellular matrix (ECM), which comprises at least a third of tissue structures, remains relatively underexplored in immunology. Similarly, matrix biologists often overlook regulation of complex structural matrices by the immune system. We are only beginning to understand the scale at which ECM structures determine immune cell localization and function. Additionally, we need to better understand how immune cells dictate ECM complexity. This review aims to highlight the potential for biological discovery at the interface of immunology and matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Sutherland
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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9
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Dull RO, Hahn RG. The glycocalyx as a permeability barrier: basic science and clinical evidence. Crit Care 2022; 26:273. [PMID: 36096866 PMCID: PMC9469578 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies in animals and human clinical trials question whether the endothelial glycocalyx layer is a clinically important permeability barrier. Glycocalyx breakdown products in plasma mostly originate from 99.6–99.8% of the endothelial surface not involved in transendothelial passage of water and proteins. Fragment concentrations correlate poorly with in vivo imaging of glycocalyx thickness, and calculations of expected glycocalyx resistance are incompatible with measured hydraulic conductivity values. Increases in plasma breakdown products in rats did not correlate with vascular permeability. Clinically, three studies in humans show inverse correlations between glycocalyx degradation products and the capillary leakage of albumin and fluid.
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10
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Zha D, Fu M, Qian Y. Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage and Potential Targeted Therapy in COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121972. [PMID: 35741101 PMCID: PMC9221624 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 is characterized by progressive respiratory failure resulting from diffuse alveolar damage, inflammatory infiltrates, endotheliitis, and pulmonary and systemic coagulopathy forming obstructive microthrombi with multi-organ dysfunction, indicating that endothelial cells (ECs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The glycocalyx is defined as a complex gel-like layer of glycosylated lipid–protein mixtures, which surrounds all living cells and acts as a buffer between the cell and the extracellular matrix. The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) plays an important role in vascular homeostasis via regulating vascular permeability, cell adhesion, mechanosensing for hemodynamic shear stresses, and antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory functions. Here, we review the new findings that described EGL damage in ARDS, coagulopathy, and the multisystem inflammatory disease associated with COVID-19. Mechanistically, the inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), the glycocalyx fragments, and the viral proteins may contribute to endothelial glycocalyx damage in COVID-19. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the EGL for the treatment of severe COVID-19 are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zha
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Mingui Fu
- Shock/Trauma Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Yisong Qian
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Simões G, Pereira T, Caseiro A. Matrix metaloproteinases in vascular pathology. Microvasc Res 2022; 143:104398. [PMID: 35671836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Vascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality. The vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential in mechanical support, also regulating the cellular behavior fundamental to vascular function and homeostasis. Vascular remodeling is an adaptive response to various physiological and pathological changes and is associated with aging and vascular diseases. The aim of this review is provide a general overview of the involvement of MMPs in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, namely, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms and myocardial infarction. The change in the composition of the ECM by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) generates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that modifies the phenotypes of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. They play a central role in morphogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling in response to injury, e.g., after myocardial infarction, and in progression of diseases such as atherosclerosis. Alterations in specific MMPs could influence arterial remodeling and lead to various pathological disorders such as hypertension and aneurysm formation. MMPs are regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio generally determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. Studies are currently focused on improving the diagnostic and prognostic value of MMPs involved in the pathogenic process, increasing their therapeutic potential, and monitoring the disease. New selective MMP inhibitors may improve the specificity of these inhibitors, target specific MMPs in relevant pathological conditions and mitigate some of the side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Simões
- Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTeSC, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Telmo Pereira
- LABINSAÚDE - Laboratório de Investigação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTeSC, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTeSC, Fisiologia Clínica, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Armando Caseiro
- Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTeSC, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; LABINSAÚDE - Laboratório de Investigação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTeSC, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; Unidade I&D Química-Física Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Gray AL, Pun N, Ridley AJL, Dyer DP. Role of extracellular matrix proteoglycans in immune cell recruitment. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:34-43. [PMID: 35076142 PMCID: PMC8961502 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte recruitment is a critical component of the immune response and is central to our ability to fight infection. Paradoxically, leucocyte recruitment is also a central component of inflammatory-based diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and cancer. The role of the extracellular matrix, in particular proteoglycans, in this process has been largely overlooked. Proteoglycans consist of protein cores with glycosaminoglycan sugar side chains attached. Proteoglycans have been shown to bind and regulate the function of a number of proteins, for example chemokines, and also play a key structural role in the local tissue environment/niche. Whilst they have been implicated in leucocyte recruitment and inflammatory disease, their mechanistic function has yet to be fully understood, precluding therapeutic targeting. This review summarizes what is currently known about the role of proteoglycans in the different stages of leucocyte recruitment and proposes a number of areas where more research is needed. A better understanding of the mechanistic role of proteoglycans during inflammatory disease will inform the development of next-generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Gray
- Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreLydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research CentreNorthern Care Alliance NHS GroupManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Nabina Pun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreLydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Amanda J. L. Ridley
- Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreLydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Douglas P. Dyer
- Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreLydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research CentreNorthern Care Alliance NHS GroupManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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13
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Ballermann BJ, Nyström J, Haraldsson B. The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:766689. [PMID: 34912827 PMCID: PMC8667033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.766689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and/or dysfunction of the glomerular endothelium triggers proteinuria in many systemic and localized vascular disorders. Among them are the thrombotic microangiopathies, many forms of glomerulonephritis, and acute inflammatory episodes like sepsis and COVID-19 illness. Another example is the chronic endothelial dysfunction that develops in cardiovascular disease and in metabolic disorders like diabetes. While the glomerular endothelium is a porous sieve that filters prodigious amounts of water and small solutes, it also bars the bulk of albumin and large plasma proteins from passing into the glomerular filtrate. This endothelial barrier function is ascribed predominantly to the endothelial glycocalyx with its endothelial surface layer, that together form a relatively thick, mucinous coat composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycolipids, sialomucins and other glycoproteins, as well as secreted and circulating proteins. The glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer not only covers the glomerular endothelium; it extends into the endothelial fenestrae. Some glycocalyx components span or are attached to the apical endothelial cell plasma membrane and form the formal glycocalyx. Other components, including small proteoglycans and circulating proteins like albumin and orosomucoid, form the endothelial surface layer and are bound to the glycocalyx due to weak intermolecular interactions. Indeed, bound plasma albumin is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer and contributes to its barrier function. A role for glomerular endothelial cells in the barrier of the glomerular capillary wall to protein filtration has been demonstrated by many elegant studies. However, it can only be fully understood in the context of other components, including the glomerular basement membrane, the podocytes and reabsorption of proteins by tubule epithelial cells. Discovery of the precise mechanisms that lead to glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer disruption within glomerular capillaries will hopefully lead to pharmacological interventions that specifically target this important structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Qu J, Cheng Y, Wu W, Yuan L, Liu X. Glycocalyx Impairment in Vascular Disease: Focus on Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730621. [PMID: 34589494 PMCID: PMC8473795 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a complex polysaccharide-protein layer lining the lumen of vascular endothelial cells. Changes in the structure and function of the glycocalyx promote an inflammatory response in blood vessels and play an important role in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases (e.g., diabetes, atherosclerosis, and sepsis). Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of inflammation-related diseases. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to tissue swelling, chronic inflammation, and thrombosis. Therefore, elimination of endothelial inflammation could be a potential target for the treatment of vascular diseases. This review summarizes the key role of the glycocalyx in the inflammatory process and the possible mechanism by which it alleviates this process by interrupting the cycle of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Especially, we highlight the roles of different components of the glycocalyx in modulating the inflammatory process, including components that regulate leukocyte rolling, L-selectin binding, inflammasome activation and the signaling interactions between the glycocalyx components and the vascular cells. We discuss how the glycocalyx interferes with the development of inflammation and the importance of preventing glycocalyx impairment. Finally, drawing on current understanding of the role of the glycocalyx in inflammation, we consider a potential strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenchao Wu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixing Yuan
- Public Laboratory of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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The Endothelial Glycocalyx and Organ Preservation-From Physiology to Possible Clinical Implications for Solid Organ Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084019. [PMID: 33924713 PMCID: PMC8070558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a thin layer consisting of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans that lines the luminal side of vascular endothelial cells. It acts as a barrier and contributes to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and microperfusion. During solid organ transplantation, the endothelial glycocalyx of the graft is damaged as part of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (IRI), which is associated with impaired organ function. Although several substances are known to mitigate glycocalyx damage, it has not been possible to use these substances during graft storage on ice. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) emerges as an alternative technology for organ preservation and allows for organ evaluation, but also offers the possibility to treat and thus improve organ quality during storage. This review highlights the current knowledge on glycocalyx injury during organ transplantation, presents ways to protect the endothelial glycocalyx and discusses potential glycocalyx protection strategies during normothermic machine perfusion.
