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Zhu X, Pan S, Li R, Chen Z, Xie X, Han D, Lv S, Huang Y. Novel Biomarker Genes for Prognosis of Survival and Treatment of Glioma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:667884. [PMID: 34976783 PMCID: PMC8714878 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.667884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary central nervous system tumor. Although surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatments are available, the 5-year survival rate of GBM is only 5.8%. Therefore, it is imperative to find novel biomarker for the prognosis and treatment of GBM. In this study, a total of 141 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GBM were identified by analyzing the GSE12657, GSE90886, and GSE90598 datasets. After reducing the data dimensionality, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that expression of PTPRN and RIM-BP2 were downregulated in GBM tissues when compared with that of normal tissues and that the expression of these genes was a good prognostic biomarker for GBM (p<0.05). Then, the GSE46531 dataset and the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database were used to examine the relationship between sensitivity radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy for GBM and expression of PTPRN and RIM-BP2. The expression of PTPRN was significantly high in RT-resistant patients (p<0.05) but it was not related to temozolomide (TMZ) resistance. The expression level of RIM-BP2 was not associated with RT or TMZ treatment. Among the chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and erlotinib had a significantly good treatment effect for glioma with expression of PTPRN or RIM-BP2 and in lower-grade glioma (LGG) with IDH mutation. (p < 0.05). The tumor mutational burden (TMB) score in the low PTPRN expression group was significantly higher than that in the high PTPRN expression group (p=0.013), with a large degree of tumor immune cell infiltration. In conclusion, these findings contributed to the discovery process of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Sian Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Operating Theatre, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Zebo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xingyun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Deqing Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongkai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
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Yin W, Tang G, Zhou Q, Cao Y, Li H, Fu X, Wu Z, Jiang X. Expression Profile Analysis Identifies a Novel Five-Gene Signature to Improve Prognosis Prediction of Glioblastoma. Front Genet 2019; 10:419. [PMID: 31130992 PMCID: PMC6509566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary central nervous system malignant tumor. The median survival of GBM patients is 12–15 months, and the 5 years survival rate is less than 5%. More novel molecular biomarkers are still urgently required to elucidate the mechanisms or improve the prognosis of GBM. This study aimed to explore novel biomarkers for GBM prognosis prediction. The gene expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets of GBM were downloaded. A total of 2241 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from TCGA and GSE7696 datasets. By univariate COX regression survival analysis, 292 survival-related genes were found among these DEGs (p < 0.05). Functional enrichment analysis was performed based on these survival-related genes. A five-gene signature (PTPRN, RGS14, G6PC3, IGFBP2, and TIMP4) was further selected by multivariable Cox regression analysis and a prognostic model of this five-gene signature was constructed. Based on this risk score system, patients in the high-risk group had significantly poorer survival results than those in the low-risk group. Moreover, with the assistance of GEPIA http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/, all five genes were found to be differentially expressed in GBM tissues compared with normal brain tissues. Furthermore, the co-expression network of the five genes was constructed based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Finally, this five-gene signature was further validated in other datasets. In conclusion, our study identified five novel biomarkers that have potential in the prognosis prediction of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guihua Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Quanwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yudong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Operative Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianyong Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoping Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Kubosaki A, Gross S, Miura J, Saeki K, Zhu M, Nakamura S, Hendriks W, Notkins AL. Targeted disruption of the IA-2beta gene causes glucose intolerance and impairs insulin secretion but does not prevent the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2004; 53:1684-91. [PMID: 15220191 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulinoma-associated protein (IA)-2beta, also known as phogrin, is an enzymatically inactive member of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase family and is located in dense-core secretory vesicles. In patients with type 1 diabetes, autoantibodies to IA-2beta appear years before the development of clinical disease. The genomic structure and function of IA-2beta, however, is not known. In the present study, we determined the genomic structure of IA-2beta and found that both human and mouse IA-2beta consist of 23 exons and span approximately 1,000 and 800 kb, respectively. With this information, we prepared a targeting construct and inactivated the mouse IA-2beta gene as demonstrated by lack of IA-2beta mRNA and protein expression. The IA-2beta(-/-) mice, in contrast to wild-type controls, showed mild glucose intolerance and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Knockout of the IA-2beta gene in NOD mice, the most widely studied animal model for human type 1 diabetes, failed to prevent the development of cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes. We conclude that IA-2beta is involved in insulin secretion, but despite its importance as a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes, it is not required for the development of diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Kubosaki
