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Nikishchenko VE, Sayenko EM, Dyachuk VA. First Immunodetection of Sensory and Nervous Systems of Parasitic Larvae (Glochidia) of Freshwater Bivalve Nodularia douglasiae. Front Physiol 2022; 13:879540. [PMID: 35480032 PMCID: PMC9036188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.879540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most freshwater mussels have an unusual life cycle that requires host fish species for larval (glochidia) development and dispersal. Glochidia have a unique morphological structure that adapts to parasitic lifestyles and survival. The morphology of the glochidial shells of most Unionoidea, a group of freshwater bivalve mollusks, has been studied in detail using light and scanning electron microscopy. This study summarizes our data on the glochidia shell morphology of the Asian mussel Nodularia douglasiae from two localities in the Primorsky Territory, the Russian Far East. In contrast to the shell morphology of glochidia, little is known about the neurodevelopment of the Unionoidea. Herein, we first demonstrate that the structures of the sensory, muscle, and nervous systems of the glochidia larvae of N. douglasiae differ dramatically from those of the comparable larval systems of marine bivalve species, as revealed through alpha-acetylated tubulin, serotonin (5-HT), and FMRFamide antibodies as well as phalloidin for detection of F-actin and whole-mount confocal microscopy. We found that the glochidia sensory system included four pairs of tubulin-lir multicilia hair cells. Non-ciliar tubulin-lir cells synthesize the neuropeptide FMRFamide and are identified as afferent neurons collecting information from peripheral tubulin-lir hair sensory cells to nervous regulators. The glochidia’s muscular system was represented by a smooth adductor, retractors, and minor muscle bundles associated with the shell and visceral organs. The 5-HT-lir larval system is arranged most simply and consists of two immunopositive neurons innervating the adductor. The FMRFamide-lir system is more complicated and consists of several neuronal centers comprising neuronal bodies and their neurites in different areas of the larva. The FMRFamide-lir neurons are closely associated with sensory hair cells, and others, together with 5-HT-lir neurons, may be involved in the anlagen of adult ganglia. Thus, the nervous system of N. douglasiae glochidia is drastically different from other mollusks and lophotrochozoans because of the absence of an apical organ and the location and composition of FMRFamide and 5-HT cells. Morphological, molecular, and behavioral investigations of Unionoidea taxa need to be further conducted to investigate the parasite-host relationship, nerve-dependent regulation of parasite behavior, and evolution of mollusks.
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Effect of Air Exposure-Induced Hypoxia on Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmission Enzymes in Ganglia of the Scallop Azumapecten farreri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042027. [PMID: 35216143 PMCID: PMC8878441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system expresses neuromolecules that play a crucial role in regulating physiological processes. Neuromolecule synthesis can be regulated by oxygen-dependent enzymes. Bivalves are a convenient model for studying air exposure-induced hypoxia. Here, we studied the effects of hypoxia on the expression and dynamics of neurotransmitters, and on neurotransmitter enzyme distribution, in the central nervous system (CNS) of the scallop Azumapecten farreri. We analyzed the expression of the neurotransmitters FMRFamide and serotonin (5-HT) and the choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) and universal NO-synthase (uNOS) enzymes during air exposure-induced hypoxia. We found that, in early-stage hypoxia, total serotonin content decreased in some CNS regions but increased in others. CHAT-lir cell numbers increased in all ganglia after hypoxia; CHAT probably appears de novo in accessory ganglia. Short-term hypoxia caused increased uNOS-lir cell numbers, while long-term exposure led to a reduction in their number. Thus, hypoxia weakly influences the number of FMRFamide-lir neurons in the visceral ganglion and does not affect peptide expression in the pedal ganglion. Ultimately, we found that the localization and level of synthesis of neuromolecules, and the numbers of cells expressing these molecules, vary in the scallop CNS during hypoxia exposure. This indicates their possible involvement in hypoxia resistance mechanisms.
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Zhang Y, Shikina S, Ho YY, Chiu YL, I-Chen Yao J, Zatylny-Gaudin C, Dufour S, Chang CF. Involvement of RFamide neuropeptides in polyp contraction of the adult scleractinian corals Euphyllia ancora and Stylophora pistillata. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 314:113905. [PMID: 34534544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and functions of neurons in scleractinian corals remain largely unknown. This study focused on the Arg-Phe amide family of neuropeptides (RFamides), which have been shown to be involved in a variety of biological processes in animals, and performed molecular identification and characterization in the adult scleractinian coral Euphyllia ancora. The deduced amino acid sequence of the identified RFamide preprohormone was predicted to contain 20 potential neuropeptides, including 1 Pro-Gly-Arg-Phe (PGRF) amide and 15 Gln-Gly-Arg-Phe (QGRF) amide peptides. Tissue distribution analysis showed that the level of transcripts in the tentacles was significantly higher than that in other polyp tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis with the FMRFamide antibody showed that RFamide neurons were mainly distributed in the epidermis of the tentacles and mouth with pharynx. Treatment of E. ancora polyps with synthetic QGRFamide peptides induced polyp contraction. The induction of polyp contraction by QGRFamide peptide treatment was also observed in another scleractinian coral, Stylophora pistillata. These results strongly suggested that RFamides play a role in the regulation of polyp contraction in adult scleractinians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang, China; Marine and Fishery Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shinya Shikina
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ying Ho
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chiu
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jack I-Chen Yao
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- Laboratory Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), University of Caen-Normandy, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, 14032, Caen, France and 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Laboratory Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), University of Caen-Normandy, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, 14032, Caen, France and 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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Rolón-Martínez S, Habib MR, Mansour TA, Díaz-Ríos M, Rosenthal JJC, Zhou XN, Croll RP, Miller MW. FMRF-NH 2 -related neuropeptides in Biomphalaria spp., intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis: Precursor organization and immunohistochemical localization. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3336-3358. [PMID: 34041754 PMCID: PMC8273141 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria serve as intermediate hosts for the digenetic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the etiological agent for the most widespread form of intestinal schistosomiasis. As neuropeptide signaling in host snails can be altered by trematode infection, a neural transcriptomics approach was undertaken to identify peptide precursors in Biomphalaria glabrata, the major intermediate host for S. mansoni in the Western Hemisphere. Three transcripts that encode peptides belonging to the FMRF-NH2 -related peptide (FaRP) family were identified in B. glabrata. One transcript encoded a precursor polypeptide (Bgl-FaRP1; 292 amino acids) that included eight copies of the tetrapeptide FMRF-NH2 and single copies of FIRF-NH2 , FLRF-NH2 , and pQFYRI-NH2 . The second transcript encoded a precursor (Bgl-FaRP2; 347 amino acids) that comprised 14 copies of the heptapeptide GDPFLRF-NH2 and 1 copy of SKPYMRF-NH2 . The precursor encoded by the third transcript (Bgl-FaRP3; 287 amino acids) recapitulated Bgl-FaRP2 but lacked the full SKPYMRF-NH2 peptide. The three precursors shared a common signal peptide, suggesting a genomic organization described previously in gastropods. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on the nervous systems of B. glabrata and B. alexandrina, a major intermediate host for S. mansoni in Egypt. FMRF-NH2 -like immunoreactive (FMRF-NH2 -li) neurons were located in regions of the central nervous system associated with reproduction, feeding, and cardiorespiration. Antisera raised against non-FMRF-NH2 peptides present in the tetrapeptide and heptapeptide precursors labeled independent subsets of the FMRF-NH2 -li neurons. This study supports the participation of FMRF-NH2 -related neuropeptides in the regulation of vital physiological and behavioral systems that are altered by parasitism in Biomphalaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solymar Rolón-Martínez
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Mohamed R Habib
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tamer A Mansour
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark W Miller
