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Aluko OO, Kant S, Adedire OM, Li C, Yuan G, Liu H, Wang Q. Unlocking the potentials of nitrate transporters at improving plant nitrogen use efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1074839. [PMID: 36895876 PMCID: PMC9989036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1074839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate ( NO 3 - ) transporters have been identified as the primary targets involved in plant nitrogen (N) uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization, all of which are key determinants of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, less attention has been directed toward the influence of plant nutrients and environmental cues on the expression and activities of NO 3 - transporters. To better understand how these transporters function in improving plant NUE, this review critically examined the roles of NO 3 - transporters in N uptake, transport, and distribution processes. It also described their influence on crop productivity and NUE, especially when co-expressed with other transcription factors, and discussed these transporters' functional roles in helping plants cope with adverse environmental conditions. We equally established the possible impacts of NO 3 - transporters on the uptake and utilization efficiency of other plant nutrients while suggesting possible strategic approaches to improving NUE in plants. Understanding the specificity of these determinants is crucial to achieving better N utilization efficiency in crops within a given environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Chuanzong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yuan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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2
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Cao L, Xu C, Sun Y, Niu C, Leng X, Hao B, Ma J, Liu Z, Xu Z, Yang C, Liu G. Genome-wide identification of glutamate synthase gene family and expression patterns analysis in response to carbon and nitrogen treatment in Populus. Gene 2023; 851:146996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Liao HS, Chung YH, Hsieh MH. Glutamate: A multifunctional amino acid in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 318:111238. [PMID: 35351313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is a versatile metabolite and a signaling molecule in plants. Glu biosynthesis is associated with the primary nitrogen assimilation pathway. The conversion between Glu and 2-oxoglutarate connects Glu metabolism to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon metabolism, and energy production. Glu is the predominant amino donor for transamination reactions in the cell. In addition to protein synthesis, Glu is a building block for tetrapyrroles, glutathione, and folate. Glu is the precursor of γ-aminobutyric acid that plays an important role in balancing carbon/nitrogen metabolism and various cellular processes. Glu can conjugate to the major auxin indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), and IAA-Glu is destined for oxidative degradation. Glu also conjugates with isochorismate for the production of salicylic acid. Accumulating evidence indicates that Glu functions as a signaling molecule to regulate plant growth, development, and defense responses. The ligand-gated Glu receptor-like proteins (GLRs) mediate some of these responses. However, many of the Glu signaling events are GLR-independent. The receptor perceiving extracellular Glu as a danger signal is still unknown. In addition to GLRs, Glu may act on receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins to trigger immune responses. Glu metabolism and Glu signaling may entwine to regulate growth, development, and defense responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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4
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The SV, Snyder R, Tegeder M. Targeting Nitrogen Metabolism and Transport Processes to Improve Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:628366. [PMID: 33732269 PMCID: PMC7957077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.628366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural cropping systems, relatively large amounts of nitrogen (N) are applied for plant growth and development, and to achieve high yields. However, with increasing N application, plant N use efficiency generally decreases, which results in losses of N into the environment and subsequently detrimental consequences for both ecosystems and human health. A strategy for reducing N input and environmental losses while maintaining or increasing plant performance is the development of crops that effectively obtain, distribute, and utilize the available N. Generally, N is acquired from the soil in the inorganic forms of nitrate or ammonium and assimilated in roots or leaves as amino acids. The amino acids may be used within the source organs, but they are also the principal N compounds transported from source to sink in support of metabolism and growth. N uptake, synthesis of amino acids, and their partitioning within sources and toward sinks, as well as N utilization within sinks represent potential bottlenecks in the effective use of N for vegetative and reproductive growth. This review addresses recent discoveries in N metabolism and transport and their relevance for improving N use efficiency under high and low N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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5
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Jauffrais T, LeKieffre C, Schweizer M, Geslin E, Metzger E, Bernhard JM, Jesus B, Filipsson HL, Maire O, Meibom A. Kleptoplastidic benthic foraminifera from aphotic habitats: insights into assimilation of inorganic C, N and S studied with sub-cellular resolution. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:125-141. [PMID: 30277305 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The assimilation of inorganic compounds in foraminiferal metabolism compared to predation or organic matter assimilation is unknown. Here, we investigate possible inorganic-compound assimilation in Nonionellina labradorica, a common kleptoplastidic benthic foraminifer from Arctic and North Atlantic sublittoral regions. The objectives were to identify the source of the foraminiferal kleptoplasts, assess their photosynthetic functionality in light and darkness and investigate inorganic nitrogen and sulfate assimilation. We used DNA barcoding of a ~ 830 bp fragment from the SSU rDNA to identify the kleptoplasts and correlated transmission electron microscopy and nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (TEM-NanoSIMS) isotopic imaging to study 13 C-bicarbonate, 15 N-ammonium and 34 S-sulfate uptake. In addition, respiration rate measurements were determined to assess the response of N. labradorica to light. The DNA sequences established that over 80% of the kleptoplasts belonged to Thalassiosira (with 96%-99% identity), a cosmopolitan planktonic diatom. TEM-NanoSIMS imaging revealed degraded cytoplasm and an absence of 13 C assimilation in foraminifera exposed to light. Oxygen measurements showed higher respiration rates under light than dark conditions, and no O2 production was detected. These results indicate that the photosynthetic pathways in N. labradorica are not functional. Furthermore, N. labradorica assimilated both 15 N-ammonium and 34 S-sulfate into its cytoplasm, which suggests that foraminifera might have several ammonium or sulfate assimilation pathways, involving either the kleptoplasts or bona fide foraminiferal pathway(s) not yet identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Jauffrais
- UMR CNRS 6112 LPG-BIAF, Université d'Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex 1, France.,Ifremer, RBE/LEAD, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, 98897, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Charlotte LeKieffre
- UMR CNRS 6112 LPG-BIAF, Université d'Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex 1, France.,Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magali Schweizer
- UMR CNRS 6112 LPG-BIAF, Université d'Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex 1, France
| | - Emmanuelle Geslin
- UMR CNRS 6112 LPG-BIAF, Université d'Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex 1, France
| | - Edouard Metzger
- UMR CNRS 6112 LPG-BIAF, Université d'Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex 1, France
| | - Joan M Bernhard
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Geology & Geophysics Department, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Jesus
- EA2160, Laboratoire Mer Molécules Santé, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena L Filipsson
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olivier Maire
