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Zluhan-Martínez E, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Sánchez MDLP, García-Ponce B, Miguel-Hernández S, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Beyond What Your Retina Can See: Similarities of Retinoblastoma Function between Plants and Animals, from Developmental Processes to Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4925. [PMID: 32664691 PMCID: PMC7404004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key cell cycle regulator conserved in a wide variety of organisms. Experimental analysis of pRb's functions in animals and plants has revealed that this protein participates in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. In addition, pRb in animals and its orthologs in plants (RBR), are part of highly conserved protein complexes which suggest the possibility that analogies exist not only between functions carried out by pRb orthologs themselves, but also in the structure and roles of the protein networks where these proteins are involved. Here, we present examples of pRb/RBR participation in cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and in the regulation of epigenetic changes and chromatin remodeling machinery, highlighting the similarities that exist between the composition of such networks in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330. Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico;
| | - Martha Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Miguel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda, Manuel Stampa 07738, Mexico;
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
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Babu BK, Agrawal PK, Saha S, Gupta HS. Mapping QTLs for opaque2 modifiers influencing the tryptophan content in quality protein maize using genomic and candidate gene-based SSRs of lysine and tryptophan metabolic pathway. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:37-45. [PMID: 25236159 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The mapping analysis resulted in identification of five significant QTLs for opaque2 modifiers influencing the tryptophan content in quality protein maize using functional and genomic SSR markers. Quality protein maize (QPM) was developed by selecting genetic modifiers that convert opaque2 mutant containing high lysine and tryptophan. There are several unlinked opaque2 modifier loci (Opm) in QPM whose location, nature and mode of action are not clear. To identify these Opm QTLs, we developed a population of 218 F2:3 individuals from a cross between VQL2 and VQL8, two isogenic QPM inbreds significantly differing in tryptophan content. Based on the data of the F2:3 population, five significant QTLs on chromosomes 5, 7 and 9 with LOD values more than 2.5 were identified and together explained 38.6 % of the total phenotypic variance (R (2)). The Wx1 gene which has influence on the amino acid composition of the maize endosperm was mapped on chromosome 9 near the marker phi022 and also validated by bulk analysis. The QTL near the SSR marker ZmASK3, developed from the aspartate kinase 2 gene of the lysine pathway, mapped on chromosome 5 and had LOD of 2.7 with R (2) of 5.1 %. On chromosome 9, the QTL between the loci umc1430 and bnlg1401 had an LOD of 4.5 with R (2) of 9.1 %, whereas the QTL between the loci bnlg1401 and phi022 had an LOD of 4.2 with R (2) of 8.4 %. The third QTL was observed to be close to the marker umc2207 with an LOD of 4.8 and R (2) of 8.4 %. The identified QTLs will be very useful in the marker-assisted back-cross breeding and transgressive breeding for the development of QPM maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kalyana Babu
- Vivekananda Parvateeya Krishi Anusanthan Sansthan (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Almora, 263601, Uttarakhand, India,
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Pineda-Hidalgo KV, Méndez-Marroquín KP, Alvarez EV, Chávez-Ontiveros J, Sánchez-Peña P, Garzón-Tiznado JA, Vega-García MO, López-Valenzuela JA. Microsatellite-based genetic diversity among accessions of maize landraces from Sinaloa in México. Hereditas 2014; 150:53-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2013.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Phukon M, Namdev R, Deka D, Modi MK, Sen P. Construction of cDNA library and preliminary analysis of expressed sequence tags from tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze]. Gene 2012; 506:202-6. [PMID: 22759521 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tea is the most popular non-alcoholic and healthy beverage across the world. The understanding of the genetic organization and molecular biology of tea plant, which is very poorly understood at present, is required for quantum increase in productivity and efficient use of germplasm for either cultivation or breeding program. Single-pass sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones is the most widely accepted technique for gene identification and cloning. In the present study, a good quality cDNA library was constructed and preliminary analysis of ESTs was carried out. The titers of unamplified and amplified libraries were 1.4 × 10(6)pfu/ml and 5.27 × 10(8)pfu/ml respectively. A total of 210 cDNA clones from the constructed cDNA library were sequenced and analyzed. A total of 84 high quality Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were generated, among which 71 ESTs had significant homology with sequences in NCBI non-redundant protein database by BLAST X analysis. About 80% ESTs had poly (A) tail at 3' end indicating that the cDNAs were full length. The database-matched ESTs were classified into putative cellular roles, viz. energy-related category (corresponding to 20% of total BLAST X matched ESTs), Transcription (14.2%), protein synthesis (14.2%) cell growth and division (8.6%), cell structure (5.7%), signal transduction (5.7%), transporters (2.9%), disease and defenses (2.9%), secondary metabolism (2.9%) and gene regulation (2.9%). This study provides an overview of the mRNA expression profile and first hand information of gene sequence expressed in tender leaves and apical buds of tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmi Phukon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785 013, India
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Holding DR, Hunter BG, Klingler JP, Wu S, Guo X, Gibbon BC, Wu R, Schulze JM, Jung R, Larkins BA. Characterization of opaque2 modifier QTLs and candidate genes in recombinant inbred lines derived from the K0326Y quality protein maize inbred. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 122:783-94. [PMID: 21076810 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quality protein maize (QPM) is a high lysine-containing corn that is based on genetic modification of the opaque2 (o2) mutant. In QPM, modifier genes convert the starchy endosperm of o2 to the vitreous phenotype of wild type maize. There are multiple, unlinked o2 modifier loci (Opm) in QPM and their nature and mode of action are unknown. We previously identified seven Opm QTLs and characterized 16 genes that are differentially up-regulated at a significant level in K0326Y QPM, compared to the starchy endosperm mutant W64Ao2. In order to further characterize these Opm QTLs and the genes up-regulated in K0326Y QPM, we created a population of 314 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between K0326Y QPM and W64Ao2. The RILs were characterized for three traits associated with endosperm texture: vitreousness, density and hardness. Genetic linkage analysis of the RIL population confirmed three of the previously identified QTLs associated with o2 endosperm modification in K0326Y QPM. Many of the genes up-regulated in K0326Y QPM showed substantially higher levels of expression in vitreous compared with opaque RILs. These included genes associated with the upstream regulation of the ethylene response pathway, and a gene encoding a regulatory subunit of pyrophosphate-dependent fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, an adaptive enzyme of the glycolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Holding
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0665, USA.