- Institute of Neurobiology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Constantin S, Pizano K, Matson K, Shan Y, Reynolds D, Wray S. An Inhibitory Circuit From Brainstem to GnRH Neurons in Male Mice: A New Role for the RFRP Receptor. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6132086. [PMID: 33564881 PMCID: PMC8016070 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs, mammalian orthologs of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone) convey circadian, seasonal, and social cues to the reproductive system. They regulate gonadotropin secretion by modulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons via the RFRP receptor. Mice lacking this receptor are fertile but exhibit abnormal gonadotropin responses during metabolic challenges, such as acute fasting, when the normal drop in gonadotropin levels is delayed. Although it is known that these food intake signals to the reproductive circuit originate in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the brainstem, the phenotype of the neurons conveying the signal remains unknown. Given that neuropeptide FF (NPFF), another RFamide peptide, resides in the NTS and can bind to the RFRP receptor, we hypothesized that NPFF may regulate GnRH neurons. To address this question, we used a combination of techniques: cell-attached electrophysiology on GnRH-driven green fluorescent protein-tagged neurons in acute brain slices; calcium imaging on cultured GnRH neurons; and immunostaining on adult brain tissue. We found (1) NPFF inhibits GnRH neuron excitability via the RFRP receptor and its canonical signaling pathway (Gi/o protein and G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels), (2) NPFF-like fibers in the vicinity of GnRH neurons coexpress neuropeptide Y, (3) the majority of NPFF-like cell bodies in the NTS also coexpress neuropeptide Y, and (4) acute fasting increased NPFF-like immunoreactivity in the NTS. Together these data indicate that NPFF neurons within the NTS inhibit GnRH neurons, and thus reproduction, during fasting but prior to the energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Katherine Pizano
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Kaya Matson
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Daniel Reynolds
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
- Correspondence: Dr. Susan Wray, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive MSC 3703, Building 35, Room 3A1012, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Elphick MR, Mirabeau O, Larhammar D. Evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/3/jeb151092. [PMID: 29440283 PMCID: PMC5818035 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of neuronal signalling molecules that regulate physiological processes and behaviour in animals. However, determining the relationships and evolutionary origins of the heterogeneous assemblage of neuropeptides identified in a range of phyla has presented a huge challenge for comparative physiologists. Here, we review revolutionary insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signalling that have been obtained recently through comparative analysis of genome/transcriptome sequence data and by ‘deorphanisation’ of neuropeptide receptors. The evolutionary origins of at least 30 neuropeptide signalling systems have been traced to the common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes. Furthermore, two rounds of genome duplication gave rise to an expanded repertoire of neuropeptide signalling systems in the vertebrate lineage, enabling neofunctionalisation and/or subfunctionalisation, but with lineage-specific gene loss and/or additional gene or genome duplications generating complex patterns in the phylogenetic distribution of paralogous neuropeptide signalling systems. We are entering a new era in neuropeptide research where it has become feasible to compare the physiological roles of orthologous and paralogous neuropeptides in a wide range of phyla. Moreover, the ambitious mission to reconstruct the evolution of neuropeptide function in the animal kingdom now represents a tangible challenge for the future. Summary: A review of the revolutionary advances in our knowledge of the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems that have been enabled by comparative genomics and neuropeptide receptor deorphanisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie, INSERM U830, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Quillet R, Ayachi S, Bihel F, Elhabazi K, Ilien B, Simonin F. RF-amide neuropeptides and their receptors in Mammals: Pharmacological properties, drug development and main physiological functions. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:84-132. [PMID: 26896564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RF-amide neuropeptides, with their typical Arg-Phe-NH2 signature at their carboxyl C-termini, belong to a lineage of peptides that spans almost the entire life tree. Throughout evolution, RF-amide peptides and their receptors preserved fundamental roles in reproduction and feeding, both in Vertebrates and Invertebrates. The scope of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the RF-amide systems in Mammals from historical aspects to therapeutic opportunities. Taking advantage of the most recent findings in the field, special focus will be given on molecular and pharmacological properties of RF-amide peptides and their receptors as well as on their implication in the control of different physiological functions including feeding, reproduction and pain. Recent progress on the development of drugs that target RF-amide receptors will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Quillet
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Safia Ayachi
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Khadija Elhabazi
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Brigitte Ilien
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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Paullada-Salmerón JA, Cowan M, Aliaga-Guerrero M, Gómez A, Zanuy S, Mañanos E, Muñoz-Cueto JA. LPXRFa peptide system in the European sea bass: A molecular and immunohistochemical approach. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:176-98. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Cádiz, Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3); E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
- INMAR-CACYTMAR Research Institutes, Puerto Real University Campus; E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
| | - Mairi Cowan
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Cádiz, Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3); E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
- INMAR-CACYTMAR Research Institutes, Puerto Real University Campus; E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
| | - María Aliaga-Guerrero
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Cádiz, Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3); E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
- INMAR-CACYTMAR Research Institutes, Puerto Real University Campus; E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre de la Sal, CSIC; Ribera de Cabanes E-12595 Castellón Spain
| | - Silvia Zanuy
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre de la Sal, CSIC; Ribera de Cabanes E-12595 Castellón Spain
| | - Evaristo Mañanos
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre de la Sal, CSIC; Ribera de Cabanes E-12595 Castellón Spain
| | - José A. Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Cádiz, Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3); E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
- INMAR-CACYTMAR Research Institutes, Puerto Real University Campus; E-11510 Puerto Real Spain
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Ayachi S, Simonin F. Involvement of Mammalian RF-Amide Peptides and Their Receptors in the Modulation of Nociception in Rodents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:158. [PMID: 25324831 PMCID: PMC4183120 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian RF-amide peptides, which all share a conserved carboxyl-terminal Arg-Phe-NH2 sequence, constitute a family of five groups of neuropeptides that are encoded by five different genes. They act through five G-protein-coupled receptors and each group of peptide binds to and activates mostly one receptor: RF-amide related peptide group binds to NPFFR1, neuropeptide FF group to NPFFR2, pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptide group to QRFPR, prolactin-releasing peptide group to prolactin-releasing peptide receptor, and kisspeptin group to Kiss1R. These peptides and their receptors have been involved in the modulation of several functions including reproduction, feeding, and cardiovascular regulation. Data from the literature now provide emerging evidence that all RF-amide peptides and their receptors are also involved in the modulation of nociception. This review will present the current knowledge on the involvement in rodents of the different mammalian RF-amide peptides and their receptors in the modulation of nociception in basal and chronic pain conditions as well as their modulatory effects on the analgesic effects of opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Ayachi
- UMR 7242 CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- UMR 7242 CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- *Correspondence: Frédéric Simonin, UMR 7242 CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch 67412, France e-mail:
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Elphick MR, Mirabeau O. The Evolution and Variety of RFamide-Type Neuropeptides: Insights from Deuterostomian Invertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:93. [PMID: 24994999 PMCID: PMC4062910 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Five families of neuropeptides that have a C-terminal RFamide motif have been identified in vertebrates: (1) gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), (2) neuropeptide FF (NPFF), (3) pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide (QRFP), (4) prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), and (5) Kisspeptin. Experimental demonstration of neuropeptide-receptor pairings combined with comprehensive analysis of genomic and/or transcriptomic sequence data indicate that, with the exception of the deuterostomian PrRP system, the evolutionary origins of these neuropeptides can be traced back to the common ancestor of bilaterians. Here, we review the occurrence of homologs of vertebrate RFamide-type neuropeptides and their receptors in deuterostomian invertebrates - urochordates, cephalochordates, hemichordates, and echinoderms. Extending analysis of the occurrence of the RFamide motif in other bilaterian neuropeptide families reveals RFamide-type peptides that have acquired modified C-terminal characteristics in the vertebrate lineage (e.g., NPY/NPF), neuropeptide families where the RFamide motif is unique to protostomian members (e.g., CCK/sulfakinins), and RFamide-type peptides that have been lost in the vertebrate lineage (e.g., luqins). Furthermore, the RFamide motif is also a feature of neuropeptide families with a more restricted phylogenetic distribution (e.g., the prototypical FMRFamide-related neuropeptides in protostomes). Thus, the RFamide motif is both an ancient and a convergent feature of neuropeptides, with conservation, acquisition, or loss of this motif occurring in different branches of the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice R. Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- *Correspondence: Maurice R. Elphick, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK e-mail:
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Institut Curie, Cancer Genetics Unit, Inserm U830, Paris, France
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Zatylny-Gaudin C, Favrel P. Diversity of the RFamide Peptide Family in Mollusks. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:178. [PMID: 25386166 PMCID: PMC4208409 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial characterization of the cardioexcitatory peptide FMRFamide in the bivalve mollusk Macrocallista nimbosa, a great number of FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) have been identified in mollusks. FLPs were initially isolated and molecularly characterized in model mollusks using biochemical methods. The development of recombinant technologies and, more recently, of genomics has boosted knowledge on their diversity in various mollusk classes. Today, mollusk FLPs represent approximately 75 distinct RFamide peptides that appear to result from the expression of only five genes: the FMRFamide-related peptide gene, the LFRFamide gene, the luqin gene, the neuropeptide F gene, and the cholecystokinin/sulfakinin gene. FLPs display a complex spatiotemporal pattern of expression in the central and peripheral nervous system. Working as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones, FLPs are involved in the control of a great variety of biological and physiological processes including cardiovascular regulation, osmoregulation, reproduction, digestion, and feeding behavior. From an evolutionary viewpoint, the major challenge will then logically concern the elucidation of the FLP repertoire of orphan mollusk classes and the way they are functionally related. In this respect, deciphering FLP signaling pathways by characterizing the specific receptors these peptides bind remains another exciting objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Zatylny-Gaudin
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Université, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Caen, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, BOREA, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BOREA, Paris, France
- UMR 7208 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BOREA, Paris, France
- IRD 207, L’Institut de recherche pour le développement, BOREA, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Favrel
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Université, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Caen, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, BOREA, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BOREA, Paris, France
- UMR 7208 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BOREA, Paris, France
- IRD 207, L’Institut de recherche pour le développement, BOREA, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Pascal Favrel, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5 14032, France e-mail:
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Gallus L, Ferrando S, Bottaro M, Diaspro A, Girosi L, Faimali M, Ramoino P, Tagliafierro G. Presence and distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the cyprid of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Crustacea). Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:101-9. [PMID: 18937250 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) in the cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. Barnacles are considered to be one of the most important constituents of animal fouling communities, and the cyprid stage is specialized for settlement and metamorphosis in to the sessile adult condition. FLPs immunoreactive (IR) neuronal cell bodies were detected in both the central and the peripheral nervous system. One bilateral group of neurons somata was immunodetected in the brain, and IR nerve fibers were observed in the neuropil area and optic lobes. Intense immunostaining was also observed in the frontal filament complex: frontal filament tracts leaving the optic lobes and projecting towards the compound eyes, swollen nerve endings in the frontal filament vesicles, and thin nerve endings in the external frontal filament. Thin IR nerve fibers were also present in the cement glands. Two pairs of neuronal cell bodies were immunodetected in the posterior ganglion; some of their axons appear to project to the cirri. FLPs IR neuronal cell bodies were also localized in the wall of the dilated midgut and in the narrow hindgut; their processes surround the gut wall and allow gut neurons to synapse with one another. Our data demonstrated the presence of FLPs IR substances in the barnacle cyprid. We hypothesize that these peptides act as integrators in the central nervous system, perform neuromuscular functions for thoracic limbs, trigger intestinal movements and, at the level of the frontal filament, play a neurosecretory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gallus
- LIBiOM, DIBIO, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
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Yang HYT, Tao T, Iadarola MJ. Modulatory role of neuropeptide FF system in nociception and opiate analgesia. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:1-18. [PMID: 17854890 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The tetra-peptide FMRF-NH(2) is a cardioexcitatory peptide in the clam. Using the antibody against this peptide, FMRF-NH(2)-like immunoreactive material was detected in mammalian CNS. Subsequently, mammalian FMRF-NH(2) immunoreactive peptides were isolated from bovine brain and characterized to be FLFQPQRF-NH(2) (NPFF) and AGEGLSSPFWSLAAPQRF-NH(2) (NPAF). The genes encoding NPFF precursor proteins and NPFF receptors 1 and 2 are expressed in all vertebrate species examined to date and are highly conserved. Among many biological roles suggested for the NPFF system, the possible modulatory role of NPFF in nocicetion and opiate analgesia has been most widely investigated. Pharmacologically, NPFF-related peptides were found to exhibit analgesia and also potentiate the analgesic activity of opiates when administered intrathecally but attenuate the opiate induced analgesia when administered intracerebroventricularly. RF-NH(2) peptides including NPFF-related peptides were found to delay the rate of acid sensing ion channels (ASIC) desensitization resulting in enhancing acid gated currents, raising the possibility that NPFF also may have a pain modulatory role through ASIC. The genes for NPFF as well as NPFF-R2, preferred receptor for NPFF, are highly unevenly expressed in the rat CNS with the highest levels localized to the superficial layers of the dorsal spinal cord. These two genes are also present in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), though at low levels in normal rats. NPFF and NPFF-R2 mRNAs were found to be coordinately up-regulated in spinal cord and DRG of rats with peripheral inflammation. In addition, NPFF-R2 immunoreactivity in the primary afferents was increased by peripheral inflammation. The findings from the early studies on the analgesic and morphine modulating activities suggested a role for NPFF in pain modulation and this possibility is further supported by the distribution of NPFF and its receptor and the regulation of the NPFF system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ying T Yang
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4410, USA.
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Gallus L, Bottaro M, Ferrando S, Girosi L, Ramoino P, Tagliafierro G. Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the alimentary tract and hindgut ganglia of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Crustacea). Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:636-41. [PMID: 16770768 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the presence and distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the alimentary tract of barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated. A net of nerve fibers strongly immunoreactive to FMRFamide-like molecules was localized in the posterior midgut and hindgut. Positive varicose nerve terminals were also localized close to the circular muscle cells and, in the hindgut, close to the radial muscular fibers. Besides this nerve fibers network, one pair of contralateral ganglia was localized in the hindgut, each of them constituted by two strongly FMRFamide-labeled neurons and one nonlabeled neuron. Their immunoreactive axons directed toward the hindgut and posterior midgut suggest an involvement of FMRFamide-like substances in adult B. amphitrite gut motility. The hindgut associated ganglia of barnacles seem to correspond to the terminal abdominal ganglia of the other crustaceans. Since they are the only residual gut ganglia in the barnacle's reduced nervous system, we can hypothesize that gut motility needs a nervous system regulation partially independent of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gallus
- Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse (DIPTERIS), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, I-16132, Italy.