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4322, USA
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Kawasaki E, Sera Y, Fujita N, Yamauchi M, Ozaki M, Abe T, Yamakawa K, Uotani S, Takino H, Yamasaki H, Yamaguchi Y, Uchigata Y, Matsuura N, Eguchi K. Association between IA-2 autoantibody epitope specificities and age of onset in Japanese patients with autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2001; 17:323-31. [PMID: 11771957 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The IA-2 is a major autoantigen of type 1 diabetes belonging to the protein tyrosine phosphatase family. We report on the humoral autoimmunity to an alternatively-spliced variant of IA-2 (IA-2 variant) and autoimmune-mediated diabetes age of onset association with IA-2 autoantibody epitope specificities, in 144 recent-onset patients with type 1 diabetes and 54 GAD autoantibody-positive patients with type 2 diabetes. The cytoplasmic domain of IA-2 (IA-2ic) detected a somewhat greater proportion of patients expressing autoantibodies than IA-2 variant (56%vs. 52% of patients with type 1 diabetes and 17%vs. 9% of GAD autoantibody-positive patients with type 2 diabetes). Conversely, only 1% of IA-2 variant autoantibody-positive patients failed to react to IA-2ic construct. Among 80 patients with type 1 diabetes who were positive for autoantibodies to IA-2ic, 8% recognized the juxtamembrane region (JM, representing amino acids 601-629) only, 64% bound the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-like domain of IA-2 only, and 29% bound both JM and PTP epitopes. Autoantibodies to the PTP-like domain were prevalent in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The age of disease onset in patients with IA-2JM autoantibodies only, was significantly higher than those in patients reacted with the PTP-like domain of IA-2 (P< 0.02). Among GAD autoantibody-positive patients with type 2 diabetes reacted with IA-2ic, 44% bound the JM region only, and 33% bound epitopes in the PTP-like domain only; 22% had autoantibodies to both regions. The frequency of GAD autoantibody-positive patients with type 2 diabetes positive for autoantibodies to the JM region only, was significantly higher than that in patients with type 1 diabetes (P< 0.01). IA-2PTP autoantibodies were significantly associated with HLA-DR4, while the additional reactivity to IA-2JM was associated with HLA-DR9 allele. These results suggest that autoantibody recognition of IA-2 epitopes in autoimmune diabetes is associated with age of disease onset, which may reflect the intensity of the beta-cell destruction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kawasaki
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
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Lee YJ, Lo FS, Shu SG, Wang CH, Huang CY, Liu HF, Wu CC, Yang TY, Chang JG. The promoter region of the CTLA4 gene is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001; 14:383-8. [PMID: 11327371 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2001.14.4.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The CTLA4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4) gene encodes the T cell receptor involved in the control of T cell proliferation and mediates T cell apoptosis. C-T polymorphism is present at position -318 from the ATG start codon in the promoter region of the gene. We report a study on the polymorphism in 347 unrelated children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (age at diagnosis 7.2+/-3.8 years) and their 260 healthy siblings as controls. Genotype C/C conferred a risk of type 1 DM (RR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.32-3.10, pc = 0.0033). The gene frequency of the C allele was higher in patients (RR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.28-2.84, pc = 0.0026). The gene frequency and phenotype frequency of the T allele were negatively associated with type 1 DM (RR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.35-0.78, pc = 0.0026 and RR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.32-0.76, pc = 0.0022, respectively). The frequency of genotype C/T was lower in patients (RR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.32-0.78, pc = 0.0051). This study demonstrates that nucleotide -318 C-T polymorphism of the CTLA4 gene is associated with type 1 DM. The promoter allele -318 C confers a risk of type 1 DM but allele -318 T confers protection against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chistiakov DA, Savost'anov KV, Nosikov VV. CTLA4 gene polymorphisms are associated with, and linked to, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a Russian population. BMC Genet 2001; 2:6. [PMID: 11286636 PMCID: PMC31345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2001] [Accepted: 03/27/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between the human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) gene