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Holding DR, Hunter BG, Chung T, Gibbon BC, Ford CF, Bharti AK, Messing J, Hamaker BR, Larkins BA. Genetic analysis of opaque2 modifier loci in quality protein maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 117:157-170. [PMID: 18427771 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quality protein maize (QPM) was created by selecting genetic modifiers that convert the starchy endosperm of an opaque2 (o2) mutant to a hard, vitreous phenotype. Genetic analysis has shown that there are multiple, unlinked o2 modifiers (Opm), but their identity and mode of action are unknown. Using two independently developed QPM lines, we mapped several major Opm QTLs to chromosomes 1, 7 and 9. A microarray hybridization performed with RNA obtained from true breeding o2 progeny with vitreous and opaque kernel phenotypes identified a small group of differentially expressed genes, some of which map at or near the Opm QTLs. Several of the genes are associated with ethylene and ABA signaling and suggest a potential linkage of o2 endosperm modification with programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Holding
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Coelho CM, Wu S, Li Y, Hunter B, Dante RA, Cui Y, Wu R, Larkins BA. Identification of quantitative trait loci that affect endoreduplication in maize endosperm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2007; 115:1147-62. [PMID: 17912496 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication in maize endosperm precedes the onset of starch and storage protein synthesis, and it is generally thought to influence grain filling. We created four backcross populations by reciprocally crossing the F(1) progeny of a cross between Sg18 and Mo17 to the parental inbreds, which differ in endoreduplication by two parameters--mean ploidy and percentage of endoreduplicated nuclei. This four-backcross design allowed us to estimate and test the additive and dominant genetic effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting endoreduplication. An analysis of endosperm from the four backcross populations at 16 days after pollination using a modified triploid mapping approach identified three endosperm QTLs influencing mean ploidy and two endosperm QTLs affecting the percentage of endoreduplicated nuclei. Some of these QTLs may manifest their effects on endoreduplication via expression in the embryo. The QTLs detected display strong dominance or over-dominance and interacted epistatically with an embryo-expressed QTL. This helps to explain the genetic basis for transgressive segregation in the backcross progeny. Although the favorable alleles that increase mean ploidy and percentage of endoreduplicated nuclei can be contributed by both parents, the Mo17-derived alleles for endoreduplication were often dominant or over-dominant to the Sg18-derived allele. One QTL on chromosome 7 that may be expressed in both the embryo and endosperm exerted a pleiotropic effect on two different parameters of endoreduplication. The results from this study shed light on the regulation of endoreduplication in maize endosperm and provide a marker-assisted selection strategy for potentially improving grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia M Coelho
- Department of Plant Sciences, Forbes Hall 303, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Abstract
The basic components of the plant cell cycle are G1 (postmitotic interphase), S-phase (DNA synthesis phase), G2 (premitotic interphase) and mitosis/cytokinesis. Proliferating cells are phosphoregulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs). Plant D-type cyclins are sensors of the G0 to G1 transition, and are also important for G2/M. At G1/S, the S-phase transcription factor, E2F, is released from inhibitory retinoblastoma protein. Negative regulation of G1 events is through KRPs (Kip-related proteins). Plant S-phase genes are similar to animal ones, but timing of expression can be different (e.g. CDC6 at the start of S-phase) and functional evidence is limited. At G2/M, A-type and the unique B-type CDKs when bound to A, B and D cyclins, drive cells into division; they are negatively regulated by ICK1/2 and perhaps also by WEE1 kinase. In Arabidopsis, a putative CDC25 lacks a regulatory domain. Mitosis depends on correct temporal activity of CDKs, Aurora kinases and anaphase promotion complex; CDK-cyclin B activity beyond metaphase is catastrophic. Endoreduplication (re-replication of DNA in the absence of mitosis) is characterized by E2F expression and down-regulation of mitotic cyclins. Some cell size data support, whilst others negate, the idea of cell size having an impact on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Francis
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
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Kim CS, Gibbon BC, Gillikin JW, Larkins BA, Boston RS, Jung R. The maize Mucronate mutation is a deletion in the 16-kDa gamma-zein gene that induces the unfolded protein response. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:440-51. [PMID: 17010110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucronate (Mc) was identified as a dominant maize (Zea mays L.) opaque kernel mutation that alters zein storage protein synthesis. Zein protein bodies in Mc endosperm are misshapen and are associated with increased levels of ER Lumenal Binding Protein (BiP). Using GeneCalling to profile endosperm RNA transcripts, we identified an aberrant RNA in Mc that encodes the 16-kDa gamma-zein protein. The transcript contains a 38-bp deletion (nucleotides 406-444 after the initiation codon) that creates a frame-shift mutation and an abnormal sequence for the last 63 amino acids. Genetic mapping revealed the Mc mutation is linked with the locus encoding the 16-kDa gamma-zein, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis confirmed the 16-kDa gamma-zein protein is altered in Mc. The mutant protein exhibited changes in solubility properties and co-immunoprecipitated with the molecular chaperone, BiP. Transgenic maize plants expressing the Mc 16-kDa gamma-zein manifested an opaque kernel phenotype with enhanced levels of BiP in the endosperm, similar to the Mc mutant. Unlike the wild-type protein, the Mc 16-kDa gamma-zein interacted only weakly with the 22-kDa alpha-zein when expressed in the yeast two-hybrid system. These results indicate that