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Davison JR, Rajwani R, Zhao G, Bewley CA. The genome of antibiotic-producing colonies of the Pelagophyte alga Chrysophaeum taylorii reveals a diverse and non-canonical capacity for secondary metabolism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11944. [PMID: 37488207 PMCID: PMC10366177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysophaeum taylorii is a member of an understudied clade of marine algae that can be responsible for harmful coastal blooms and is known to accumulate bioactive natural products including antibiotics of the chrysophaentin class. Whole genome sequencing of laboratory-cultivated samples revealed an extensive and diverse complement of secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes in C. taylorii, alongside a small microbiome with a more limited biosynthetic potential. 16S microbiome analysis of laboratory cultured alongside wild-collected samples revealed several common taxa; however, analysis of biosynthetic genes suggested an algal origin for the chrysophaentins, possibly via one of several non-canonical polyketide synthase genes encoded within the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Davison
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Mailstop 0820, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- LifeMine Therapeutics, 30 Acorn Park Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA.
| | - Rahim Rajwani
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Mailstop 0820, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gengxiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Mailstop 0820, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carole A Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Mailstop 0820, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Kang M, Chanderbali A, Lee S, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Kim S. High-molecular-weight DNA extraction for long-read sequencing of plant genomes: An optimization of standard methods. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2023; 11:e11528. [PMID: 37342161 PMCID: PMC10278927 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Premise Developing an effective and easy-to-use high-molecular-weight (HMW) DNA extraction method is essential for genomic research, especially in the era of third-generation sequencing. To efficiently use technologies capable of generating long-read sequences, it is important to maximize both the length and purity of the extracted DNA; however, this is frequently difficult to achieve with plant samples. Methods and Results We present a HMW DNA extraction method that combines (1) a nuclei extraction method followed by (2) a traditional cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) DNA extraction method for plants with optimized extraction conditions that influence HMW DNA recovery. Our protocol produced DNA fragments (percentage of fragments >20 kbp) that were, on average, ca. five times longer than those obtained using a commercial kit, and contaminants were removed more effectively. Conclusions This effective HMW DNA extraction protocol can be used as a standard protocol for a diverse array of taxa, which will enhance plant genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungbo Kang
- Department of BiotechnologySungshin Women's UniversitySeoul01133Republic of Korea
| | - Andre Chanderbali
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- Department of BiotechnologySungshin Women's UniversitySeoul01133Republic of Korea
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Sangtae Kim
- Department of BiotechnologySungshin Women's UniversitySeoul01133Republic of Korea
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3
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Kaushik A, Roberts DP, Ramaprasad A, Mfarrej S, Nair M, Lakshman DK, Pain A. Pangenome Analysis of the Soilborne Fungal Phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani and Development of a Comprehensive Web Resource: RsolaniDB. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:839524. [PMID: 35401459 PMCID: PMC8992008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.839524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a collective group of genetically and pathologically diverse basidiomycetous fungi that damage economically important crops. Its isolates are classified into 13 Anastomosis Groups (AGs) and subgroups having distinctive morphology and host ranges. The genetic factors driving the unique features of R. solani pathology are not well characterized due to the limited availability of its annotated genomes. Therefore, we performed genome sequencing, assembly, annotation and functional analysis of 12 R. solani isolates covering 7 AGs and select subgroups (AG1-IA; AG1-IB; AG1-IC; AG2-2IIIB; AG3-PT, isolates Rhs 1AP and the hypovirulent Rhs1A1; AG3-TB; AG4-HG-I, isolates Rs23 and R118-11; AG5; AG6; and AG8), in which six genomes are reported for the first time. Using a pangenome comparative analysis of 12 R. solani isolates and 15 other Basidiomycetes, we defined the unique and shared secretomes, CAZymes, and effectors across the AGs. We have also elucidated the R. solani-derived factors potentially involved in determining AG-specific host preference, and the attributes distinguishing them from other Basidiomycetes. Finally, we present the largest repertoire of R. solani genomes and their annotated components as a comprehensive database, viz. RsolaniDB, with tools for large-scale data mining, functional enrichment and sequence analysis not available with other state-of-the-art platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Kaushik
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel P Roberts
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Abhinay Ramaprasad
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mridul Nair
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilip K Lakshman
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Arnab Pain
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Costa ZP, Varani AM, Cauz-Santos LA, Sader MA, Giopatto HA, Zirpoli B, Callot C, Cauet S, Marande W, Souza Cardoso JL, Pinheiro DG, Kitajima JP, Dornelas MC, Harand AP, Berges H, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Carneiro Vieira ML. A genome sequence resource for the genus Passiflora, the genome of the wild diploid species Passiflora organensis. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20117. [PMID: 34296827 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Passiflora comprises a large group of plants popularly known as passionfruit, much appreciated for their exotic flowers and edible fruits. The species (∼500) are morphologically variable (e.g., growth habit, size, and color of flowers) and are adapted to distinct tropical ecosystems. In this study, we generated the genome of the wild diploid species Passiflora organensis Gardner by adopting a hybrid assembly approach. Passiflora organensis has a small genome of 259 Mbp and a heterozygosity rate of 81%, consistent with its reproductive system. Most of the genome sequences could be integrated into its chromosomes with cytogenomic markers (satellite DNA) as references. The repeated sequences accounted for 58.55% of the total DNA analyzed, and the Tekay lineage was the prevalent retrotransposon. In total, 25,327 coding genes were predicted. Passiflora organensis retains 5,609 singletons and 15,671 gene families. We focused on the genes potentially involved in the locus determining self-incompatibility and the MADS-box gene family, allowing us to infer expansions and contractions within specific subfamilies. Finally, we recovered the organellar DNA. Structural rearrangements and two mitoviruses, besides relics of other mobile elements, were found in the chloroplast and mt-DNA molecules, respectively. This study presents the first draft genome assembly of a wild Passiflora species, providing a valuable sequence resource for genomic and evolutionary studies on the genus, and support for breeding cropped passionfruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirlane Portugal Costa
- Dep. de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Mello Varani
- Dep. de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Cauz-Santos
- Dep. de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
- Present address: Dep. of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Univ. of Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | | | - Helena Augusto Giopatto
- Dep. de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Univ. Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Bruna Zirpoli
- Dep. de Botânica, Univ. Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Caroline Callot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de Ressources Génomique Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Stephane Cauet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de Ressources Génomique Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Willian Marande
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de Ressources Génomique Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Jessica Luana Souza Cardoso
- Dep. de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guariz Pinheiro
- Dep. de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Carnier Dornelas
- Dep. de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Univ. Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Helene Berges
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de Ressources Génomique Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | | | - Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira
- Dep. de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
