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Roch L, Prigent S, Klose H, Cakpo CB, Beauvoit B, Deborde C, Fouillen L, van Delft P, Jacob D, Usadel B, Dai Z, Génard M, Vercambre G, Colombié S, Moing A, Gibon Y. Biomass composition explains fruit relative growth rate and discriminates climacteric from non-climacteric species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5823-5836. [PMID: 32592486 PMCID: PMC7540837 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are very varied, whether in terms of their composition, physiology, or rate and duration of growth. To understand the mechanisms that link metabolism to phenotypes, which would help the targeting of breeding strategies, we compared eight fleshy fruit species during development and ripening. Three herbaceous (eggplant, pepper, and cucumber), three tree (apple, peach, and clementine) and two vine (kiwifruit and grape) species were selected for their diversity. Fruit fresh weight and biomass composition, including the major soluble and insoluble components, were determined throughout fruit development and ripening. Best-fitting models of fruit weight were used to estimate relative growth rate (RGR), which was significantly correlated with several biomass components, especially protein content (R=84), stearate (R=0.72), palmitate (R=0.72), and lignocerate (R=0.68). The strong link between biomass composition and RGR was further evidenced by generalized linear models that predicted RGR with R-values exceeding 0.9. Comparison of the fruit also showed that climacteric fruit (apple, peach, kiwifruit) contained more non-cellulosic cell-wall glucose and fucose, and more starch, than non-climacteric fruit. The rate of starch net accumulation was also higher in climacteric fruit. These results suggest that the way biomass is constructed has a major influence on performance, especially growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Roch
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Holger Klose
- Institute for Biology, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- UMR 5200, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre van Delft
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- UMR 5200, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Daniel Jacob
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sci Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE Nouvelle Aquitaine – Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Guo J, Zhang M, Liu J, Luo R, Yan T, Yang T, Jiang X, Dong M, Yin Y. Evaluation of the Deterioration State of Archaeological Wooden Artifacts: A Nondestructive Protocol based on Direct Analysis in Real Time - Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) Coupled to Chemometrics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9908-9915. [PMID: 32608237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the deterioration state of archeological wood is obligatory before the preservation of archeological wooden artifacts. Herein, a nondestructive, accurate, and rapid methodology is first developed via direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) with chemometrics to classify archeological wood and recent wood into 3 groups according to their deterioration states. As water in wooden artifacts probably affected the ion fragmentation process during DART-MS, ions responsible for evaluating the deterioration state were separately screened toward waterlogged archeological wood and dried archeological wood by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The well-defined separation of severely decayed archeological wood, moderately decayed archeological wood and recent wood was revealed in PLS-DA models. Twenty and 27 wood fragment ions were further screened as key variables to evaluate the deterioration state of waterlogged archeological wood and dried archeological wood, respectively. They were tentatively identified as ions of lignin monomeric compositions, lignin dimers, lignin trimers, and oligosaccharides. Results strongly suggested that differences in the structure and relative abundances of wood cell wall components accounts for the evaluation of deterioration state by DART-MS coupled to chemometrics. PLS-DA models provided R2Y = 0.836, Q2 = 0.817, and R2Y = 0.754, Q2 = 0.682 were then established separately using mass spectral fingerprints of respective potential predictive wood fragment ions. Furthermore, archeological woods, consisting of Castanopsis, Quercus, Idesia, Populus, and Cunninghamia species and with an average MWC range of 103-465%, were used as an external validation set and evaluated with the methodology developed herein and the MWC criteria. Results showed that DART-MS coupled to chemometrics could accurately predict the inhomogeneous deterioration states of archeological wooden artifacts and avoid the interference of inorganic deposits, in comparison with the MWC criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Maomao Zhang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jian'an Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang China
| | - Rupeng Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Shierqiao road No.18, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mengyu Dong
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
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Ollivier M, Kazakou E, Corbin M, Sartori K, Gooden B, Lesieur V, Thomann T, Martin JF, Tixier MS. Trait differentiation between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.55.49158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that rapid adaptation to novel environments drives successful establishment and spread of invasive plant species. However, the mechanisms driving trait adaptation, such as selection pressure from novel climate niche envelopes, remain poorly tested at global scales. In this study, we investigated differences in 20 traits (relating to growth, resource acquisition, reproduction, phenology and defence) amongst 14 populations of the herbaceous plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae) across its native (Europe and North Africa) and introduced (Australia and New Zealand) ranges. We compared traits amongst populations grown under standard glasshouse conditions. Introduced S. oleraceus plants seemed to outperform native plants, i.e. possessing higher leaf and stem dry matter content, greater number of leaves and were taller at first flowering stage. Although introduced plants produced fewer seeds, they had a higher germination rate than native plants. We found strong evidence for adaptation along temperature and precipitation gradients for several traits (e.g. shoot height, biomass, leaf and stem dry matter contents increased with minimum temperatures, while germination rate decreased with annual precipitations and temperatures), which suggests that similar selective forces shape populations in both the native and invaded ranges. We detected significant shifts in the relationships (i.e. trade-offs) (i) between plant height and flowering time and (ii) between leaf-stem biomass and grain yield between native and introduced plants, indicating that invasion was associated with changes to life-history dynamics that may confer competitive advantages over native vegetation. Specifically, we found that, at first flowering, introduced plants tended to be taller than native ones and that investment in leaf and stem biomass was greater in introduced than in native plants for equivalent levels of grain yield. Our study has demonstrated that climatic conditions may drive rapid adaption to novel environments in invasive plant species.