the Mc phenotype results from a frame-shift mutation in the gene encoding the 16-kDa gamma-zein protein, leading to the unfolded protein response in developing endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Soo Kim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Wight CP, Tinker NA, Kianian SF, Sorrells ME, O'Donoughue LS, Hoffman DL, Groh S, Scoles GJ, Li CD, Webster FH, Phillips RL, Rines HW, Livingston SM, Armstrong KC, Fedak G, Molnar SJ. A molecular marker map in 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' hexaploid oat (Avena spp.) enhanced by additional markers and a robust framework. Genome 2003; 46:28-47. [PMID: 12669794 DOI: 10.1139/g02-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mapping of cultivated oats was conducted to update the previous reference map constructed using a recombinant inbred (RI) population derived from Avena byzantina C. Koch cv. Kanota x Avena sativa L. cv. Ogle. In the current work, 607 new markers were scored, many on a larger set of RI lines (133 vs. 71) than previously reported. A robust, updated framework map was developed to resolve linkage associations among 286 markers. The remaining 880 markers were placed individually within the most likely framework interval using chi2 tests. This molecular framework incorporates and builds on previous studies, including physical mapping and linkage mapping in additional oat populations. The resulting map provides a common tool for use by oat researchers concerned with structural genomics, functional genomics, and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene P Wight
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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Regierer B, Fernie AR, Springer F, Perez-Melis A, Leisse A, Koehl K, Willmitzer L, Geigenberger P, Kossmann J. Starch content and yield increase as a result of altering adenylate pools in transgenic plants. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20:1256-60. [PMID: 12426579 DOI: 10.1038/nbt760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2002] [Accepted: 10/02/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Starch represents the most important carbohydrate used for food and feed purposes. With the aim of increasing starch content, we decided to modulate the adenylate pool by changing the activity of the plastidial adenylate kinase in transgenic potato plants. As a result, we observed a substantial increase in the level of adenylates and, most importantly, an increase in the level of starch to 60% above that found in wild-type plants. In addition, concentrations of several amino acids were increased by a factor of 2-4. These results are particularly striking because this genetic manipulation also results in an increased tuber yield. The modulation of the plastidial adenylate kinase activity in transgenic plants therefore represents a potentially very useful strategy for increasing formation of major storage compounds in heterotrophic tissues of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Regierer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
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Beltrán-Peña E, Aguilar R, Ortíz-López A, Dinkova TD, De Jiménez ES. Auxin stimulates S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation in maize thereby affecting protein synthesis regulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 115:291-297. [PMID: 12060248 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is known to stimulate protein synthesis in many plant tissues, but the mechanisms involved in this process are unknown. The present research inquires whether auxin might regulate selective translation of mRNAs by inducing S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation on the 40S ribosomal subunit in maize (Zea mays L.). Maize embryonic axes auxin-stimulated by natural (IAA) or synthetic (Dicamba or 1-NAA) auxins, selectively increased ribosomal protein synthesis. This effect was not reproduced by auxin inactive analogue 2-NAA. Enhanced S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation on the 40S ribosomal subunit was also observed after auxin stimulation, as measured by [32P] incorporation into this protein. This increment did not occur when stimulation was performed with the inactive auxin analogue. Further, increased recruitment into polysomes of two 5'TOP-like mRNAs, encoding for the initiation translation factor eIF-iso4E and the S6 ribosomal protein, was also found after auxin stimulation of maize axes. A positive correlation was established between the levels of S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation and the S6 ribosomal protein transcript recruitment into polysomes by means of okadaic acid or heat shock application to maize axes. These data indicate that auxin stimulates S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation on maize ribosomes, concomitant to the recruitment of specific mRNAs (5'TOP-like mRNAs) into polysomes for translation. It is proposed that by this mechanism auxin regulate the synthesis of specific proteins in maize tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Beltrán-Peña
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D. F. 045 0, Mexico
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Basset G, Raymond P, Malek L, Brouquisse R. Changes in the expression and the enzymic properties of the 20S proteasome in sugar-starved maize roots. evidence for an in vivo oxidation of the proteasome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 128:1149-62. [PMID: 11891269 PMCID: PMC152226 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2001] [Revised: 10/24/2001] [Accepted: 11/27/2001] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The 20S proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase) was purified from maize (Zea mays L. cv DEA 1992) roots through a five-step procedure. After biochemical characterization, it was shown to be similar to most eukaryotic proteasomes. We investigated the involvement of the 20S proteasome in the response to carbon starvation in excised maize root tips. Using polyclonal antibodies, we showed that the amount of proteasome increased in 24-h-carbon-starved root tips compared with freshly excised tips, whereas the mRNA levels of alpha 3 and beta 6 subunits of 20S proteasome decreased. Moreover, in carbon-starved tissues, chymotrypsin-like and caseinolytic activities of the 20S proteasome