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33400, Talence, France.,CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Zeng DD, Qin R, Li M, Alamin M, Jin XL, Liu Y, Shi CH. The ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (OsFd-GOGAT) participates in leaf senescence and the nitrogen remobilization in rice. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:385-395. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Yang X, Nian J, Xie Q, Feng J, Zhang F, Jing H, Zhang J, Dong G, Liang Y, Peng J, Wang G, Qian Q, Zuo J. Rice Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthase Regulates Nitrogen-Carbon Metabolomes and Is Genetically Differentiated between japonica and indica Subspecies. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1520-1534. [PMID: 27677460 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants assimilate inorganic nitrogen absorbed from soil into organic forms as Gln and Glu through the glutamine synthetase/glutamine:2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GS/GOGAT) cycle. Whereas GS catalyzes the formation of Gln from Glu and ammonia, GOGAT catalyzes the transfer of an amide group from Gln to 2-oxoglutarate to produce two molecules of Glu. However, the regulatory role of the GS/GOGAT cycle in the carbon-nitrogen balance is not well understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of rice ABNORMAL CYTOKININ RESPONSE 1 (ABC1) gene that encodes a ferredoxin-dependent (Fd)-GOGAT. The weak mutant allele abc1-1 mutant shows a typical nitrogen-deficient syndrome, whereas the T-DNA insertional mutant abc1-2 is seedling lethal. Metabolomics analysis revealed the accumulation of an excessive amount of amino acids with high N/C ratio (Gln and Asn) and several intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle in abc1-1, suggesting that ABC1 plays a critical role in nitrogen assimilation and carbon-nitrogen balance. Five non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the ABC1 coding region and characterized as three distinct haplotypes, which have been highly and specifically differentiated between japonica and indica subspecies. Collectively, these results suggest that ABC1/OsFd-GOGAT is essential for plant growth and development by modulating nitrogen assimilation and the carbon-nitrogen balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinqiang Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juli Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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8
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Chen H, Li C, Liu L, Zhao J, Cheng X, Jiang G, Zhai W. The Fd-GOGAT1 mutant gene lc7 confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae in rice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26411. [PMID: 27211925 PMCID: PMC4876388 DOI: 10.1038/srep26411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance is an important goal of crop improvement. The molecular mechanism of resistance requires further study. Here, we report the identification of a rice leaf color mutant, lc7, which is defective in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis but confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo). Map-based cloning revealed that lc7 encodes a mutant ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase1 (Fd-GOGAT1). Fd-GOGAT1 has been proposed to have great potential for improving nitrogen-use efficiency, but its function in bacterial resistance has not been reported. The lc7 mutant accumulates excessive levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in the leaves, causing the leaf color to become yellow after the four-leaf stage. Compared to the wild type, lc7 mutants have a broad-spectrum high resistance to seven Xoo strains. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and qRT-PCR analysis indicate that many defense pathways that are involved in this broad-spectrum resistance are activated in the lc7 mutant. These results suggest that Fd-GOGAT1 plays an important role in broad-spectrum bacterial blight resistance, in addition to modulating nitrogen assimilation and chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunrong Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiying Zhao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuzhen Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanghuai Jiang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenxue Zhai
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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9
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Jespersen D, Huang B. Proteins associated with heat-induced leaf senescence in creeping bentgrass as affected by foliar application of nitrogen, cytokinins, and an ethylene inhibitor. Proteomics 2015; 15:798-812. [PMID: 25407697 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes premature leaf senescence in cool-season grass species. The objective of this study was to identify proteins regulated by nitrogen, cytokinins, and ethylene inhibitor in relation to heat-induced leaf senescence in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Plants (cv. Penncross) were foliar sprayed with 18 mM carbonyldiamide (N source), 25 μM aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, ethylene inhibitor), 25 μM zeatin riboside (ZR, cytokinin), or a water control, and then exposed to 20/15°C (day/night) or 35/30°C (heat stress) in growth chambers. All treatments suppressed heat-induced leaf senescence, as shown by higher turf quality and chlorophyll content, and lower electrolyte leakage in treated plants compared to the untreated control. A total of 49 proteins were responsive to N, AVG, or ZR under heat stress. The abundance of proteins in photosynthesis increased, with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase affected by all three treatments, chlorophyll a/b-binding protein by AVG and N or Rubisco activase by AVG. Proteins for amino acid metabolism were upregulated, including alanine aminotransferase by three treatments and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase by AVG and N. Upregulated proteins also included catalase by AVG and N and heat shock protein by ZR. Exogenous applications of AVG, ZR, or N downregulated proteins in respiration (enolase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehygrogenase) under heat stress. Alleviation of heat-induced senescence by N, AVG, or ZR was associated with enhanced protein abundance in photosynthesis and amino acid metabolism and stress defense systems (heat shock protection and antioxidants), as well as suppression of those imparting respiration metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jespersen
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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10
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Wang D, Liu H, Li S, Zhai G, Shao J, Tao Y. Characterization and molecular cloning of a serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (OsSHM1) in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:745-56. [PMID: 25641188 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is important for one carbon metabolism and photorespiration in higher plants for its participation in plant growth and development, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A rice serine hydroxymethyltransferase gene, OsSHM1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis SHM1, was isolated using map-based cloning. The osshm1 mutant had chlorotic lesions and a considerably smaller, lethal phenotype under natural ambient CO2 concentrations, but could be restored to wild type with normal growth under elevated CO2 levels (0.5% CO2 ), showing a typical photorespiratory phenotype. The data from antioxidant enzymes activity measurement suggested that osshm1 was subjected to significant oxidative stress. Also, OsSHM1 was expressed in all organs tested (root, culm, leaf, and young panicle) but predominantly in leaves. OsSHM1 protein is localized to the mitochondria. Our study suggested that molecular function of the OsSHM1 gene is conserved in rice and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Wang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- China State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Heqin Liu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- China State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- China State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Guowei Zhai
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- China State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jianfeng Shao
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- China State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yuezhi Tao
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- China State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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11
