1
|
|
2
|
Varki A. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology 2016; 27:3-49. [PMID: 27558841 PMCID: PMC5884436 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1435] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Sialic acids are a diverse family of monosaccharides widely expressed on all cell surfaces of vertebrates and so-called "higher" invertebrates, and on certain bacteria that interact with vertebrates. This overview surveys examples of biological roles of sialic acids in immunity, with emphasis on an evolutionary perspective. Given the breadth of the subject, the treatment of individual topics is brief. Subjects discussed include biophysical effects regulation of factor H; modulation of leukocyte trafficking via selectins; Siglecs in immune cell activation; sialic acids as ligands for microbes; impact of microbial and endogenous sialidases on immune cell responses; pathogen molecular mimicry of host sialic acids; Siglec recognition of sialylated pathogens; bacteriophage recognition of microbial sialic acids; polysialic acid modulation of immune cells; sialic acids as pathogen decoys or biological masks; modulation of immunity by sialic acid O-acetylation; sialic acids as antigens and xeno-autoantigens; antisialoglycan antibodies in reproductive incompatibility; and sialic-acid-based blood groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0687, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bondioli L, Ruozi B, Belletti D, Forni F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G. Sialic acid as a potential approach for the protection and targeting of nanocarriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:921-37. [PMID: 21510826 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.577061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanocarriers are considered to be one of the most innovative drug delivery systems, owing to their high potential in drug protection, delivery and targeting to the diseased site. Unfortunately, their applicability is hampered mainly by their uptake, due to macrophagic recognition and lack of specificity, if not properly engineered. AREAS COVERED Sialic acid (SA) and its derivatives have recently been studied in order to govern their stealthness as carriers and their effectiveness as targeting moieties. In this review, the most outstanding research (in vitro and in vivo) dealing with the use of SA or its derivatives to modify the surface carriers, in order to achieve targeted or stealth nanosystems, is summarized. Moreover, the application of SA or its derivatives as modifiers in cancer targeting and therapy, and in recognition purposes, is considered. EXPERT OPINION The application of SA-based strategies for nanocarrier engineering represents one of the most stimulating challenges in drug delivery and drug targeting. Both in vivo and in vitro results on stealth or targeted nanocarriers, modified with different kinds of SA or SA derivative, have highlighted the great potential of this approach. These studies have drawn attention to both the advantages (stealth properties, targeting ability, cancer inhibition, viral and inflammation recognition, brain targeting) and the possible disadvantages (i.e., presence of possible multi-target side effect outputs) of this strategy, and overall suggests that further investigations on this strategy are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bondioli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Palma AS, Liu Y, Childs RA, Herbert C, Wang D, Chai W, Feizi T. The human epithelial carcinoma antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody AE3 is expressed on a sulfoglycolipid in addition to neoplastic mucins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:548-52. [PMID: 21527252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The term human epithelial carcinoma antigen (HCA) has been applied collectively to mucin-type high molecular weight (>1000kDa) glycoproteins that are over-expressed in epithelial cancers. Since the 1990s, over 40 monoclonal antibodies have been raised that recognize HCA. There has been evidence that the antigenic determinants are mostly carbohydrates, but details have been elusive. Here we have carried out carbohydrate microarray analyses of one of the monoclonal antibodies, AE3, that has been regarded the 'most carcinoma specific' in respect to its ability to detect HCA in sera of patients with epithelial cancers. The microarrays encompassed a series of 492 sequence-defined glycan probes in the form of glycolipids and neoglycolipids. We have thus established that the antigen recognized by antibody AE3 is a carbohydrate sequence distinct from the A, B, H, Lewis(a/b), Lewis(x/y) and T antigens, but that it is strongly expressed on the monosulfated tetra-glycosyl ceramide, SM1a, Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4(3-O-sulfate)Galβ1-4GlcCer. This is the first report of an anti-HCA to be characterized with respect to its recognition sequence and of the occurrence of the antigen on a glycolipid as well as on glycoproteins. Knowledge of a discrete glycan sequence as target antigen now opens the way to its exploration as a serologic cancer biomarker, namely to determine if the antigen elicits an autoantibody response in early non-metastatic cancer, or if it is shed and immunochemically detectable in more advanced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S Palma
