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Moldenhauer LM, Foyle KL, Wilson JJ, Wong YY, Sharkey DJ, Green ES, Barry SC, Hull ML, Robertson SA. A disrupted FOXP3 transcriptional signature underpins systemic regulatory T cell insufficiency in early pregnancy failure. iScience 2024; 27:108994. [PMID: 38327801 PMCID: PMC10847744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cell defects are implicated in disorders of embryo implantation and placental development, but the origins of Treg cell dysfunction are unknown. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the phenotypes and transcriptional profile of peripheral blood Treg cells in individuals with early pregnancy failure (EPF). Compared to fertile subjects, EPF subjects had 32% fewer total Treg cells and 54% fewer CD45RA+CCR7+ naive Treg cells among CD4+ T cells, an altered Treg cell phenotype with reduced transcription factor FOXP3 and suppressive marker CTLA4 expression, and lower Treg:Th1 and Treg:Th17 ratios. RNA sequencing demonstrated an aberrant gene expression profile, with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes including CSF2, IL4, IL17A, IL21, and IFNG in EPF Treg cells. In silico analysis revealed 25% of the Treg cell dysregulated genes are targets of FOXP3. We conclude that EPF is associated with systemic Treg cell defects arising due to disrupted FOXP3 transcriptional control and loss of lineage fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan M. Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kerrie L. Foyle
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jasmine J. Wilson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ying Y. Wong
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David J. Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ella S. Green
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M. Louise Hull
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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2
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Radhakrishnan H, Newmyer SL, Ssemadaali MA, Javitz HS, Bhatnagar P. Primary T-cell-based delivery platform for in vivo synthesis of engineered proteins. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10605. [PMID: 38193126 PMCID: PMC10771566 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary T cell has been transformed into a cell-based delivery platform that synthesizes complex biologics at the disease site with spatiotemporal resolution. This broadly applicable technology can circumvent toxicities due to systemic administration of biologics that necessitates the use of high doses and may diffuse to the healthy tissues. Its clinical translation, however, has been impeded by manufacturing bottlenecks. In this work, a range of process parameters were investigated for increasing the production yield of the primary T cells engineered for delivery function. Compared to the common spinoculation-based method, the transduction yield was enhanced ~2.5-fold by restricting the transduction reaction volume for maximizing the lentivector-to-T-cell contact. Cell density and cytokines used in the expansion process were adjusted to achieve >100-fold expansion of the T-cell-based delivery platform in 14 days, and the function of these cells was validated in vivo using intraperitoneally implanted tumor cells. The primary T-cell-based delivery platform has human applications because it can be scaled and administrated to express a broad range of therapeutic proteins (e.g., cytokines, interferons, enzymes, agonists, and antagonists) at the disease site, obviating the need for systemic delivery of large doses of these proteins.
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3
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Walter LO, Cardoso CC, Santos-Pirath ÍM, Costa HZ, Gartner R, Werle I, Mohr ETB, da Rosa JS, Lubschinski TL, Felisberto M, Kretzer IF, Masukawa II, Vanny PDA, Luiz MC, de Moraes ACR, Dalmarco EM, Santos-Silva MC. T cell maturation is significantly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36855300 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An adequate T cell response is essential not only for fighting disease but also for the creation of immune memory. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the T cells of patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 not only at the time of illness but also 2 months after diagnosis to observe whether changes in this compartment persist. In this study, 166 COVID-19 patients were stratified into moderate/severe and critical disease categories. The maturation and activation of T cells were evaluated through flow cytometry. In addition, Treg cells were analysed. Until 15 days after diagnosis, patients presented a reduction in absolute and relative T lymphocyte counts. After 2 months, in moderate/severe patients, the counts returned to a similar level as that of the control group. In convalescent patients who had a critical illness, absolute T lymphocyte values increased considerably. Patients with active disease did not show differentiation of T cells. Nonetheless, after 2 months, patients with critical COVID-19 showed a significant increase in CD4+ EMRA (CD45RA+ effector memory) T lymphocytes. Furthermore, COVID-19 patients showed delayed T cell activation and reduced CD8+ suppressor T cells even 2 months after diagnosis. A reduction in CD4+ Treg cells was also observed, and their numbers returned to a similar level as that of healthy controls in convalescent patients. The results demonstrate that COVID-19 patients have a delayed activation and differentiation of T cells. In addition, these patients have a great reduction of T cells with a suppressor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otto Walter
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Chandra Chiappin Cardoso
- Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Íris Mattos Santos-Pirath
- Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Zorzi Costa
- Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gartner
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Isabel Werle
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Salvan da Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Mariano Felisberto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Iara Fabricia Kretzer
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ivete Ioshiko Masukawa
- Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Infectious Disease Service, Nereu Ramos Hospital, State Health Department, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Almeida Vanny
- Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Magali Chaves Luiz
- Infectious Disease Service, Nereu Ramos Hospital, State Health Department, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rabello de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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4
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Bafor EE, Valencia JC, Young HA. Double Negative T Regulatory Cells: An Emerging Paradigm Shift in Reproductive Immune Tolerance? Front Immunol 2022; 13:886645. [PMID: 35844500 PMCID: PMC9283768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation of female reproductive function plays a crucial role in fertility, as alterations in the relationship between immune and reproductive processes result in autoimmune subfertility or infertility. The breakdown of immune tolerance leads to ovulation dysfunction, implantation failure, and pregnancy loss. In this regard, immune cells with regulatory activities are essential to restore self-tolerance. Apart from regulatory T cells, double negative T regulatory cells (DNTregs) characterized by TCRαβ+/γδ+CD3+CD4–CD8– (and negative for natural killer cell markers) are emerging as effector cells capable of mediating immune tolerance in the female reproductive system. DNTregs are present in the female reproductive tract of humans and murine models. However, their full potential as immune regulators is evolving, and studies so far indicate that DNTregs exhibit features that can also maintain tolerance in the female reproductive microenvironment. This review describes recent progress on the presence, role and mechanisms of DNTregs in the female reproductive system immune regulation and tolerance. In addition, we address how DNTregs can potentially provide a paradigm shift from the known roles of conventional regulatory T cells and immune tolerance by maintaining and restoring balance in the reproductive microenvironment of female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enitome E Bafor
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Julio C Valencia
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
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5
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Passos LSA, Koh CC, Magalhães LMD, Nunes MDCP, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. Distinct CD4 -CD8 - (Double-Negative) Memory T-Cell Subpopulations Are Associated With Indeterminate and Cardiac Clinical Forms of Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761795. [PMID: 34868005 PMCID: PMC8632628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4-CD8- (double-negative, DN) T cells are critical orchestrators of the cytokine network associated with the pathogenic inflammatory response in one of the deadliest cardiomyopathies known, Chagas heart disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Here, studying the distribution, activation status, and cytokine expression of memory DN T-cell subpopulations in Chagas disease patients without cardiac involvement (indeterminate form-IND) or with Chagas cardiomyopathy (CARD), we report that while IND patients displayed a higher frequency of central memory, CARD had a high frequency of effector memory DN T cells. In addition, central memory DN T cells from IND displayed a balanced cytokine profile, characterized by the concomitant expression of IFN-γ and IL-10, which was not observed in effector memory DN T cells from CARD. Supporting potential clinical relevance, we found that the frequency of central memory DN T cells was associated with indicators of better ventricular function, while the frequency of effector memory DN T cells was not. Importantly, decreasing CD1d-mediated activation of DN T cells led to an increase in IL-10 expression by effector memory DN T cells from CARD, restoring a balanced profile similar to that observed in the protective central memory DN T cells. Targeting the activation of effector memory DN T cells may emerge as a strategy to control inflammation in Chagas cardiomyopathy and potentially in other inflammatory diseases where these cells play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Silva Araújo Passos
- Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cattoni Koh
- Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kenneth John Gollob
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Doenças Tropicais—INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Doenças Tropicais—INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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6