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Ohashi M, Ishiyama K, Kusano M, Fukushima A, Kojima S, Hanada A, Kanno K, Hayakawa T, Seto Y, Kyozuka J, Yamaguchi S, Yamaya T. Lack of cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 in vascular tissues of axillary buds causes severe reduction in their outgrowth and disorder of metabolic balance in rice seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:347-56. [PMID: 25429996 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development and elongation of active tillers in rice was severely reduced by a lack of cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 (GS1;2), and, to a lesser extent, lack of NADH-glutamate synthase1 in knockout mutants. In situ hybridization using the basal part of wild-type seedlings clearly showed that expression of OsGS1;2 was detected in the phloem companion cells of the nodal vascular anastomoses and large vascular bundles of axillary buds. Accumulation of lignin, visualized using phloroglucin HCl, was also observed in these tissues. The lack of GS1;2 resulted in reduced accumulation of lignin. Re-introduction into the mutants of OsGS1;2 cDNA under the control of its own promoter successfully restored the outgrowth of tillers and lignin deposition to wild-type levels. Transcriptomic analysis using a 5 mm basal region of rice shoots showed that the GS1;2 mutants accumulated reduced amounts of mRNAs for carbon and nitrogen metabolism, including C1 unit transfer in lignin synthesis. Although a high content of strigolactone in rice roots is known to reduce active tiller number, the reduction of outgrowth of axillary buds observed in the GS1;2 mutants was independent of the level of strigolactone. Thus metabolic disorder caused by the lack of GS1;2 resulted in a severe reduction in the outgrowth of axillary buds and lignin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Ohashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
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12
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Yamaya T, Kusano M. Evidence supporting distinct functions of three cytosolic glutamine synthetases and two NADH-glutamate synthases in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5519-25. [PMID: 24634487 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The functions of the three isoenzymes of cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1;1, GS1;2, and GS1;3) and two NADH-glutamate synthases (NADH-GOGAT1 and NADH-GOGAT2) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were characterized using a reverse genetics approach and spatial expression of the corresponding genes. OsGS1;2 and OsNADH-GOGAT1 were mainly expressed in surface cells of rice roots in an NH4 (+)-dependent manner. Disruption of either gene by the insertion of endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 caused reduction in active tiller number and hence panicle number at harvest. Re-introduction of OsGS1;2 cDNA under the control of its own promoter into the knockout mutants successfully restored panicle number to wild-type levels. These results indicate that GS1;2 and NADH-GOGAT1 are important in the primary assimilation of NH4 (+) taken up by rice roots. OsGS1;1 and OsNADH-GOGAT2 were mainly expressed in vascular tissues of mature leaf blades. OsGS1;1 mutants showed severe reduction in growth rate and grain filling, whereas OsNADH-GOGAT2 mutants had marked reduction in spikelet number per panicle. Complementation of phenotypes seen in the OsGS1;1 mutant was successfully observed when OsGS1;1 was re-introduced. Thus, these two enzymes could be important in remobilization of nitrogen during natural senescence. Metabolite profiling data showed a crucial role of GS1;1 in coordinating metabolic balance in rice. Expression of OsGS1:3 was spikelet-specific, indicating that it is probably important in grain ripening and/or germination. Thus, these isoenzymes seem to possess distinct and non-overlapping functions and none was able to compensate for the individual function of another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Konishi N, Ishiyama K, Matsuoka K, Maru I, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T, Kojima S. NADH-dependent glutamate synthase plays a crucial role in assimilating ammonium in the Arabidopsis root. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:138-51. [PMID: 24576214 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots under nitrogen deficient conditions with access to both ammonium and nitrate ions, will take up ammonium first. This preference for ammonium rather than nitrate emphasizes the importance of ammonium assimilation machinery in roots. Glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) catalyze the conversion of ammonium and 2-oxoglutarate to glutamine and glutamate. Higher plants have two GOGAT species, ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-GOGAT. While Fd-GOGAT participates in the assimilation of ammonium, which is derived from photorespiration in leaves, NADH-GOGAT is highly expressed in roots and its importance needs to be elucidated. While ammonium as a minor nitrogen form in most soils is directly taken up, nitrate as the major nitrogen source needs to be converted to ammonium prior to uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify the contribution of NADH-GOGAT to the ammonium assimilation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia) roots. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and protein gel blot analysis showed an accumulation of NADH-GOGAT in response to ammonium supplied to the roots. In addition the localization of NADH-GOGAT and Fd-GOGAT did not fully overlap. Promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that NADH-GOGAT was highly accumulated in non-green tissue like vascular bundles, shoot apical meristem, pollen, stigma and roots. Reverse genetic approaches suggested a reduction in glutamate production and biomass accumulation in NADH-GOGAT transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion lines under normal CO2 condition. The data emphasize the importance of NADH-GOGAT in the ammonium assimilation in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Konishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9818555, Japan
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14
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Kojima S, Konishi N, Beier MP, Ishiyama K, Maru I, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T. NADH-dependent glutamate synthase participated in ammonium assimilation in Arabidopsis root. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e29402. [PMID: 25763622 PMCID: PMC4203567 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have 2 GOGAT species, Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT. While Fd-GOGAT mainly assimilates ammonium in leaves, which is derived from photorespiration, the function of NADH-GOGAT, which is highly expressed in roots, (1) needs to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of NADH-GOGAT in Arabidopsis roots. The supply of ammonium to the roots caused an accumulation of NADH-GOGAT, while Fd-GOGAT 1 and Fd-GOGAT 2 showed no response. A promoter-GUS fusion analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that NADH-GOGAT was located in non-green tissues like vascular bundles, shoot apical meristem, pollen, stigma, and roots. The localization of NADH-GOGAT and Fd-GOGAT was not overlapped. NADH-GOGAT T-DNA insertion lines showed a reduction of glutamate and biomass under normal CO2 conditions. These data emphasizes the importance of NADH-GOGAT in the ammonium assimilation of Arabidopsis roots.
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15
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Matthies IE, Weise S, Förster J, Korzun V, Stein N, Röder MS. Nitrogen-metabolism related genes in barley - haplotype diversity, linkage mapping and associations with malting and kernel quality parameters. BMC Genet 2013; 14:77. [PMID: 24007272 PMCID: PMC3766251 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies report about intra-specific trait variation of nitrogen-metabolism related traits, such as N(itrogen)-use efficiency, protein content, N-storage and remobilization in barley and related grass species. The goal of this study was to assess the intra-specific genetic diversity present in primary N-metabolism genes of barley and to investigate the associations of the detected haplotype diversity with malting and kernel quality related traits. Results Partial sequences of five genes related to N-metabolism in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were obtained, i.e. nitrate reductase 1, glutamine synthetase 2, ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase and asparaginase. Two to five haplotypes in each gene were discovered in a set of 190 various varieties. The development of 33 SNP markers allowed the genotyping of all these barley varieties consisting of spring and winter types. Furthermore, these markers could be mapped in several doubled haploid populations. Cluster analysis based on haplotypes revealed a more uniform pattern of the spring barleys as compared to the winter barleys. Based on linear model approaches associations to several malting and kernel quality traits including soluble N and protein were identified. Conclusions A study was conducted to investigate the presence of sequence variation of several genes related to the primary N-metabolism in barley. The detected diversity could be related to particular phenotypic traits. Specific differences between spring and winter barleys most likely reflect different breeding aims. The developed markers can be used as tool for further genetic studies and marker-assisted selection during breeding of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge E Matthies
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstr, 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany.