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Marks Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muniz JJ, Joyce MM, Taylor JD, Burghardt JR, Burghardt RC, Johnson GA. Glycosylation dependent cell adhesion molecule 1-like protein and L-selectin expression in sheep interplacentomal and placentomal endometrium. Reproduction 2006; 131:751-61. [PMID: 16595726 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1), a mucin component of sheep histotroph produced by glandular epithelium (GE) during early pregnancy, is hypothesized to function in implantation. However, GlyCAM-1 is present in uterine tissues subsequent to implantation suggesting additional functions of this l-selectin-binding ligand. This study focused on uterine GlyCAM-1 expression during placentome development in sheep. Western blot analysis of day 50 pregnant sheep identified 45, 40, and 25 kDa bands in interplacentomal endometrium, 40 and 25 kDa bands in placentomes, and 80 and 40 kDa bands in chorioallantois. The GlyCAM-1 proteins in interplacentomal regions were comparable to those detected in day 15-19 pregnant sheep, however, the 80 kDa form was unique to chorioallantois, and the absence of the 45 kDa GlyCAM-1 in placentomes indicated differences between interplacentomal and placentomal endometrium. Immunofluorescence identified GlyCAM-1 in lumenal epithelium (LE), stromal fibroblasts, and vascular smooth muscle cells. To better define its cellular distribution, GlyCAM-1 was co-localized with either epithelium-specific cytokeratin, smooth muscle-specific alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA), or stromal-specific vimentin. In interplacentomal endometrium, GlyCAM-1 co-localized with cytokeratin in LE but not in GE. GlyCAM-1 did not co-localize with alpha SMA, and was localized in the extracellular matrix of vimentin-positive stroma. In placentomes, GlyCAM-1 did not co-localize with cytokeratin, but did co-localize with alpha SMA and vimentin. Thus, in contrast to interplacentomal regions, GlyCAM-1 in placentomes was predominantly localized in vasculature rather than epithelial cells. Further, leukocytes expressing L-selectin were localized to the endothelial surface of GlyCAM-1-expressing vessels within placentomes. These data suggest that GlyCAM-1 assumes distinct functions in compartment-specific regions of the sheep uterus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jésus J Muniz
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rapoport E, Khaidukov S, Baidina O, Bojenko V, Moiseeva E, Pasynina G, Karsten U, Nifant'ev N, LePendue J, Bovin N. Involvement of the Galbeta1 - 3GalNAcbeta structure in the recognition of apoptotic bodies by THP-1 cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2003; 82:295-302. [PMID: 12868597 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific apoptotic glycosylation pattern may play an assistant or even a causative role in phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies. To elucidate the role of macrophages in lectin-mediated phagocytosis, an experimental system was used, where monocyte-derived THP-1 cells engulf the apoptotic bodies from the melanoma cell line MELJUSO. A flow cytometry assay was performed to reveal lectin expression and quantify the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies. Taking into account that siglecs, a mannose receptor and galectins expressed on macrophages could be involved in engulfment of apoptotic bodies we studied their potential expression on THP-1 cells by means of polyacrylamide glycoconjugates. A strong binding of the cells to siglec ligands (3'SiaLac, 6'SiaLac, [Neu5Acalpha2-8]2) and galectin ligands (LacNAc, GalNAcbeta1 - 4GlcNAc, Galbeta1 - 3GalNAcbeta and asialoGM1) was observed. To reveal the corresponding targets on apoptotic bodies, the carbohydrate pattern of MELJUSO cells was analyzed. The apoptotic membrane was characterized by a high level of glycans terminated by galactose or sialic acid. To study lectin-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by THP-1 cells, an inhibitory phagocytosis assay was performed. Binding of Galbeta1 - 3GalNAc- or LacNAc-specific reagents (lectins and antibodies) to apoptotic bodies abolished their engulfment by the THP-1 cells whereas blocking of Neu5Acalpha2 - 6 or Neu5Acalpha2 - 3 sites by the corresponding lectins was not effective. Furthermore, Galbeta1 - 3GalNAcbeta-PAA or asialoGM1-PAA binding to the THP-1 cells decreased phagocytosis, whereas two other potent THP-1-binding probes, LacNAc-PAA and GalNAcbeta1 - 4GlcNAc-PAA did not inhibit phagocytosis. Thus, Galbeta1 - 3GalNAcbeta-terminated chains represented on the apoptotic bodies but not the other tested galectin ligands appear to be a target for THP-1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Rapoport