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Forconi CS, Mulama DH, Saikumar Lakshmi P, Foley J, Otieno JA, Kurtis JD, Berg LJ, Ong’echa JM, Münz C, Moormann AM. Interplay between IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17A and PD-1 Expressing EBNA1-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Responses in the Etiologic Pathway to Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215375. [PMID: 34771539 PMCID: PMC8582526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is a common pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. The incidence of this aggressive B-cell cancer is linked to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) co-infections during childhood. Most eBL tumors contain EBV and are characterized by the Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) latency I pattern of viral gene expression. The aim of our study was to compare the phenotypes and functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to EBNA1 in children diagnosed with eBL and in healthy EBV-seropositive children to highlight differences that contribute to the balance between anti-viral immunity and eBL pathogenesis. Abstract Children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) are deficient in interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses to Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigen1 (EBNA1), the viral protein that defines the latency I pattern in this B cell tumor. However, the contributions of immune-regulatory cytokines and phenotypes of the EBNA1-specific T cells have not been characterized for eBL. Using a bespoke flow cytometry assay we measured intracellular IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A expression and phenotyped CD4+ and CD8+ T cell effector memory subsets specific to EBNA1 for eBL patients compared to two groups of healthy children with divergent malaria exposures. In response to EBNA1 and a malaria antigen (PfSEA-1A), the three study groups exhibited strikingly different cytokine expression and T cell memory profiles. EBNA1-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cell response rates were lowest in eBL (40%) compared to children with high malaria (84%) and low malaria (66%) exposures (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004, respectively). However, eBL patients did not differ in CD8+ T cell response rates or the magnitude of IFN-γ expression. In contrast, eBL children were more likely to have EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells expressing IL-10, and less likely to have polyfunctional IFN-γ+IL-10+ CD4+ T cells (p = 0.02). They were also more likely to have IFN-γ+IL-17A+, IFN-γ+ and IL-17A+ CD8+ T cell subsets compared to healthy children. Cytokine-producing T cell subsets were predominantly CD45RA+CCR7+ TNAIVE-LIKE cells, yet PD-1, a marker of persistent activation/exhaustion, was more highly expressed by the central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) T cell subsets. In summary, our study suggests that IL-10 mediated immune regulation and depletion of IFN-γ+ EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells are complementary mechanisms that contribute to impaired T cell cytotoxicity in eBL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - David H. Mulama
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (D.H.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Priya Saikumar Lakshmi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Joslyn Foley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Juliana A. Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Medical Services, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Jonathan D. Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - John M. Ong’echa
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (D.H.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +508-856-8826
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7
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Mateus J, Grifoni A, Tarke A, Sidney J, Ramirez SI, Dan JM, Burger ZC, Rawlings SA, Smith DM, Phillips E, Mallal S, Lammers M, Rubiro P, Quiambao L, Sutherland A, Yu ED, da Silva Antunes R, Greenbaum J, Frazier A, Markmann AJ, Premkumar L, de Silva A, Peters B, Crotty S, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science 2020; 370:89-94. [PMID: 32753554 PMCID: PMC7574914 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many unknowns exist about human immune responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells have been reported in unexposed individuals, suggesting preexisting cross-reactive T cell memory in 20 to 50% of people. However, the source of those T cells has been speculative. Using human blood samples derived before the SARS-CoV-2 virus was discovered in 2019, we mapped 142 T cell epitopes across the SARS-CoV-2 genome to facilitate precise interrogation of the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell repertoire. We demonstrate a range of preexisting memory CD4+ T cells that are cross-reactive with comparable affinity to SARS-CoV-2 and the common cold coronaviruses human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1. Thus, variegated T cell memory to coronaviruses that cause the common cold may underlie at least some of the extensive heterogeneity observed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zoe C Burger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Marshall Lammers
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul Rubiro
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lorenzo Quiambao
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason Greenbaum
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alena J Markmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aravinda de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Casciano F, Diani M, Altomare A, Granucci F, Secchiero P, Banfi G, Reali E. CCR4 + Skin-Tropic Phenotype as a Feature of Central Memory CD8 + T Cells in Healthy Subjects and Psoriasis Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 32318062 PMCID: PMC7147166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR4 has emerged as a skin-homing molecule important for the migration of T cells from the blood to the dermis. From our previous data on psoriasis patients, CCR4+ memory T cells emerged as a putative recirculating population between skin and blood. Here we focused our attention on the expression of CCR4 and skin-tropic molecules in the different stages of memory T cell differentiation. We analyzed the chemokine receptor profile in CD8+ and CD4+ CD45RA-CCR7+ (TCM) and CD45RA-CCR7- (TEM) cells. Subpopulations were further divided on the basis of CD62L expression, and the distribution among the subsets of the skin-homing molecule CLA (Cutaneous Lymphocyte Antigen) was evaluated. The characterization was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 21 healthy subjects and 24 psoriasis patients. The results indicate that (i) the skin-homing CCR4 marker is mainly expressed in TCM cells, (ii) CCR4+ TCM cells also express high level of CLA and that (iii) the more differentiated phenotype TEM expresses CXCR3 and CCR5 but lower level of CCR4 and CLA. This indicates that progressive stages of memory T cell differentiation have profoundly different chemokine receptor patterns, with CD8+ TCM displaying a marked skin-tropic phenotype CLA+CCR4+. Differential skin-tropic phenotype between TCM and TEM cells was observed in both healthy subjects and psoriasis patients. However, patients showed an expanded circulating population of CD8+ TCM cells with phenotype CCR4+CXCR3+ that could play a role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis and possibly in disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Casciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Diani
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, Universitá Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Reali
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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9
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Kim GB, Hege K, Riley JL. CAR Talk: How Cancer-Specific CAR T Cells Can Instruct How to Build CAR T Cells to Cure HIV. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2310. [PMID: 31611880 PMCID: PMC6776630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-directing T cells via chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) was first tested in HIV-infected individuals with limited success, but these pioneering studies laid the groundwork for the clinically successful CD19 CARs that were recently FDA approved. Now there is great interest in revisiting the concept of using CAR-expressing T cells as part of a strategy to cure HIV. Many lessons have been learned on how to best engineer T cells to cure cancer, but not all of these lessons apply when developing CARs to treat and cure HIV. This mini review will focus on how early CAR T cell studies in HIV paved the way for cancer CAR T cell therapy and how progress in cancer CAR therapy has and will continue to be instructive for the development of HIV CAR T cell therapy. Additionally, the unique challenges that must be overcome to develop a successful HIV CAR T cell therapy will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kristen Hege
- Celgene Corporation, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James L Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Killer-like receptors and GPR56 progressive expression defines cytokine production of human CD4 + memory T cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2263. [PMID: 31118448 PMCID: PMC6531457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All memory T cells mount an accelerated response on antigen reencounter, but significant functional heterogeneity is present within the respective memory T-cell subsets as defined by CCR7 and CD45RA expression, thereby warranting further stratification. Here we show that several surface markers, including KLRB1, KLRG1, GPR56, and KLRF1, help define low, high, or exhausted cytokine producers within human peripheral and intrahepatic CD4+ memory T-cell populations. Highest simultaneous production of TNF and IFN-γ is observed in KLRB1+KLRG1+GPR56+ CD4 T cells. By contrast, KLRF1 expression is associated with T-cell exhaustion and reduced TNF/IFN-γ production. Lastly, TCRβ repertoire analysis and in vitro differentiation support a regulated, progressive expression for these markers during CD4+ memory T-cell differentiation. Our results thus help refine the classification of human memory T cells to provide insights on inflammatory disease progression and immunotherapy development. Despite the current human CD4 memory T cell stratification by CD45RA/CCR7, functional heterogeneities still exist within the respective subsets. Here the authors show that several surface markers, including KLRB1, KLRG1, GPR56 and KLRF1, help to further refine the subsetting of human CD4 memory T cells and provide insights for their differentiation.
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11
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Standardisation of flow cytometry for whole blood immunophenotyping of islet transplant and transplant clinical trial recipients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217163. [PMID: 31116766 PMCID: PMC6530858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immunological phenotype of transplant recipients is important to improve outcomes and develop new therapies. Immunophenotyping of whole peripheral blood (WPB) by flow cytometry is a rapid method to obtain large amounts of data relating to the outcomes of different transplant treatments with limited patient impact. Healthy individuals and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) enrolled in islet transplantation were recruited and WPB was collected. 46 fluorochrome-conjugated mouse-anti-human antibodies were used (43 of 46 antibodies were titrated). BD cytometer setup and tracking beads were used to characterize and adjust for cytometer performance. Antibody cocktails were pre-mixed <60 minutes before staining. Multicolour panels were designed based on fluorochrome brightness, antigen density, co-expression, and fluorochrome spillover into non-primary detectors in each panel on a 5 laser flow cytometer. WPB sample staining used 50–300 μl WPB for each panel and was performed within 2 hours of blood sample collection. Samples were acquired on a BD-LSRFortessa. The operating procedures, including specimen collection, antibody cocktails, staining protocol, flow-cytometer setup and data analysis, were standardized. The staining index of 43 antibodies and the spillover spreading matrix for each panel was calculated. The final concentrations for the 46 antibodies used was determined for staining of WPB samples. Absolute cell-count and 7 leukocyte profiling panels consisting of subsets and/or status of granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic, B, NK, and T cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and NKT were designed and established on a 5 laser BD-LSR Fortessa. 13 T1D patients, including 4 islet transplant recipients and 8 healthy controls, were evaluated. The ability to reproducibly measure immune subsets and immune-profiles of islet transplant patients up to 18 months post transplantation has been established as a tool to measure immune cell reconstitution after transplantation.