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Stefanowicz AM, Kapusta P, Zubek S, Stanek M, Woch MW. Soil organic matter prevails over heavy metal pollution and vegetation as a factor shaping soil microbial communities at historical Zn-Pb mining sites. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124922. [PMID: 31563718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of soil heavy metals, macronutrients, texture and pH as well as plant species richness and composition on soil respiration, enzymatic activity, microbial biomass, metabolic quotient (qCO2) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at sites of historical Zn-Pb mining. The study was conducted both on a large scale (65 heaps scattered over the area of 750 km2) and on a small scale (25 plots along two 48 m transects extending from heaps to adjacent fallow fields). Total concentrations of metals exceeded 400 (Cd), 20,000 (Pb) and 80,000 (Zn) mg kg-1 at the most polluted sites. Although they decreased along the heap-fallow direction, they still remained above environmental standards in fallow soils. In contrast, some soluble metal forms increased with the increasing distance from heaps. Soil organic matter had the strongest positive effect on most microbial parameters. Total and/or available heavy metals exhibited significant negative effects on microbial biomass, enzymatic activity and AMF, and a positive effect on qCO2. Organic matter alleviated negative effects of heavy metals on microorganisms; they were not observed where the increase in the contamination was accompanied by the increase in organic matter content. Plant species richness affected positively enzymatic activity and mycorrhization level. Plant species composition possibly contributed to the formation of soil microbial communities, but its effect was entangled in that of heavy metals as plant communities changed along pollution gradients (from metal-tolerant grasslands dominated by Festuca ovina to calcareous grasslands and ruderal communities at less polluted sites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Stefanowicz
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kapusta
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stanek
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin W Woch
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, Podchorążych 2, 31-054, Kraków, Poland.
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Yang F, Schäufele R, Liu HT, Ostler U, Schnyder H, Gong XY. Gross and net nitrogen export from leaves of a vegetative C 4 grass. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153093. [PMID: 31841951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) mobilization from mature leaves plays a key role in supplying amino acids to vegetative and reproductive sinks. However, it is unknown if the mobilized N is predominantly sourced by net N-export (a senescence-related process) or other source of N-export from leaves. We used a new approach to partition gross and net N-export from leaf blades at different developmental stages in Cleistogenes squarrosa (a perennial C4 grass). Net N-export was determined as net loss of leaf N with age, while gross N-export was quantified from isotopic mass balances obtained following 24 h-long 15N-labeling with nitrate on 10-12 developmentally distinct (mature and senescing) leaves of individual major tillers. Net N-export was apparent only in older leaves (leaf no. > 7, with leaves numbered basipetally from the tip of the tiller and leaf no. 2 the youngest fully-expanded leaf), while gross N-export was largely independent of leaf age category and was ∼8.4 times greater than the net N-export of a tiller. At whole-tiller level, N import compensated 88 ± 14 (SE) % of gross N-export of all mature blades leading to a net N-export of 0.51 ± 0.07 (SE) μg h-1 tiller-1. N-import was equivalent to 0.09 ± 0.01 (SE) d-1 of total leaf N, similar to reported rates of leaf protein turnover. Gross N-export from all mature blades of a tiller was ∼1.9-times the total demand of the immature tissues of the same (vegetative) tiller. Significant N-export is evident in all mature blades, and is not limited to senescence conditions, implying a much shorter mean residence time of leaf N than that calculated from net N-export. Gross N-export contributes not only to the N demand of the immature tissues of the same tiller but also to N supply of other sinks, such as newly formed tillers. N dynamics at tiller level is integrated with that of the remainder of the shoot, thus highlights the importance of integration of leaf-, tiller-, and plant-scale N dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hai Tao Liu
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ostler
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany.