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamaguchi M, Ishida H, Galustian C, Feizi T, Kiso M. Synthesis and selectin-binding activity of N-deacetylsialyl Lewis X ganglioside. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:2111-7. [PMID: 12433475 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel analogue of sialyl Lewis X ganglioside, N-deacetylsialyl Lewis X ganglioside, was synthesized. Methyl 4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-5-trifluoroacetamido-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonate-(2 --> 3)-2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-D-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate was coupled with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl [2-acetamido-6-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-3-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1 --> 3)-[2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl]-(1 --> 4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside to give the desired pentasaccharide in high yield. The glycosylation of the pentasaccharide acceptor, which was derived from its precursor by removal of the 3-methoxybenzyl group, with the phenyl 1-thioglycoside derivative of L-fucose using N-iodosuccinimide-trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as promoter, produced the hexasaccharide. Proper manipulation of the protecting groups of the hexasaccharide afforded the corresponding glycosyl imidate, which was coupled with (2S,3R,4E)-2-azido-3-O-benzoyl-4-octadecene-1,3-diol. Selective reduction of the azido group, N-acylation with octadecanoic acid, and the complete removal of the protecting groups gave the desired N-deacetylsialyl Lewis X ganglioside. L-Selectin bound more strongly to N-deacetylsialyl Lewis X ganglioside than to the sialyl Lewis X ganglioside, whereas E- and P-selectins bound equally well to the two gangliosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galustian C, Childs RA, Stoll M, Ishida H, Kiso M, Feizi T. Synergistic interactions of the two classes of ligand, sialyl-Lewis(a/x) fuco-oligosaccharides and short sulpho-motifs, with the P- and L-selectins: implications for therapeutic inhibitor designs. Immunology 2002; 105:350-9. [PMID: 11918697 PMCID: PMC1782666 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-, L- and P-selectins are carbohydrate-recognizing cell-adhesion molecules mediating selective leucocyte recruitment in inflammation. The 3'-sialyl- and 3'-sulpho-oligosaccharides of Lewis(x) (Le(x)) and Lewis(a) (Le(a)) series are bound by them, but for high-avidity binding of P- and L-selectins to the glycoprotein counter-receptor known as P-selectin glycoprotein ligand, PSGL-1, there is a requirement for sulpho-tyrosines neighbouring a sialyl-Le(x) glycan. The two selectins can also bind 3-O- or 6-O-sulphated galacto-lipids (sulphatides). Here we compare some features of the interactions of P- and L-selectins with a novel lipid-linked sulpho-tyrosine probe, and with the sulphatides and neoglycolipids of sialyl- and sulpho-Le(x)/Le(a) fuco-oligosaccharides. The sulpho-tyrosine probe is bound by both selectins. There are close similarities in the interactions of the two selectins with sulpho-tyrosine and the sulphatides; the binding is relatively resistant to chelation of calcium ions, in contrast to the absolute requirement of calcium ions with the long fuco-oligosaccharides, including 6-sulpho-sialyl-Le(x). With both selectins, there is striking synergy in binding signals elicited by the two ligand types when presented as equimolar mixtures on a matrix. Thus, there are two operationally distinct binding sites on both L- and P-selectin; and the binding sites for sulphate groups in the two ligand types are probably distinct. When sulpho-tyrosine and sialyl-Le(x) are presented on liposomes, a potent inhibitory activity is generated toward the binding of P-selectin to HL60 cells, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values in the nanomolar range. These features of the lipid-linked ligand analogues, and the simple approach for their display on liposomes, may have applications in designs and screening of selectin inhibitors as anti-inflammatory compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Galustian
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
| | - Robert A Childs
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
| | - Mark Stoll
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Ten Feizi
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leszczyniecka M, Roberts T, Dent P, Grant S, Fisher PB. Differentiation therapy of human cancer: basic science and clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 2001; 90:105-56. [PMID: 11578655 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer therapies are highly toxic and often nonspecific. A potentially less toxic approach to treating this prevalent disease employs agents that modify cancer cell differentiation, termed 'differentiation therapy.' This approach is based on the tacit assumption that many neoplastic cell types exhibit reversible defects in differentiation, which upon appropriate treatment, results in tumor reprogramming and a concomitant loss in proliferative capacity and induction of terminal differentiation or apoptosis (programmed cell death). Laboratory studies that focus on elucidating mechanisms of action are demonstrating the effectiveness of 'differentiation therapy,' which is now beginning to show translational promise in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Leszczyniecka