were found to increase, whereas trypsin-like activities decreased. The measurement of specific activities and kinetic parameters of 20S proteasome purified from 24-h-starved root tips suggested that it was subjected to posttranslational modifications. Using dinitrophenylhydrazine, a carbonyl-specific reagent, we observed an increase in carbonyl residues in 20S proteasome purified from starved root tips. This means that 20S proteasome was oxidized during starvation treatment. Moreover, an in vitro mild oxidative treatment of 20S proteasome from non-starved material resulted in the activation of chymotrypsin-like, peptidyl-glutamyl-peptide hydrolase and caseinolytic-specific activities and in the inhibition of trypsin-like specific activities, similar to that observed for proteasome from starved root tips. Our results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for an in vivo carbonylation of the 20S proteasome. They suggest that sugar deprivation induces an oxidative stress, and that oxidized 20S proteasome could be associated to the degradation of oxidatively damaged proteins in carbon starvation situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Basset
- Unité de Physiologie Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche de Bordeaux, Boîte Postale 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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15
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Rauyaree P, Choi W, Fang E, Blackmon B, Dean RA. Genes expressed during early stages of rice infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2001; 2:347-54. [PMID: 20573024 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
summary A system-wide approach was adopted to further elucidate mechanisms regulating disease outcome between rice and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. First, a cDNA library was constructed from M. grisea infected rice at 48 h post-inoculation. The 5' end-sequencing of 619 randomly selected clones revealed 359 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that had not previously been described. A total of 124 from 260 ESTs with high and moderate similarity scores, based on BlastX, were organized into categories according to their putative function. The largest category of sequences (21%) contained stress or defence response genes. Eleven per cent of identified ESTs were redundant. In a second approach, differential hybridization analysis of the cDNA library using high-density filters resulted in the identification of novel genes and previously characterized M. grisea genes, including several that had previously been implicated in the infection process. A survey of up-regulated cDNA clones revealed clone 29003, which corresponded to the rice peroxidase POX22.3. This gene is known to be expressed in rice upon infection with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen. Importantly, this approach demonstrates the utility of gene discovery, through ESTs, for revealing novel genes in addition to those previously characterized as being potentially implicated in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rauyaree
- Department of Plant Pathology and Physiology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Wang X, Woo YM, Kim CS, Larkins BA. Quantitative trait locus mapping of loci influencing elongation factor 1alpha content in maize endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1271-82. [PMID: 11244108 PMCID: PMC65607 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.3.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2000] [Revised: 12/06/2000] [Accepted: 12/27/2000] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional value of maize (Zea mays) seed is most limited by its protein quality because its storage proteins are devoid of the essential amino acid lysine (Lys). The Lys content of the kernel can be significantly increased by the opaque-2 mutation, which reduces zein synthesis and increases accumulation of proteins that contain Lys. Elongation factor 1alpha (eEF1A) is one of these proteins, and its concentration is highly correlated with the Lys content of the endosperm. We investigated the genetic regulation of eEF1A and the basis for its relationship with other Lys-containing proteins by analyzing the progeny of a cross between a high (Oh51Ao2) and a low (Oh545o2) eEF1A maize inbred. We identified 83 simple sequence repeat loci that are polymorphic between these inbreds; the markers are broadly distributed over the genome (1,402 cM) with an average interval of 17 cM. Genotypic analysis of the F(2) progeny revealed two significant quantitative trait loci that account for 25% of the variance for eEF1A content. One of these is on the short arm of chromosome 4 and is linked with a cluster of 22-kD alpha-zein coding sequences; the other quantitative trait locus is on the long arm of chromosome 7. The content of alpha-zein and gamma-zein was measured in pools of high- and low-eEF1A individuals obtained from this cross, and a higher level of alpha-zein was found to cosegregate with high eEF1A content. Allelic variation at the 22-kD alpha-zein locus may contribute to the difference of eEF1A content between Oh51Ao2 and Oh545o2 by increasing the surface area of protein bodies in the endosperm and creating a more extensive network of cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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17
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Abstract
Transporter-mediated Ca(2+) efflux from the cytoplasm is an important component of plant signal transduction. To elucidate the diversity and role of Ca(2+)/H(+) in controlling plant cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, homologs of CAX (for calcium exchanger) genes were cloned from Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA libraries. The A. thaliana homolog of CAX (AtHCX1) is 77% identical to CAX1 while the Z. mays homolog of CAX (ZmHCX1) is 64% identical to CAX1 in amino acid sequence. AtHCX1 transcripts appeared to be expressed in all tissues, and levels of AtHCX1 RNA increased after Ca(2+) or Na(+) treatment. When expressed in yeast mutants defective in vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake, ZmHCX1 and AtHCX1 failed to suppress the Ca(2+) sensitivity of these strains. These results imply that CAX-like genes may have functions in plant ion homeostasis that differ from those of previously characterized CAX genes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antiporters/genetics