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Zhang S, Sun F, Wang W, Yang G, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu S, Xi Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides key insights into seedling development in switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:193. [PMID: 31402932 PMCID: PMC6683553 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season perennial C4 plant, can be used as a forage plant, a soil and water conservation plant, a windbreak plant, and as a good source of biofuels and alternative energy with low planting costs. However, switchgrass exhibits low rates of seedling development compared to other crops, which means it is typically out-competed by weeds. There is a large variation in seedling development rates among different plantlets in switchgrass, which limits its usefulness for large-scale cultivation. Little is currently known about the molecular reasons for slow seedling growth. RESULTS Characterization of the seedling development process via growth indices indicated a relatively stagnant growth stage in switchgrass. A total of 678 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the comparison of transcriptomes from slowly developed (sd) and rapidly developed (rd) switchgrass seedlings. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in diterpenoid biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Transcription factor enrichment and expression analyses showed MYB-related, bHLH and NAC family genes were essential for seedling growth. The transcriptome results were consistent with those of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Then, the expression profiles of maize and switchgrass were compared during seedling leaf development. A total of 128 DEGs that play key roles in seedling growth were aligned to maize genes. Transcriptional information and physiological indices suggested that several genes involved in the circadian rhythm, thiamine metabolism, energy metabolism, gibberellic acid biosynthesis, and signal transduction played important roles in seedling development. CONCLUSIONS The seedling development process of switchgrass was characterized, and the molecular differences between slowly developed and rapidly developed seedlings were discussed. This study provides new insights into the reasons for slow seedling development in switchgrass and will be useful for the genetic improvement of switchgrass and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Fengli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yajun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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de la Riva EG, Olmo M, Poorter H, Ubera JL, Villar R. Leaf Mass per Area (LMA) and Its Relationship with Leaf Structure and Anatomy in 34 Mediterranean Woody Species along a Water Availability Gradient. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148788. [PMID: 26867213 PMCID: PMC4750855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a morphological trait widely used as a good indicator of plant functioning (i.e. photosynthetic and respiratory rates, chemical composition, resistance to herbivory, etc.). The LMA can be broken down into the leaf density (LD) and leaf volume to area ratio (LVA or thickness), which in turn are determined by anatomical tissues and chemical composition. The aim of this study is to understand the anatomical and chemical characteristics related to LMA variation in species growing in the field along a water availability gradient. We determined LMA and its components (LD, LVA and anatomical tissues) for 34 Mediterranean (20 evergreen and 14 deciduous) woody species. Variation in LMA was due to variation in both LD and LVA. For both deciduous and evergreen species LVA variation was strongly and positively related with mesophyll volume per area (VA or thickness), but for evergreen species positive relationships of LVA with the VA of epidermis, vascular plus sclerenchyma tissues and air spaces were found as well. The leaf carbon concentration was positively related with mesophyll VA in deciduous species, and with VA of vascular plus sclerenchymatic tissues in evergreens. Species occurring at the sites with lower water availability were generally characterised by a high LMA and LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique G. de la Riva
- Area de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Olmo
- Area de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - José Luis Ubera
- Area de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Villar