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Pombal MA, López JM, de Arriba MC, Megías M, González A. Distribution of neuropeptide FF-like immunoreactive structures in the lamprey central nervous system and its relation to catecholaminergic neuronal structures. Peptides 2006; 27:1054-72. [PMID: 16487629 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is an octapeptide of the RFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) that was primarily isolated from the bovine brain. Its distribution in the CNS has been reported in several mammalian species, as well as in some amphibians. Therefore, in order to gain insight in the evolution on the expression pattern of this neuropeptide in vertebrates, we carried out an immunohistochemical study in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. The distribution of NPFF-like-immunoreactive (NPFF-ir) structures in the lamprey brain is, in general, comparable to that previously described in other vertebrate species. In lamprey, most of the NPFF-ir cells were found in the hypothalamus, particularly in two large populations, the bed nucleus of the tract of the postoptic commissure and the tuberomammillary area. Numerous NPFF-ir cells were also observed in the rostral rhombencephalon, including a population in the dorsal isthmic gray and the reticular formation. Additional labeled neurons were found inside the preoptic region, the parapineal vesicle, the periventricular mesencephalic tegmentum, the descending trigeminal tract, the nucleus of the solitary tract, as well as in the gray matter of the spinal cord. The NPFF-ir fibers were widely distributed in the brain and the spinal cord, being, in general, more concentrated throughout the basal plate. The presence of NPFF-ir fibers in the lamprey neurohypophysis suggests that the involvement of NPFF-like substances in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system had emerged early during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Pombal
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Moulis A. The action of RFamide neuropeptides on molluscs, with special reference to the gastropods Buccinum undatum and Busycon canaliculatum. Peptides 2006; 27:1153-65. [PMID: 16516343 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing RFamide neuropeptide superfamily has members in all animal phyla. Their effects in molluscs, on both smooth and cardiac muscle as well as on neurons, has been studied in detail. These neuropeptides exert a variety of functions: excitatory, inhibitory or even biphasic. Firstly, the literature on the excitatory effect of the RFamide neuropeptides on molluscan muscle and neurons has been reviewed, with greater emphasis and examples from the gastropods Buccinum undatum and Busycon canaliculatum. The peptides seem to be potent activators of contraction, sometimes generating slow tonic force and other times twitch activity. Secondly, the literature on the inhibitory effect of the superfamily has been reviewed. These peptides can exert an inhibitory effect, hyperpolarizing the cells rather than depolarizing them. Thirdly, the neuropeptides may play a variety of other roles, such as contributing to the regulation or maturation process of the animals. There have been cases recorded of RFamide neuropeptides acting as potent venoms in members of the Conus sp. The pathway of action of these multiple roles, their interaction with the parent neurotransmitters acetylcholine and serotonin, as well as the calcium dependency of the RFamide neuropeptides has been discussed, again with special reference to the above mentioned gastropods. A better understanding of the mode of action, the effects, and the importance of the RFamide neuropeptides on molluscan physiology and pharmacology has been attempted by reviewing the existing literature, recognizing the importance of the RFamide neuropeptide actions on molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Moulis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, 103 Priamou St., 16673 Voula, Athens, Greece.
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Chrachri A, Williamson R. Modulation of spontaneous and evoked EPSCs and IPSCs in optic lobe neurons of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis by the neuropeptide FMRF-amide. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:526-36. [PMID: 12581170 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the neuropeptide FMRFa on spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs), as well as on evoked EPSCs and IPSCs, in two types of neurons within the central optic lobe of cuttlefish were examined using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. FMRFa (1-10 micro m) did not affect cell membrane resting potentials, but reversibly reduced both the frequency and amplitude of sEPSCs in neurons within the medulla region of the optic lobe while increasing the frequency and amplitude of their sIPSCs. For centrifugal neurons in the inner granule cell layer of the optic lobe, FMRFa (1-10 micro m) decreased both the frequency and amplitude of sEPSCs. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (0.5 micro m), neither the interevent interval, nor amplitude distributions of the miniature EPSCs or the miniature IPSCs, were affected by FMRFa, implying a presynaptic action of FMRFa on the optic lobe neurons. Bath application of the neuropeptide also abolished or reduced in amplitude the evoked EPSCs and increased the amplitude of evoked IPSCs in optic lobe neurons, showing that FMRFa induced similar effects on evoked as on spontaneous postsynaptic currents. These results demonstrate the complex range of modulatory effects FMRFa can have within central nervous system circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdesslam Chrachri
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.
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Castro A, Becerra M, Anadón R, Manso MJ. Distribution and development of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neuronal systems in the brain of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario. J Comp Neurol 2001; 440:43-64. [PMID: 11745607 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide) peptide-immunoreactive (FMRF-ir) cells and fibers in the terminal nerve and central nervous system was investigated in developing stages and adults of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario. The first FMRF-ir neurons appeared in the terminal nerve system of 8-mm embryos in and below the olfactory placode. In the brain, FMRF-ir neurons were first observed in the rostral hypothalamus, primordial hypothalamic lobe, mesencephalic laminar nucleus, and locus coeruleus of 12- to 13 -m embryos. After hatching, FMRF-ir cells appeared in the lateral part of the ventral telencephalic area and the anterior tuberal nucleus. In adult trout, FMRF-ir cells were observed in all these areas. The number of FMRF-ir neurons increased markedly in some of these populations during development. Dense innervation by FMRF-ir fibers was observed in the dorsal and lateral parts of the dorsal telencephalic area, and in the ventral telencephalic area, the lateral preoptic area, the medial hypothalamic and posterior tubercle regions, midbrain tegmentum and rhombencephalic reticular areas, the central gray, the superior raphe nucleus, the secondary visceral nucleus, the vagal nuclei, and the area postrema. Fairly rich FMRF-ir innervation was also observed in the optic tectum and some parts of the torus semicircularis. The saccus vasculosus and hypophysis received a moderate amount of FMRF-ir fibers. Innervation of most of these regions appeared either in late alevins or fry, although FMRF-ir fibers in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, and reticular areas appeared in embryos. Comparative analysis of the complex innervation pattern observed in the brain of trout suggests that FMRF is involved in a variety of functions, like the FMRF family of peptides in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
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Rankin SM, Seymour SM. FMRFamide-like material in the earwig, Euborellia annulipes, and its functional significance. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 47:189-197. [PMID: 11462223 DOI: 10.1002/arch.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The neurosecretory system of the earwig, Euborellia annulipes, contained material similar to that of FMRFamide, as shown by immunocytochemistry. Within the brain were two pairs of darkly staining perikarya in the medial protocerebrum, and up to four pairs of immunoreactive cells in the lateral protocerebrum. The corpora allata appeared immunoreactive in 10-day females, but not in 2-day-old adults. Additionally, immunoreactive material was detected in midgut endocrine cells of both 2- and 10-day-old females. FMRFamide at 1 to 100 nM did not inhibit juvenile hormone production by earwig corpora allata in vitro. This was true of glands of low activity from 2-day cat food-fed or starved virgin females, 10-day starved females, and those of relatively high activity from 10-day-old, cat food-fed females. In contrast, FMRFamide at 50 and 100 (but not at 1) nM stimulated gut motility in vitro in distended guts from 2-day fed females. Preparations from starved females and those from 10-day fed females (in which feeding behavior is on the decline) did not respond to exogenous FMRFamide with enhanced rates of contraction. Lastly, preparations from females starved for 7 days and subsequently fed for 3 days responded to 10 nM FMRFamide with increases in gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rankin
- Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, USA.