- Antiporters/physiology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Cation Transport Proteins
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/growth & development
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Zea mays/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shigaki
- Baylor College of Medicine, Plant Physiology Group, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Mekhedov S, de Ilárduya OM, Ohlrogge J. Toward a functional catalog of the plant genome. A survey of genes for lipid biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:389-402. [PMID: 10677432 PMCID: PMC58876 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/1999] [Accepted: 11/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Public databases now include vast amounts of recently acquired DNA sequences that are only partially annotated and, furthermore, are often annotated by automated methods that are subject to errors. Maximum information value of these databases can be derived only by further detailed analyses that frequently require careful examination of records in the context of biological functions. In this study we present an example of such an analysis focused on plant glycerolipid synthesis. Public databases were searched for sequences corresponding to 65 plant polypeptides involved in lipid metabolism. Comprehensive search results and analysis of genes, cDNAs and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are available online (http://www.canr.msu.edu/lgc). Multiple alignments provided a method to estimate the number of genes in gene families. Further analysis of sequences allowed us to tentatively identify several previously undescribed genes in Arabidopsis. For example, two genomic sequences were identified as candidates for the palmitate-specific monogalactosyldiacylglycerol desaturase (FAD5). A candidate genomic sequence for 3-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier protein (ACP) synthase involved in mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis was also identified. Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) in Arabidopsis is encoded by at least two genes, but the most abundant BCCP transcript so far has not been characterized. The large number (>165,000) of plant ESTs also provides an opportunity to perform "digital northern" comparisons of gene expression levels across many genes. EST abundance in general correlated with biochemical and flux characteristics of the enzymes in Arabidopsis leaf tissue. In a few cases, statistically significant differences in EST abundance levels were observed for enzymes that catalyze similar reactions in fatty acid metabolism. For example, ESTs for the FatB acyl-ACP thioesterase occur 21 times compared with 7 times for FatA acyl-ACP thioesterase, although flux through the FatA reaction is several times higher than through FatB. Such comparisons may provide initial clues toward previously undescribed regulatory phenomena. The abundance of ESTs for ACP compared with that of stearoyl-ACP desaturase and FatB acyl-ACP thioesterase suggests that concentrations of some enzymes of fatty acid synthesis may be higher than their acyl-ACP substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mekhedov
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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19
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Wilson WA, Harrington SE, Woodman WL, Lee M, Sorrells ME, McCouch SR. Inferences on the genome structure of progenitor maize through comparative analysis of rice, maize and the domesticated panicoids. Genetics 1999; 153:453-73. [PMID: 10471726 PMCID: PMC1460744 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/153.1.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn and rice genetic linkage map alignments were extended and refined by the addition of 262 new, reciprocally mapped maize cDNA loci. Twenty chromosomal rearrangements were identified in maize relative to rice and these included telomeric fusions between rice linkage groups, nested insertion of rice linkage groups, intrachromosomal inversions, and a nonreciprocal translocation. Maize genome evolution was inferred relative to other species within the Panicoideae and a progenitor maize genome with eight linkage groups was proposed. Conservation of composite linkage groups indicates that the tetrasomic state arose during maize evolution either from duplication of one progenitor corn genome (autoploidy) or from a cross between species that shared the composite linkages observed in modern maize (alloploidy). New evidence of a quadruplicated homeologous segment on maize chromosomes 2 and 10, and 3 and 4, corresponded to the internally duplicated region on rice chromosomes 11 and 12 and suggested that this duplication in the rice genome predated the divergence of the Panicoideae and Oryzoideae subfamilies. Charting of the macroevolutionary steps leading to the modern maize genome clarifies the interpretation of intercladal comparative maps and facilitates alignments and genomic cross-referencing of genes and phenotypes among grass family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Wilson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1901, USA
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20
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Thiellement H, Bahrman N, Damerval C, Plomion C, Rossignol M, Santoni V, de Vienne D, Zivy M. Proteomics for genetic and physiological studies in plants. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2013-26. [PMID: 10451110 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990701)20:10<2013::aid-elps2013>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics is becoming a necessity in plant biology, as it is in medicine, zoology and microbiology, for deciphering the function and role of the genes that are or will be sequenced. In this review we focus on the various, mainly genetic, applications of the proteomic tools that have been developed in recent years: characterization of individuals or lines, estimation of genetic variability within and between populations, establishment of genetic distances that can be used in phylogenetic studies, characterization of mutants and localization of the genes encoding the revealed proteins. Improvements in specifically devoted software have permitted precise quantification of the variation in amounts of proteins, leading to the concept of "protein quantity loci" which, combined with the "quantitative trait loci" approach, results in testable hypotheses regarding the role of "candidate proteins" in the metabolism or phenotype under study. This new development is exemplified by the reaction of plants to drought, a trait of major agronomic interest. The accumulation of data regarding genomic and cDNA sequencing will be connected to the protein databases currently developed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thiellement