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12
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Haug T, Aigner M, Peuser MM, Strobl CD, Hildner K, Mougiakakos D, Bruns H, Mackensen A, Völkl S. Human Double-Negative Regulatory T-Cells Induce a Metabolic and Functional Switch in Effector T-Cells by Suppressing mTOR Activity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:883. [PMID: 31105702 PMCID: PMC6498403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered population of TCRαβ+ CD4–/CD8– (double-negative, DN) T-cells are highly potent suppressor cells in mice and humans. In preclinical transplantation models, adoptive transfer of DN T-cells specifically inhibits alloreactive T-cells and prevents transplant rejection or graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD). Interestingly, clinical studies in patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation reveal an inverse correlation between the frequency of circulating DN T-cells and the severity of GvHD, suggesting a therapeutic potential of human DN T-cells. However, their exact mode of action has not been elucidated yet. Investigating the impact of DN T-cells on conventional T-cells, we found that human DN T-cells selectively inhibit mTOR signaling in CD4 T-cells. Given that mTOR is a critical regulator of cellular metabolism, we further determined the impact of DN T-cells on the metabolic framework of T-cells. Intriguingly, DN T-cells diminished expression of glucose transporters and glucose uptake, whereas fatty acid uptake was not modified, indicating that DN T-cells prevent metabolic adaptation of CD4 T-cells upon activation (i.e., glycolytic switch) thereby contributing to their suppression. Further analyses demonstrated that CD4 T-cells also do not upregulate homing receptors associated with inflammatory processes. In contrast, expression of central memory-cell associated cell surface markers and transcription factors were increased by DN T-cells. Moreover, CD4 T-cells failed to produce inflammatory cytokines after co-culture with DN T-cells, whereas IL-2 secretion was enhanced. Taken together DN T-cells impair metabolic reprogramming of conventional CD4 T-cells by abrogating mTOR signaling, thereby modulating CD4 T-cell functionality. These results uncover a new mechanism of DN T-cell-mediated suppression, pointing out that DN T-cells could serve as cell-based therapy to limit alloreactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Haug
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz M Peuser
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin D Strobl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Hildner
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Ou J, Si Y, Tang Y, Salzer GE, Lu Y, Kim S, Qin H, Zhou L, Liu X. Novel biomanufacturing platform for large-scale and high-quality human T cells production. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:34. [PMID: 31044002 PMCID: PMC6480708 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of human T cells or genetically-engineered T cells with cancer-targeting receptors has shown tremendous promise for eradicating tumors in clinical trials. The objective of this study was to develop a novel T cell biomanufacturing platform using stirred-tank bioreactor for large-scale and high-quality cellular production. First, various factors, such as bioreactor parameters, media, supplements, stimulation, seed age, and donors, were investigated. A serum-free fed-batch bioproduction process was developed to achieve 1000-fold expansion within 8 days after first stimulation and another 500-fold expansion with second stimulation. Second, this biomanufacturing process was successfully scaled up in bioreactor with dilution factor of 10, and the robustness and reproducibility of the process was confirmed by the inclusion of different donors' T cells of various qualities. Finally, T cell quality was monitored using 12 surface markers and 3 intracellular cytokines as the critical quality assessment criteria in early, middle and late stages of cell production. In this study, a new biomanufacturing platform was created to produce reliable, reproducible, high-quality, and large-quantity (i.e. > 5 billion) human T cells in stirred-tank bioreactor. This platform is compatible with the production systems of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and other therapeutic cells, which provides not only the proof-of-concept but also the ready-to-use new approach of T cell expansion for clinical immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Ou
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Yingnan Si
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Yawen Tang
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Grace E Salzer
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Yun Lu
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Seulhee Kim
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Hongwei Qin
- 2Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- 3Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
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14
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Bowyer G, Rampling T, Powlson J, Morter R, Wright D, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ. Activation-induced Markers Detect Vaccine-Specific CD4⁺ T Cell Responses Not Measured by Assays Conventionally Used in Clinical Trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030050. [PMID: 30065162 PMCID: PMC6161310 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity of T cell-inducing vaccines, such as viral vectors or DNA vaccines and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), are frequently assessed by cytokine-based approaches. While these are sensitive methods that have shown correlates of protection in various vaccine studies, they only identify a small proportion of the vaccine-specific T cell response. Responses to vaccination are likely to be heterogeneous, particularly when comparing prime and boost or assessing vaccine performance across diverse populations. Activation-induced markers (AIM) can provide a broader view of the total antigen-specific T cell response to enable a more comprehensive evaluation of vaccine immunogenicity. We tested an AIM assay for the detection of vaccine-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in healthy UK adults vaccinated with viral vectored Ebola vaccine candidates, ChAd3-EBO-Z and MVA-EBO-Z. We used the markers, CD25, CD134 (OX40), CD274 (PDL1), and CD107a, to sensitively identify vaccine-responsive T cells. We compared the use of OX40+CD25+ and OX40+PDL1+ in CD4+ T cells and OX40+CD25+ and CD25+CD107a+ in CD8+ T cells for their sensitivity, specificity, and associations with other measures of vaccine immunogenicity. We show that activation-induced markers can be used as an additional method of demonstrating vaccine immunogenicity, providing a broader picture of the global T cell response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Bowyer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Tommy Rampling
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | | | - Richard Morter
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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15
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Albers AE, Qian X, Kaufmann AM, Mytilineos D, Ferris RL, Hoffmann TK, DeLeo AB. Phenotype of p53 wild-type epitope-specific T cells in the circulation of patients with head and neck cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10716. [PMID: 30013227 PMCID: PMC6048165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) specific for non-mutated, wild type (wt) sequence p53 peptides derived from wt or mutant p53 molecules expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have been detected in the circulation of patients with this disease. The frequency and differentiation/maturation phenotypes of these anti-tumor specific CTL can reflect the host’s immunologic response. Therefore, we investigated the frequency and phenotypes of wt sequence p53 peptide-specific CTL in patients with HNSCC (n = 33) by flow cytometric analysis using HLA-A*0201 tetrameric peptides (tet) complexed with the wt sequence p53264–272 or p53149–157 peptide and co-staining with phenotypic markers. One main finding was that increasing frequencies of tet+ CD8+ T cells in patients’ circulation correlated with increased frequencies of inactive naïve tet+ cells, while those with effector memory and terminally differentiated phenotypes, which are associated with positive anti-tumor immune responses, decreased. We also found that the frequency of circulating tet+ CD8+ T cells negatively correlated with p53 expression in tumor tissues and tumor stage. Our findings support further clinical-based investigations to define the frequencies and phenotypes of wt sequence p53 peptide-specific CD8+ T cells to predict disease severity, enhance selection of patients for inclusion in vaccination trials and highlight prerequisites to enhance immune susceptibility by activation of inactive naïve tet+ T cells and/or enhancing circulating effector T cell activity by checkpoint blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Albers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Clinic for Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daphne Mytilineos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert B DeLeo
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Li S, Tao Z, Xu Y, Liu J, An N, Wang Y, Xing H, Tian Z, Tang K, Liao X, Rao Q, Wang M, Wang J. CD33-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with Different Co-Stimulators Showed Potent Anti-Leukemia Efficacy and Different Phenotype. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:626-639. [PMID: 29409351 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongfei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Na An
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Kejing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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17
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Quirant-Sánchez B, Hervás-García JV, Teniente-Serra A, Brieva L, Moral-Torres E, Cano A, Munteis E, Mansilla MJ, Presas-Rodriguez S, Navarro-Barriuso J, Ramo-Tello C, Martínez-Cáceres EM. Predicting therapeutic response to fingolimod treatment in multiple sclerosis patients. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1175-1184. [PMID: 29656444 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Fingolimod, an orally active immunomodulatory drug for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), sequesters T cells in lymph nodes through functional antagonism of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, reducing the number of potential autoreactive cells that migrate to the central nervous system. However, not all RRMS patients respond to this therapy. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that by immune-monitoring RRMS patient's leukocyte subpopulations it is possible to find biomarkers associated with clinical response to fingolimod. METHODS Prospective study. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations by multiparametric flow cytometry, at baseline and +1, +3, +6, +12 months of follow-up in 40 RRMS patients starting fingolimod therapy. RESULTS Fingolimod treatment induced a severe lymphopenia affecting mainly T and B cells. A relative increase in Treg (memory Treg : 3.8 ± 1.0% baseline vs 8.8 ± 4.4% month +1; activated Treg : 1.5 ± 0.7% baseline vs 3.7 ± 2.1% month +1, P < 0.001) as well as transitional B cells (10.5 ± 12.3% baseline vs 18.7 ± 14.6% month +1, P < 0.001) was observed. Interestingly, lymphocyte subpopulations were already at baseline significantly different in responder patients. The percentage of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) used to stratify fingolimod responder, and no responder patients was the best biomarker (4.0 ± 1.4% vs 7.4 ± 1.9%, respectively [P < 0.001]). CONCLUSION The results support that immune-monitoring of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood is a promising tool to select RRMS candidate for fingolimod treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José V Hervás-García
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aina Teniente-Serra
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Brieva
- Neurology Department of Hospital Arnau Vilanova, Lerida, Spain
| | - Ester Moral-Torres
- Neurology Department of Hospital San Joan Despi Moises Broggi, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Neurology Department of Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Munteis
- Neurology Department of Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Mansilla
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Presas-Rodriguez
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Navarro-Barriuso
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ramo-Tello
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M Martínez-Cáceres
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Orme IM, Henao-Tamayo MI. Trying to See the Forest through the Trees: Deciphering the Nature of Memory Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:461. [PMID: 29568298 PMCID: PMC5852080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of vaccination against tuberculosis and other diseases is to establish a heightened state of acquired specific resistance in which the memory immune response is capable of mediating an accelerated and magnified expression of protection to the pathogen when this is encountered at a later time. In the earliest studies in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, memory immunity and the cells that express this were definable both in terms of kinetics of emergence, and soon thereafter by the levels of expression of markers including CD44, CD62L, and the chemokine receptor CCR7, allowing the identification of effector memory and central memory T cell subsets. Despite these initial advances in knowledge, more recent information has not revealed more clarity, but instead, has created a morass of complications—complications that, if not resolved, could harm correct vaccine design. Here, we discuss two central issues. The first is that we have always assumed that memory is induced in the same way, and consists of the same T cells, regardless of whether that immunity is generated by BCG vaccination, or by exposure to M. tuberculosis followed by effective chemotherapy. This assumption is almost certainly incorrect. Second, a myriad of additional memory subsets have now been described, such as resident, stem cell-like, tissue specific, among others, but as yet we know nothing about the relative importance of each, or whether if a new vaccine needs to induce all of these, or just some, to be fully effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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19
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Memory CD4 + T cell subsets in tumor draining lymph nodes of breast cancer patients: A focus on T stem cell memory cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 41:1-11. [PMID: 28994018 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The compartments of memory T cells play a fundamental role in the immune system by substantiating specific and acquired immunity. A new subset of memory cells, T stem cell memory (TSCM) cells, with stem cell-like properties, a high capacity to proliferate, a long survival, and an ability to differentiate into all effector and memory cells has recently been introduced. In the present study, we aimed to determine the frequency of CD4+ TSCM and other T memory cell subsets in tumor draining lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mononuclear cells were obtained from axillary lymph nodes of 52 untreated patients with breast cancer (BC) and stained with fluorochrome conjugated anti-CD4, -CCR7, -CD45RO and -CD95 antibodies to detect different subtypes of memory cells in CD4+ lymphocyte populations. Data were acquired using a four-color FACSCalibur flow cytometer and analyzed using CellQuest Pro software. RESULTS We found that >70% of CD4+ lymphocytes in draining lymph nodes of BC patients exhibited a memory phenotype of which 7.04 ± 1.04% had a TSCM phenotype (CD4+CCR7+CD45RO-CD95+). The frequency of TSCM cells was significantly higher in tumor positive lymph nodes compared to tumor negative lymph nodes (p = 0.026) as well as among those patients who had at least one affected lymph node (p = 0.012). Moreover, we found that the total frequency of central memory T cells (TCM) with a low expression of CD45RO was significantly higher among these patients. The percentage of CD45ROLow TCM cells was also found to increase with tumor progression from stage I to stage III (p = 0.020). On the other hand, we found that the percentage of CD95Hi effector memory T cells (TEM) was significantly decreased in involved lymph nodes (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that following long-term exposure to putative tumor antigens, TSCM cells proliferate to generate a pool of committed memory and effector T cells. As the tumor progresses, the immunosuppressive milieu induced by tumor cells may slow down the differentiation of CD45ROLow TCM cells to more functional sub-populations.