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16
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Zhang D, Qi B, Li D, Feng J, Huang X, Ma X, Huang L, Wang X, Liu X. Phillyrin Relieves Lipopolysaccharide-Induced AKI by Protecting Against Glycocalyx Damage and Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses. Inflammation 2021; 43:540-551. [PMID: 31832909 PMCID: PMC7095384 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the integrity of heparin sulfate (HS) in the endothelial glycocalyx is an important factor of glomerular filtration barrier dysfunction, which is the basic pathological feature of acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI is a common clinical critical illness with few drugs options offering effective treatment. Phillyrin (Phil), the main pharmacological component of Forsythia suspensa, possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the effects of Phil on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI have yet to be reported. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effects of Phil on HS damage and inflammatory signaling pathways in LPS-induced AKI. Results revealed that Phil reduces pathological changes and improves renal function in LPS-induced AKI. Further analysis indicated that Phil effectively protects against glycocalyx HS degradation in LPS-stimulated EA.hy926 cells in vitro and LPS-induced AKI mice in vivo. The protective effect of Phil on HS damage may be associated with the isolate's ability to suppress the production of reactive oxygen species, and decrease expression levels of cathepsin L and heparanase in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ELISA and Western blot results revealed that Phil inhibits the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in LPS-induced ARDS mice. In general, protection against endothelial glycocalyx HS damage and inhibition of inflammatory responses by Phil may be used as treatment targets for LPS-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Boyang Qi
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Jiali Feng
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Lina Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of Respirator Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China.
| | - Xiangyong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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17
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Abstract
Chronic fatty liver disease is common worldwide. This disease is a spectrum of disease states, ranging from simple steatosis (fat accumulation) to inflammation, and eventually to fibrosis and cirrhosis if untreated. The fibrotic stage of chronic liver disease is primarily characterized by robust accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagens) that ultimately impairs the function of the organ. The role of the ECM in early stages of chronic liver disease is less well-understood, but recent research has demonstrated that several changes in the hepatic ECM in prefibrotic liver disease are not only present but may also contribute to disease progression. The purpose of this review is to summarize the established and proposed changes to the hepatic ECM that may contribute to inflammation during earlier stages of disease development, and to discuss potential mechanisms by which these changes may mediate the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Dolin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Can Endothelial Glycocalyx Be a Major Morphological Substrate in Pre-Eclampsia? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093048. [PMID: 32357469 PMCID: PMC7246531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Today pre-eclampsia (PE) is considered as a disease of various theories; still all of them agree that endothelial dysfunction is the leading pathogenic factor. Endothelial dysfunction is a sequence of permanent immune activation, resulting in the change of both the phenotype and the functions of an endothelial cell and of the extracellular layer associated with the cell membrane—endothelial glycocalyx (eGC). Numerous studies demonstrate that eGC mediates and regulates the key functions of endothelial cells including regulation of vascular tone and thromboresistance; and these functions are disrupted during PE. Taking into account that eGC and its components undergo alterations under pathological conditions leading to endothelial activation, it is supposed that eGC plays a certain role in pathogenesis of PE. Envisaging the eGC damage as a key factor of PE, might be a new approach to prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with PE. This approach could include the development of drugs protecting eGC and promoting regeneration of this structure. Since the issue of PE is far from being solved, any effort in this direction might be valuable.
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Hesse B, Rovas A, Buscher K, Kusche-Vihrog K, Brand M, Di Marco GS, Kielstein JT, Pavenstädt H, Linke WA, Nofer JR, Kümpers P, Lukasz A. Symmetric dimethylarginine in dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein mediates endothelial glycocalyx breakdown in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 97:502-515. [PMID: 32008804 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (d-HDL) in chronic kidney disease is known to have a change in composition towards an endothelial-damaging phenotype, amongst others, via the accumulation of symmetric dimethylarginine. The endothelial glycocalyx, a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the endothelial luminal surface, is a first line defense against vascular diseases including atherosclerosis. Here we conducted a translational, cross-sectional study to determine the role of symmetric dimethylarginine in d-HDL as a mediator of glycocalyx damage. Using confocal and atomic force microscopy, intact HDL from healthy donors was found to maintain the glycocalyx while isolated HDL from hemodialysis patients and exogenous symmetric dimethylarginine caused significant damage to the glycocalyx in endothelial cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Symmetric dimethylarginine triggered glycocalyx deterioration via molecular pathways mediated by toll-like-receptor 2 and matrix metalloprotease-9. Corresponding intravital microscopy revealed that exogenous symmetric dimethylarginine and d-HDL from hemodialysis patients caused glycocalyx breakdown, which subsequently contributed to alterations in leukocyte rolling. Biologically effective HDL, which estimates the functionality of HDL, was calculated from circulating HDL-cholesterol and symmetric dimethylarginine, as described in the literature. Biologically effective HDL was the only parameter that could independently predict glycocalyx damage in vivo. Thus, our data suggest that symmetric dimethylarginine in d-HDL mediates glycocalyx breakdown in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hesse
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandros Rovas
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Konrad Buscher
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Brand
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Giovana Seno Di Marco
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan T Kielstein
- Medical Clinic V, Nephrology, Rheumatology, Blood Purification, Academic Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Lukasz
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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