- Département de Botanique et Biologie Végétale, Université de Genève, Switzerland.
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21
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Gutierrez C. The retinoblastoma pathway in plant cell cycle and development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 1998; 1:492-497. [PMID: 10066630 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(98)80041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) on specific targets mediates the temporal regulation of plant cell cycle transitions. The sequential activity of CDKs and the spatial regulation of cell proliferation during plant development, however, are still poorly understood. Understanding these aspects depends on the identification of the downstream targets and upstream modulators of CDKs and their regulation in response to mitogenic and/or differentiation signals. Current efforts to elucidate the answers to these questions are very promising; in particular, recent works reveal the essential role that the retinoblastoma pathway plays in controlling cell cycle progression and, presumably, some developmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Chapple C. MOLECULAR-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PLANT CYTOCHROME P450-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 49:311-343. [PMID: 15012237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases are a large group of heme-containing enzymes, most of which catalyze NADPH- and O2-dependent hydroxylation reactions. The cloning of plant P450s has been hampered because these membrane-localized proteins are typically present in low abundance and are often unstable to purification. Since the cloning of the first plant P450 gene in 1990, there has been an explosion in the rate at which genes encoding plant P450s have been identified. These successes have largely been the result of advances in purification techniques, as well as the application of alternative methods such as mutant- and PCR-based cloning strategies. The availability of these cloned genes has made possible the analysis of P450 gene regulation and may soon reveal aspects of the evolution of P450s in plants. This new knowledge will significantly improve our understanding of many metabolic pathways and may permit their manipulation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1153; e-mail:
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23
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Moriguchi T, Kita M, Hisada S, Endo-Inagaki T, Omura M. Characterization of gene repertoires at mature stage of citrus fruits through random sequencing and analysis of redundant metallothionein-like genes expressed during fruit development. Gene 1998; 211:221-7. [PMID: 9602134 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a random sequencing of cDNA library derived from mature citrus fruit (Citrus unshiu Marc.) for identifying the gene repertoires expressed at the mature stage. Among 297 clones analyzed, 195 cDNA clones (65.7%) were putatively identified to previously characterized genes with optimized (OPT) scores of >/=200 through a homology search to DNA database, whereas 102 clones (34.3%) resulted in low OPT scores (<200) and did not show any significant sequence identity with previously published genes. Among them, clones homologous to metallothionein (MT)-like genes appeared 62 times, being mostly redundant, and accounting for about 20.9% of the total 297 clones. To gain a better understanding of the MT-like genes, two types of cDNA clones were isolated. One clone (CitMT36) resembled the type 2 MT gene containing Cys-X-Cys motifs in both N- and C-terminal, but the consensus sequence in the N-terminal domain, Cys-Cys and Cys-X-X-Cys was modified in CitMT36 to X-Cys and Cys-X-X-X, respectively. We suggest that these form a 'novel type 2' group of MT-like clones. The other clone (CitMT45) showed homology to type 3 MT-like genes, which have been found in mostly fruit tissues so far. By Southern blot analysis, both clones showed one or two bands, suggesting that both CitMT36 and CitMT45 are present in single or a few copies in the citrus genome. Transcripts of CitMT36 were evenly detected in all tissues examined, whereas those of CitMT45 were detected primarily in fruit during the developmental phase. Neither of the MT-like genes was induced in leaves by Zn and Cu. Collectively, MT-like genes from citrus would be regulated differentially depending on the fruit developmental stage and organs, indicating a change in their expression under the different physiological and molecular environment of fruit cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Citrus/chemistry
- Citrus/genetics
- Citrus/growth & development
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Library
- Genes/genetics
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome
- Metallothionein/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Plant/analysis
- Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moriguchi
- Department of Citriculture, Okitsu, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
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24
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Abstract
A new subfamily of KH-domain-containing RNA-binding proteins is encoded by genes that are conserved from yeast to humans. Mutations with interesting developmental phenotypes have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and mouse. It is hypothesized that these bifunctional proteins provide a rich source of interesting molecular information about development and define a new cellular pathway that links signal transduction directly to RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vernet
- Cell and Molecular Biology Institute, University of Texas at Austin 78712-1064, USA.