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20
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Litjens NHR, Huang L, Dedeoglu B, Meijers RWJ, Kwekkeboom J, Betjes MGH. Protective Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific T-Cell Immunity Is Frequent in Kidney Transplant Patients without Serum Anti-CMV Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1137. [PMID: 28955345 PMCID: PMC5600906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) is used to classify pretransplant patients as naïve for CMV infection (CMVneg patients). This study assessed whether pretransplant CMV-specific T-cell immunity exists in CMVneg patients and whether it protects against CMV infection after kidney transplantation. The results show that CMV-specific CD137+IFNγ+CD4+ and CD137+IFNγ+CD8+ memory T cells were present in 46 and 39% of CMVneg patients (n = 28) although at much lower frequencies compared to CMVpos patients (median 0.01 versus 0.58% for CD4+ and 0.05 versus 0.64% for CD8+ T cells) with a less differentiated CD28-expressing phenotype. In line with these data, CMV-specific proliferative CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in CMVneg patients, which significantly correlated with the frequency of CMV-specific T cells. CMV-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) could be detected at low frequency in 36% of CMVneg patients (1 versus 45 ASC/105 cells in CMVpos patients). CMVneg patients with pretransplant CMV-specific CD137+IFNγ+CD4+ T cells had a lower risk to develop CMV viremia after transplantation with a CMVpos donor kidney (relative risk: 0.43, P = 0.03). In conclusion, a solitary CMV-specific T-cell response without detectable anti-CMV antibodies is frequent and clinically relevant as it is associated with protection to CMV infection following transplantation with a kidney from a CMVpos donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Burç Dedeoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruud W J Meijers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michiel G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Pathangey LB, McCurry DB, Gendler SJ, Dominguez AL, Gorman JE, Pathangey G, Mihalik LA, Dang Y, Disis ML, Cohen PA. Surrogate in vitro activation of innate immunity synergizes with interleukin-7 to unleash rapid antigen-driven outgrowth of CD4+ and CD8+ human peripheral blood T-cells naturally recognizing MUC1, HER2/neu and other tumor-associated antigens. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10785-10808. [PMID: 27974697 PMCID: PMC5355224 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective adoptive immunotherapy has proved elusive for many types of human cancer, often due to difficulties achieving robust expansion of natural tumor-specific T-cells from peripheral blood. We hypothesized that antigen-driven T-cell expansion might best be triggered in vitro by acute activation of innate immunity to mimic a life-threatening infection. Unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were subjected to a two-step culture, first synchronizing their exposure to exogenous antigens with aggressive surrogate activation of innate immunity, followed by γ-chain cytokine-modulated T-cell hyperexpansion. Step 1 exposure to GM-CSF plus paired Toll-like receptor agonists (resiquimod and LPS), stimulated abundant IL-12 and IL-23 secretion, as well as upregulated co-stimulatory molecules and CD11c expression within the myeloid (CD33+) subpopulation. Added synthetic long peptides (>20aa) derived from widely expressed oncoproteins (MUC1, HER2/neu and CMVpp65), were reliably presented to CD4+ T-cells and cross-presented to CD8+ T-cells. Both presentation and cross-presentation demonstrated proteasomal and Sec61 dependence that could bypass the endoplasmic reticulum. Step 2 exposure to exogenous IL-7 or IL-7+IL-2 produced selective and sustained expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+ peptide-specific T-cells with a predominant interferon-γ-producing T1-type, as well as the antigen-specific ability to lyse tumor targets. Other γ-chain cytokines and/or combinations were initially proliferogenic, but followed by a contractile phase not observed with IL-7 or IL-7+IL-2. Regulatory T-cells were minimally propagated under these culture conditions. This mechanistically rational culture sequence, effective even for unvaccinated donors, enables rapid preparation of T-cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens expressed by the majority of human cancers, including pancreatic cancers, breast cancers and glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha B Pathangey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Dustin B McCurry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra J Gendler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ana L Dominguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Jessica E Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Girish Pathangey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Laurie A Mihalik
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Yushe Dang
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter A Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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22
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Staudt M, Diederich JM, Meisel C, Meisel A, Klehmet J. Differences in peripheral myelin antigen-specific T cell responses and T memory subsets in atypical versus typical CIDP. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:81. [PMID: 28446142 PMCID: PMC5406908 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is presented by a large heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes. Around 50% of patients suffer from typical CIDP and show better therapy response than atypical variants. The goal of our study was to search for cellular immunological differences in typical versus atypical CIDP in comparison to controls. Methods We evaluated 26 (9 typical, 17 atypical) patients with mainly active-unstable CIDP using clinical and immunological examinations (enzyme-linked immunospot assay ELISPOT, fluorescence-activated cell sorting FACS) in comparison to 28 healthy, age-matched controls (HC). Typical or atypical CIDP measurements were compared with HC using Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Atypical CIDP patients showed increased frequencies of T cell subsets, especially CD4+ effector memory T cells (TEM) and CD4+ central memory T cells (TCM) as well as a tendency of higher T cell responses against the peripheral myelin antigens of PMP-22, P2, P0 and MBP peptides compared to typical CIDP. Searching for novel auto-antigens, we found that T cell responses against P0 180-199 as well as MBP 82-100 were significantly elevated in atypical CIDP patients vs. HC. Conclusions Our results indicate differences in underlying T cell responses between atypical and typical CIDP characterized by a higher peripheral myelin antigen-specific T cell responses as well as a specific altered CD4+ memory compartment in atypical CIDP. Larger multi-center studies study are warranted in order to characterize T cell auto-reactivity in atypical CIDP subgroups in order to establish immunological markers as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Staudt
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - J M Diederich
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Meisel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Meisel
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Klehmet
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells: New Approaches to Improve Their Efficacy and Reduce Toxicity. Cancer J 2016; 21:475-9. [PMID: 26588679 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The durable remission of B-cell leukemia and lymphoma following chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has brought this new form of adoptive immunotherapy to center stage with the expectation that CAR T-cell therapy may provide similar efficacy in other hematologic and solid cancers. Herein, we review recent advances in the areas of CAR design that improve CAR T-cell proliferation, engraftment, and efficacy, as well as clinical application strategies that are designed to improve clinical efficacy while reducing the risk of toxicity and broaden patient access to this promising form of cancer immunotherapy.