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feizi T. Carbohydrate ligands for the leukocyte-endothelium adhesion molecules, selectins. Results Probl Cell Differ 2001; 33:201-23. [PMID: 11190676 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-46410-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feizi T. ‘Glyco-Epitope’ Assignments for the Selectins: Advances Enabled By the Neoglycolipid (Ngl) Technology in Conjunction with Synthetic Carbohydrate Chemistry’. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 491:65-78. [PMID: 14533790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1267-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The neoglycolipid (NGL) technology involving the preparation of lipid-linked oligosaccharide probes for binding experiments with carbohydrate-recognizing proteins, and their analysis by mass spectrometry, is a unique and powerful means of discovering oligosaccharide ligands for carbohydrate-binding proteins, and assigning details of their specificities. The key feature is that it enables the pinpointing and sequence determination of bioactive oligosaccharides within highly heterogeneous mixtures derived from natural glycoconjugates. A new generation of NGLs incorporating a fluorescent label now establishes the principles for a streamlined technology whereby oligosaccharide populations are carried through ligand detection and isolation steps, and sequence determination. Advances in selectin research made through applications of the NGL technology include (i) demonstration of the importance of density of selectin expression, and of oligosaccharide ligands, in the magnitude and the specificity of the binding signals; (ii) demonstration of the efficacy of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in supporting selectin-mediated cell interactions; (iii) the discovery of 3-sulphated Le(a)/Le(x) as selectin ligands; (iv) the isolation and sequencing of carbohydrate ligands for E-selectin on murine myeloid cells and kidney; (v) the finding that sulphation at position 6 of the penultimate N-acetylglucosamine confers superior L-selectin binding signals not only to 3-sialyl-Le(x) but also to 3'-sulpho-Le(x); and (vi) the finding that sialic acid de-N-acetylation, or further modification with formation of an intra-molecular amide bond in the carboxyl group, enhances or virtually abolishes, respectively, the potency of the 6'-sulfo-sialyl-Le(X) ligand. Working with biotinylated forms of the oligosaccharide ligands, we have observed that their presentation on a streptavidin matrix influences differentially the efficacy of interactions of the L- and P-selectins (but not E-selectin) with the sialylated and sulphated ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Feizi
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park Campus, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kogelberg H, Lawson AM, Muskett FW, Carruthers RA, Feizi T. Expression in Escherichia coli, folding in vitro, and characterization of the carbohydrate recognition domain of the natural killer cell receptor NKR-P1A. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 20:10-20. [PMID: 11035945 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NKR-P1A is a homodimeric type II transmembrane protein of the C-type lectin family found on natural killer (NK) cells and NK-like T cells and is an activator of cytotoxicity. Toward structure determination by NMR, the recombinant carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of NKR-P1A has been expressed in high-yield in Escherichia coli and folded in vitro. The purified protein behaves as a monomer in size-exclusion chromatography and is bound by the conformation-sensitive antibody, 3.2.3, indicating a folded structure. A polypeptide tag at the N-terminus is selectively cleaved from the CRD after limited trypsin digestion in further support of a compact folded structure. The disulfide bonds have been identified by peptide mapping and electrospray mass spectrometry. These are characteristic of a long form CRD. The 1D NMR spectrum of the unlabeled CRD and the 2D HSQC spectrum of the (15)N-labeled CRD are those of a folded protein. Chemical shifts of H(alpha) and NH protons indicate a considerable amount of beta-strand structure. Successful folding in the absence of Ca(2+), coupled with the lack of chemical shift changes upon addition of Ca(2+), suggests that the NKR-P1A-CRD may not be a Ca(2+)-binding protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kogelberg