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Chrachri A, Odblom M, Williamson R. G protein-mediated FMRFamidergic modulation of calcium influx in dissociated heart muscle cells from squid, Loligo forbesii. J Physiol 2000; 525 Pt 2:471-82. [PMID: 10835048 PMCID: PMC2269943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1999] [Accepted: 03/09/2000] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of the neuropeptide FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) on the L-type (ICa,L) and T-type (ICa,T) calcium currents were investigated in muscle cells dissociated from the heart of squid, Loligo forbseii. The heart muscle cells could be divided into type I and type II cells, on the basis of morphological differences in the dissociated myocytes. FMRFamide induced a substantial block of the L-type calcium current seen in type I cells; this inhibition was rapid, reversible and dose dependent (IC50 = 0.1 microM). FMRFamide induced an increase in the amplitude of the L-type calcium current in the type II heart muscle cells, but had no effect on the T-type calcium current in either type of dissociated heart muscle cell, even at concentrations much higher than those found to affect the L-type calcium current. Internal dialysis of isolated type I heart muscle cells with guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate (GTPgammaS, 100 microM), a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue, mimicked the FMRFamide inhibition of the Ca2+ current and occluded any further FMRFamide-induced inhibition. Internal dialysis of these cells with guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDPbetaS, 100 microM) reduced the FMRFamide-induced inhibition of the peak Ca2+ current. The inhibitory effects of FMRFamide were abolished by pre-incubation of the cells with pertussis toxin (200 ng ml-1). The activation kinetics of ICa,L were not affected by FMRFamide application, nor by internal perfusion with GTPgammaS, and the FMRFamide-induced reduction in ICa,L was not relieved by large depolarising prepulses. These data indicate that FMRFamide can modulate ICa,L, but not ICa,T, in squid heart muscle cells, and that the underlying G protein pathway is dissimilar to that commonly associated with transmitter modulation of channel activity. The FMRFamide-modulated increase in ICa,L seen in the type II heart muscle cells was not mediated by a PTX-sensitive G protein pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chrachri
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB and Department of Biology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Becherer C, Schmid A. Distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid-, proctolin-, Periplaneta hypertrehalosaemic hormone- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the visual ganglia of the spider Cupiennius salei Keys. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
The roles of acetylcholine, dopamine, octopamine, tyramine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, glutamate, 4-aminobutanoic acid (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and a range of peptides as insect neurotransmitters are evaluated in terms of the criteria used to identify transmitters. Of the biogenic amines considered, there is good evidence that acetylcholine, dopamine, octopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine should be considered to be neurotransmitters, but the case for tyramine is less convincing at the moment. The evidence supporting neurotransmitter roles for glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid at specific insect synapses is overwhelming, but much work remains to be undertaken before the full significance of these molecules in the insect nervous system is appreciated. Attempts to characterise biogenic amine and amino acid receptors using pharmacological and molecular biological techniques have revealed considerable differences between mammalian and insect receptors. The number of insect neuropeptides isolated and identified has increased spectacularly in recent years, but genuine physiological or biochemical functions can be assigned to very few of these molecules. Of these, only proctolin fulfills the criteria expected of a neurotransmitter, and the recent discovery of proctolin receptor antagonists should enable the biology of this pentapeptide to be explored fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Osborne
- Department of Biology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Yasuyama K, Chen B, Yamaguchi T. Localization of RFamide-like Immunoreactivity in the Visceral Organs and Peripheral Neurosecretory Cells Related to the Terminal Abdominal Ganglion in the Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Zoolog Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.12.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The numerous endogenous opioid peptides (beta-endorphin, enkephalins, dynorphins ... ) and the exogenous opioids (such as morphine) exert their effects through the activation of receptors belonging to four main types, mu, delta, kappa and epsilon. Opioidergic neurones and opioid receptors are largely distributed centrally and peripherally. It is thus not surprising that opioids have numerous pharmacological effects and that endogenous opioids are thought to be involved in the physiological control of various functions, among which nociception is particularly emphasized. Some opioid targets may be components of homeostatic systems tending to reduce the effects of opioids. "Anti-opioid" properties have been attributed to various peptides, especially cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and melanocyte inhibiting factor (MIF)-related peptides. In addition, a particular place should be attributed, paradoxically, to opioid peptides themselves among the anti-opioid peptides. These peptides can oppose some of the acute effects of opioids, and a hyperactivation of anti-opioid peptidergic neurones due to the chronic administration of opioids may be involved in the development of opioid tolerance and/or dependence. In fact, CCK, NPFF and the MIF family of peptides have complex properties and can act as opioid-like as well as anti-opioid peptides. Thus, "opioid modulating peptides" would be a better term to designate these peptides, which probably participate, together with the opioid systems, in multiple feed-back loops for the maintenance of homeostasis. "Opioid modulating peptides" have generally been shown to act through the activation of their own receptors. For example, CCK appears to exert its anti-opioid actions mainly through the activation of CCK-B receptors, whereas its opioid-like effects seem to result from the stimulation of CCK-A receptors. However, the partial agonistic properties at opioid receptors of some MIF-related peptides very likely contribute to their ability to modulate the effects of opioids. CCK- and NPFF-related drugs have potential therapeutic interest as adjuncts to opioids for alleviating pain and/or for the treatment of opioid abuse.