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24
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Ferraz R, Cunha CF, Pimentel MI, Lyra MR, Schubach AO, Mendonça SCFD, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL. T-cell receptor Vβ repertoire of CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:596-605. [PMID: 26107186 PMCID: PMC4569821 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the immune response is mainly mediated by
T-cells. The role of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, which are related to healing or
deleterious functions, in affecting clinical outcome is controversial. The aim of
this study was to evaluate T-cell receptor diversity in late-differentiated effector
(LDE) and memory CD8+ T-cell subsets in order to create a profile of
specific clones engaged in deleterious or protective CL immune responses. Healthy
subjects, patients with active disease (PAD) and clinically cured patients were
enrolled in the study. Total CD8+ T-lymphocytes showed a disturbance in
the expression of the Vβ2, Vβ9, Vβ13.2, Vβ18 and Vβ23 families. The analyses of
CD8+T-lymphocyte subsets showed high frequencies of LDE
CD8+T-lymphocytes expressing Vβ12 and Vβ22 in PAD, as well as
effector-memory CD8+ T-cells expressing Vβ22. We also observed low
frequencies of effector and central-memory CD8+ T-cells expressing Vβ2 in
PAD, which correlated with a greater lesion size. Particular Vβ expansions point to
CD8+ T-cell clones that are selected during CL immune responses,
suggesting that CD8+ T-lymphocytes expressing Vβ12 or Vβ22 are involved in
a LDE response and that Vβ2 contractions in memory CD8+T-cells are
associated with larger lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferraz
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Clarissa Ferreira Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Maria Inês Pimentel
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmaniose, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmaniose, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Armando Oliveira Schubach
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmaniose, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | | | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
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25
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CD69 is the crucial regulator of intestinal inflammation: a new target molecule for IBD treatment? J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:497056. [PMID: 25759842 PMCID: PMC4352431 DOI: 10.1155/2015/497056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69 has been identified as an early activation marker of lymphocytes. However, recent work has indicated that CD69 plays an essential role for the regulation of inflammatory processes. Particularly, CD69 is highly expressed by lymphocytes at mucosal sites being constantly exposed to the intestinal microflora (one of the nature's most complex and most densely populated microbial habitats) and food antigens, while only a small number of circulating leukocytes express this molecule. In this review we will discuss the role of CD69 in mucosal tissue and consider CD69 as a potential target for the development of novel treatments of intestinal inflammation.
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26
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Small JC, Haut LH, Bian A, Ertl HCJ. The effect of adenovirus-specific antibodies on adenoviral vector-induced, transgene product-specific T cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:821-31. [PMID: 25082150 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0813-451rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the effect of neutralizing Abs to different serotypes of E1-deleted Ad vectors on the immunogenicity of the homologous Ad vector or a vector derived from a heterologous serotype. Our results showed that, as expected, even low titers of passively transferred neutralizing Abs significantly reduced the homologous vectors' ability to elicit transgene-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. In addition, Abs changed the fate of transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cells by promoting their transition into the central memory cell pool, which resulted in markedly enhanced expansion of transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cells after a boost with a heterologous Ad vector. Non-neutralizing Abs specific to a distinct Ad serotype had no effect on the magnitude of transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by a heterologous Ad vector, nor did such Abs promote induction of more resting memory CD8(+) T cells. These results show that Abs to an Ad vaccine carrier affect not only the magnitude but also the profile of a vector-induced CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Small
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Biomedical Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larissa H Haut
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and
| | - Ang Bian
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and
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27
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Ueyama A, Imura K, Kasai-Yamamoto E, Tai N, Nagira M, Shichijo M, Yasui K. Kv1.3 blockers ameliorate allergic contact dermatitis by preferentially suppressing effector memory T cells in a rat model. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 38:897-903. [PMID: 24252082 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel is selectively upregulated upon activation in effector memory T (TEM ) cells in inflamed tissue, and plays an important role in maintenance of T-cell activation. Although Kv1.3 blockers have been shown to ameliorate allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in a rat model, it remains unknown whether the effect of Kv1.3 blockers on ACD is mediated by suppressing TEM cell function and/or whether naive T-cells or central memory T (TCM ) cells are influenced. AIM To analyse the detailed mechanism of Kv1.3 blockers in a rat model of ACD. METHODS We examined the effects of a Kv1.3 blocker on inflammation and production of the effector cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ in inflamed tissue in rat ACD. Single-cell suspensions were isolated from inflamed rat ears (TEM cells), and regional lymph nodes (naive T/TCM cells), and the effect of Kv1.3 blockers on anti-CD3-stimulated IFN-γ production in vitro was measured. RESULTS The Kv1.3 blocker significantly suppressed ear inflammation and IFN-γ production at the protein level in vivo. It also suppressed in vitro IFN-γ production from TEM cells from inflamed tissues, but did not suppress the function of naive T/TCM cells from lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS We found that the Kv1.3 blocker ameliorated ACD by inhibiting TEM cell functions only, thus Kv1.3 blockers could be a potentially selective therapeutic agent for TEM cell-mediated inflammatory skin diseases without producing harmful side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ueyama
- Innovative Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Shionogi and Co. Ltd, Toyonaka, Japan
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28
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Ndlovu H, Darby M, Froelich M, Horsnell W, Lühder F, Hünig T, Brombacher F. Inducible deletion of CD28 prior to secondary nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection impairs worm expulsion and recall of protective memory CD4⁺ T cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003906. [PMID: 24516382 PMCID: PMC3916406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-13 driven Th2 immunity is indispensable for host protection against infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostronglus brasiliensis. Disruption of CD28 mediated costimulation impairs development of adequate Th2 immunity, showing an importance for CD28 during the initiation of an immune response against this pathogen. In this study, we used global CD28−/− mice and a recently established mouse model that allows for inducible deletion of the cd28 gene by oral administration of tamoxifen (CD28−/loxCre+/−+TM) to resolve the controversy surrounding the requirement of CD28 costimulation for recall of protective memory responses against pathogenic infections. Following primary infection with N. brasiliensis, CD28−/− mice had delayed expulsion of adult worms in the small intestine compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice that cleared the infection by day 9 post-infection. Delayed expulsion was associated with reduced production of IL-13 and reduced serum levels of antigen specific IgG1 and total IgE. Interestingly, abrogation of CD28 costimulation in CD28−/loxCre+/− mice by oral administration of tamoxifen prior to secondary infection with N. brasiliensis resulted in impaired worm expulsion, similarly to infected CD28−/− mice. This was associated with reduced production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4, diminished serum titres of antigen specific IgG1 and total IgE and a reduced CXCR5+ TFH cell population. Furthermore, total number of CD4+ T cells and B220+ B cells secreting Th1 and Th2 cytokines were significantly reduced in CD28−/− mice and tamoxifen treated CD28−/loxCre+/− mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, interfering with CD28 costimulatory signalling before re-infection impaired the recruitment and/or expansion of central and effector memory CD4+ T cells and follicular B cells to the draining lymph node of tamoxifen treated CD28−/loxCre+/− mice. Therefore, it can be concluded that CD28 costimulation is essential for conferring host protection during secondary N. brasiliensis infection. CD28 is an important costimulatory molecule, involved in the activation of naive T cells, enhancing cytokine production, preventing T cell anergy and apoptosis. Furthermore, CD28 plays a crucial role in the organisation of secondary lymphoid tissue by assisting in the recruitment of T cells into the B cell follicles, thus promoting germinal center formation, isotype switching and B cell maturation. The requirement of CD28 costimulatory signalling during recall of memory responses against infections has remained controversial. Hence, here we utilised a mouse model that allowed for inducible deletion of the cd28 gene (CD28−/loxCre+/−) by oral administration of tamoxifen to resolve this controversy. CD28−/− mice and mice given tamoxifen prior to secondary infection failed to expel adult N. brasiliensis worms. This was related to reduced production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4, diminished type 2 antibody titres, and a reduced number of memory CD4+ T cells. In summary, CD28 is crucial for protection against N. brasiliensis secondary infection and plays a key role in the recruitment of TFH cells, memory CD4+ T cells and follicular B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlumani Ndlovu
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathew Darby
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monika Froelich
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - William Horsnell
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fred Lühder
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Multiple Sclerosis Research and The Hertie Foundation, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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29