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park Campus, Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Childs RA, Galustian C, Lawson AM, Dougan G, Benwell K, Frankel G, Feizi T. Recombinant soluble human CD69 dimer produced in Escherichia coli: reevaluation of saccharide binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 266:19-23. [PMID: 10581158 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We reevaluate here an earlier report of monosaccharide binding by the C-type lectin-like, leukocyte surface protein CD69 in the form of a recombinant soluble dimer, and we examine polysaccharide binding by the protein. We have expressed in Escherichia coli a new construct of the extracellular part (Q(65)-K(199)) of human CD69. We describe the folding in vitro to produce, in good yield, the protein in a soluble, disulphide-linked, dimeric form, and the results of binding experiments with monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine, linked to bovine serum albumin. Monosaccharide-binding signals are not detectable. Among the polysaccharides, heparin, chondroitin sulphates A, B, and C, fucoidan, and dextran sulphate, CD69 dimer gives a weak binding signal with fucoidan.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/isolation & purification
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Dimerization
- Disulfides/metabolism
- Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/isolation & purification
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Lectins, C-Type
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Monosaccharides/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Folding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Solubility
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Childs
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park Campus, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Galustian C, Lubineau A, le Narvor C, Kiso M, Brown G, Feizi T. L-selectin interactions with novel mono- and multisulfated Lewisx sequences in comparison with the potent ligand 3'-sulfated Lewisa. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18213-7. [PMID: 10373422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L-selectin binds to 3'-sialyl-Lewis (Le)x and -Lea and to 3'-sulfo-Lex and -Lea sequences. The binding to 3'-sialyl-Lex is strongly affected by the presence of 6-O-sulfate as found on oligosaccharides of the counter receptor, GlyCAM-1; 6-O-sulfate on the N-acetylglucosamine (6-sulfation) enhances, whereas 6-O-sulfate on the galactose (6'-sulfation) virtually abolishes binding. To extend knowledge on the specificity of L-selectin, we have investigated interactions with novel sulfo-oligosaccharides based on the Lex pentasaccharide sequence. We observe that, also with 3'-sulfo-Lex, the 6-sulfation enhances and 6'-sulfation suppresses L-selectin binding. The 6'-sulfation without 3'-sialyl or 3'-sulfate gives no binding signal with L-selectin. Where the 6-sulfo,3'-sialyl-Lex is on an extended di-N-acetyllactosamine backbone, additional 6-O-sulfates on the inner galactose and inner N-acetylglucosamine do not influence the binding. Although binding to the 6,3'-sulfo-Lex and 6-sulfo, 3'-sialyl-Lex sequences is comparable, the former is a more effective inhibitor of L-selectin binding. This difference is most apparent when L-selectin is in paucivalent form (predominantly di- and tetramer) rather than multivalent. Indeed, as inhibitors of the paucivalent L-selectin, the 3'-sulfo-Lex series are more potent than the corresponding 3'-sialyl-Lex series. Thus, for synthetic strategies to design therapeutic oligosaccharide analogs as antagonists of L-selectin binding, those based on the simpler 3'-sulfo-Lex (and also the 3'-sulfo-Lea) would seem most appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Galustian
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Spencer TE, Bartol FF, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Joyce MM. Identification and characterization of glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1-like protein expression in the ovine uterus. Biol Reprod 1999; 60:241-50. [PMID: 9915987 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod60.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1) is an endothelial glycoprotein secreted in lymph nodes that serves as a ligand for leukocyte cell surface selectin and mediates lymphocyte extravasation. In the present studies, rabbit anti-rat GlyCAM-1 IgG was used in immunochemical analyses of GlyCAM-1-like protein in the ovine uterus. In cyclic ewes, GlyCAM-1 expression increased in the endometrial luminal epithelium (LE) and shallow glandular epithelium (cGE) between Days 1 and 5 and then decreased between Days 11 and 15. In pregnant ewes, GlyCAM-1 in the LE and cGE was low on Days 11 and 13, increased on Day 15, and was abundant on Days 17 and 19. Immunoreactive GlyCAM-1 was also detected in the conceptus trophectoderm on Days 13-19. Staining for GlyCAM-1 in the smooth muscle of the vasculature and myometrium was constitutive, and no staining was detected in the stroma. An immunoreactive protein of approximately 45 kDa was identified in endometrial extracts and uterine flushings from cyclic and pregnant ewes. In pregnant ewes, the relative amount of immunoreactive GlyCAM-1 in uterine flushings was low on Days 11 and 13 but high