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Too CK, Croll RP. Detection of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities in the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 281:295-304. [PMID: 7648623 DOI: 10.1007/bf00583398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was detected histochemically in the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Most immunoreactivity was concentrated in the cerebral, pedal, and parietovisceral ganglia, particularly in the cortical cell bodies and in their fibers which extend into the central neuropile. Whole-mount immunofluorescence studies were used to localize concentrations of immunoreactive cells on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of each ganglion. Immunoreactivity was also detected in nerves emanating from the ganglia. Strong immunoreactivity was localized in peripheral organs, including the gut and gills of juvenile and adult scallops. Weak immunoreactivity was detected in the gonads, heart, and adductor muscle of the adults. A broad FMRFamide-like immunoreactive band of 2.5-8.2 kDa was detected by Western blotting of acetone extracts of the parietovisceral ganglia. In the presence of protease inhibitors, two FMRFamide-like immunoreactive bands (7.2-8.2 kDa and > 17 kDa) were obtained. Neither of these bands comigrated with the FMRFamide standard. It is concluded that peptides of the FMRFamide family are probably regulators of numerous central and peripheral functions in P. magellanicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Too
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Henry M, Benlinmame N, Belhsen OK, Jule Y, Mathieu M. Immunohistochemical localization of FMRFamide-containing neurons and nerve fibers in the ganglia and the gonad wall of the scallop, Pecten maximus (L). Neuropeptides 1995; 28:79-84. [PMID: 7746358 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(95)90079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Phe-Met-Arg-Phe NH2 (FMRFamide)-like immunoreactivity was detected in neurons of the cerebro-pedal and visceral ganglia of the scallop Pecten maximus using immunohistochemical techniques. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was also found in nerve fibers localized in the connective tissue and the epithelial wall of the gonad. Electron microscopy study carried out on the gonads indicates the existence of numerous nerve fibers crossing the connective tissue; nerve terminals apposed to highly secretory cells were seen in the gonad wall. All in all, the present immunohistochemical and electron microscopic data suggest that FMRFamide might play an unusual secretagogue role in the gonad wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Henry
- Département de Physiologie et Neurophysiologie, CNRS URA 1832, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, Marseille, France
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Abstract
Central administration of FMRFamide in rats dose dependently increased the duration of time spent in the open arm of an elevated plus maze and enhanced the number of drink contacts in the thirsty rat conflict test. Similarly in the social interaction test, animals pretreated with FMRFamide spent sufficient time in active social interaction as compared to controls. Neuropeptide FMRFamide antagonized the anxiogenic effect of yohimbine and enhanced the antianxiety effect of diazepam in rats. The results indicate anxiolytic action of FMRFamide and the mechanism of such an action may involve serotonergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Muthal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagpur University Campus, India
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Boersma CJ, Sonnemans MA, Van Leeuwen FW. Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptide FF (FMRF amide-like peptide) in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system of Wistar and Brattleboro rats by light and electron microscopy. J Comp Neurol 1993; 336:555-70. [PMID: 8245225 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903360408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (F8Famide, FMRFamide-like, or morphine modulating peptide) immunoreactivity was localized by light and electron microscopy in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system of Wistar and Brattleboro rats. In Wistar rats neuropeptide FF was present in part of the magnocellular neurones of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in which it was coexpressed with vasopressin. Neuropeptide FF containing fibres were present in the paraventricular and the supraoptic nuclei, and in the central part of the neural lobe. At the electron microscopic level, neuropeptide FF containing nerve terminals in the neural lobe formed synaptoid contacts exclusively with pituicytes. No neuropeptide FF containing neurovascular contacts or contacts with other neuronal structures were observed. In contrast with Wistar rats, neuropeptide FF was almost completely absent in cell bodies of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and in fibres of the neural lobe in Brattleboro rats. Only a few solitary cells could be observed in these structures. The present results demonstrate that neuropeptide FF coexists with vasopressin within the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. As we did not observe neuropeptide FF containing neurovascular contacts, neuropeptide FF containing nerve terminals probably have a local function within the neural lobe. Neuropeptide FF may be involved in the modulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release, with the pituicyte as an intermediate cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Boersma
- Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research
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Mercier AJ, Orchard I, TeBrugge V, Skerrett M. Isolation of two FMRFamide-related peptides from crayfish pericardial organs. Peptides 1993; 14:137-43. [PMID: 8387183 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(93)90021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pericardial organs of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, were removed, and material from them was extracted and fractionated using two sequential reverse-phase HPLC columns. Fractions were analysed using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for the C-terminal peptide sequence -Arg-Phe-NH2. The peak immunoreactive fraction from the second column appeared to contain two peptides with the sequences DRNFLRFamide and NRNFLRFamide, based on microsequencing analysis and on the absolute requirement for the amide in the RIA. These two peptides, respectively, have been given the names NF1 and DF2 due to similarity with previously identified lobster peptides F1 and F2. NF1 and DF2 are cardioexcitatory and augment synaptic transmission at a neuromuscular synapse, and evidence is presented for the calcium-dependent release of these peptides from the pericardial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mercier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Sivasubramanian. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous system innervating the gut of the fly, Sarcophaga bullata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 103:333-7. [PMID: 1360391 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivasubramanian
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredricton, Canada
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31
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FMRfamide-like immunoreactivity in the ventral nerve cord of the larval eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (clemens) (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(92)90017-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Sivasubramanian P. Localization of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the larval midgut of the fly, Sarcophaga bullata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Fujii K, Kobayashi H. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Ann Anat 1992; 174:217-22. [PMID: 1354419 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was determined in the brain and the pituitary of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the olfactory nerve, nucleus entopeduncularis, nucleus anterioris periventricularis, nucleus posterioris periventricularis, lateral part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis pars posterioris, midbrain tegmentum, and medulla oblongata. Immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed in the brain, in particular in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus. A few immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the pituitary. The findings are discussed in relation to male sexual behavior and the involvement of FMRFamide-like peptide in pituitary functions in the goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujii
- Research Laboratory, Zenyaku Kogyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Krishna NS, Subhedar NK. Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of the catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Peptides 1992; 13:183-91. [PMID: 1352401 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(92)90161-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain and pituitary of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, was investigated. Immunoreactive cells were observed in the ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis (NT) and in the medial olfactory tracts. In the preoptic area, FMRFamide-containing perikarya were restricted to the lateral preoptic area, paraventricular subdivision of the nucleus preopticus, nucleus suprachiasmaticus and nucleus preopticus periventricularis posterior. In the postoptic area, some cells of the nucleus postopticus lateralis and nucleus of the horizontal commissure showed moderate immunoreactivity. In the tuberal area, immunoreactivity was observed in few cells of the nucleus hypothalamicus ventralis and nucleus arcuatus hypothalamicus (NAH). Nucleus ventromedialis thalami was the only thalamic nucleus with FMRFamide immunoreactivity. Immunoreactive processes were traceable from the NT through the medial as well as lateral olfactory tracts into the telencephalon and the area ventralis telencephali pars supracommissuralis (Vs). Further caudally, the immunoreactive fibers could be traced into discrete areas, including habenular and posterior commissures, neurohypophysis and pituitary; isolated fibers were also observed in the pineal stalk. A loose network of immunoreactive processes was observed in the olfactory bulbs and the entire telencephalon, with higher densities in some areas, including Vs. A dense plexus of immunoreactive fibers was seen in the pre- and postoptic areas and around the paraventricular organ, while relatively few were observed in the thalamus. A high concentration of fiber terminals was found in the caudal tuberal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Krishna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagpur University, India