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Streitz M, Miloud T, Kapinsky M, Reed MR, Magari R, Geissler EK, Hutchinson JA, Vogt K, Schlickeiser S, Kverneland AH, Meisel C, Volk HD, Sawitzki B. Standardization of whole blood immune phenotype monitoring for clinical trials: panels and methods from the ONE study. Transplant Res 2013; 2:17. [PMID: 24160259 PMCID: PMC3827923 DOI: 10.1186/2047-1440-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune monitoring by flow cytometry is a fast and highly informative way of studying the effects of novel therapeutics aimed at reducing transplant rejection or treating autoimmune diseases. The ONE Study consortium has recently initiated a series of clinical trials aimed at using different cell therapies to promote tolerance to renal allografts. To compare the effectiveness of different cell therapies, the consortium developed a robust immune monitoring strategy, including procedures for whole blood (WB) leukocyte subset profiling by flow cytometry. Methods Six leukocyte profiling panels computing 7- to 9-surface marker antigens for monitoring the major leukocyte subsets as well as characteristics of T cell, B cell, and dendritic cell (DC) subsets were designed. The precision and variability of these panels were estimated. The assay was standardized within eight international laboratories using Flow-Set Pro beads for mean fluorescence intensity target definition and the flow cytometer setup procedure. Standardization was demonstrated by performing inter-site comparisons. Results Optimized methods for sample collection, storage, preparation, and analysis were established, including protocols for gating target subsets. WB specimen age testing demonstrated that staining must be performed within 4 hours of sample collection to keep variability low, meaning less than or equal to 10% for the majority of defined leukocyte subsets. Inter-site comparisons between all participating centers testing shipped normal WB revealed good precision, with a variability of 0.05% to 30% between sites. Intra-assay analyses revealed a variability of 0.05% to 20% for the majority of subpopulations. This was dependent on the frequency of the particular subset, with smaller subsets showing higher variability. The intra-assay variability performance defined limits of quantitation (LoQ) for subsets, which will be the basis for assessing statistically significant differences achieved by the different cell therapies. Conclusions Local performance and central analysis of the ONE Study flow cytometry panel yields acceptable variability in a standardized assay at multiple international sites. These panels and procedures with WB allow unmanipulated analysis of changes in absolute cell numbers of leukocyte subsets in single- or multicenter clinical trials. Accordingly, we propose the ONE Study panel may be adopted as a standardized method for monitoring patients in clinical trials enrolling transplant patients, particularly trials of novel tolerance promoting therapies, to facilitate fair and meaningful comparisons between trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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30
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Dintwe OB, Day CL, Smit E, Nemes E, Gray C, Tameris M, McShane H, Mahomed H, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ. Heterologous vaccination against human tuberculosis modulates antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2409-20. [PMID: 23737382 PMCID: PMC3816254 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost strategies hold promise for vaccination against tuberculosis. However, the T-cell characteristics required for protection are not known. We proposed that boost vaccines should induce long-lived functional and phenotypic changes to T cells primed by Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and/or natural exposure to mycobacteria. We characterized changes among specific CD4+ T cells after vaccination with the MVA85A vaccine in adults, adolescents, and children. CD4+ T cells identified with Ag85A peptide-bearing HLA class II tetramers were characterized by flow cytometry. We also measured proliferative potential and cytokine expression of Ag85A-specific CD4+ T cells. During the effector phase, MVA85A-induced specific CD4+ T cells coexpressed IFN-γ and IL-2, skin homing integrins, and the activation marker CD38. This was followed by contraction and a transition to predominantly IL-2-expressing, CD45RA−CCR7+CD27+ or CD45RA+CCR7+CD27+ specific CD4+ T cells. These surface phenotypes were similar to Ag85A-specific T cells prior to MVA85A. However, functional differences were observed postvaccination: specific proliferative capacity was markedly higher after 6–12 months than before vaccination. Our data suggest that MVA85A vaccination may modulate Ag85A-specific CD4+ T-cell function, resulting in greater recall potential. Importantly, surface phenotypes commonly used as proxies for memory T-cell function did not associate with functional effects of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- One B Dintwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Day
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica Smit
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Clive Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tameris
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen McShane
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and The Jenner Institute Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford UniversityOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- Correspondence: Dr. Thomas J. Scriba, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Werner and Beit Building, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Fax: +27-214066693, e-mail:
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Abstract
There are few data characterizing the immunologic consequences of chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and almost nothing is known about the effects of chemotherapy in a pediatric AML cohort. We identified T-cell subsets, B-cell subsets, and used Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analyses to define the function of T cells and B cells in 7 pediatric patients with AML on chemotherapy. The data show that the effects of chemotherapy disproportionately target the B cell and depletion of B cells is associated with impaired responses to the inactivated influenza vaccine. Diminished T-cell numbers were also observed although the magnitude of the effect was less than what was seen for B cells. Furthermore, measures of T-cell function were largely intact. We conclude that humoral immunity is significantly affected by chemotherapy for AML.
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Czystowska M, Gooding W, Szczepanski MJ, Lopez-Abaitero A, Ferris RL, Johnson JT, Whiteside TL. The immune signature of CD8(+)CCR7(+) T cells in the peripheral circulation associates with disease recurrence in patients with HNSCC. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:889-99. [PMID: 23363813 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with cancer have an increased frequency of circulating apoptosis-sensitive CD8(+)CCR7(neg) T cells and few CD8(+)CCR7(+) T cells versus normal controls. The functional and clinical significance of this imbalance was investigated using peripheral blood of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The frequency of circulating CD8(+) T cells co-expressing CCR7, CD45RO, CD28, and Annexin V (ANXV) was evaluated in 67 patients and 57 normal controls by flow cytometry. Spearman rank correlations among immunophenotypic profiles were analyzed. Recursive partitioning classified subjects as patients or normal controls based on CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell percentages. Kaplan-Meier plots estimated disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS The CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency was low, whereas that of total CD8(+)CCR7(neg) and ANXV-binding CD8(+)CCR7(neg) T cells was higher in patients with HNSCC than in normal controls (P < 0.001-0.0001). ANXV binding correlated with the absence of CCR7 on CD8(+) T cells (P < 0.001). ANXV binding was negatively correlated with the CD8(+)CD45RO(neg)CCR7(+) (T(N)) cell frequency (P < 0.01) but positively correlated (P < 0.01) with that of CD8(+)CD45RO(+)CCR7(+) (T(CM)) T cells and of the two CCR7(neg) subsets (T(PM) and T(TD)). In recursive partitioning models, the CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency of 31% distinguished patients from normal controls with 77% to 88% accuracy after cross-validation. In 25 patients tested before any therapy, the CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency of less than 28% predicted disease recurrence within 4 years of definitive therapy (P < 0.0115). CONCLUSION The CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency in HNSCC patients' blood tested at diagnosis can discriminate them from normal controls and predicts disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Czystowska
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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CCR7+ central and CCR7- effector memory CD4+ T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:220-34. [PMID: 22990666 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The profile of central (=T(CM)) and effector (=T(EM)) memory CD4(+) T cell subsets and the possible role as surrogate markers of protection is studied in the volunteers with history of cutaneous leishmaniasis (HCL). METHODS Profile of T cell subsets based on CCR7/CD45RA expressions and phenotypic changes after soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) stimulation were analyzed. Then, sorted CD4(+)CD45RO(-)CD45RA(+) naïve T, CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) T(EM,) CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(+) T(CM) subsets were cultured with SLA for proliferation, cytokine production and intracellular cytokine assays. RESULTS In the HCL and control volunteers, the mean frequencies of CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CCR7(+) naïve T cells and CD4(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) T(EM) cells were higher than the other subsets before culture. Frequency of naïve T cells and CD4(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(+) T(CM) cells was significantly decreased (P=0.01 for naïve T and P<0.05 for T(CM) cells) and frequency of T(EM) cells was significantly increased after SLA stimulation compared to before culture (P<0.001). By CFSE labeling, CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(+) T(CM) cells showed more proliferation potential than CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) T(EM) cells. Stimulation of the T(EM) cells in HCL volunteers induced a significantly higher IFN-γ production (P=0.04) with higher number of intracellular IFN-γ positive cells (P=0.032) than the same cells from controls. A significantly higher number of T(CM) cells produced IL-2 in HCL volunteers compared with controls (P<0.05). Most of the intracellular IFN-γ positive T(EM) cells were proliferating CFSE-dim populations (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A combination of Leishmania-reactive IFN-γ producing CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) T(EM) and Leishmania-reactive IL-2 producing CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(+) T(CM) are identified in individuals with history of CL which might play a role in protective recall immune response against Leishmania infection.
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Regulation and gene expression profiling of NKG2D positive human cytomegalovirus-primed CD4+ T-cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41577. [PMID: 22870231 PMCID: PMC3409864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is a stimulatory receptor expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T-cells, and γδ T-cells. NKG2D expression is normally absent from CD4+ T-cells, however recently a subset of NKG2D+ CD4+ T-cells has been found, which is specific for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This particular subset of HCMV-specific NKG2D+ CD4+ T-cells possesses effector-like functions, thus resembling the subsets of NKG2D+ CD4+ T-cells found in other chronic inflammations. However, the precise mechanism leading to NKG2D expression on HCMV-specific CD4+ T-cells is currently not known. In this study we used genome-wide analysis of individual genes and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to investigate the gene expression profile of NKG2D+ CD4+ T-cells, generated from HCMV-primed CD4+ T-cells. We show that the HCMV-primed NKG2D+ CD4+ T-cells possess a higher differentiated phenotype than the NKG2D– CD4+ T-cells, both at the gene expression profile and cytokine profile. The ability to express NKG2D at the cell surface was primarily determined by the activation or differentiation status of the CD4+ T-cells and not by the antigen presenting cells. We observed a correlation between CD94 and NKG2D expression in the CD4+ T-cells following HCMV stimulation. However, knock-down of CD94 did not affect NKG2D cell surface expression or signaling. In addition, we show that NKG2D is recycled at the cell surface of activated CD4+ T-cells, whereas it is produced de novo in resting CD4+ T-cells. These findings provide novel information about the gene expression profile of HCMV-primed NKG2D+ CD4+ T-cells, as well as the mechanisms regulating NKG2D cell surface expression.