on Days 15 and 17. Results suggest that a GlyCAM-1-like protein may be a secretory product of the endometrial epithelium and/or conceptus trophectoderm. Patterns of distribution observed for immunoreactive GlyCAM-1-like protein in the endometrial epithelium, combined with proposed functions for lymphoid GlyCAM-1, suggest that this mucin glycoprotein may be involved in conceptus-maternal interactions during the periimplantation period of pregnancy in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Spencer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Galustian C, Lawson AM, Komba S, Ishida H, Kiso M, Feizi T. Sialyl-Lewis(x) sequence 6-O-sulfated at N-acetylglucosamine rather than at galactose is the preferred ligand for L-selectin and de-N-acetylation of the sialic acid enhances the binding strength. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 240:748-51. [PMID: 9400621 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharide sequences based on sialyl-Lewis(x) with 6-O-sulfation at galactose (6'-sulfo) or at N-acetylglucosamine (6-sulfo) and expressed on high endothelial venules are considered likely endogenous ligands for the leukocyte adhesion molecule, L-selectin. In the course of high performance TLC of three hexaglycosylceramides 6'-sulfo sialyl Lewis(x), 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis(x), and 6',6-bis-sulfo sialyl Lewis(x), synthesized chemically for selectin recognition studies, two minor byproducts were detected and isolated from each parent compound. By liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry these were identified as isomers containing a de-N-acetylated sialic acid or having a modified carboxyl group. Binding experiments with the parent compounds and the non-sulfated sialyl Lewis(x) glycolipid show that 6-sulfation potentiates, whereas 6'-sulfation virtually abolishes L-selectin binding. Thus the hierarchy of binding strengths were 6-sulfo sialyl > sialyl = 6',6-bis-sulfo sialyl >> 6'-sulfo sialyl Lewis(x). Whereas modification of the sialic acid carboxyl group markedly impaired L-selectin binding, de-N-acetylation resulted in enhanced binding. The natural occurrence on high endothelial venules of this 'super-active' de-N-acetylated form of 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis(x), and related structures, now deserves investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Galustian
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middx, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mojcik CF, Shevach EM. Adhesion molecules: a rheumatologic perspective. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:991-1004. [PMID: 9182908 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C F Mojcik
- Bayer Pharmaceutical, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thorlacius H, Prieto J, Raud J, Gautam N, Patarroyo M, Hedqvist P, Lindbom L. Tumor cell arrest in the microcirculation: lack of evidence for a leukocyte-like rolling adhesive interaction with vascular endothelium in vivo. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 83:68-76. [PMID: 9073538 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1996.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hematogenous spread of tumor cells and metastasis formation in secondary organs are insidious aspects of cancer. In the present intravital microscopic study in the rabbit mesentery, we examined the in vivo flow behavior of six human tumor cell lines of different histological origin. The tumor cells and human neutrophils were injected locally into a side branch of the superior mesenteric artery upstream of the observed microvascular area in the mesentery. None of the tumor cells behaved similar to the leukocytes of which a substantial fraction rolled along the endothelium of small venules. Thus, the tumor cells passed the same venular segments without interacting with the endothelial lining. Yet, three of the tumor cell lines (HT-29, DLD-1, and HCT-8) were strongly positive for the oligosaccharides Lewis(x), sialyl-Lewis(x), and sialyl-Lewis(a) which are recognized by the endothelial selectins that mediate leukocyte rolling. On the other hand, some tumor cells were trapped in the smallest vessels and remained so throughout the experimental period, apparently due to a discrepancy in size between tumor cells and microvessel lumen. Taken together, our in vivo findings suggest that initial microvascular arrest of metastasizing tumor cells is dependent primarily on mechanical factors rather than on receptor-mediated leukocyte-like adhesive interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Thorlacius
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carbohydrate differentiation antigens Ii, SSEA-1 (Lex) and related structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
21
|