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Thomas WJW, Anthony JM, Dobrowolski MP, Krauss SL. Optimising the conservation of genetic diversity of the last remaining population of a critically endangered shrub. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab005. [PMID: 33613937 PMCID: PMC7885199 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of genetic diversity and the population genetic processes that impact future population viability is vital for the management and recovery of declining populations of threatened species. Styphelia longissima (Ericaceae) is a critically endangered shrub, restricted to a single fragmented population near Eneabba, 250 km north of Perth, Western Australia. For this population, we sought to characterize population genetic variation and its spatial structure, and aspects of the mating portfolio, from which strategies that optimize the conservation of this diversity are identified. A comprehensive survey was carried out and 220 adults, and 106 seedlings from 14 maternal plants, were genotyped using 13 microsatellite markers. Levels of genetic variation and its spatial structure were assessed, and mating system parameters were estimated. Paternity was assigned to the offspring of a subsection of plants, which allowed for the calculation of realized pollen dispersal. Allelic richness and levels of expected heterozygosity were higher than predicted for a small isolated population. Spatial autocorrelation analysis identified fine-scale genetic structure at a scale of 20 m, but no genetic structure was found at larger scales. Mean outcrossing rate (t m = 0.66) reflects self-compatibility and a mixed-mating system. Multiple paternity was low, where 61 % of maternal siblings shared the same sire. Realized pollen dispersal was highly restricted, with 95 % of outcrossing events occurring at 7 m or less, and a mean pollen dispersal distance of 3.8 m. Nearest-neighbour matings were common (55 % of all outcross events), and 97 % of mating events were between the three nearest-neighbours. This study has provided critical baseline data on genetic diversity, mating system and pollen dispersal for future monitoring of S. longissima. Broadly applicable conservation strategies such as implementing a genetic monitoring plan, diluting spatial genetic structure in the natural population, genetically optimizing ex situ collections and incorporating genetic knowledge into translocations will help to manage the future erosion of the high genetic variation detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
| | - Janet M Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
| | - Mark P Dobrowolski
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Iluka Resources Ltd, Perth, WA, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Siegfried L Krauss
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
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6
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Ganesh I, Choi SC, Bae SW, Park JC, Ryu SB. Heterologous activation of the Hevea PEP16 promoter in the rubber-producing laticiferous tissues of Taraxacum kok-saghyz. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10844. [PMID: 32616731 PMCID: PMC7331677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hevea brasiliensis, the most abundant rubber crop, is used widely for the commercial production of natural rubber. To reduce the risk of a shortage in the supply of natural rubber that may arise from a single major rubber crop, rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz) has been developed as an alternative rubber-producing crop by using a transgenic approach. However, it is necessary to identify a suitable promoter for the transfer of rubber biosynthesis-related genes to the species. In this study, the promoter region of H. brasiliensis PEP16, which was isolated as a potentially important component in rubber biosynthesis, was sequenced and a pPEP16::GUS fusion construct was introduced into T. kok-saghyz. Histological and fluorometric studies using transgenic T. kok-saghyz plants indicated that the HbPEP16 promoter was highly activated in a laticiferous tissue-specific manner under normal growth conditions and that promoter activation was tightly regulated by various hormones and external signals. These findings suggested that the HbPEP16 promoter may be a useful molecular tool for the manipulation of gene expression in the laticiferous tissues of T. kok-saghyz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irisappan Ganesh
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Research & Development Center, DRB Holding Co. LTD, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Choi
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Bae
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Beungtae Ryu
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Veldman S, Ju Y, Otieno JN, Abihudi S, Posthouwer C, Gravendeel B, van Andel TR, de Boer HJ. DNA barcoding augments conventional methods for identification of medicinal plant species traded at Tanzanian markets. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112495. [PMID: 31877364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMALOGICAL RELEVANCE In Africa, traditional medicine is important for local healthcare and plants used for these purposes are commonly traded. Identifying medicinal plants sold on markets is challenging, as leaves, barks and roots are often fragmented or powdered. Vernacular names are often homonymic, and identification of material lacking sufficient morphological characters is time-consuming, season-dependent and might lead to incorrect assessments of commercialised species diversity. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we identified cases of vernacular heterogeneity of medicinal plants using a tiered approach of literature research, morphology and DNA barcoding. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 870 single ingredient medicinal plant samples corresponding to 452 local names were purchased from herbal markets in Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga, Tanzania, and identified using conventional methods as well as DNA barcoding using rbcL, matK and nrITS. RESULTS Using conventional methods, we could identify 70% of samples to at least family level, while 62% yielded a DNA barcode for at least one of the three markers. Combining conventional methods and DNA barcoding, 76% of the samples could be identified to species level, revealing a diversity of at least 175 species in 65 plant families. Analysis of the market samples revealed 80 cases of multilingualism and over- and under-differentiation. Afzelia quanzensis Welw., Zanthoxylum spp., Allophylus spp. and Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. were the most evident cases of multilingualism and over-differentiation, as they were traded under 8-12 vernacular names in up to five local languages. The most obvious case of under-differentiation was mwingajini (Swahili), which matched to eight scientific species in five different plant families. CONCLUSIONS Use of a tiered approach increases the identification success of medicinal plants sold in local market and corroborates findings that DNA barcoding can elucidate the identity of material that is unidentifiable based on morphology and literature as well as verify or disqualify these identifications. Results of this study can be used as a basis for quantitative market surveys of fragmented herbal medicine and to investigate conservation issues associated with this trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Veldman
- Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Yingzi Ju
- Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph N Otieno
- Institute of Traditional Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Siri Abihudi
- Institute of Traditional Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Chantal Posthouwer
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tinde R van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands; Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
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8
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Allona I, Kirst M, Boerjan W, Strauss S, Sederoff R. Editorial: Forest Genomics and Biotechnology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1187. [PMID: 31681350 PMCID: PMC6806019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Allona
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ronald Sederoff
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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9
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Constructing a Reference Genome in a Single Lab: The Possibility to Use Oxford Nanopore Technology. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080270. [PMID: 31390788 PMCID: PMC6724115 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The whole genome sequencing (WGS) has become a crucial tool in understanding genome structure and genetic variation. The MinION sequencing of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) is an excellent approach for performing WGS and it has advantages in comparison with other Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): It is relatively inexpensive, portable, has simple library preparation, can be monitored in real-time, and has no theoretical limits on reading length. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is diploid (2n = 2x = 20) with a genome size of about 730 Mb, and its genome sequence information is released in the Phytozome database. Therefore, sorghum can be used as a good reference. However, plant species have complex and large genomes when compared to animals or microorganisms. As a result, complete genome sequencing is difficult for plant species. MinION sequencing that produces long-reads can be an excellent tool for overcoming the weak assembly of short-reads generated from NGS by minimizing the generation of gaps or covering the repetitive sequence that appears on the plant genome. Here, we conducted the genome sequencing for S. bicolor cv. BTx623 while using the MinION platform and obtained 895,678 reads and 17.9 gigabytes (Gb) (ca. 25× coverage of reference) from long-read sequence data. A total of 6124 contigs (covering 45.9%) were generated from Canu, and a total of 2661 contigs (covering 50%) were generated from Minimap and Miniasm with a Racon through a de novo assembly using two different tools and mapped assembled contigs against the sorghum reference genome. Our results provide an optimal series of long-read sequencing analysis for plant species while using the MinION platform and a clue to determine the total sequencing scale for optimal coverage that is based on various genome sizes.