- Area de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Caretto S, Linsalata V, Colella G, Mita G, Lattanzio V. Carbon Fluxes between Primary Metabolism and Phenolic Pathway in Plant Tissues under Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26378-94. [PMID: 26556338 PMCID: PMC4661826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plants synthesize an amazing diversity of phenolic secondary metabolites. Phenolics are defined secondary metabolites or natural products because, originally, they were considered not essential for plant growth and development. Plant phenolics, like other natural compounds, provide the plant with specific adaptations to changing environmental conditions and, therefore, they are essential for plant defense mechanisms. Plant defensive traits are costly for plants due to the energy drain from growth toward defensive metabolite production. Being limited with environmental resources, plants have to decide how allocate these resources to various competing functions. This decision brings about trade-offs, i.e., promoting some functions by neglecting others as an inverse relationship. Many studies have been carried out in order to link an evaluation of plant performance (in terms of growth rate) with levels of defense-related metabolites. Available results suggest that environmental stresses and stress-induced phenolics could be linked by a transduction pathway that involves: (i) the proline redox cycle; (ii) the stimulated oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; and, in turn, (iii) the reduced growth of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caretto
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vito Linsalata
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Colella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Mita
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Lattanzio
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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EMONS ANNEMIEC, MULDER MARCELM, KIEFT HENK. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of developmental stages of maize somatic embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jablonski W, Gaston KR, Nimlos MR, Carpenter DL, Feik CJ, Phillips SD. Pilot-Scale Gasification of Corn Stover, Switchgrass, Wheat Straw, and Wood: 2. Identification of Global Chemistry Using Multivariate Curve Resolution Techniques. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900596v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Jablonski
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Katherine R. Gaston
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Daniel L. Carpenter
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Calvin J. Feik
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Steven D. Phillips
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
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Garnier E, Poorter H. Ecological Significance of Inherent Variation in Relative Growth Rate and Its Components. FUNCTIONAL PLANT ECOLOGY, SECOND EDITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420007626.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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KAZAKOU E, VILE D, SHIPLEY B, GALLET C, GARNIER E. Co-variations in litter decomposition, leaf traits and plant growth in species from a Mediterranean old-field succession. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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LAMBERS HANS, POORTER HENDRIK. Inherent Variation in Growth Rate Between Higher Plants: A Search for Physiological Causes and Ecological Consequences. ADV ECOL RES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(03)34004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Verhoeven KJF, Biere A, Nevo E, van Damme JMM. Differential selection of growth rate-related traits in wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in contrasting greenhouse nutrient environments. J Evol Biol 2003; 17:184-96. [PMID: 15000661 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Across-species comparisons show that inherent variation in relative growth rate (RGR) and its underlying traits are correlated with habitat productivity. In this study, we test the hypothesis that growth rate-related traits confer differential selective effects in contrasting nutrient environments. We specifically test whether high RGR is targeted by selection in nutrient-rich environments whereas low values of traits that underlie RGR [specific leaf area (SLA), leaf mass fraction and leaf area ratio (LAR)] confer a direct fitness advantage in nutrient-poor environments, resulting in selection of low RGR as a correlated response. We measured RGR, its underlying component traits, and estimated fitness in a range of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) accessions grown under high and low nutrient conditions. Selection on component traits differed between the two environments, while total selection of RGR was not significant. Using multiple regression and path analysis to estimate direct fitness effects, a selective advantage of high LAR and SLA was demonstrated only under nutrient-rich conditions. While supporting the view that observed associations between habitat richness and some RGR-component traits reflect adaptation to differing nutrient regimes, our data suggest that direct selection targets component traits rather than RGR itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J F Verhoeven
- Department of Plant Population Biology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Heteren, The Netherlands.