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35
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Crim JW, Jenkins AC, Brown MR. A mosquito neuropeptide in a moth larva (Helicoverpa zea): Relation to FMRF-amide immunoreactivity. Tissue Cell 1992; 24:537-45. [PMID: 1359674 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(92)90069-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral nervous and midgut endocrine systems of the larval corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, were examined using light microscopy and immunocytochemistry for RF-amide family peptides. Immunoreactivity for a mosquito neuropeptide, Aedes Head Peptide-I (Aea-HP-I,pERPhPSLKTRFa), is widely distributed in this lepidopteran. Immunostaining for Aea-HP-I is localized (1a) in perikarya and axons of the brain, the subesophageal ganglion, and the first thoracic ganglion, (b) in peripheral axons innervating muscles of the midgut, and (2) in numerous midgut endocrine cells. Aea-HP-I-associated activity generally occurs as a subset of FMRF-amide (FMRFa; a molluscan cardioactive peptide) immunoreactivity. Cross-reactivity studies indicate that Aea-HP-I and FMRFa immunoreactivities are heterogeneous in the cerebral nervous system and in axons innervating the muscles of the midgut, but may be homogeneous in midgut endocrine cells. Radioimmunoassay for Aea-HP-I reveals immunoreactivity in hemolymph, as well as in extracts of midguts and heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Crim
- Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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36
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Vallarino M, Salsotto-Cattaneo MT, Feuilloley M, Vaudry H. Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the elasmobranch fish Scyliorhinus canicula. Peptides 1991; 12:1321-8. [PMID: 1687710 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90214-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of FMRFamide-like-immunoreactive peptides was investigated in the brain and pituitary of the elasmobranch fish Scyliorhinus canicula using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. FMRFamide-immunoreactive cells and fibers were mainly observed in the telencephalon and the diencephalon, while other brain structures were almost unstained. In the telencephalon, FMRFamide-like-containing neurons were seen in the caudal part of the area periventricularis pallialis, in the posterior area of the nucleus septi medialis and in the nucleus septi caudoventralis. In the diencephalon, numerous FMRFamide-positive cell bodies were observed in the hypothalamus, ventral thalamus and posterior tuberculum. The highest density of immunofluorescent perikarya was found in the nucleus lobi lateralis hypothalami and in the nucleus periventricularis hypothalami. More caudally, the mesencephalon and the caudal brainstem only contained scattered varicose FMRFamide-immunoreactive fibers. Stained fibers were also identified in the median eminence and several FMRFamide-like-positive cells were detected in the dorsal and rostral parts of the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. These data indicate that substances related to the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide FMRFamide are widely distributed in the brain of S. canicula, suggesting their implication in neuroendocrine and/or neuromodulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vallarino
- Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, Italy
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37
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Eichmüller S, Hammer M, Schäfer S. Neurosecretory cells in the honeybee brain and suboesophageal ganglion show FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. J Comp Neurol 1991; 312:164-74. [PMID: 1720793 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical analysis of the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. was combined with Lucifer Yellow backfilling from the corpora cardiaca and intracellular staining of single neurons. It is shown that more than one third of the cells that display FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (F-LI) project to the corpora cardiaca, suggesting they are neurosecretory. Among the ca. 120 median neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the pars intercerebralis about 32 show F-LI. The number of immunoreactive MNCs is highly variable and may depend on age and/or diet. Seven of at least 40 lateral neurosecretory cells display F-LI. They project through the brain via the medial branch of the bipartite nervus corporis cardiaci II. In the suboesophageal ganglion three types of immunoreactive neurosecretory cells were identified. Together with the median and the lateral neurosecretory cells in the brain these cells project through a single pair of nerves into the corpora cardiaca suggesting that the nervus corporis cardiaci (NCC) of the honeybee is a fusion of NCC I, II, and III described in other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eichmüller
- Institut für Neurobiologie der Freien Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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38
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Thiemermann C, al-Damluji S, Hecker M, Vane JR. FMRF-amide and L-Arg-L-Phe increase blood pressure and heart rate in the anaesthetised rat by central stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:318-24. [PMID: 1998514 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide FMRFamide (L-Phe-L-Met-L-Arg-L-Phe-NH2) increases mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) in the anaesthetised rat at concentrations ranging from 10-1000 micrograms/kg. Here, we demonstrate that peptides containing L-arginyl-L-phenylalanine (L-Arg-L-Phe), the C-terminal sequence of FMRFamide, mimic its haemodynamic effects. L-Arg-L-Phe was approximately 4 fold more potent in increasing MABP and HR than FMRFamide. In 40 different peptides investigated, the following order of potency of the effective compounds was established: L-Arg-L-Phe-L-Ala = L-Arg-L-Phe greater than FMRFamide greater than L-Met-L-Arg-L-Phe = L-Arg-L-Trp greater than L-Arg-L-Tyr greater than D-Arg-L-Phe = L-Arg-L-Phe-OMe greater than L-Arg-L-Leu = L-Arg-L-Ile greater than L-Lys-L-Phe greater than L-Arg-L-Met. L-Arg-L-Phe or FMRFamide did not cause any pressor response in pithed rats, indicating a central mechanism of action. In anaesthetised rats, intravenous injections of FMRFamide or L-Arg-L-Phe (100 micrograms/kg) were associated with a 2-3 fold increase in plasma noradrenaline levels, whereas plasma adrenaline levels remained unchanged. Thus, L-Arg-L-Phe may represent the active principle of FMRFamide acting by a central mechanism involving the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thiemermann
- William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Elphick MR, Price DA, Lee TD, Thorndyke MC. The SALMFamides: a new family of neuropeptides isolated from an echinoderm. Proc Biol Sci 1991; 243:121-7. [PMID: 1676515 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1991.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated two novel related neuropeptides from the radial nerve cords of the starfishes Asterias rubens and Asterias forbesi. One is an octapeptide with the amino acid sequence Gly-Phe-Asn-Ser-Ala-Leu-Met-Phe-NH2 and the other is a dodecapeptide with the amino acid sequence Ser-Gly-Pro-Tyr-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ser-Gly-Leu-Thr-Phe-NH2. The peptides were purified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a radioimmunoassay for the molluscan FMRFamide-related neuropeptide, pQDPFLRFamide. Both peptides share minimal sequence identity with members of the family of FMRFamide-like peptides so we have designated them as founder members of a new family, the SALMFamides. We refer to the octapeptide as SALMFamide 1 (S1) and the dodecapeptide as SALMFamide 2 (S2). S1 and S2 are the first neuropeptides identified in species belonging to the phylum Echinodermata.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Elphick
- Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St. Augustine 32086
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40
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Ottaviani E, Caselgrandi E, Bondi M, Cossarizza A, Monti D, Franceschi C. The “immune-mobile brain”: Evolutionary evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-5428(06)80030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Batten TF, Cambre ML, Moons L, Vandesande F. Comparative distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the green molly, Poecilia latipinna. J Comp Neurol 1990; 302:893-919. [PMID: 2081820 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The comparative distribution of peptidergic neural systems in the brain of the euryhaline, viviparous teleost Poecilia latipinna (green molly) was examined by immunohistochemistry. Topographically distinct, but often overlapping, systems of neurons and fibres displaying immunoreactivity (ir) related to a range of neuropeptides were found in most brain areas. Neurosecretory and hypophysiotrophic hormones were localized to specific groups of neurons mostly within the preoptic and tuberal hypothalamus, giving fibre projections to the neurohypophysis, ventral telencephalon, thalamus, and brain stem. Separate vasotocin (AVT)-ir and isotocin (IST)-ir cells were located in the nucleus preopticus (nPO), but many AVT-ir nPO neurons also displayed growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like-ir, and in some animals corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)-like-ir. The main group of CRF-ir neurons was located in the nucleus recessus anterioris, where coexistence with galanin (GAL) was observed in some cells. Enkephalin (ENK)-like-ir was occasionally present in a few IST-ir cells of the nPO and was also found in small neurons in the posterior tuberal hypothalamus and in a cluster of large cells in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)-ir cells were found near the rostromedial tip of the nucleus recessus lateralis. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-ir cells were present in the nucleus olfactoretinalis, ventral telencephalon, preoptic area, and dorsal midbrain tegmentum. Molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide (FMRF-amide)-ir was colocalized with GnRH-ir in the ganglion cells and central projections of the nervus terminalis. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-ir neurons were restricted to the tuberal hypothalamus, mostly within the nucleus lateralis tuberis pars lateralis, and somatostatin (SRIF)-ir neurons were numerous throughout the periventricular areas of the diencephalon. A further group of SRIF-ir neurons extending from the ventral telencephalon into the dorsal telencephalon pars centralis also contained neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, peptide YY (PYY)-, and NPY flanking peptide (PSW)-like-ir. These immunoreactivities were, however, also observed in non-SRIF-ir cells and fibres, particularly in the mesencephalon. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like-ir had a characteristic distribution in cells grouped in the isthmal region and fibre tracts running forward into the hypothalamus, most strikingly into the inferior lobes. Antisera to cholecystokinin (CCK) and neurokinin A (NK) or substance P (SP) stained very extensive, separate systems throughout the brain, with cells most consistently seen in the ventral telencephalon and periventricular hypothalamus. Broadly similar, but much more restricted, distributions of cells and fibres were seen with antisera to neurotensin (NT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Batten