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Kowarik MC, Cepok S, Sellner J, Grummel V, Weber MS, Korn T, Berthele A, Hemmer B. CXCL13 is the major determinant for B cell recruitment to the CSF during neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:93. [PMID: 22591862 PMCID: PMC3418196 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokines and cytokines CXCL13, CXCL12, CCL19, CCL21, BAFF and APRIL are believed to play a role in the recruitment of B cells to the central nervous system (CNS) compartment during neuroinflammation. To determine which chemokines/cytokines show the strongest association with a humoral immune response in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we measured their concentrations in the CSF and correlated them with immune cell subsets and antibody levels. Methods Cytokine/chemokine concentrations were measured in CSF and serum by ELISA in patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND, n = 20), clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, n = 30), multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 20), Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB, n = 8) and patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND, n = 30). Albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM were measured by nephelometry. CSF immune cell subsets were determined by seven-color flow cytometry. Results CXCL13 was significantly elevated in the CSF of all patient groups with inflammatory diseases. BAFF levels were significantly increased in patients with LNB and OIND. CXCL12 was significantly elevated in patients with LNB. B cells and plasmablasts were significantly elevated in the CSF of all patients with inflammatory diseases. CXCL13 showed the most consistent correlation with CSF B cells, plasmablasts and intrathecal Ig synthesis. Conclusions CXCL13 seems to be the major determinant for B cell recruitment to the CNS compartment in different neuroinflammatory diseases. Thus, elevated CSF CXCL13 levels rather reflect a strong humoral immune response in the CNS compartment than being specific for a particular disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus C Kowarik
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Vultaggio A, Matucci A, D’Elios MM, Andreucci E, Giglio S, Annunziato F, Zupo S, Maggi E. Multiorgan Infiltration by CD8+ T Cells and 1p;16p Translocation in a Patient with Hypogammaglobulinemia and a Reduced Number of B Cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158:206-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000331117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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CD27 deficiency is associated with combined immunodeficiency and persistent symptomatic EBV viremia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:787-793.e6. [PMID: 22197273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD27 is a lymphocyte costimulatory molecule that regulates T-cell, natural killer (NK) cell, B-cell, and plasma cell function, survival, and differentiation. On the basis of its function and expression pattern, we considered CD27 a candidate gene in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. OBJECTIVE We sought to describe the clinical and immunologic phenotypes of patients with genetic CD27 deficiency. METHODS A molecular and extended immunologic analysis was performed on 2 patients lacking CD27 expression. RESULTS We identified 2 brothers with a homozygous mutation in CD27 leading to absence of CD27 expression. Both patients had persistent symptomatic EBV viremia. The index patient was hypogammaglobulinemic, and immunoglobulin replacement therapy was initiated. His brother had aplastic anemia in the course of his EBV infection and died from fulminant gram-positive bacterial sepsis. Immunologically, lack of CD27 expression was associated with impaired T cell-dependent B-cell responses and T-cell dysfunction. CONCLUSION Our findings identify a role for CD27 in human subjects and suggest that this deficiency can explain particular cases of persistent symptomatic EBV viremia with hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired T cell-dependent antibody generation.
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Jawad AF, Prak EL, Boyer J, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai E, McDonald K, Sullivan KE. A prospective study of influenza vaccination and a comparison of immunologic parameters in children and adults with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (digeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:927-35. [PMID: 21863400 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the advent of cardiac bypass, most children with congenital cardiac anomalies and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome died. With improved technology, there is now a wave of young adults with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome requiring clinical care. Fifteen young children and 20 adults with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion had flow cytometry, functional T cell analyses, and functional B cell analyses to characterize their immune system. Subjects were vaccinated with the annual inactivated influenza vaccine, and responses were evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition titer assessment. The pattern of T cell subset abnormalities was markedly different between pediatric and adult patients. In spite of the cellular deficits observed in adults, titers produced after influenza vaccine administration were largely intact. We conclude that disruption to T cell production appears to have secondary consequences for T cell differentiation and B cell function although the clinical impact remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas F Jawad
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Orme IM. The Achilles heel of BCG. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:329-32. [PMID: 20659816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There have been multiple explanations put forward to try to explain the variable efficacy of the BCG vaccine. Here I propose the new hypothesis that the primary flaw of BCG is its inability to effectively establish a population of central memory T cells. Instead, the vaccine establishes immunity represented by effector memory T cells; these distribute in the lungs and may protect humans for 10-15 years but are gradually lost. With no central memory response to compensate, the individual loses any further resistance to tuberculosis. This may have serious implications for vaccine design, given the emphasis on developing recombinant forms of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The development of immune memory mediated by T lymphocytes is central to durable, long-lasting protective immunity. A key issue in the field is how to direct the generation and persistence of memory T cells to elicit the appropriate secondary response to provide protection to a specific pathogen. Two prevailing views have emerged; that cellular and molecular regulators control the lineage fate and functional capacities of memory T cells early after priming, or alternatively, that populations of memory T cells are inherently plastic and subject to alterations in function and/or survival at many stages during their long-term maintenance. Here, we will review current findings in CD4 T-cell memory that suggest inherent plasticity in populations of memory CD4 T cells at all stages of their development--originating with their generation from multiple types of primed CD4 T cells, during their persistence and homeostatic turnover in response to T-cell receptor signals, and also following secondary challenge. These multiple aspects of memory CD4 T-cell flexibility contrast the more defined lineages and functions ascribed to memory CD8 T cells, suggesting a dynamic nature to memory CD4 T-cell populations and responses. The flexible attributes of CD4 T-cell memory suggest opportunities and mechanisms for therapeutic manipulation at all phases of immune memory development, maintenance and recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Lees
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Phenotypic definition of effector and memory T-lymphocyte subsets in mice chronically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:618-25. [PMID: 20107011 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00368-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the world's most successful pathogens, a situation that is aggravated by the fact that the existing vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, is not effective in adults. As with any vaccine, the purpose of giving BCG vaccination is to establish a long-lived state of memory immunity, but whether this is successfully completely established is still unclear. It is generally accepted that memory T cells can be divided into central and effector memory populations by function and by phenotype; however, the majority of data supporting this division have been generated using transgenic mouse models or mice that have recovered from acute viral infections. Tuberculosis, on the other hand, represents a persistent, chronic state of immunity in which the presence of memory T cells is far less well defined. We show here that mice vaccinated with BCG or chronically infected with M. tuberculosis establish antigen-specific populations of cells within the lungs that predominantly express a cellular phenotype consistent with their being effector or effector memory cells. In contrast, cells with a central memory phenotype exist in much lower numbers in the lungs but can be found in significantly larger numbers in the spleen, where they may represent a potential reservoir. These data suggest that the effector-to-central-memory T-cell transition may well be minimal in these persisting mycobacterial infections, and they support a novel hypothesis that this may explain the fundamental basis of the failure of the BCG vaccine in humans.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), despite improvements in our understanding of its pathophysiology as well as the generation of new monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory chemotherapy, cellular therapeutics and supportive care. Herein, we review therapies that have proven effective as well as newer agents that have recently improved GVHD response rates and survival following HCT. RECENT FINDINGS Novel approaches to prevent or treat GVHD are often based on evidence from experimental models. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of GVHD may lead to the development of innovative strategies that target both soluble and cellular effectors. Among such agents are sirolimus, anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies, anti-LFA-3-IgG fusion protein, extracorporeal photopheresis, mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T cells. SUMMARY Obstacles to the improvement of HCT include the tight linkage between GVHD toxicity and the beneficial graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect, as well as the impairment of immune reconstitution by immunomodulatory drugs leading to life-threatening infections. The design of newer phase I/II clinical trials are underway. Future therapies are likely to include modulation of cell types that play key roles in the GVH process, including regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, natural killer T cells and B cells.