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16
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Elberse IAM, Turin JHB, Wäckers FL, Van Damme JMM, Van Tienderen PH. The relationship between relative growth rate and susceptibility to aphids in wild barley under different nutrient levels. Oecologia 2003; 137:564-71. [PMID: 13680349 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2002] [Accepted: 08/15/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Resource Availability Hypothesis (RAH) states that plants with a low Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and high levels of defence against herbivores or pathogens are favoured in habitats with low resource availability, whereas plants with a high potential RGR and low levels of defence are favoured in environments with high resource availability. High levels of defence are expected to result in lower reproduction and/or growth of the herbivores or pathogens. To test this hypothesis, four accessions of each of nine natural Hordeum spontaneum (wild barley) populations were grown in a climate chamber under two levels of nutrient supply. Susceptibility to Schizaphis graminum (greenbug) was quantified by placing a single adult greenbug on each plant and measuring its realised fecundity after 8 days. Data on potential RGR were available from a previous experiment. No support for the RAH was found. The correlation between potential RGR and greenbug reproduction was not significant, neither at the high nor at the low level of nutrient supply. Furthermore, on average plants grown under high and low nutrients did not differ in susceptibility. However, accessions-within-populations differed in the way susceptibility was affected by nutrient supply, and most accessions had a higher susceptibility under nutrient-poor conditions. It could be that these accessions differed in the spectrum of secondary metabolites they produced. Whatever the cause, the genetic variation for the reaction in susceptibility to nutrient supply suggests that selection could act in favour of more or less plasticity in plants without any apparent change in potential RGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A M Elberse
- Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Boterhoekse straat 48, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG, Heteren, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhong R, Morrison WH, Freshour GD, Hahn MG, Ye ZH. Expression of a mutant form of cellulose synthase AtCesA7 causes dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:786-95. [PMID: 12805608 PMCID: PMC167018 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2002] [Revised: 01/08/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CesAs) have been implicated in catalyzing the biosynthesis of cellulose, the major component of plant cell walls. Interactions between CesA subunits are thought to be required for normal cellulose synthesis, which suggests that incorporation of defective CesA subunits into cellulose synthase complex could potentially cause a dominant effect on cellulose synthesis. However, all CesA mutants so far reported have been shown to be recessive in terms of cellulose synthesis. In the course of studying the molecular mechanisms regulating secondary wall formation in fibers, we have found that a mutant allele of AtCesA7 gene in the fra5 (fragile fiber 5) mutant causes a semidominant phenotype in the reduction of fiber cell wall thickness and cellulose content. The fra5 missense mutation occurred in a conserved amino acid located in the second cytoplasmic domain of AtCesA7. Overexpression of the fra5 mutant cDNA in wild-type plants not only reduced secondary wall thickness and cellulose content but also decreased primary wall thickness and cell elongation. In contrast, overexpression of the fra6 mutant form of AtCesA8 did not cause any reduction in cell wall thickness and cellulose content. These results suggest that the fra5 mutant protein may interfere with the function of endogenous wild-type CesA proteins, thus resulting in a dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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18
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Heil M, Hilpert A, Fiala B, Bin Hashim R, Strohm E, Zotz G, Linsenmair KE. Nutrient allocation of Macaranga triloba
ant plants to growth, photosynthesis and indirect defence. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Ryser P, Aeschlimann U. Proportional dry‐mass content as an underlying trait for the variation in relative growth rate among 22 Eurasian populations of
Dactylis glomerata
s.l. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ryser
- Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Gladbachstr. 114, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - U. Aeschlimann
- Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Gladbachstr. 114, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Willby NJ, Pulford ID, Flowers TH. Tissue nutrient signatures predict herbaceous-wetland community responses to nutrient availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 152:463-481. [PMID: 33862984 DOI: 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• An extensive survey of European wetlands was undertaken to compare the importance of growing conditions vs functional characteristics of vegetation in determining N, P and K contents. • Stress-tolerator dominated stands (S) had consistently lower nutrient contents and higher N : P ratios whereas ruderal-dominated (R) stands displayed the opposite pattern. Competitor (C) and competitor-stress tolerator (CS) stands were intermediate to R and S. • These patterns were mostly preserved after removing covariation between vegetation and environment, thus indicating constitutional differences in nutrient signatures between functionally differentiated vegetation. C and R stands were least likely to be nutrient limited. Half of the S stands were probably P-limited but C, CS and R stands rarely or never experienced P limitation. Inferred colimitation by K was twice as frequent in S stands compared with other vegetation. • This study extends the evidence for syndromes of traits closely linked to nutrient use efficiency that increase fitness under particular growing conditions. It also highlights patterns at a community level across a wide range of wetland types and suggests that tissue nutrient signatures will have diagnostic value in predicting community responses to perturbation in nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Willby
- Department of Environmental & Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
- Present address: Department of Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - I D Pulford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - T H Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
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21