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16
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Timm S, Bauwe H. The variety of photorespiratory phenotypes - employing the current status for future research directions on photorespiration. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:737-47. [PMID: 23171236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of genes encoding for proteins within the photorespiratory core cycle and associated processes are characterised by lethality under normal air but viability under elevated CO2 conditions. This feature has been described as 'the photorespiratory phenotype' and assumed to be distinctly equal for all of these mutants. In recent years a broad collection of photorespiratory mutants has been isolated, which has allowed a comparative analysis. Distinct phenotypic features were observed when Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in photorespiratory enzymes were compared, and during shifts from elevated to ambient CO2 conditions. The exact reasons for the mutant-specific photorespiratory phenotypes are mostly unknown, but they indicate even more plasticity of photorespiratory metabolism. Moreover, a growing body of evidence was obtained that mutant features could be modulated by alterations of several factors, such as CO2 :O2 ratios, photoperiod, light intensity, organic carbon supply and pathogens. Hence, systematic analyses of the responses to these factors appear to be crucial to unravel mechanisms how photorespiration adapts and interacts with the whole cellular metabolism. Here we review current knowledge regarding photorespiratory mutants and propose a new level of phenotypic sub-classification. Finally, we present further questions that should be addressed in the field of photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Timm
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Germany.
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17
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Funayama K, Kojima S, Tabuchi-Kobayashi M, Sawa Y, Nakayama Y, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 is responsible for the primary assimilation of ammonium in rice roots. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:934-43. [PMID: 23509111 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among three genes for cytosolic glutamine synthetase (OsGS1;1, OsGS1;2 and OsGS1;3) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants, the OsGS1;2 gene is known to be mainly expressed in surface cells of roots, but its function was not clearly understood. We characterized knock-out mutants caused by the insertion of an endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 into exon 2 of OsGS1;2. Homozygously inserted mutants showed severe reduction in active tiller number and hence panicle number at harvest. Other yield components, such as spikelet number per panicle, 1,000-spikelet weight and proportion of well ripened grains, were nearly identical between the mutants and wild-type plants. When the contents of free amino acids in roots were compared between the mutants and the wild type, there were marked reductions in contents of glutamine, glutamate, asparagine and aspartate, but a remarkable increase in free ammonium ions in the mutants. Concentrations of amino acids and ammonium ions in xylem sap behaved in a similar fashion. Re-introduction of OsGS1;2 cDNA under the control of its own promoter into the knock-out mutants successfully restored yield components to wild-type levels as well as ammonium concentration in xylem sap. The results indicate that GS1;2 is important in the primary assimilation of ammonium ions taken up by rice roots, with GS1;1 in the roots unable to compensate for GS1;2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Funayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
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18
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Betti M, García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Estivill G, Galván F, Vega JM, Márquez AJ. Glutamine synthetase in legumes: recent advances in enzyme structure and functional genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7994-8024. [PMID: 22942686 PMCID: PMC3430217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13077994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is the key enzyme involved in the assimilation of ammonia derived either from nitrate reduction, N(2) fixation, photorespiration or asparagine breakdown. A small gene family is encoding for different cytosolic (GS1) or plastidic (GS2) isoforms in legumes. We summarize here the recent advances carried out concerning the quaternary structure of GS, as well as the functional relationship existing between GS2 and processes such as nodulation, photorespiration and water stress, in this latter case by means of proline production. Functional genomic analysis using GS2-minus mutant reveals the key role of GS2 in the metabolic control of the plants and, more particularly, in carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-95-4556917; Fax: +34-95-4626853
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19
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Tamura W, Kojima S, Toyokawa A, Watanabe H, Tabuchi-Kobayashi M, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T. Disruption of a Novel NADH-Glutamate Synthase2 Gene Caused Marked Reduction in Spikelet Number of Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:57. [PMID: 22645542 PMCID: PMC3355815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic ammonium ions are assimilated by a coupled reaction of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). In rice, three genes encoding either ferredoxin (Fd)-GOGAT, NADH-GOGAT1, or NADH-GOGAT2, have been identified. OsNADH-GOGAT2, a newly identified gene, was expressed mainly in fully expanded leaf blades and leaf sheaths. Although the distinct expression profile to OsNADH-GOGAT1, which is mainly detected in root tips, developing leaf blades, and grains, was shown in our previous studies, physiological role of NADH-GOGAT2 is not yet known. Here, we isolated retrotransposon mediated-knockout mutants lacking OsNADH-GOGAT2. In rice grown under paddy field conditions, disruption of the OsNADH-GOGAT2 gene caused a remarkable decrease in spikelet number per panicle associated with a reductions in yield and whole plant biomass, when compared with wild-type (WT) plants. The total nitrogen contents in the senescing leaf blade of the mutants were approximately a half of the WT plants. Expression of this gene was mainly detected in phloem companion cells and phloem parenchyma cells associated with large vascular bundles in fully expanded leaf blades, when the promoter region fused with a β-glucuronidase gene was introduced into the WT rice. These results suggest that the NADH-GOGAT2 is important in the process of glutamine generation in senescing leaves for the remobilization of leaf nitrogen through phloem to the panicle during natural senescence. These results also indicate that other GOGATs, i.e., NADH-GOGAT1 and ferredoxin-GOGAT are not able to compensate the function of NADH-GOGAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Tamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Ayako Toyokawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
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20
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Kissen R, Winge P, Tran DHT, Jørstad TS, Størseth TR, Christensen T, Bones AM. Transcriptional profiling of an Fd-GOGAT1/GLU1 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals a multiple stress response and extensive reprogramming of the transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:190. [PMID: 20307264 PMCID: PMC2858750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate plays a central position in the synthesis of a variety of organic molecules in plants and is synthesised from nitrate through a series of enzymatic reactions. Glutamate synthases catalyse the last step in this pathway and two types are present in plants: NADH- or ferredoxin-dependent. Here we report a genome wide microarray analysis of the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in leaves and roots of the A. thaliana mutant glu1-2 knocked-down in the expression of Fd-GOGAT1 (GLU1; At5g04140), one of the two genes of A. thaliana encoding ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase. RESULTS Transcriptional profiling of glu1-2 revealed extensive changes with the expression of more than 5500 genes significantly affected in leaves and nearly 700 in roots. Both genes involved in glutamate biosynthesis and transformation are affected, leading to changes in amino acid compositions as revealed by NMR metabolome analysis. An elevated glutamine level in the glu1-2 mutant was the most prominent of these changes. An unbiased analysis of the gene expression datasets allowed us to identify the pathways that constitute the secondary response of an FdGOGAT1/GLU1 knock-down. Among the most significantly affected pathways, photosynthesis, photorespiratory cycle and chlorophyll biosynthesis show an overall downregulation in glu1-2 leaves. This is in accordance with their slight chlorotic phenotype. Another characteristic of the glu1-2 transcriptional profile is the activation of multiple stress responses, mimicking cold, heat, drought and oxidative stress. The change in expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis is also revealed. The expression of a substantial number of genes encoding stress-related transcription factors, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases and UDP-glycosyltransferases is affected in the glu1-2 mutant. This may indicate an induction of the detoxification of secondary metabolites in the mutant. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the glu1-2 transcriptome reveals extensive changes in gene expression profiles revealing the importance of Fd-GOGAT1, and indirectly the central role of glutamate, in plant development. Besides the effect on genes involved in glutamate synthesis and transformation, the glu1-2 mutant transcriptome was characterised by an extensive secondary response including the downregulation of photosynthesis-related pathways and the induction of genes and pathways involved in the plant response to a multitude of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Diem Hong Thi Tran