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10
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Hughes KW, McGhee LL, Methven AS, Johnson JE, Petersen RH. Patterns of geographic speciation in the genus Flammulina based on sequences of the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 area. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1999.12061107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen W. Hughes
- Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–1100
| | - Laura Lee McGhee
- Theshold Scholar, Division of Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Andrew S. Methven
- Botany Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920-3099
| | - James E. Johnson
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Ronald H. Petersen
- Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996–1100
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Chao Y, Chen W, Chen C, Ho H, Yeh C, Kuo Y, Su C, Yen S, Hsueh H, Yeh J, Hsu H, Tsai Y, Kuo T, Chang S, Chen K, Shih M. Chromosome-level assembly, genetic and physical mapping of Phalaenopsis aphrodite genome provides new insights into species adaptation and resources for orchid breeding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:2027-2041. [PMID: 29704444 PMCID: PMC6230949 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae is a diverse and ecologically important plant family. Approximately 69% of all orchid species are epiphytes, which provide diverse microhabitats for many small animals and fungi in the canopy of tropical rainforests. Moreover, many orchids are of economic importance as food flavourings or ornamental plants. Phalaenopsis aphrodite, an epiphytic orchid, is a major breeding parent of many commercial orchid hybrids. We provide a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the P. aphrodite genome. The total length of all scaffolds is 1025.1 Mb, with N50 scaffold size of 19.7 Mb. A total of 28 902 protein-coding genes were identified. We constructed an orchid genetic linkage map, and then anchored and ordered the genomic scaffolds along the linkage groups. We also established a high-resolution pachytene karyotype of P. aphrodite and completed the assignment of linkage groups to the 19 chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization. We identified an expansion in the epiphytic orchid lineage of FRS5-like subclade associated with adaptations to the life in the canopy. Phylogenetic analysis further provides new insights into the orchid lineage-specific duplications of MADS-box genes, which might have contributed to the variation in labellum and pollinium morphology and its accessory structure. To our knowledge, this is the first orchid genome to be integrated with a SNP-based genetic linkage map and validated by physical mapping. The genome and genetic map not only offer unprecedented resources for increasing breeding efficiency in horticultural orchids but also provide an important foundation for future studies in adaptation genomics of epiphytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Ting Chao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wan‐Chieh Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Yi Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hsiu‐Yin Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsin Yeh
- Department of AgronomyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension StationCouncil of Agriculture, Executive YuanTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Tzu Kuo
- Department of Life SciencesNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Lin Su
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shao‐Hua Yen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hao‐Yen Hsueh
- Department of Life SciencesNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Jen‐Hau Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Lan Hsu
- Department of Life SciencesNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Hui Tsai
- Department of Life SciencesNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Yen Kuo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Song‐Bin Chang
- Department of Life SciencesNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Kai‐Yi Chen
- Department of AgronomyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Che Shih
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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12
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Hughes KW, Toyohara TL, Petersen RH. DNA sequence and RFLP analysis of Pleurotopsis longinqua from three disjunct populations. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1998.12026948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen W. Hughes
- Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1100
| | | | - Ronald H. Petersen
- Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1100
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H. Petersen
- Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - Karen W. Hughes
- Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Tennessee 37996
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Posthouwer C, Veldman S, Abihudi S, Otieno JN, van Andel TR, de Boer HJ. Quantitative market survey of non-woody plants sold at Kariakoo Market in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 222:280-287. [PMID: 29723630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Tanzania, traditional medicine plays a significant role in health care and local economies based on the harvesting, trade and sale of medicinal plant products. The majority of this plant material is said to originate from wild sources, and both traditional healers and vendors are concerned about the increasing scarcity of certain species. AIM OF THE STUDY A market survey of non-powdered, non-woody medicinal plants was conducted at Kariakoo Market in Dar es Salaam, the major hub for medicinal plant trade in Tanzania, to assess sustainability of traded herbal medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study, fresh and dried herbs, seeds and fruits were collected and interviews were conducted to obtain information on vernacular names, preparation methods, monthly sales, uses and prices. Bundles of herbal medicine offered for sale were weighed and counted to calculate the value and volumes of daily stock at the market. RESULTS A total of 71 medicinal plant products belonging to 62-67 different species from at least 41 different plant families were identified. We identified 45 plant products to species level, 20 products to genus level and four to family level. Plant species most encountered at the market were Suregada zanzibariensis, Myrothamnus flabellifolia and Sclerocarya birrea. The major use categories reported by the vendors were ritual purposes, digestive disorders and women's health. Annual sales are estimated to be in excess of 30 t and close to 200,000 USD, and trade in herbal medicine at Kariakoo Market provides subsistence income to many local vendors. CONCLUSIONS A large diversity of wild-harvested plant species is traded as medicinal products in Tanzania, including species listed on CITES Appendices. Identifying and monitoring temporal changes in availability per season and from year to year will reveal which species are most affected by this trade, and help relevant authorities in Tanzania to find alternative sources of income for dependent stakeholders and initiate targeted efforts to protect threatened plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Posthouwer
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarina Veldman
- Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siri Abihudi
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joseph N Otieno
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tinde R van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Postboks 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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15
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Nesbitt JR, Steves EY, Schonhofer CR, Cait A, Manku SS, Yeung JHF, Bennet AJ, McNagny KM, Choy JC, Hughes MR, Moore MM. The Aspergillus fumigatus Sialidase (Kdnase) Contributes to Cell Wall Integrity and Virulence in Amphotericin B-Treated Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2706. [PMID: 29403452 PMCID: PMC5778107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus that can cause a life-threatening invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in immunocompromised individuals. We previously characterized an exo-sialidase from A. fumigatus that prefers the sialic acid substrate, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (Kdn); hence it is a Kdnase. Sialidases are known virulence factors in other pathogens; therefore, the goal of our study was to evaluate the importance of Kdnase in A. fumigatus. A kdnase knockout strain (Δkdnase) was unable to grow on medium containing Kdn and displayed reduced growth and abnormal morphology. Δkdnase was more sensitive than wild type to hyperosmotic conditions and the antifungal agent, amphotericin B. In contrast, Δkdnase had increased resistance to nikkomycin, Congo Red and Calcofluor White indicating activation of compensatory cell wall chitin deposition. Increased cell wall thickness and chitin content in Δkdnase were confirmed by electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. In a neutropenic mouse model of invasive aspergillosis, the Δkdnase strain had attenuated virulence and a significantly lower lung fungal burden but only in animals that received liposomal amphotericin B after spore exposure. Macrophage numbers were almost twofold higher in lung sections from mice that received the Δkdnase strain, possibly related to higher survival of macrophages that internalized the Δkdnase conidia. Thus, A. fumigatus Kdnase is important for fungal cell wall integrity and virulence, and because Kdnase is not present in the host, it may represent a potential target for the development of novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Nesbitt
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Y Steves
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Cole R Schonhofer
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Alissa Cait
- Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sukhbir S Manku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Juliana H F Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew J Bennet
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margo M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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16