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Fiuza JA, Fujiwara RT, Gomes JAS, Rocha MODC, Chaves AT, de Araújo FF, Fares RCG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho ODA, Cançado GGL, Correa-Oliveira R. Profile of central and effector memory T cells in the progression of chronic human chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e512. [PMID: 19742301 PMCID: PMC2729721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Chagas disease presents several different clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe cardiac and/or digestive clinical forms. Several studies have demonstrated that immunoregulatory mechanisms are important processes for the control of the intense immune activity observed in the chronic phase. T cells play a critical role in parasite specific and non-specific immune response elicited by the host against Trypanosoma cruzi. Specifically, memory T cells, which are basically classified as central and effector memory cells, might have a distinct migratory activity, role and function during the human Chagas disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on the hypothesis that the disease severity in humans is correlated to the quality of immune responses against T. cruzi, we evaluated the memory profile of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as its cytokine secretion before and after in vitro antigenic stimulation. We evaluated cellular response from non-infected individuals (NI), patients with indeterminate (IND) or cardiac (CARD) clinical forms of Chagas disease. The expression of CD45RA, CD45RO and CCR7 surface molecules was determined on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes; the pattern of intracellular cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10) synthesized by naive and memory cells was determined by flow cytometry. Our results revealed that IND and CARD patients have relatively lower percentages of naive (CD45RAhigh) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, statistical analysis of ex-vivo profiles of CD4+ T cells showed that IND have lower percentage of CD45RAhigh in relation to non-infected individuals, but not in relation to CARD. Elevated percentages of memory (CD45ROhigh) CD4+ T cells were also demonstrated in infected individuals, although statistically significant differences were only observed between IND and NI groups. Furthermore, when we analyzed the profile of secreted cytokines, we observed that CARD patients presented a significantly higher percentage of CD8+CD45RAhigh IFN-γ-producing cells in control cultures and after antigen pulsing with soluble epimastigote antigens. Conclusions Based on a correlation between the frequency of IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells in the T cell memory compartment and the chronic chagasic myocarditis, we propose that memory T cells can be involved in the induction of the development of the severe clinical forms of the Chagas disease by mechanisms modulated by IFN-γ. Furthermore, we showed that individuals from IND group presented more TCM CD4+ T cells, which may induce a regulatory mechanism to protect the host against the exacerbated inflammatory response elicited by the infection. Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that affects approximately 11 million people in Latin America. The involvement of the host's immune response on the development of severe forms of Chagas disease has not been fully elucidated. Studies on the immune response against T. cruzi infection show that the immunoregulatory mechanisms are necessary to prevent the deleterious effect of excessive immune response stimulation and consequently the fatal outcome of the disease. A recall response against parasite antigens observed in in vitro peripheral blood cell culture clearly demonstrates that memory response is generated during infection. Memory T cells are heterogeneous and differ in both the ability to migrate and exert their effector function. This heterogeneity is reflected in the definition of central (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) T cells. Our results suggest that a balance between regulatory and effectors T cells may be important for the progression and development of the disease. Furthermore, the high percentage of central memory CD4+ T cells in indeterminate patients after stimulation suggests that these cells may modulate host's inflammatory response by controlling cell migration to tissues and their effector role during chronic phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de BH, Pós-graduação em Biomedicina e Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Otávio das Costa Rocha
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Thereza Chaves
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de BH, Pós-graduação em Biomedicina e Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Guilherme Grossi Lopes Cançado
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Roberts GW, Baird D, Gallagher K, Jones RE, Pepper CJ, Williams JD, Topley N. Functional effector memory T cells enrich the peritoneal cavity of patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1895-900. [PMID: 19713313 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency and severity of episodes of peritonitis adversely affect the structure and function of the peritoneal membrane in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD), but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Alterations in the phenotype and function of resident peritoneal cells may contribute. Because effector memory T cells play a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tissue immunity, we hypothesized that these cells may initiate or perpetuate the peritoneal inflammatory response. Here, we characterized the phenotype and effector function of peritoneal memory T cells. We found that functional effector memory T cells capable of mounting long-term recall responses enrich the peritoneal cavity of PD patients. Peritoneal T cells were able to mount a Th1-polarized response to recall antigens, and these responses were greater in peritoneal T cells compared with T cells in the peripheral blood. We also observed that the peritoneal T cells had altered telomeres; some cells had ultrashort telomeres, suggesting a highly differentiated local population. In summary, we describe a resident population of memory T cells in the peritoneum of PD patients and speculate that these cells form part of the first line of defense against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Roberts
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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Reciprocal responsiveness to interleukin-12 and interferon-alpha specifies human CD8+ effector versus central memory T-cell fates. Blood 2009; 113:5516-25. [PMID: 19299334 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-11-188458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple innate signals regulate the genesis of effector and memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the innate cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta regulate distinct aspects of effector and memory human CD8+ T-cell differentiation. IL-12 exclusively promoted the development of IFN-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-secreting T effector memory (T(EM)) cells, whereas IFN-alpha drove the development of T central memory (T(CM)) cells. The development of T(EM) and T(CM) was linked to cell division. In rapidly dividing cells, IL-12 programmed T(EM) through induction of the IL-12 receptor beta2. In contrast, IFN-alpha regulated T(CM) development by slowing the progression of cell division in a subpopulation of cells that selectively expressed elevated IFN-alpha/beta receptor-2. The strength of signal delivered through T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement regulated the responsiveness of cells to IL-12 and IFN-alpha. In the presence of both IL-12 and IFN-alpha, these cytokine signals were amplified as the strength of the TCR signal was increased, promoting the simultaneous development of both T(CM) and T(EM). Together, our results support a novel model in which IL-12 and IFN-alpha act in a nonredundant manner to regulate the colinear generation of both effector and memory cells.
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Regulatory T cells differentially modulate the maturation and apoptosis of human CD8+ T-cell subsets. Blood 2009; 113:4556-65. [PMID: 19246340 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-151407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The balanced manifestation of effector functions and the generation of long-living memory cells is a hallmark of efficient CD8(+) T-cell response. Accumulating data pinpoint CD4(+) CD25(high) regulatory T (Treg) cells as a key factor for the inefficiency of CD8(+) T-cell responses in viral persistence. Little is known about the effects of Treg cells on the homeostasis of healthy donor CD8(+) T cells. The present study demonstrates that Treg cells exert differential effects on CD8(+) T-cell subsets. Treg cells inhibited mostly the polyclonal proliferation of CD27(-) effector cells compared with CD27(+) memory CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, they inhibited the polyclonal and antigen-driven differentiation of memory cells into functional effectors as defined by IFN-gamma secretion and induction of CD160 expression. Finally, Treg cells reduced the apoptosis of memory but not of effector and terminal effector cell populations. These effects were at least in part mediated by a decreased expression of PD-L1, but not of programmed death 1 (PD-1), on CD8(+) T cells after activation. Thus, in the setting of a healthy immune system, Treg cells fine-tune the memory/effector cell balance and promote the accumulation of long-living memory cells in case of strong stimulation.
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Co MDT, Kilpatrick ED, Rothman AL. Dynamics of the CD8 T-cell response following yellow fever virus 17D immunization. Immunology 2009; 128:e718-27. [PMID: 19740333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of yellow fever is focused on the prevention of illness by the use of the yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D vaccine. The role of neutralizing antibodies in protection is generally accepted with YFV-specific T cells likely contributing to the control of viral replication. We studied CD8(+) T-cell responses to four defined human leucocyte antigen-B35-restricted epitopes in YFV vaccine recipients as a model of the kinetics of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to an acute human viral infection. Multiple features of these epitope-specific responses were analysed after vaccination including magnitude, cytokine production, phenotype and T-cell receptor repertoire. Peak peptide-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses of almost 1% of CD8(+) T cells were seen as early as 2 weeks post-vaccination; however, dominant responses varied between donors. Peptide-specific responses were still detectable at 54 months post-vaccination. Tetramer-positive cells, at high frequencies, were detected as early as 7-9 days, before detectable IFN-gamma-producing cells, suggesting a defect in the functional capacity of some antigen-specific cells early post-vaccination. The predominant memory phenotype of the tetramer-positive population was a differentiated effector (CD45RA(+) CCR7(-) CD62L(-)) phenotype. The T-cell receptor Vbeta analysis revealed a diverse oligoclonal repertoire in tetramer-positive T-cell populations in two individuals. These characteristics of the YFV-specific T-cell response could contribute to vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dawn T Co
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Ramaswamy M, Cleland SY, Cruz AC, Siegel RM. Many checkpoints on the road to cell death: regulation of Fas-FasL interactions and Fas signaling in peripheral immune responses. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 49:17-47. [PMID: 19132321 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the TNF-family receptor Fas (CD95) and Fas Ligand (FasL, CD178) can efficiently induce apoptosis and are critical for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. FasL is kept under strict control by transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. Surface FasL can be cleaved by metalloproteases, resulting in shed extracellular domains, and FasL can also traffic to secretory lysosomes. Each form of FasL has distinct biological functions. Fas is more ubiquitously expressed, but its apoptosis-inducing function is regulated by a number of mechanisms including submembrane localization, efficiency of receptor signaling complex assembly and activation, and bcl-2 family members in some circumstances. When apoptosis is not induced, Fas-FasL interactions can also trigger a number of activating and proinflammatory signals. Harnessing the apoptosis-inducing potential of Fas for therapy of cancer and autoimmune disease has been actively pursued, and despite a number of unexpected side-effects that result from manipulating Fas-FasL interactions, this remains a worthy goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramaswamy
- Immunoregulation Unit, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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Molldrem J, Riddell S. Understanding and enhancing the graft-versus-leukemia effect after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 144:187-208. [PMID: 19779869 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78580-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Molldrem
- Transplant Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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IL-15 independent maintenance of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in the CNS during chronic infection. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 207:32-8. [PMID: 19106006 PMCID: PMC2679951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of IL-15 in T cell survival was examined during chronic CNS coronavirus infection. Similar numbers of virus-specific CD8+ T cells were retained in the CNS of IL-15−/− and wt mice, consistent with loss of IL-2/15 receptor (CD122) expression. IL-15 deficiency also had no affect on IL-7 receptor (CD127) expression, Bcl-2 upregulation, granzyme B expression, or IFN-γ secretion in CNS persisting CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell division in the CNS was reduced compared to spleen. CD8+ T cells in the persistently infected CNS are thus characterized by IL-15 independent, low level proliferation and an activated/memory phenotype.
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