and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is unclear in populations. We therefore investigated whether the gene conferred susceptibility to IDDM in a Russian population. We studied two polymorphic regions of the CTLA4 gene, the codon 17 dimorphism and the (AT)n microsatellite marker in the 3' untranslated region in 56 discordant sibling pairs and in 33 identical by descent (IBD) affected sibships. RESULTS The Alal7 allele of the CTLA4 gene was preferentially transmitted from parents to diabetic offspring (p<0.0001) as shown by the combined transmission/disequlibrium test (TDT) and sib TDT (S-TDT) analysis. A significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic offspring was also observed for the transmission of alleles 17, 20, and 26 of the dinucleotide microsatellite. Allele 17 was transmitted significantly more frequently to affected offspring than to other children (p=0.0112) whereas alleles 20 and 26 were transmitted preferentially to non-diabetic sibs (p=0.045 and 0.00068 respectively). A nonrandom excess of the Ala17 CTLA4 molecular variant (maximum logarithm of odds score (MLS) of 3.26) and allele 17 of the dinucleotide marker (MLS=3.14) was observed in IBD-affected sibling pairs. CONCLUSION The CTLA4 gene is strongly associated with, and linked to IDDM in a Russian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill V Savost'anov
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, National Research Center GosNIIgenetika, Moscow 113545, Russia
| | - Valery V Nosikov
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, National Research Center GosNIIgenetika, Moscow 113545, Russia
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Lee YJ, Huang FY, Lo FS, Wang WC, Hsu CH, Kao HA, Yang TY, Chang JG. Association of CTLA4 gene A-G polymorphism with type 1 diabetes in Chinese children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 52:153-7. [PMID: 10671941 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The CTLA4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4) gene encodes the T cell receptor involved in the control of T cell proliferation and mediates T cell apoptosis. Thus it is a strong candidate gene for T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. There is polymorphism at position 49 in exon 1 of the CTLA4 gene, providing a A-G exchange. This polymorphism is reportedly associated with type 1 diabetes in Caucasians but not in a small data set of Chinese. We wished to test this polymorphism in a larger and more homogeneous data set of Chinese children with type 1 diabetes and normal adult controls. DESIGN A population-based case-control study of a CTLA4 gene 49 A-G polymorphism was performed to look for an association with type 1 diabetes in Chinese children. PATIENTS We analysed this polymorphism in 253 unrelated children (128 boys) with type 1 diabetes (age at diagnosis 7.1 +/- 3.7 years) and 91 randomly selected normal adults. All individuals were Han Chinese. RESULTS The genotype and gene frequencies of children with type 1 diabetes differed significantly from those of adult controls (P = 0.0091 and P = 0.0051, respectively). Genotype CTLA4 49 G/G and G allele conferred a risk of type 1 diabetes (RR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.31-3.46, P = 0.0022; RR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.17-2.43, P = 0.0051, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CTLA4 49 A-G polymorphism is associated with type 1 diabetes in Han Chinese children. The CTLA4 49 G allele confers an increased risk of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Departments of Paediatrics; Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Xie J, Zhang B, Lan MS, Notkins AL. Genomic structure and promoter sequence of the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus autoantigen, IA-2 (PTPRN). Genomics 1998; 54:338-43. [PMID: 9828138 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IA-2 is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, expressed in neuroendocrine cells, and a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In the present study we elucidated the structure of the IA-2 gene (HGMW-approved symbol PTPRN) and its promoter sequence. A 40-kb genomic clone covering the whole IA-2 coding sequence and 4 kb proximal 5'-upstream sequence was isolated and mapped. The IA-2 gene encompasses approximately 20 kb with 23 exons ranging from 34 bp to more than 650 bp. The extracellular domain is encoded by exons 1-12, the transmembrane region by exon 13, and the intracellular domain by exons 14-23. The transcriptional start site(s) of the IA-2 gene was mapped by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends to 97 bp upstream of the translational start site. A 3-kb 5'-upstream region was sequenced, revealing a GC-rich region and TATA-less sequence containing several potential transcription-regulating sites (i.e., Sp1, CREB, GATA-1, and MZF). Functional promoter activity was confirmed by transient transfection of U87MG cells with deletion mutants linked to a luciferase reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xie
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4322, USA
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Leiter EH, Tsumura H, Serreze DV, Chapman HD, Rabin DU, Lan MS, Notkins AL. Mapping to chromosomes 1 and 12 of mouse homologs of human protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, related genes encoding pancreatic beta cell autoantigens. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:949-50. [PMID: 9383296 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E H Leiter
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609-1500, USA
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