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Anthony JM, Allcock RJN, Dobrowolski MP, Krauss SL. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite primers for the critically endangered shrub Styphelia longissima (Ericaceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1700108. [PMID: 29188149 PMCID: PMC5703184 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1700108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were developed for population genetic analysis in the rare shrub Styphelia longissima (Ericaceae). METHODS AND RESULTS We generated ca. 2.5 million sequence reads using a Personal Genome Machine semiconductor sequencer. Using the QDD pipeline, we designed primers for >12,000 sequences with PCR product lengths of 80-480 bp. From these, 30 primer pairs were selected and screened using PCR; of these, 16 loci were found to be polymorphic, four loci were monomorphic, and 10 loci did not amplify reliably for S. longissima. For a sample of 57 plants from the only known population, the number of alleles observed for these 16 loci ranged from two to 21 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.49 to 0.91. These markers were also amplified in Astroloma xerophyllum, a closely related species. CONCLUSIONS These markers will be used to characterize population genetic variation, spatial genetic structure, mating system parameters, and dispersal to aid in the management and conservation of the rare shrub S. longissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Anthony
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, 6005 Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard J. N. Allcock
- Lotterywest State Biomedical Facility: Genomics, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Mark P. Dobrowolski
- Iluka Resources Limited, Level 23, 140 St. Georges Terrace, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, 6005 Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Ayre BM, Anthony JM, Roberts DG, Allcock RJN, Krauss SL. Characterization and transferability of microsatellites for the Kangaroo Paw, Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1700055. [PMID: 28924516 PMCID: PMC5584820 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellites were developed for the future assessment of population genetic structure, mating system, and dispersal of the perennial kangaroo paw, Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae), and related species. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a Personal Genome Machine (PGM) semiconductor sequencer, ca. 4.03 million sequence reads were generated. QDD pipeline software was used to identify 190,000 microsatellite-containing regions and priming sites. From these, 90 were chosen and screened using PCR, and 15 polymorphic markers identified. These sites amplified di-, tri-, and pentanucleotide repeats with one to 20 alleles per locus. Primers were also amplified across congeners A. bicolor, A. flavidus, A. gabrielae, A. humilis, A. preissii, A. pulcherrimus, A. rufus, and A. viridis to assess cross-species transferability. CONCLUSIONS These markers provide a resource for population genetic studies in A. manglesii and other species within the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Ayre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
| | - Janet M. Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
| | - David G. Roberts
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
- Centre for Excellence in Natural Resource Management, University of Western Australia, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia
| | - Richard J. N. Allcock
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lotterywest State Biomedical Facility Genomics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, QE Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
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18
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Pucker B, Holtgräwe D, Rosleff Sörensen T, Stracke R, Viehöver P, Weisshaar B. A De Novo Genome Sequence Assembly of the Arabidopsis thaliana Accession Niederzenz-1 Displays Presence/Absence Variation and Strong Synteny. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164321. [PMID: 27711162 PMCID: PMC5053417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is the most important model organism for fundamental plant biology. The genome diversity of different accessions of this species has been intensively studied, for example in the 1001 genome project which led to the identification of many small nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions and deletions (InDels). In addition, presence/absence variation (PAV), copy number variation (CNV) and mobile genetic elements contribute to genomic differences between A. thaliana accessions. To address larger genome rearrangements between the A. thaliana reference accession Columbia-0 (Col-0) and another accession of about average distance to Col-0, we created a de novo next generation sequencing (NGS)-based assembly from the accession Niederzenz-1 (Nd-1). The result was evaluated with respect to assembly strategy and synteny to Col-0. We provide a high quality genome sequence of the A. thaliana accession (Nd-1, LXSY01000000). The assembly displays an N50 of 0.590 Mbp and covers 99% of the Col-0 reference sequence. Scaffolds from the de novo assembly were positioned on the basis of sequence similarity to the reference. Errors in this automatic scaffold anchoring were manually corrected based on analyzing reciprocal best BLAST hits (RBHs) of genes. Comparison of the final Nd-1 assembly to the reference revealed duplications and deletions (PAV). We identified 826 insertions and 746 deletions in Nd-1. Randomly selected candidates of PAV were experimentally validated. Our Nd-1 de novo assembly allowed reliable identification of larger genic and intergenic variants, which was difficult or error-prone by short read mapping approaches alone. While overall sequence similarity as well as synteny is very high, we detected short and larger (affecting more than 100 bp) differences between Col-0 and Nd-1 based on bi-directional comparisons. The de novo assembly provided here and additional assemblies that will certainly be published in the future will allow to describe the pan-genome of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniela Holtgräwe
- Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Rosleff Sörensen
- Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Stracke
- Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Prisca Viehöver
- Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bernd Weisshaar
- Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Zámocký M, Tafer H, Chovanová K, Lopandic K, Kamlárová A, Obinger C. Genome sequence of the filamentous soil fungus Chaetomium cochliodes reveals abundance of genes for heme enzymes from all peroxidase and catalase superfamilies. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:763. [PMID: 27681232 PMCID: PMC5041501 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascomycetous family Chaetomiaceae (class Sordariomycetes) includes numerous soilborn, saprophytic, endophytic and pathogenic fungi which can adapt to various growth conditions and living niches by providing a broad armory of oxidative and antioxidant enzymes. RESULTS We release the 34.7 Mbp draft genome of Chaetomium cochliodes CCM F-232 consisting of 6036 contigs with an average size of 5756 bp and reconstructed its phylogeny. We show that this filamentous fungus is closely related but not identical to Chaetomium globosum and Chaetomium elatum. We screened and critically analysed this genome for open reading frames coding for essential antioxidant enzymes. It is demonstrated that the genome of C. cochliodes contains genes encoding putative enzymes from all four known heme peroxidase superfamilies including bifunctional catalase-peroxidase (KatG), cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP), manganese peroxidase, two paralogs of hybrid B peroxidases (HyBpox), cyclooxygenase, linoleate diol synthase, dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) of type B and three paralogs of heme thiolate peroxidases. Both KatG and DyP-type B are shown to be introduced into ascomycetes genomes by horizontal gene transfer from various bacteria. In addition, two putative large subunit secretory and two small-subunit typical catalases are found in C. cochliodes. We support our genomic findings with quantitative transcription analysis of nine peroxidase & catalase genes. CONCLUSIONS We delineate molecular phylogeny of five distinct gene superfamilies coding for essential heme oxidoreductases in Chaetomia and from the transcription analysis the role of this antioxidant enzymatic armory for the survival of a peculiar soil ascomycete in various harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Zámocký
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hakim Tafer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarína Chovanová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ksenija Lopandic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Kamlárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Maryam, Jaskani MJ, Awan FS, Ahmad S, Khan IA. Development of molecular method for sex identification in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets using novel sex-linked microsatellite markers. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:22. [PMID: 28330092 PMCID: PMC4706835 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite markers containing simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are a valuable tool for genetic analysis. Date palm is a dioecious and slow flowering and is very difficult to identify the gender of the trees until it reaches the reproductive age (5–10 years). A total of 12 microsatellite primers were used with 30 date palm samples, 14 parents (8 male + 6 females) and 16 progeny (developed from parents breeding) which showed that microsatellites were highly polymorphic, having a great number of alleles. A total of 124 alleles were characterized in 12 SSR loci. On average, there are 9.08 alleles per locus, with a range from 5 to 16 alleles, for primers mpdCIR15 and mpdCIR57, respectively. These primers produced 15 polymorphic loci specifically in male date palm samples and the seedlings harboring the unique fragments were further characterized as male plants. Increasingly, 38.46 % of these loci were scored as homozygous alleles while 61.53 % heterozygous allelic loci were determined. Primer mpdCIR48 produced a specific locus (250/250) in all male samples whereas the same locus was absent in female samples. Similarly, a locus of 300/310 bp reoccurred in 5 date palm male samples using marker DP-168 which indicated that these are the promising candidate marker to detect the sex in date palm seedlings at early stage. The data resulted from combination of 12 primers enabled the 16 seedling samples progeny (developed from parents breeding) of date palm cultivars to divide into two groups i.e., male and female regarding their sex expression comparative to the parents (male + female) using the principle coordinate analysis.