Norman JG, Fink G, Franz M, Guffey J, Carter G, Davison B, Sexton C, Glaccum M. Active interleukin-1 receptor required for maximal progression of acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1996; 223:163-9. [PMID: 8597510 PMCID: PMC1235092 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199602000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' aim was to determine the requirement for an active interleukin (IL)-1 receptor during the development and progression of acute pancreatitis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Interleukin-1 is a pro- inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to be produced during acute pancreatitis. Earlier animal studies of moderate and severe pancreatitis have shown that blockade of this powerful mediator is associated with attenuated pancreatic destruction and dramatic increases in survival. The exact role played by IL-1 and the requirement for activation of its receptor in the initiation and progression of pancreatitis is unknown. METHODS Conventional and IL-1 receptor "knockout" animals were used in parallel experiments of acute pancreatitis induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulean (50 microg/kg every 1 hour X 4). The conventional mouse strain had the IL-1 receptor blocked prophylactically by means of a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (10 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally every 2 hours). The second mouse strain was genetically engineered by means of gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells to be devoid of type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1 receptor knockout). Animals were killed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours, with the severity of pancreatitis determined by serum amylase, lipase, and IL-6 levels and blind histologic grading. Strain-specific controls were used for comparison. RESULTS The genetic absence of the IL-1 receptor or its pharmacologic blockade resulted in significantly attenuated pancreatic vacuolization, edema, necrosis, inflammation, and enzyme release. Serum IL-6, a marker of inflammation severity, was dramatically decreased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the IL-1 receptor is not required for the development of pancreatitis but apparently is necessary for the maximal propagation of pancreatic injury and its associated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Norman
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Herrman G, Missfelder H, Spanel-Borowski K. Lectin binding patterns in two cultured endothelial cell types derived from bovine corpus luteum. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 105:129-37. [PMID: 8852434 DOI: 10.1007/bf01696152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of different phenotypes derived from bovine corpus luteum have been studied intensively in our laboratory. In this study, specific lectin binding was examined for cells of type 1 and 3, which were defined as endothelial cells. In order to confirm differences in their glycocalyx at the light microscopic level, five biotinylated lectins were applied to postconfluent cultures which had been fixed with buffered paraformaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. Cells were not permeabilized with any detergent. Lectin binding was localized with a streptavidin-peroxidase complex which was visualized with two different techniques. The DAB technique detected peroxidase histochemically, while the immunogold technique used an anti-peroxidase gold complex together with silver amplification. Neither cell type 1 nor cell type 3 bound a particular lectin selectively, yet each cell type expressed a particular lectin binding pattern. With the DAB technique, diverse lectin binding patterns were seen, probably indicating either "outside" binding, i.e., a diffuse pattern, a lateral-cell-side pattern and a microvillus-like pattern, or "inside" binding, i.e., a diffuse pattern, and a granule-like pattern. With the immunogold technique, only "outside" binding was observed. In addition, the patterns of single cilia or of single circles were detected, the latter roughly representing 3-micron-sized binding sites for concanavalin A. When localizing them at the ultrastructural level, single circles corresponded with micron-sized discontinuities of the plasma membrane. Shedding vesicles were detected whose outer membrane was labelled with concanavalin A. Our results confirm the diversity of the two cell types under study. The "inside" lectin binding may be caused by way of transient plasma membrane openings and related to shedding of right-side out vesicles ("ectocytosis").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Herrman
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zöller M. Joint features of metastasis formation and lymphocyte maturation and activation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 213 ( Pt 1):215-47. [PMID: 8814989 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61107-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Zöller
- Department of Tumor Progression and Immune Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Cell Surface Receptors and the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Superfamily. G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-21930-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- B A Imhof
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|