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tommy S Jørstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Current address: Scandpower AS, NO-7462 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Tone Christensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Current address: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Reverse genetics approach to characterize a function of NADH-glutamate synthase1 in rice plants. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1003-12. [PMID: 20213442 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rice plants grown in anaerobic paddy soil prefer to use ammonium ion as an inorganic nitrogen source for their growth. The ammonium ions are assimilated by the coupled reaction of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). In rice, there is a small gene family for GOGAT: there are two NADH-dependent types and one ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent type. Fd-GOGAT is important in the re-assimilation of photorespiratorily generated ammonium ions in chloroplasts. Although cell-type and age-dependent expression of two NADH-GOGAT genes has been well characterized, metabolic function of individual gene product is not fully understood. Reverse genetics approach is a direct way to characterize functions of isoenzymes. We have isolated a knockout rice mutant lacking NADH-dependent glutamate synthase1 (NADH-GOGAT1) and our studies show that this isoenzyme is important for primary ammonium assimilation in roots at the seedling stage. NADH-GOGAT1 is also important in the development of active tiller number, when the mutant was grown in paddy field until the harvest. Expression of NADH-GOGAT2 and Fd-GOGAT in the mutant was identical with that in wild-type, suggesting that these GOGATs are not able to compensate for NADH-GOGAT1 function.
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22
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Massad RS, Loubet B, Tuzet A, Cellier P. Relationship between ammonia stomatal compensation point and nitrogen metabolism in arable crops: current status of knowledge and potential modelling approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 154:390-403. [PMID: 18316144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ammonia stomatal compensation point of plants is determined by leaf temperature, ammonium concentration ([NH4+]apo) and pH of the apoplastic solution. The later two depend on the adjacent cells metabolism and on leaf inputs and outputs through the xylem and phloem. Until now only empirical models have been designed to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point, except the model of Riedo et al. (2002. Coupling soil-plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia with ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Ecological Modelling 158, 83-110), which represents the exchanges between the plant's nitrogen pools. The first step to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point is to adequately model [NH4+]apo. This [NH4+]apo has been studied experimentally, but there are currently no process-based quantitative models describing its relation to plant metabolism and environmental conditions. This study summarizes the processes involved in determining the ammonia stomatal compensation point at the leaf scale and qualitatively evaluates the ability of existing whole plant N and C models to include a model for [NH4+]apo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raia Silvia Massad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement et Grandes Cultures, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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23
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Reumann S, Weber APM. Plant peroxisomes respire in the light: some gaps of the photorespiratory C2 cycle have become filled--others remain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1496-510. [PMID: 17046077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent role of peroxisomes in photosynthetic plant tissues is their participation in photorespiration, a process also known as the oxidative C2 cycle or the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle. Photorespiration is an essential process in land plants, as evident from the conditionally lethal phenotype of mutants deficient in enzymes or transport proteins involved in this pathway. The oxidative C2 cycle is a salvage pathway for phosphoglycolate, the product of the oxygenase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), to the Calvin cycle intermediate phosphoglycerate. The pathway is highly compartmentalized and involves reactions in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. The H2O2-producing enzyme glycolate oxidase, catalase, and several aminotransferases of the photorespiratory cycle are located in peroxisomes, with catalase representing the major constituent of the peroxisomal matrix in photosynthetic tissues. Although photorespiration is of major importance for photosynthesis, the identification of the enzymes involved in this process has only recently been completed. Only little is known about the metabolite transporters for the exchange of photorespiratory intermediates between peroxisomes and the other organelles involved, and about the regulation of the photorespiratory pathway. This review highlights recent developments in understanding photorespiration and identifies remaining gaps in our knowledge of this important metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Reumann
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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24
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Keys AJ. The re-assimilation of ammonia produced by photorespiration and the nitrogen economy of C3 higher plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 87:165-75. [PMID: 16416048 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-9024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration involves the conversion of glycine to serine with the release of ammonia and CO(2). In C(3) terrestrial higher plants the flux through glycine and serine is so large that it results in the production of ammonia at a rate far exceeding that from reduction of new nitrogen entering the plant. The photorespiratory nitrogen cycle re-assimilates this ammonia using the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamine:2-oxoglutarateaminotransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J Keys
- Rothamsted Research, Crop Production & Improvement Division, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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25
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Schneidereit J, Häusler RE, Fiene G, Kaiser WM, Weber APM. Antisense repression reveals a crucial role of the plastidic 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator DiT1 at the interface between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 45:206-24. [PMID: 16367965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia assimilation by the plastidic glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase system requires 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) as a carbon precursor. Plastids depend on 2-OG import from the cytosol. A plastidic dicarboxylate translocator 1-[2-OG/malate translocator (DiT1)] has been identified and its substrate specificity and kinetic constants have been analyzed in vitro. However, the role of DiT1 in intact plants and its significance for ammonia assimilation remained uncertain. Here, to study the role of DiT1 in intact plants, its expression was antisense-repressed in transgenic tobacco plants. This resulted in a reduced transport capacity for 2-OG across the plastid envelope membrane. In consequence, allocation of carbon precursors to amino acid synthesis was impaired, organic acids accumulated and protein content, photosynthetic capacity and sugar pools in leaves were strongly decreased. The phenotype was consistent with a role of DIT1 in both, primary ammonia assimilation and the re-assimilation of ammonia resulting from the photorespiratory carbon cycle. Unexpectedly, the in situ rate of nitrate reduction was extremely low in alpha-DiT1 leaves, although nitrate reductase (NR) expression and activity remained high. We hypothesize that this discrepancy between extractable NR activity and in situ nitrate reduction is due to substrate limitation of NR. These findings and the severe phenotype of the antisense plants point to a crucial role of DiT1 at the interface between carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schneidereit