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21
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Anthony JM, Allcock RJN, Krauss SL. Isolation and characterization of 13 microsatellites for the rare endemic shrub Tetratheca erubescens (Elaeocarpaceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2016; 4:apps1500102. [PMID: 26949577 PMCID: PMC4760749 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were developed for the rare Tetratheca erubescens (Elaeocarpaceae) to assess genetic diversity and spatial structuring. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated ca. 2.7 million sequence reads using a Personal Genome Machine (PGM) semiconductor sequencer. Using the QDD pipeline, we designed primers for >12,000 sequences with PCR product lengths of 80-480 bp. From these, 30 primer pairs were selected and screened using PCR, from which 11 loci were found to be polymorphic and amplified reliably. For a sample of 95 plants from three populations, the number of alleles observed for these 11 loci ranged from two to seven and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.06 to 0.72. No consistent evidence for null alleles or departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found for any of the 11 loci. CONCLUSIONS These markers will enable the quantification of genetic impact of proposed mining activities on the narrow endemic T. erubescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Anthony
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, 6005 Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard J. N. Allcock
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lotterywest State Biomedical Facility Genomics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, 6005 Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
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22
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Stadermann KB, Weisshaar B, Holtgräwe D. SMRT sequencing only de novo assembly of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) chloroplast genome. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:295. [PMID: 26377912 PMCID: PMC4573686 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Third generation sequencing methods, like SMRT (Single Molecule, Real-Time) sequencing developed by Pacific Biosciences, offer much longer read length in comparison to Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods. Hence, they are well suited for de novo- or re-sequencing projects. Sequences generated for these purposes will not only contain reads originating from the nuclear genome, but also a significant amount of reads originating from the organelles of the target organism. These reads are usually discarded but they can also be used for an assembly of organellar replicons. The long read length supports resolution of repetitive regions and repeats within the organelles genome which might be problematic when just using short read data. Additionally, SMRT sequencing is less influenced by GC rich areas and by long stretches of the same base. RESULTS We describe a workflow for a de novo assembly of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) chloroplast genome sequence only based on data originating from a SMRT sequencing dataset targeted on its nuclear genome. We show that the data obtained from such an experiment are sufficient to create a high quality assembly with a higher reliability than assemblies derived from e.g. Illumina reads only. The chloroplast genome is especially challenging for de novo assembling as it contains two large inverted repeat (IR) regions. We also describe some limitations that still apply even though long reads are used for the assembly. CONCLUSIONS SMRT sequencing reads extracted from a dataset created for nuclear genome (re)sequencing can be used to obtain a high quality de novo assembly of the chloroplast of the sequenced organism. Even with a relatively small overall coverage for the nuclear genome it is possible to collect more than enough reads to generate a high quality assembly that outperforms short read based assemblies. However, even with long reads it is not always possible to clarify the order of elements of a chloroplast genome sequence reliantly which we could demonstrate with Fosmid End Sequences (FES) generated with Sanger technology. Nevertheless, this limitation also applies to short read sequencing data but is reached in this case at a much earlier stage during finishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bernd Stadermann
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Centre for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Bernd Weisshaar
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Daniela Holtgräwe
- Chair of Genome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Misner I, Blouin N, Leonard G, Richards TA, Lane CE. The secreted proteins of Achlya hypogyna and Thraustotheca clavata identify the ancestral oomycete secretome and reveal gene acquisitions by horizontal gene transfer. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 7:120-35. [PMID: 25527045 PMCID: PMC4316629 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprotrophic and parasitic microorganisms secrete proteins into the environment to breakdown macromolecules and obtain nutrients. The molecules secreted are collectively termed the "secretome" and the composition and function of this set of proteins varies depending on the ecology, life cycle, and environment of an organism. Beyond the function of nutrient acquisition, parasitic lineages must also secrete molecules to manipulate their host. Here, we use a combination of de novo genome and transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatic identification of signal peptides to identify the putative secreted proteome of two oomycetes, the facultative parasite Achlya hypogyna and free-living Thraustotheca clavata. By comparing the secretomes of these saprolegnialean oomycetes with that of eight other oomycetes, we were able to characterize the evolution of this protein set across the oomycete clade. These species span the last common ancestor of the two major oomycete families allowing us to identify the ancestral secretome. This putative ancestral secretome consists of at least 84 gene families. Only 11 of these gene families are conserved across all 10 secretomes analyzed and the two major branches in the oomycete radiation. Notably, we have identified expressed elicitin-like effector genes in the saprotrophic decomposer, T. clavata. Phylogenetic analyses show six novel horizontal gene transfers to the oomycete secretome from bacterial and fungal donor lineages, four of which are specific to the Saprolegnialeans. Comparisons between free-living and pathogenic taxa highlight the functional changes of oomycete secretomes associated with shifts in lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Misner
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Rhode Island Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Nic Blouin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Rhode Island
| | - Guy Leonard
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Richards
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hsu CC, Wu PS, Chen TC, Yu CW, Tsai WC, Wu K, Wu WL, Chen WH, Chen HH. Histone acetylation accompanied with promoter sequences displaying differential expression profiles of B-class MADS-box genes for phalaenopsis floral morphogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106033. [PMID: 25501842 PMCID: PMC4263434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Five B-class MADS-box genes, including four APETALA3 (AP3)-like PeMADS2∼5 and one PISTILLATA (PI)-like PeMADS6, specify the spectacular flower morphology in orchids. The PI-like PeMADS6 ubiquitously expresses in all floral organs. The four AP3-like genes, resulted from two duplication events, express ubiquitously at floral primordia and early floral organ stages, but show distinct expression profiles at late floral organ primordia and floral bud stages. Here, we isolated the upstream sequences of PeMADS2∼6 and studied the regulatory mechanism for their distinct gene expression. Phylogenetic footprinting analysis of the 1.3-kb upstream sequences of AP3-like PeMADS2∼5 showed that their promoter regions have sufficiently diverged and contributed to their subfunctionalization. The amplified promoter sequences of PeMADS2∼6 could drive beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression in all floral organs, similar to their expression at the floral primordia stage. The promoter sequence of PeMADS4, exclusively expressed in lip and column, showed a 1.6∼3-fold higher expression in lip/column than in sepal/petal. Furthermore, we noted a 4.9-fold increase in histone acetylation (H3K9K14ac) in the translation start region of PeMADS4 in lip as compared in petal. All these results suggest that the regulation via the upstream sequences and increased H3K9K14ac level may act synergistically to display distinct expression profiles of the AP3-like genes at late floral organ primordia stage for Phalaenopsis floral morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chih Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Yu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropic Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Luan Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Guan C, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li X, Deng J, Jiang T. Construction of Genetic Linkage Maps of Larch (Larix Kaempferi×Larix Gmelini) by Rapd Markers and Mapping of QTLS for Larch. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Winter P, Kahl G. Molecular marker technologies for plant improvement. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 11:438-48. [PMID: 24414752 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of DNA polymorphisms by an ever-increasing number of molecular marker technologies has begun to have an impact on plant genome research and breeding. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms, micro- and mini-satellites and PCR-based approaches are used to determine inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity and construct molecular maps of crops using specially designed mapping populations. Resistance genes and other agronomically important loci are tagged with tightly linked DNA markers and the genes isolated by magabase DNA technology and cloning into yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC). This review discusses some recent developments and results in this field.