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25
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Ach RA, Durfee T, Miller AB, Taranto P, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Zambryski PC, Gruissem W. RRB1 and RRB2 encode maize retinoblastoma-related proteins that interact with a plant D-type cyclin and geminivirus replication protein. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:5077-86. [PMID: 9271385 PMCID: PMC232358 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.9.5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammalian and yeast cells, little is known about how plants regulate G1 progression and entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. In mammalian cells, a key regulator of this process is the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB). In contrast, G1 control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not utilize an RB-like protein. We report here the cloning of cDNAs from two Zea mays genes, RRB1 and RRB2, that encode RB-related proteins. Further, RRB2 transcripts are alternatively spliced to yield two proteins with different C termini. At least one RRB gene is expressed in all the tissues examined, with the highest levels seen in the shoot apex. RRB1 is a 96-kDa nuclear protein that can physically interact with two mammalian DNA tumor virus oncoproteins, simian virus 40 large-T antigen and adenovirus E1A, and with a plant D-type cyclin. These associations are abolished by mutation of a conserved cysteine residue in RRB1 that is also essential for RB function. RRB1 binding potential is also sensitive to deletions in the conserved A and B domains, although differences exist in these effects compared to those of human RB. RRB1 can also bind to the AL1 protein from tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), a protein which is essential for TGMV DNA replication. These results suggest that G1 regulation in plant cells is controlled by a mechanism which is much more similar to that found in mammalian cells than that in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ach
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3102, USA
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26
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Coleman CE, Dannenhoffer JM, Larkins BA. The Prolamin Proteins of Maize, Sorghum and Coix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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27
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Grafi G, Burnett RJ, Helentjaris T, Larkins BA, DeCaprio JA, Sellers WR, Kaelin WG. A maize cDNA encoding a member of the retinoblastoma protein family: involvement in endoreduplication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:8962-7. [PMID: 8799136 PMCID: PMC38577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.8962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB-1) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a 105-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein. To date, RB genes have been isolated only from metazoans. We have isolated a cDNA from maize endosperm whose predicted protein product (ZmRb) shows homology to the "pocket" A and B domains of the Rb protein family. We found ZmRb behaves as a pocket protein based on its ability to specifically interact with oncoproteins encoded by DNA tumor viruses (E7, T-Ag, E1A). ZmRb can interact in vitro and in vivo with the replication-associated protein, RepA, encoded by the wheat dwarf virus. The maize Rb-related protein undergoes changes in level and phosphorylation state concomitant with endoreduplication, and it is phosphorylated in vitro by an S-phase kinase from endoreduplicating endosperm cells. Together, our results suggest that ZmRb is a representative of the pocket protein family and may play a role in cell cycle progression. Moreover, certain plant monopartite geminiviruses may operate similarly to mammalian DNA viruses, by targeting and inactivating the retinoblastoma protein, which otherwise induces G1 arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grafi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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28
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Li CP, Larkins BA. Identification of a maize endosperm-specific cDNA encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase. Gene 1996; 171:193-6. [PMID: 8666271 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase (FPS; EC 2.5.1.10) produces the 15-carbon farnesyl pyrophosphate which is utilized in the synthesis of sterols, carotenoids, dolichols, coenzyme Q, heme a and farnesylated proteins. We have cloned this mRNA sequence from a maize endosperm cDNA library and determined the 1378-nucleotide (nt) sequence of the DNA fragment. This sequence specifies an open reading frame of 1050 nt encoding FPS. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree of similarity to FPS from a wide range of organisms. Southern blot analysis indicated that there are at least two FPS gene copies in the maize genome. The cloned FPS is expressed preferentially in maize endosperm and is up-regulated in the endosperm mutants, o2 and fl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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29
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Hall LN, Langdale JA. Molecular genetics of cellular differentiation in leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1996; 132:533-553. [PMID: 33863129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of green plants vary widely in morphology. However, the underlying cell types and structures observed in leaves of different species are remarkably similar. Although we can adequately describe leaf development in morphological terms we cannot yet explain interactions at the cellular level. In recent years molecular genetics has been used extensively to address a variety of developmental questions. The isolation of a wide variety of mutants disrupted in numerous aspects of leaf ontogeny has led to the cloning of genes involved in various developmental processes. In this review we consider advances that have been made in understanding shoot apical meristem organization, leaf initiation and the development of leaf form. In particular we concentrate on progress, that has been made in understanding cellular differentiation in the epidermis, and within the interior of the leaf, namely the photosynthetic cells and the vasculature. CONTENTS Summary 533 I. Introduction 533 II. Shoot growth 533 III. Leaf initiation 534 IV. Development of leaf form 536 V. Cellular differentiation 537 VI. Perspectives 548 VII. Acknowledgements 549 VIII. References 549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Hall