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Linsenmair KE, Heil M, Kaiser WM, Fiala B, Koch T, Boland W. Adaptations to biotic and abiotic stress: Macaranga-ant plants optimize investment in biotic defence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:2057-2065. [PMID: 11559742 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.363.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Obligate ant plants (myrmecophytes) in the genus Macaranga produce energy- and nutrient-rich food bodies (FBs) to nourish mutualistic ants which live inside the plants. These defend their host against biotic stress caused by herbivores and pathogens. Facultative, 'myrmecophilic' interactions are based on the provision of FBs and/or extrafloral nectar (EFN) to defending insects that are attracted from the vicinity. FB production by the myrmecophyte, M. triloba, was limited by soil nutrient content under field conditions and was regulated according to the presence or absence of an ant colony. However, increased FB production promoted growth of the ant colonies living in the plants. Ant colony size is an important defensive trait and is negatively correlated to a plant's leaf damage. Similar regulatory patterns occurred in the EFN production of the myrmecophilic M. tanarius. Nectar accumulation resulting from the absence of consumers strongly decreased nectar flow, which increased again when consumers had access to the plant. EFN flow could be induced via the octadecanoid pathway. Leaf damage increased levels of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA), and both leaf damage and exogenous JA application increased EFN flow. Higher numbers of nectary visiting insects and lower numbers of herbivores were present on JA-treated plants. In the long run, this decreased leaf damage significantly. Ant food production is controlled by different regulatory mechanisms which ensure that costs are only incurred when counterbalanced by defensive effects of mutualistic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Linsenmair
- Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (Zoologie III), Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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22
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Aerts R, Chapin F. The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants Revisited: A Re-evaluation of Processes and Patterns. ADV ECOL RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1207] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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23
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Boudet AM, Lapierre C, Grima-Pettenati J. Biochemistry and molecular biology of lignification. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1995; 129:203-236. [PMID: 33874561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb04292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignins, which result from the dehydrogenative polymerization of cinnamyl alcohols, are complex heteropolymers deposited in the walls of specific cells of higher plants. Lignins have probably been associated to land colonization by plants but several aspects concerning their biosynthesis, structure and function are still only partially understood. This review focuses on the modern physicochemical methods of structural analysis of lignins, and on the new approaches of molecular biology and genetic engineering applied to lignification. The principles, advantages and limitations of three important analytical tools for studying lignin structure are presented. They include carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance, analytical pyrolysis and thioacidolysis. The use of these methods is illustrated by several examples concerning the characterization of grass lignins,'lignin-like'materials in protection barriers of plants and lignins produced by cell suspension cultures. Our present limited knowledge of the spatio temporal deposition of lignins during cell wall differentiation including the nature of the wall components associated to lignin deposition and of the cross-links between the different wall polymers is briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and their corresponding genes which are described in relation to their potential roles in the quantitative and qualitative control of lignification. Recent findings concerning the promoter sequence elements responsible for the vascular expression of some of these genes are presented. A section is devoted to the enzymes specifically involved in the synthesis of monolignols: cinnamoyl CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. The recent characterization of the corresponding cDNAs/genes offers new possibilities for a better understanding of the regulation of lignification. Finally, at the level of the synthesis, the potential involvement of peroxidases and laccases in the polymerization of monolignols is critically discussed. In addition to previously characterized naturally occurring lignin mutants, induced lignin mutants have been obtained during the last years through genetic engineering. Some examples include plants transformed by O-methyltransferase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase antisense constructs which exhibit modified lignins. Such strategies offer promising perspectives in gaining a better understanding of lignin metabolism and functions and represent a realistic way to improve plant biomass. Contents Summary 203 I. Introduction 204 II. Main structural features of lignins 205 III. Lignification and cell wall differentiation: spatio-temporal deposition of lignins and inter-relations with other wall components 213 IV. Enzymes and genes involved in the biosynthesis and polymerization of monolignols 216 V. Lignin mutants as a way to improve plant biomass and to explore lignin biochemistry and metabolism 226 VI. Concluding remarks 229 Acknowledgements 230 References 230.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Boudet
- Centre de Biologic et Physiologic Végétales, URA CNRS 1941, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - C Lapierre
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, INRA-Grignon, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - J Grima-Pettenati
- Centre de Biologic et Physiologic Végétales, URA CNRS 1941, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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24
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Contribution of physiological and morphological plant traits to a species' competitive ability at high and low nitrogen supply. Oecologia 1993; 94:434-440. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/1992] [Accepted: 01/28/1993] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Lambers H, Poorter H. Inherent Variation in Growth Rate Between Higher Plants: A Search for Physiological Causes and Ecological Consequences. ADV ECOL RES 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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