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O'Brien MA, Misner I, Lane CE. Mitochondrial genome sequences and comparative genomics of Achlya hypogyna and Thraustotheca clavata. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 61:146-54. [PMID: 24252096 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As a lineage, oomycetes have adapted to a wide range of lifestyles. Although the common ancestor of the group was likely a marine pathogen, extant members inhabit a spectrum from free-living saprobes to obligate biotrophs. The mitochondrial genomes of Achlya hypogyna and Thraustotheca clavata were sequenced to directly compare a facultative parasitic species (A. hypogyna) to a closely related free living saprobe (T. clavata). Both sequenced mitochondrial genomes are circular, with sizes of 46,869 bp for A. hypogyna and 47,381 bp for T. clavata. They share 63 common genes, indicating little influence of lifestyle on gene content, but small differences in total number and order of genes. Achlya hypogyna has a single copy of nad2, whereas T. clavata has one pseudogene (rps7) and two duplicated genes (nad5 and nad2), each with one full and one truncated copy. The genomes encode a total of 29 or 30 tRNAs (A. hypogyna and T. clavata, respectively) for 19 amino acids. Three unidentified open reading frames are conserved, and one is unique to T. clavata. Comparisons of these genomes with published sequences of the closely related Saprolegnia ferax mitochondrial genome, and four other more distantly related oomycetes, reveals no correlation in genome content or architecture with lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Brien
- Department of Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
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Chen JC, Lu HC, Chen CE, Hsu HF, Chen HH, Yeh HH. The NPR1 ortholog PhaNPR1 is required for the induction of PhaPR1 in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2013; 54:31. [PMID: 28510874 PMCID: PMC5432770 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic acquired resistance (SAR) is an effective broad-spectrum defense mechanism that confers long-lasting protection against biotrophic pathogens trough defense related salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Gene(s) involved in SAR have been extensively studied in dicot plants; however, remains largely unresolved in monocot plants. NPR1, an evolutionary conserved gene, plays a central role in SAR, and PR-1 is widely used as a marker for effective SA signaling. RESULTS We identified NPR1 and PR-1 homologous genes, PhaNPR1 and PhaPR1, from an economically important orchid, Phalaenopsis aphrodite, and characterized their roles in SA signaling and Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) resistance. A phylogenetic analysis of NPR1 homologs showed that these genes appear to have evolved before angiospermy. Similar to Arabidopsis NPR1, PhaNPR1 was only moderately induced upon SA treatment and CymMV infection. Although PhaPR1 shows only 36% identity with AtPR1, its promoter shared conserved elements with those of other PR-1 genes, and it was induced upon SA treatment and CymMV infection. After CymMV infection, silencing on PhaNPR1 also reduced PhaPR1 expression; however, CymMV accumulation was not affected. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, after virus infection, PhaNPR1 is required for PhaPR1 induction, but plays little role in defense against CymMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, sec 4, Rooselvet Road, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, sec 4, Rooselvet Road, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Hua-Fang Hsu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, sec 4, Rooselvet Road, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, sec 4, Rooselvet Road, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
- Research Center for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
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Elliott CP, Enright NJ, Allcock RJN, Gardner MG, Meglécz E, Anthony J, Krauss SL. Microsatellite markers from the Ion Torrent: a multi-species contrast to 454 shotgun sequencing. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 14:554-68. [PMID: 24165148 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development and screening of microsatellite markers have been accelerated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and in particular GS-FLX pyro-sequencing (454). More recent platforms such as the PGM semiconductor sequencer (Ion Torrent) offer potential benefits such as dramatic reductions in cost, but to date have not been well utilized. Here, we critically compare the advantages and disadvantages of microsatellite development using PGM semiconductor sequencing and GS-FLX pyro-sequencing for two gymnosperm (a conifer and a cycad) and one angiosperm species. We show that these NGS platforms differ in the quantity of returned sequence data, unique microsatellite data and primer design opportunities, mostly consistent with the differences in read length. The strength of the PGM lies in the large amount of data generated at a comparatively lower cost and time. The strength of GS-FLX lies in the return of longer average length sequences and therefore greater flexibility in producing markers with variable product length, due to longer flanking regions, which is ideal for capillary multiplexing. These differences need to be considered when choosing a NGS method for microsatellite discovery. However, the ongoing improvement in read lengths of the NGS platforms will reduce the disadvantage of the current short read lengths, particularly for the PGM platform, allowing greater flexibility in primer design coupled with the power of a larger number of sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole P Elliott
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, Western Australia, 6005, Australia
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Hughes KW, Petersen RH, Lodge DJ, Bergemann SE, Baumgartner K, Tulloss RE, Lickey E, Cifuentes J. Evolutionary consequences of putative intra-and interspecific hybridization in agaric fungi. Mycologia 2013; 105:1577-94. [PMID: 23928423 DOI: 10.3852/13-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Agaric fungi of the southern Appalachian Mountains including Great Smoky Mountains National Park are often heterozygous for the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) with >42% of collections showing some heterozygosity for indels and/or base-pair substitutions. For these collections, intra-individual haplotype divergence is typically less than 2%, but for 3% of these collections intra-individual haplotype divergence exceeds that figure. We hypothesize that high intra-individual haplotype divergence is due to hybridization between agaric fungi with divergent haplotypes, possibly migrants from geographically isolated glacial refugia. Four species with relatively high haplotype divergence were examined: Armillaria mellea, Amanita citrina f. lavendula, Gymnopus dichrous and the Hygrocybe flavescens/chlorophana complex. The ITS region was sequenced, haplotypes of heterozygotes were resolved through cloning, and phylogenetic analyses were used to determine the outcome of hybridization events. Within Armillaria mellea and Amanita citrina f. lavendula, we found evidence of interbreeding and recombination. Within G. dichrous and H. flavescens/chlorophana, hybrids were identified but there was no evidence for F2 or higher progeny in natural populations suggesting that the hybrid fruitbodies might be an evolutionary dead end and that the genetically divergent Mendelian populations from which they were derived are, in fact, different species. The association between ITS haplotype divergence of less than 5% (Armillaria mellea = 2.6% excluding gaps; Amanita citrina f. lavendula = 3.3%) with the presence of putative recombinants and greater than 5% (Gymnopus dichrous = 5.7%; Hygrocybe flavescens/chlorophana = 14.1%) with apparent failure of F1 hybrids to produce F2 or higher progeny in populations may suggest a correlation between genetic distance and reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1100
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Krauss SL, Sinclair EA, Bussell JD, Hobbs RJ. An ecological genetic delineation of local seed-source provenance for ecological restoration. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2138-49. [PMID: 23919158 PMCID: PMC3728953 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasingly important practical application of the analysis of spatial genetic structure within plant species is to help define the extent of local provenance seed collection zones that minimize negative impacts in ecological restoration programs. Here, we derive seed sourcing guidelines from a novel range-wide assessment of spatial genetic structure of 24 populations of Banksia menziesii (Proteaceae), a widely distributed Western Australian tree of significance in local ecological restoration programs. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of 100 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations (ΦPT = 0.18). Pairwise population genetic dissimilarity was correlated with geographic distance, but not environmental distance derived from 15 climate variables, suggesting overall neutrality of these markers with regard to these climate variables. Nevertheless, Bayesian outlier analysis identified four markers potentially under selection, although these were not correlated with the climate variables. We calculated a global R-statistic using analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) to test the statistical significance of population differentiation and to infer a threshold seed collection zone distance of ∼60 km (all markers) and 100 km (outlier markers) when genetic distance was regressed against geographic distance. Population pairs separated by >60 km were, on average, twice as likely to be significantly genetically differentiated than population pairs separated by <60 km, suggesting that habitat-matched sites within a 30-km radius around a restoration site genetically defines a local provenance seed collection zone for B. menziesii. Our approach is a novel probability-based practical solution for the delineation of a local seed collection zone to minimize negative genetic impacts in ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried L Krauss