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jane A Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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30
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Li CP, Larkins BA. Expression of protein disulfide isomerase is elevated in the endosperm of the maize floury-2 mutant. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 30:873-882. [PMID: 8639747 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A maize protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1) cDNA clone was isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence contains two regions characteristic of the active sites for PDI and a carboxyl-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu. Southern blot analysis indicated the maize PDI is encoded by a single gene that maps to the short arm of chromosome 4. When isolated from the cisternal and protein body ER, the PDI protein resolves into a fast and a slow form on SDS-PAGE. During endosperm development, the PDI RNA level increases between 10 and 14 days after pollination. In floury-2 (fl2) endosperm, which contains an abnormally processed alpha-zein protein, PDI expression is significantly increased, and the level of PDI protein and RNA is positively correlated with the dosage of fl2 alleles. The increase of PDI in fl2 occurs mainly in the cisternal ER fraction, whereas the most dramatic increase of binding protein (BiP) is in the protein body ER. We propose that the induction of PDI in the fl2 mutant reflects its role as a molecular chaperone, and that PDI functions in concert with BiP at different stages of zein processing and assembly into protein bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA
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31
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Liu J, Hara C, Umeda M, Zhao Y, Okita TW, Uchimiya H. Analysis of randomly isolated cDNAs from developing endosperm of rice (Oryza sativa L.): evaluation of expressed sequence tags, and expression levels of mRNAs. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:685-689. [PMID: 8541495 DOI: 10.1007/bf00041159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Using a cDNA library prepared from poly(A)+ RNA from 10-day-old rice endosperm, partial nucleotide sequences of randomly isolated clones were analyzed. A total of 153 (30.6%) out of 500 cDNA clones showed high amino acid identity to previously identified genes. There was significant redundancy in cDNAs encoding prolamine and glutelin. About 21.0% of the cDNA clones were found to code for seed storage protein genes. Consequently, 37 independent genes were identified. Using cDNA clones encoding glutelin, prolamine, seed allergen, alpha-1,4-glucan branching enzyme, glycine-rich RNA binding protein, metallothionein, non-specific lipid-transfer protein and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme the accumulation of mRNA during rice seed development was compared. Genes associated with seed storage protein and starch biosynthesis were expressed according to expected developmental stages. Glycine-rich RNA binding protein genes as well as metallothionein-like protein genes were highly expressed in developing seeds, but low in leaves of whole plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Habben JE, Moro GL, Hunter BG, Hamaker BR, Larkins BA. Elongation factor 1 alpha concentration is highly correlated with the lysine content of maize endosperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:8640-4. [PMID: 7567989 PMCID: PMC41022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.19.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine is the most limiting essential amino acid in cereals, and for many years plant breeders have attempted to increase its concentration to improve the nutritional quality of these grains. The opaque2 mutation in maize doubles the lysine content in the endosperm, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. We show that elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) is overexpressed in opaque2 endosperm compared with its normal counterpart and that there is a highly significant correlation between EF-1 alpha concentration and the total lysine content of the endosperm. This relationship is also true for two other cereals, sorghum and barley. It appears that genetic selection for genotypes with a high concentration of EF-1 alpha can significantly improve the nutritional quality of maize and other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Habben
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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33
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Fischer A, Baum N, Saedler H, Theissen G. Chromosomal mapping of the MADS-box multigene family in Zea mays reveals dispersed distribution of allelic genes as well as transposed copies. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:1901-11. [PMID: 7596816 PMCID: PMC306961 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.11.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A linker PCR procedure has been developed for preparing repetitive DNA-free probes from genomic clones, which is especially efficient for members of gene families. Using this procedure as well as standard methods to prepare hybridization probes, chromosomal map positions of MADS-box genes were determined in recombinant inbred lines of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays). It appears that MADS-box genes are scattered throughout the maize genome. While there is evidence that this genomic distribution is representative for plant MADS-box genes in general, the following two other observations probably reflect Zea genome organization. First, at least one family of MADS-box-carrying elements contains line-specific versions, which are present in some maize lines at certain chromosomal positions, but are absent from these loci in other lines. The members of this family resemble transposable elements in some respects. Secondly, the finding of pairs of highly related MADS-box genes which are accompanied by other duplicated markers is a further indication of the ancestral polyploid genome constitution revealed with other markers. The importance of these findings for an understanding of the genomic organization of MADS-box genes and the evolution of the MADS-box gene family is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzengenetik, Köln, Germany
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