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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26
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Moreno JI, Martín R, Castresana C. Arabidopsis SHMT1, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase that functions in the photorespiratory pathway influences resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 41:451-63. [PMID: 15659103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We found that a recessive mutation, shmt1-1, causes aberrant regulation of cell death resulting in chlorotic and necrotic lesion formation under a variety of environmental conditions. Salicylic acid-inducible genes and genes involved in H(2)O(2) detoxification were expressed constitutively in shmt1-1 plants in direct correlation with the severity of the lesions. The shmt1-1 mutants were more susceptible than control plants to infection with biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, developing severe infection symptoms in a high percentage of infected leaves. In addition, mutants carrying shmt1-1 or a loss-of-function shmt1-2 allele, were smaller and showed a greater loss of chlorophyll and greater accumulation of H(2)O(2) than wild-type plants when subjected to salt stress. SHMT1 was map-based cloned and found to encode a serine hydroxymetyltransferase (SHMT1) involved in the photorespiratory pathway. Our results indicate that this enzymatic activity plays a critical role in controlling the cell damage provoked by abiotic stresses such as high light and salt and in restricting pathogen-induced cell death, supporting the notion that photorespiration forms part of the dissipatory mechanisms of plants to minimize production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the chloroplast and to mitigate oxidative damage. Moreover, results shown here indicate that whereas production of ROS is an essential component of the hypersensitive defense response, the excessive accumulation of these toxic compounds impairs cell death containment and counteracts the effectiveness of the plant defenses to restrict pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Moreno
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Suzuki A, Knaff DB. Glutamate synthase: structural, mechanistic and regulatory properties, and role in the amino acid metabolism. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 83:191-217. [PMID: 16143852 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-3478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium ion assimilation constitutes a central metabolic pathway in many organisms, and glutamate synthase, in concert with glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2), plays the primary role of ammonium ion incorporation into glutamine and glutamate. Glutamate synthase occurs in three forms that can be distinguished based on whether they use NADPH (NADPH-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.13), NADH (NADH-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.14) or reduced ferredoxin (Fd-GOGAT, EC 1.4.7.1) as the electron donor for the (two-electron) conversion of L-glutamine plus 2-oxoglutarate to L-glutamate. The distribution of these three forms of glutamate synthase in different tissues is quite specific to the organism in question. Gene structures have been determined for Fd-, NADH- and NADPH-dependent glutamate synthases from different organisms, as shown by searches in nucleic acid sequence data banks. Fd-glutamate synthase contains two electron-carrying prosthetic groups, the redox properties of which are discussed. A description of the ferredoxin binding by Fd-glutamate synthase is also presented. In plants, including nitrogen-fixing legumes, Fd-glutamate synthase and NADH-glutamate synthase supply glutamate during the nitrogen assimilation and translocation. The biological functions of Fd-glutamate synthase and NADH-glutamate synthase, which show a highly tissue-specific distribution pattern, are tightly related to the regulation by the light and metabolite sensing systems. Analysis of mutants and transgenic studies have provided insights into the primary individual functions of Fd-glutamate synthase and NADH-glutamate synthase. These studies also provided evidence that glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) does not represent a significant alternate route for glutamate formation in plants. Taken together, biochemical analysis and genetic and molecular data imply that Fd-glutamate synthase incorporates photorespiratory and non-photorespiratory ammonium and provides nitrogen for transport to maintain nitrogen status in plants. Fd-glutamate synthase also plays a role that is redundant, in several important aspects, to that played by NADH-glutamate synthase in ammonium assimilation and nitrogen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Suzuki
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles cedex, France.
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Weber APM, Schneidereit J, Voll LM. Using mutants to probe the in vivo function of plastid envelope membrane metabolite transporters. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2004; 55:1231-1244. [PMID: 15047758 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During the last 15 years, much progress has been made in discovering genes encoding solute transporters of the inner plastid envelope membrane. For example, genes encoding transporters for phosphorylated intermediates, dicarboxylates, adenine nucleotides, inorganic anions, and monosaccharides have been cloned. In many cases, the corresponding proteins have been expressed in recombinant host systems for further functional studies, thus allowing detailed in vitro characterization of transporter properties. Knowledge of the gene sequences encoding these transporters have allowed reverse-genetic approaches to study transporter function in vivo. Antisense repression and T-DNA insertion mutagenesis have provided a range of transgenic and mutant plants in which the activity of specific plastid envelope transporters are massively decreased or abolished. Plants with altered transporter activities represent excellent tools to probe the in vivo function of these transporters. Moreover, changing the permeability of the plastid envelope membrane permits the targeted manipulation of subcellular metabolite pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P M Weber
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant Biology, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Igarashi D, Miwa T, Seki M, Kobayashi M, Kato T, Tabata S, Shinozaki K, Ohsumi C. Identification of photorespiratory glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT) gene in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:975-987. [PMID: 12631323 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the photorespiratory process, peroxisomal glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT) catalyzes the reaction of glutamate and glyoxylate to 2-oxoglutarate and glycine. Although GGAT has been assumed to play important roles for the transamination in photorespiratory carbon cycles, the gene encoding GGAT has not been identified. Here, we report that an alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (AOAT)-like protein functions as GGAT in peroxisomes. Arabidopsis has four genes encoding AOAT-like proteins and two of them (namely AOAT1 and AOAT2) contain peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1). The expression analysis of mRNA encoding AOATs and EST information suggested that AOAT1 was the major protein in green leaves. When AOAT1 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) was expressed in BY-2 cells, it was found to be localized to peroxisomes depending on PTS1. By screening of Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines, an AOAT1 knockout line (aoat1-1) was isolated. The activity of GGAT and alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGAT) in the above-ground tissues of aoat1-1 was reduced drastically and, AOAT and glutamate:pyruvate aminotransferase (GPAT) activity also decreased. Peroxisomal GGAT was detected in the wild type but not in aoat1-1. The growth rate was repressed in aoat1-1 grown under high irradiation or without sugar, though differences were slight in aoat1-1 grown under low irradiation, high-CO2 (0.3%) or high-sugar (3% sucrose) conditions. These phenotypes resembled those of photorespiration-deficient mutants. Glutamate levels increased and serine levels decreased in aoat1-1 grown in normal air conditions. Based on these results, it was concluded that AOAT1 is targeted to peroxisomes, functions as a photorespiratory GGAT, plays a markedly important role for plant growth and the metabolism of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Igarashi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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Orea A, Pajuelo P, Pajuelo E, Quidiello C, Romero JM, Márquez AJ. Isolation of photorespiratory mutants from Lotus japonicus deficient in glutamine synthetase. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 115:352-361. [PMID: 12081527 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A mutagenesis programme using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) was carried out on Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen cv. Gifu in order to isolate photorespiratory mutants in this model legume. These mutants were able to grow in a CO2-enriched atmosphere [0.7% (v/v) CO2] but showed stress symptoms when transferred to air. Among them, three mutants displayed low levels of glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activity in leaves. The mutants accumulated ammonium in leaves upon transfer from 0.7% (v/v) CO2 to air. F1 plants of back crosses to wild type were viable in air and F2 populations segregated 3 : 1 (viable in air : air-sensitive) indicative of a single Mendelian recessive trait. Complementation tests showed that the three mutants obtained were allelic. Chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel used to separate the cytosolic and plastidic GS isoenzymes together with immunological data showed that: (1) mutants were specifically affected in the plastidic GS isoform, and (2) in L. japonicus the plastidic GS isoform eluted at lower ionic strength than the cytosolic isoform, contrary to what happens in most plants. The plastidic GS isoform present in roots of wild type L. japonicus was also absent in roots of the mutants, indicating that this plastidic isoform from roots was encoded by the same gene than the GS isoform expressed in leaf tissue. Viability of mutant plants in high-CO2 conditions indicates that plastidic GS is not essentially required for primary ammonium assimilation. Nevertheless, mutant plants did not grow as well as wild type plants in high-CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Orea
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 553, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain
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The Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetic Manipulation of Primary Ammonia Assimilation. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48138-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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32
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Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: a critical review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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33
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Photorespiratory Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling: Evidence from Studies of Mutant and Transgenic Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48138-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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Denby KJ, Last RL. Diverse regulatory mechanisms of amino acid biosynthesis in plants. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2000; 21:173-89. [PMID: 10822497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4707-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Denby
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Foyer CH, Ferrario-Méry S, Huber SC. Regulation of Carbon Fluxes in the Cytosol: Coordination of Sucrose Synthesis, Nitrate Reduction and Organic Acid and Amino Acid Biosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48137-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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36
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Okuhara, Matsumura, Fujita, Hase. Cloning and inactivation of genes encoding ferredoxin- and NADH-dependent glutamate synthases in the cyanobacterium plectonema boryanum. Imbalances In nitrogen and carbon assimilations caused by deficiency of the ferredoxin-dependent enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:33-42. [PMID: 10318681 PMCID: PMC59265 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/1998] [Accepted: 01/10/1999] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) is a key enzyme in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen in photosynthetic organisms. We found that, like higher plants, the facultative heterotrophic cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum had ferredoxin (Fd)- and NADH-dependent GOGATs. The genes glsF, gltB, and gltD were cloned, and structural analyses and target mutageneses demonstrated that glsF encoded Fd-GOGAT and that gltB and gltD encoded the two subunits of NADH-GOGAT. All three mutants lacking one of the GOGAT genes were able to grow photosynthetically and heterotrophically. However, the Fd-GOGAT mutant exhibited a phenotype of marked nitrogen deficiency when grown under conditions of saturating illumination and CO2 supply. In these conditions the rate of the ammonia uptake from the culture medium was slower in the Fd-GOGAT mutant than in the wild type or in the NADH-GOGAT mutant, but no significant differences were found in the rate of the CO2 fixation-dependent O2 evolution among these strains. Our results suggest that, although both Fd- and NADH-GOGATs were operative in the cells growing in light, the contribution of Fd-GOGAT, which directly utilizes photoreducing power for the catalytic reaction, is essential for balancing photosynthetic nitrogen and carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okuhara
- Division of Enzymology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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37
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Trepp GB, van de Mortel M, Yoshioka H, Miller SS, Samac DA, Gantt JS, Vance CP. NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. Genetic regulation and cellular expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:817-28. [PMID: 10069821 PMCID: PMC32097 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.3.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/1998] [Accepted: 12/09/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14) is a key enzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root nodules. Here we report that in alfalfa, a single gene, probably with multiple alleles, encodes for NADH-GOGAT. In situ hybridizations were performed to assess the location of NADH-GOGAT transcript in alfalfa root nodules. In wild-type cv Saranac nodules the NADH-GOGAT gene is predominantly expressed in infected cells. Nodules devoid of bacteroids (empty) induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti 7154 had no NADH-GOGAT transcript detectable by in situ hybridization, suggesting that the presence of the bacteroid may be important for NADH-GOGAT expression. The pattern of expression of NADH-GOGAT shifted during root nodule development. Until d 9 after planting, all infected cells appeared to express NADH-GOGAT. By d 19, a gradient of expression from high in the early symbiotic zone to low in the late symbiotic zone was observed. In 33-d-old nodules expression was seen in only a few cell layers in the early symbiotic zone. This pattern of expression was also observed for the nifH transcript but not for leghemoglobin. The promoter of NADH-GOGAT was evaluated in transgenic alfalfa plants carrying chimeric beta-glucuronidase promoter fusions. The results suggest that there are at least four regulatory elements. The region responsible for expression in the infected cell zone contains an 88-bp direct repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Trepp
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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38
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Hayakawa, Hopkins, Peat, Yamaya, Tobin. Quantitative intercellular localization of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase protein in different types of root cells in rice plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:409-16. [PMID: 9952435 PMCID: PMC32116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.2.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/1998] [Accepted: 11/02/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis with immunogold-electron microscopy using a single-affinity-purified anti-NADH-glutamate synthase (GOGAT) immunoglobulin G (IgG) as the primary antibody showed that the NADH-GOGAT protein was present in various forms of plastids in the cells of the epidermis and exodermis, in the cortex parenchyma, and in the vascular parenchyma of root tips (<10 mm) of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings supplied with 1 mM NH4+ for 24 h. The values of the mean immunolabeling density of plastids were almost equal among these different cell types in the roots. However, the number of plastids per individual cell type was not identical, and some parts of the cells in the epidermis and exodermis contained large numbers of plastids that were heavily immunolabeled. Although there was an indication of labeling in the mitochondria using the single-affinity-purified anti-NADH-GOGAT IgG, this was not confirmed when a twice-affinity-purified IgG was used, indicating an exclusively plastidial location of the NADH-GOGAT protein in rice roots. These results, together with previous work from our laboratory (K. Ishiyama, T. Hayakawa, and T. Yamaya [1998] Planta 204: 288-294), suggest that the assimilation of exogeneously supplied NH4+ ions is primarily via the cytosolic glutamine synthetase/plastidial NADH-GOGAT cycle in specific regions of the epidermis and exodermis in rice roots. We also discuss the role of the NADH-GOGAT protein in vascular parenchyma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan (T.H., T. Y.)