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority Fraser Avenue, West Perth, Western Australia, 6005, Australia ; School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Cacho RA, Jiang W, Chooi YH, Walsh CT, Tang Y. Identification and characterization of the echinocandin B biosynthetic gene cluster from Emericella rugulosa NRRL 11440. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16781-90. [PMID: 22998630 PMCID: PMC3482383 DOI: 10.1021/ja307220z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Echinocandins are a family of fungal lipidated cyclic hexapeptide natural products. Due to their effectiveness as antifungal agents, three semisynthetic derivatives have been developed and approved for treatment of human invasive candidiasis. All six of the amino acid residues are hydroxylated, including 4R,5R-dihydroxy-L-ornithine, 4R-hydroxyl-L-proline, 3S,4S-dihydroxy-L-homotyrosine, and 3S-hydroxyl-4S-methyl-L-proline. We report here the biosynthetic gene cluster of echinocandin B 1 from Emericella rugulosa NRRL 11440 containing genes encoding for a six-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase EcdA, an acyl-AMP ligase EcdI, and oxygenases EcdG, EcdH, and EcdK. We showed EcdI activates linoleate as linoleyl-AMP and installs it on the first thiolation domain of EcdA. We have also established through ATP-PP(i) exchange assay that EcdA loads L-ornithine in the first module. A separate hty gene cluster encodes four enzymes for de novo generation of L-homotyrosine from acetyl-CoA and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate is found from the sequenced genome. Deletions in the ecdA, and htyA genes validate their essential roles in echinocandin B production. Five predicted iron-centered oxygenase genes, ecdG, ecdH, ecdK, htyE, and htyF, in the two separate ecd and hty clusters are likely to be the tailoring oxygenases for maturation of the nascent NRPS lipohexapeptidolactam product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A. Cacho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Chooi YH, Wang P, Fang J, Li Y, Wu K, Wang P, Tang Y. Discovery and characterization of a group of fungal polycyclic polyketide prenyltransferases. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9428-37. [PMID: 22590971 PMCID: PMC3904230 DOI: 10.1021/ja3028636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prenyltransferase (PTase) gene vrtC was proposed to be involved in viridicatumtoxin (1) biosynthesis in Penicillium aethiopicum. Targeted gene deletion and reconstitution of recombinant VrtC activity in vitro established that VrtC is a geranyl transferase that catalyzes a regiospecific Friedel-Crafts alkylation of the naphthacenedione carboxamide intermediate 2 at carbon 6 with geranyl diphosphate. VrtC can function in the absence of divalent ions and can utilize similar naphthacenedione substrates, such as the acetyl-primed TAN-1612 (4). Genome mining using the VrtC protein sequence leads to the identification of a homologous group of PTase genes in the genomes of human and animal-associated fungi. Three enzymes encoded by this new subgroup of PTase genes from Neosartorya fischeri, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton tonsurans were shown to be able to catalyze transfer of dimethylallyl to several tetracyclic naphthacenedione substrates in vitro. In total, seven C(5)- or C(10)-prenylated naphthacenedione compounds were generated. The regioselectivity of these new polycyclic PTases (pcPTases) was confirmed by characterization of product 9 obtained from biotransformation of 4 in Escherichia coli expressing the N. fischeri pcPTase gene. The discovery of this new subgroup of PTases extends our enzymatic tools for modifying polycyclic compounds and enables genome mining of new prenylated polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Heng Chooi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jinxu Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yanran Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Katherine Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Barrett MD, Wallace MJ, Anthony JM. Characterization and cross application of novel microsatellite markers for a rare sedge, Lepidosperma gibsonii (Cyperaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:e14-e16. [PMID: 22203656 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci for the rare sword sedge Lepidosperma gibsonii (Cyperaceae) were characterized for the future study of population structure, hybridization, and clonality. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty samples from each of three populations were screened with the markers to assess genetic variation. Observed population heterozygosities ranged from 0.35 to 1.00, and number of alleles observed per locus ranged from eight to 23. No departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected for any locus in any population. Single samples from 14 species were screened to examine the transferability of the microsatellites to other species of Lepidosperma. At least eight out of 10 loci amplified in all species tested. CONCLUSIONS These loci will be useful for studying genetic variation, hybridization, dispersal, and breeding systems in Lepidosperma, a ubiquitous element of the flora of southern Australia.
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Hamberger B, Ohnishi T, Hamberger B, Séguin A, Bohlmann J. Evolution of diterpene metabolism: Sitka spruce CYP720B4 catalyzes multiple oxidations in resin acid biosynthesis of conifer defense against insects. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1677-95. [PMID: 21994349 PMCID: PMC3327196 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.185843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diterpene resin acids (DRAs) are specialized (secondary) metabolites of the oleoresin defense of conifers produced by diterpene synthases and cytochrome P450s of the CYP720B family. The evolution of DRA metabolism shares common origins with the biosynthesis of ent-kaurenoic acid, which is highly conserved in general (primary) metabolism of gibberellin biosynthesis. Transcriptome mining in species of spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus) revealed CYP720Bs of four distinct clades. We cloned a comprehensive set of 12 different Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) CYP720Bs as full-length cDNAs. Spatial expression profiles, methyl jasmonate induction, and transcript enrichment in terpenoid-producing resin ducts suggested a role of CYP720B4 in DRA biosynthesis. CYP720B4 was characterized as a multisubstrate, multifunctional enzyme by the formation of oxygenated diterpenoids in metabolically engineered yeast, yeast in vivo transformation of diterpene substrates, in vitro assays with CYP720B4 protein produced in Escherichia coli, and alteration of DRA profiles in RNA interference-suppressed spruce seedlings. CYP720B4 was active with 24 different diterpenoid substrates, catalyzing consecutive C-18 oxidations in the biosynthesis of an array of diterpene alcohols, aldehydes, and acids. CYP720B4 was most active in the formation of dehydroabietic acid, a compound associated with insect resistance of Sitka spruce. We identified patterns of convergent evolution of CYP720B4 in DRA metabolism and ent-kaurene oxidase CYP701 in gibberellin metabolism and revealed differences in the evolution of specialized and general diterpene metabolism in a gymnosperm. The genomic and functional characterization of the gymnosperm CYP720B family highlights that the evolution of specialized metabolism involves substantial diversification relative to conserved, general metabolism.
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Kraj W, Zarek M, Kowalski T. Genetic variability of Chalara fraxinea, dieback cause of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Mycol Prog 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-010-0724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Novel chloroplast markers for the study of intraspecific variation and hybridisation in the Lepidosperma costale species complex (Cyperaceae). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-010-9361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stefani FOP, Sokolski S, Wurtz TL, Piché Y, Hamelin RC, Fortin JA, Bérubé JA. Morchella tomentosa: a unique belowground structure and a new clade of morels. Mycologia 2010; 102:1082-8. [PMID: 20943507 DOI: 10.3852/09-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms involved in post-fire morel fructification remain unclear. A new undescribed belowground vegetative structure of Morchella tomentosa in a burned boreal forest was investigated north of Fairbanks, Alaska. The name "radiscisclerotium" is proposed to define this peculiar and elaborate below-ground vegetative structure of M. tomentosa. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses based on ITS rRNA regions and nLSU gene strongly supported a new clade composed of M. tomentosa within the genus Morchella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck O P Stefani
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Pavilion C.-E.-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Stefani FOP, Tanguay P, Pelletier G, Piché Y, Hamelin RC. Impact of endochitinase-transformed white spruce on soil fungal biomass and ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2607-14. [PMID: 20173071 PMCID: PMC2849194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02807-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of transgenic white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] containing the endochitinase gene (ech42) on soil fungal biomass and on the ectendomycorrhizal fungi Wilcoxina spp. was tested using a greenhouse trial. The measured level of endochitinase in roots of transgenic white spruce was up to 10 times higher than that in roots of nontransformed white spruce. The level of endochitinase in root exudates of three of four ech42-transformed lines was significantly greater than that in controls. Analysis soil ergosterol showed that the amount of fungal biomass in soil samples from control white spruce was slightly larger than that in soil samples from ech42-transformed white spruce. Nevertheless, the difference was not statistically significant. The rates of mycorrhizal colonization of transformed lines and controls were similar. Sequencing the internal transcribed spacer rRNA region revealed that the root tips were colonized by the ectendomycorrhizal fungi Wilcoxina spp. and the dark septate endophyte Phialocephala fortinii. Colonization of root tips by Wilcoxina spp. was monitored by real-time PCR to quantify the fungus present during the development of ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis in ech42-transformed and control lines. The numbers of Wilcoxina molecules in the transformed lines and the controls were not significantly different (P > 0.05, as determined by analysis of covariance), indicating that in spite of higher levels of endochitinase expression, mycorrhization was not inhibited. Our results indicate that the higher levels of chitinolytic activity in root exudates and root tissues from ech42-transformed lines did not alter the soil fungal biomass or the development of ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis involving Wilcoxina spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck O P Stefani
- Université Laval, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405 Rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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41