- Department of Cardiovascular Studies, University Leeds, England
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42
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Chin AC, Reynolds ER, Scheller RH. Organization and expression of the Drosophila FMRFamide-related prohormone gene. DNA Cell Biol 1990; 9:263-71. [PMID: 2350439 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1990.9.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila FMRFamide gene is comprised of two exons separated by a 2.8-kb intervening sequence. The first exon consists of the 5' untranslated region and is spliced to the initiator methionine codon. The second exon encodes the prohormone and the 3' untranslated region of the mRNA. The promoter region contains a TATA box 30 nucleotides upstream from a consensus transcription start site. Immunohistochemical studies using antibodies generated against synthetic peptides and in situ hybridization histochemistry define a set of about 40 neurons in the brain and ventral ganglia that express the prohormone gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305
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43
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Maule AG, Halton DW, Johnston CF, Shaw C, Fairweather I. The serotoninergic, cholinergic and peptidergic components of the nervous system in the monogenean parasite, Diclidophora merlangi: a cytochemical study. Parasitology 1990; 100 Pt 2:255-73. [PMID: 2345660 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000061266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Confocal scanning laser microscopy has been employed with immunocytochemical techniques to map the distribution of serotoninergic and peptidergic components in the nervous system of the monogenean gill-parasite, Diclidophora merlangi; results are compared with the distribution of cholinergic components, following histochemical staining for cholinesterase activity. While all three neurochemical elements are present in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the cholinergic and peptidergic systems dominate the CNS, whereas the PNS has a majority of serotoninergic nerve fibres. The cholinergic and peptidergic neuronal pathways overlap extensively in staining patterns, suggesting possible co-localization of acetylcholine and neuropeptides. Within the peptidergic nervous system, immunoreactivity to the pancreatic polypeptide family of peptides and FMRFamide were the most prevalent. Gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-, neuropeptide Y-, substance P-, neurokinin A- and eledoisin-like immunoreactivities have been demonstrated for the first time in a monogenean parasite. The gastrin/CCK- and tachykinin-like immunoreactivities had an apparently restricted distribution in the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Maule
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, U.K
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44
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Distler P. Synaptic connections of dopamine-immunoreactive neurons in the antennal lobes of Periplaneta americana. Colocalization with GABA-like immunoreactivity. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1990; 93:401-8. [PMID: 2323954 DOI: 10.1007/bf00315858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated histochemically in about ten local interneurons in the antennal lobe of Periplaneta americana. The somata of these neurons are within the ventrolateral group of cell bodies. Additional immunohistochemical tests revealed that the same neurons also have a GABA-like immunoreactivity. Immunohistochemical dopamine staining (preembedding) of preparations in which the antennal receptor fibers had been caused to degenerate showed that in the glomerular neuropil these antennal fibers form output synapses on dopamine-immunoreactive neurons. The latter form output synapses on unstained neuron profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Distler
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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45
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Osborne R, Banner S, Wood S. The pharmacology of the gut of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and other insects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(90)90035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Dockray GJ. Comparative Neuroendocrinology of Gut Peptides. Compr Physiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp060208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Guzman A, Legendre P, Allard M, Geoffre S, Vincent JD, Simonnet G. Electrophysiological effects of FLFQPQRF amide, an endogenous brain morphine modulating peptide, on cultured mouse spinal-cord neurons. Neuropeptides 1989; 14:253-61. [PMID: 2482951 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(89)90054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular recordings were made from dissociated fetal mouse spinal cord neurones in primary culture. Micropressure application of FLFQPQRFamide (10(-5) M in the delivery pipette), an endogenous mammalian brain morphine modulating peptide, onto the surface of spinal cord neurones induced, in a dose dependent manner, a transitory hyperpolarization followed by a long lasting depolarization of the membrane potential (n = 37). In contrast, no response was observed when the peptide was applied on dorsal root ganglia neurones (n = 30). The depolarizing phase of this response was underlied by an increase of the input resistance. Extrapolated reversal potential for the depolarizing phase was close to -80 mV while it was close to -40 mV for the hyperpolarizing phase. Increasing extracellular K+ concentration raised the reversal potential value of depolarizing phases to more positive values. The amplitude of the depolarizing phase was reduced by application of tetraethylammonium (50 mM) while it was enhanced by application of 4-aminopyridine (3 mM). CaCl2 application (3 mM) reversibly blocked the hyperpolarization and decreased the subsequent depolarization. In presence of Ba2+ the extrapollated reversal potential of the hyperpolarizing phase was dramatically shifted to a more positive value. Finally FLFQPQRFamide induced response can be partially mimicked by FMRFamide application. Our observations indicate that FLFQPQRFamide can have multiple effects on membrane conductance of mammalian spinal cord neurones by acting on a single class of receptor. These effects of FLFQPQRFamide were found to be mainly excitatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guzman
- INSERM U.176, Université de Bordeaux II, France
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48
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Jenkins AC, Brown MR, Crim JW. FMRF-amide immunoreactivity and the midgut of the corn earworm (Heliothis zea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402520110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Chen ST, Tsai MS, Shen CL. Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the Formosan monkey (Macaca cyclopsis). Peptides 1989; 10:825-34. [PMID: 2587424 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(89)90121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the Formosan monkey (Macaca cyclopsis) was investigated employing immunohistochemical techniques. FMRFamide-containing cells were found to be widely distributed throughout the forebrain. Principal densities of FMRFamide neuronal perikarya were observed in the following areas: the amygdaloid complex, the olfactory tubercle, the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the septum, the caudate-putamen and the arcuate nucleus. A large number of immunoreactive fibers were observed in areas ranging from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, and were noted in the following locations: the preoptic area, the tuberal and posterior hypothalamic areas, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nuclei of the spinal trigeminal nerve, the hypoglossal nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The results generally parallel those described in the rat and guinea pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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50
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Wendelaar Bonga SE, Lafeber FP, Flik G, Kaneko T, Pang PK. Immunocytochemical demonstration of a novel system of neuroendocrine peptidergic neurons in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, with antisera to the teleostean hormone hypocalcin and mammalian parathyroid hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 75:29-38. [PMID: 2767406 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical staining with antisera raised against trout hypocalcin, the hypocalcemic hormone of the Stannius corpuscles and against bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH1-84), revealed a new system of neuroendocrine neurons in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The neurons are located in small groups or single cells in the visceral, parietal, and pedal ganglia of the central nervous system. The axons of these cells are running to the periphery of the pleuroparietal, visceroparietal, and pleuropedal connections, the dorsopedal commissure, and to several nerves originating in the visceral, parietal, and pedal ganglia. The axons are ending with characteristic axonal distensions in the periphery of these connectives, commissure, and nerves. These regions probably act as neurohaemal areas. The affinity of this neuroendocrine system for both the anti-hypocalcin and anti-PTH sera is another indication for a special relationship between hypocalcin and PTH, which possess some immunological resemblance and similar biological activities, although no similarity in primary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Wendelaar Bonga
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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