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39
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The green hydra symbiosis and ammonium III. Characteristics of ammonium release by a high maltose-releasing symbiotic strain of
Chlorella. Proc Biol Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1990.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Gerendás J, Zhu Z, Bendixen R, Ratcliffe RG, Sattelmacher B. Physiological and Biochemical Processes Related to Ammonium Toxicity in Higher Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jpln.19971600218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Lam HM, Coschigano KT, Oliveira IC, Melo-Oliveira R, Coruzzi GM. THE MOLECULAR-GENETICS OF NITROGEN ASSIMILATION INTO AMINO ACIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 47:569-593. [PMID: 15012301 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen assimilation is a vital process controlling plant growth and development. Inorganic nitrogen is assimilated into the amino acids glutamine, glutamate, asparagine, and aspartate, which serve as important nitrogen carriers in plants. The enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), and asparagine synthetase (AS) are responsible for the biosynthesis of these nitrogen-carrying amino acids. Biochemical studies have revealed the existence of multiple isoenzymes for each of these enzymes. Recent molecular analyses demonstrate that each enzyme is encoded by a gene family wherein individual members encode distinct isoenzymes that are differentially regulated by environmental stimuli, metabolic control, developmental control, and tissue/cell-type specificity. We review the recent progress in using molecular-genetic approaches to delineate the regulatory mechanisms controlling nitrogen assimilation into amino acids and to define the physiological role of each isoenzyme involved in this metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-M. Lam
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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42
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Last RL. The genetics of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis in flowering plants: progress and prospects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 143:297-330. [PMID: 8449664 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Last
- Plant Molecular Biology Program, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801
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43
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Control of Metabolism and Development in Higher Plant Plastids. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY VOLUME 145 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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45
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Sakakibara H, Watanabe M, Hase T, Sugiyama T. Molecular cloning and characterization of complementary DNA encoding for ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in maize leaf. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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46
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LEA PETERJ, BLACKWELL RAYD, CHEN FENGLING, HECHT URSULA. Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation. METHODS IN PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461013-2.50022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Blackwell RD, Murray AJ, Lea PJ, Kendall AC, Hall NP, Turner JC, Wallsgrove RM. The value of mutants unable to carry out photorespiration. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 16:155-76. [PMID: 24430997 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/1987] [Accepted: 10/28/1987] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere allows the selection of photorespiratory mutants from populations of seeds treated with powerful mutagens such as sodium azide. So far, barley lines deficient in activity of phosphoglycolate phosphatase, catalase, the glycine to serine conversion, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, 2-oxoglutarate uptake and serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase have been isolated. In addition one line of pea lacking glutamate synthase activity and one barley line containing reduced levels of Rubisco are available. The characteristics of these mutations are described and compared with similar mutants isolated from populations of Arabidopsis. As yet, no mutant lacking glutamine synthetase activity has been isolated from Arabidopsis and possible reasons for this difference between barley and Arabidopsis are discussed. The value of these mutant plants in the elucidation of the mechanism of photorespiration and its relationships with CO2 fixation and amino acid metabolism are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Blackwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, Lancaster, UK
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Murray AJ, Blackwell RD, Joy KW, Lea PJ. Photorespiratory N donors, aminotransferase specificity and photosynthesis in a mutant of barley deficient in serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase activity. PLANTA 1987; 172:106-113. [PMID: 24225794 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1987] [Accepted: 04/30/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A mutant of Hordeum vulgare L. (LaPr 85/84) deficient in serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.45) activity has been isolated. The plant also lacks serine: pyruvate aminotransferase and asparagine: glyoxylate aminotransferase activities. Genetic analysis of the mutation strongly indicates that these three activities are all carried on the same enzyme protein. The mutant is incapable of normal rates of photosynthesis in air but can be maintained at 0.7% CO2. The rate of photosynthesis cannot be restored by supplying hydroxypyruvate, glycerate, glutamate or ammonium sulphate through the xylem stream. This photorespiratory mutant demonstrates convincingly that photorespiration still occurs under conditions in which photosynthesis becomes insensitive to oxygen levels. Two major peaks and one minor peak of serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase activity can be separated in extracts of leaves of wild-type barley by diethylaminoethyl-sephacel chromatography. All three peaks are missing from the mutant, LaPr 85/84. The mutant showed the expected rate (50%) of ammonia release during photorespiration but produced CO2 at twice the wild-type rate when it was fed [(14)C]glyoxylate. The large accumulation of serine detected in the mutant under photorespiratory conditions shows the importance of the enzyme activity in vivo. The effect of the mutation on transient changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence initiated by changing the atmospheric CO2 concentration are presented and the role of the enzyme activity under nonphotorespiratory conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, Lancaster, UK
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50
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Turner JC, Parker ML, Temple SJ, Lea PJ. Characterization of two chlorophyll b-deficient, azide-derived mutants of Hordeum vulgare cv. Maris Mink. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1987; 12:95-103. [PMID: 24435633 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1985] [Accepted: 07/23/1986] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two mutant lines of Hordeum vulgare cv. Maris Mink (designated RChl 46 and 47) deficient in chlorophyll b have been isolated following azide mutagenesis. Two major thylakoid membrane proteins of molecular weight 25 and 26 k daltons are absent from the mutant plants following analysis by SDS gel electrophoresis, presumably due to a lack of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex. The photosynthetic capabilities of the wild type and mutant lines were very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Turner
- Biochemistry Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, Herts, UK
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