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Characterisation of polymorphic microsatellite markers isolated from Drakaea glyptodon Fitz. (Orchidaceae). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-010-9194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jia DJ, Cao X, Wang W, Tan XY, Zhang XQ, Chen LQ, Ye D. GNOM-LIKE 2, encoding an adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factor protein homologous to GNOM and GNL1, is essential for pollen germination in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:762-73. [PMID: 19686373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, male gametes are delivered to female gametophytes by pollen tubes. Although it is important for sexual plant reproduction, little is known about the genetic mechanism that controls pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Here we report the identification and characterization of two novel mutants, gnom-like 2-1 (gnl2-1) and gnl2-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the pollen grains failed to germinate in vitro and in vivo. GNL2 encodes a protein homologous to the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GNOM and GNL1 that are involved in endosomal recycling and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicular trafficking. It was prolifically expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes. The results of the present study suggest that GNL2 plays an important role in pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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44
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Rothuizen J, Wolferen M. Randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms in dogs are reproducible and display Mendelian transmission. Anim Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Rothuizen J, Wolferenn M. Randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms in dogs are reproducible and display Mendelian transmission. Anim Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Morse AM, Peterson DG, Islam-Faridi MN, Smith KE, Magbanua Z, Garcia SA, Kubisiak TL, Amerson HV, Carlson JE, Nelson CD, Davis JM. Evolution of genome size and complexity in Pinus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4332. [PMID: 19194510 PMCID: PMC2633040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome evolution in the gymnosperm lineage of seed plants has given rise to many of the most complex and largest plant genomes, however the elements involved are poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Gymny is a previously undescribed retrotransposon family in Pinus that is related to Athila elements in Arabidopsis. Gymny elements are dispersed throughout the modern Pinus genome and occupy a physical space at least the size of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. In contrast to previously described retroelements in Pinus, the Gymny family was amplified or introduced after the divergence of pine and spruce (Picea). If retrotransposon expansions are responsible for genome size differences within the Pinaceae, as they are in angiosperms, then they have yet to be identified. In contrast, molecular divergence of Gymny retrotransposons together with other families of retrotransposons can account for the large genome complexity of pines along with protein-coding genic DNA, as revealed by massively parallel DNA sequence analysis of Cot fractionated genomic DNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Most of the enormous genome complexity of pines can be explained by divergence of retrotransposons, however the elements responsible for genome size variation are yet to be identified. Genomic resources for Pinus including those reported here should assist in further defining whether and how the roles of retrotransposons differ in the evolution of angiosperm and gymnosperm genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Morse
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Peterson
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - M. Nurul Islam-Faridi
- Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Saucier, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Smith
- Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Saucier, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Zenaida Magbanua
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Saul A. Garcia
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Kubisiak
- Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Saucier, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Henry V. Amerson
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John E. Carlson
- School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Dana Nelson
- Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Saucier, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - John M. Davis
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Hurme P, Savolainen O. Comparison of homology and linkage of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers between individual trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.). Mol Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Hurme
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 333, FIN‐90571 Oulu, Finland
| | - O. Savolainen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 333, FIN‐90571 Oulu, Finland
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Edwards IP, Upchurch RA, Zak DR. Isolation of fungal cellobiohydrolase I genes from sporocarps and forest soils by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3481-9. [PMID: 18408067 PMCID: PMC2423022 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02893-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the major component of plant biomass, and microbial cellulose utilization is a key step in the decomposition of plant detritus. Despite this, little is known about the diversity of cellulolytic microbial communities in soil. Fungi are well known for their cellulolytic activity and mediate key functions during the decomposition of plant detritus in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed new oligonucleotide primers for fungal exocellulase genes (cellobiohydrolase, cbhI) and used these to isolate distinct cbhI homologues from four species of litter-decomposing basidiomycete fungi (Clitocybe nuda, Clitocybe gibba, Clitopilus prunulus, and Chlorophyllum molybdites) and two species of ascomycete fungi (Xylaria polymorpha and Sarcoscypha occidentalis). Evidence for cbhI gene families was found in three of the four basidiomycete species. Additionally, we isolated and cloned cbhI genes from the forest floor and mineral soil of two upland forests in northern lower Michigan, one dominated by oak (Quercus velutina, Q. alba) and the other dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and American basswood (Tilia americana). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that cellobiohydrolase genes recovered from the floor of both forests tended to cluster with Xylaria or in one of two unidentified groups, whereas cellobiohydrolase genes recovered from soil tended to cluster with Trichoderma, Alternaria, Eurotiales, and basidiomycete sequences. The ability to amplify a key fungal gene involved in plant litter decomposition has the potential to unlock the identity and dynamics of the cellulolytic fungal community in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P Edwards
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Latif MA, Soon Guan T, Mohd Yusoh O, Siraj SS. Evidence of sibling species in the brown planthopper complex (Nilaparvata lugens) detected from short and long primer random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints. Biochem Genet 2008; 46:520-37. [PMID: 18504649 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-008-9167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inheritance of 31 amplicons from short and long primer RAPD was tested for segregating ratios in two families of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, and they were found to be inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. These markers could now be used in population genetics studies of N. lugens. Ten populations of N. lugens were collected from five locations in Malaysia. Each location had two sympatric populations. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses based on genetic distance along with AMOVA revealed that the rice-infesting populations (with high esterase activity) at five localities clustered together as a group, and Leersia-infesting populations (with low esterase activity) at the same localities formed another distinct cluster. Two amplicons from primers OPD03 (0.65 kb) and peh#6 (1.0 kb) could be considered diagnostic bands, which were fixed in the Leersia-infesting populations. These results represent evidence of a sibling species in the N. lugens complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Latif
- Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh.
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Estavillo GM, Rao SK, Reiskind JB, Bowes G. Characterization of the NADP malic enzyme gene family in the facultative, single-cell C4 monocot Hydrilla verticillata. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 94:43-57. [PMID: 17638114 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrilla verticillata has a facultative single-cell system that changes from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. A NADP+-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME) provides a high [CO2] for Rubisco fixation in the C4 leaf chloroplasts. Of three NADP-ME genes identified, only hvme1 was up-regulated in the C4 leaf, during the light period, and it possessed a putative transit peptide. Unlike obligate C4 species, H. verticillata exhibited only one plastidic isoform that may perform housekeeping functions, but is up-regulated as the photosynthetic decarboxylase. Of the two cytosolic forms, hvme2 and hvme3, the latter exhibited the greatest expression, but was not light-regulated. The mature isoform of hvme1 had a pI of 6.0 and a molecular mass of 64 kD, as did the recombinant rHVME1m, and it formed a tetramer in the chloroplast. The recombinant photosynthetic isoform showed intermediate characteristics between isoforms in terrestrial C3 and C4 species. The catalytic efficiency of rHVME1m was four-fold higher than the cytosolic rHVME3 and two-fold higher than recombinant cytosolic isoforms of rice, but lower than plastidic forms of maize. The Km (malate) of 0.6 mM for rHVME1 was higher than maize plastid isoforms, but four-fold lower than found with rice. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 25 taxa suggested that chloroplastic NADP-ME isoforms arose from four duplication events, and hvme1 was derived from cytosolic hvme3. The chloroplastic eudicot sequences were a monophyletic group derived from a cytosolic clade after the eudicot and monocot lineages separated, while the monocots formed a polyphyletic group. The findings support the hypothesis that a NADP-ME isoform with specific and unusual regulatory properties facilitates the functioning of the single-cell C4 system in H. verticillata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo M Estavillo
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118526, Gainesville, FL 32611-8526, USA.
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