1
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Pringle NR, Gilbar PJ, Grewal GD. Immediate severe hypersensitivity reaction to etoposide phosphate: Case report and review of the literature. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2022; 28:1019-1023. [PMID: 35037804 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211073345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypersensitivity reactions from intravenous (IV) etoposide have been rarely reported, with these being seen more commonly with etoposide than with etoposide phosphate. This is generally explained by the need for polysorbate 80, a known cause of hypersensitivity, as a solubiliser, in the etoposide formulation. CASE REPORT We report a 22-year-old male, being treated with adjuvant BEP (bleomycin/etoposide phosphate/cisplatin) for a testicular germ cell tumour. Bleomycin and cisplatin were administered without incident. Within one minute of etoposide phosphate commencement he experienced a severe hypersensitivity reaction, consisting of widespread erythematous rash, facial swelling, and nausea. Observations included unrecordable blood pressure, tachycardia, hypoxia, and loss of consciousness, confirming a diagnosis of anaphylactic shock. MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME Etoposide phosphate was ceased immediately. He was successfully managed with IV hydrocortisone, IV promethazine, intramuscular adrenaline, IV fluids and oxygen. Following admission for observation, significant improvement occurred over 48 h. DISCUSSION Hypersensitivity reactions to etoposide were first reported in the 1980s. Following reactions to etoposide, substituting etoposide phosphate into chemotherapy regimens has commonly allowed treatment to continue without incidence. Anaphylactic reactions to etoposide phosphate were first documented in 2012, with further cases reported subsequently. Unlike etoposide, etoposide phosphate is highly soluble in aqueous solutions and doesn't require adjuvants in the formulation. Hypersensitivity reactions to etoposide phosphate are therefore likely related to the etoposide drug molecule itself. Clinicians should be aware of this rare, but potentially life-threatening, toxicity when using etoposide-based treatments and have procedures in place to urgently manage any hypersensitivity reactions that may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Pringle
- Cancer Care Services, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffiths University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Peter J Gilbar
- Cancer Care Services, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
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2
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Wei J, Chen J, Ju P, Ma L, Chen L, Ma W, Zheng T, Yang G, Wang YX. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 4β-N-Acetylamino Substituted Podophyllotoxin Derivatives as Novel Anticancer Agents. Front Chem 2019; 7:253. [PMID: 31106192 PMCID: PMC6491884 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel podophyllotoxin derivatives obtained by 4β-N-acetylamino substitution at C-4 position was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (EC-9706, HeLA, T-24 and H460) and a normal human epidermal cell line (HaCaT). The cytotoxicity test indicated that most of the derivatives displayed potent anticancer activities. In particular, compound 12h showed high activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 22.8 μM, with much better cytotoxic activity than the control drug etoposide (IC50: 8.4 to 78.2 μM). Compound 12j exhibited a promising cytotoxicity and selectivity profile against T24 and HaCaT cell lines with IC50 values of 2.7 and 49.1 μM, respectively. Compound 12g displayed potent cytotoxicity against HeLA and T24 cells with low activity against HaCaT cells. According to the results of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, 12g induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase accompanied by apoptosis in T24 and HeLA cells. Furthermore, the docking studies showed possible interactions between human DNA topoisomerase IIα and 12g. These results suggest that 12g merits further optimization and development as a new podophyllotoxin-derived lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Wei
- King's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Ju
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Ma
- King's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Weidong Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Guangyi Yang
- Baoan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Delgado JL, Hsieh CM, Chan NL, Hiasa H. Topoisomerases as anticancer targets. Biochem J 2018; 475:373-398. [PMID: 29363591 PMCID: PMC6110615 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer type-specific anticancer agents have been developed and significant advances have been made toward precision medicine in cancer treatment. However, traditional or nonspecific anticancer drugs are still important for the treatment of many cancer patients whose cancers either do not respond to or have developed resistance to cancer-specific anticancer agents. DNA topoisomerases, especially type IIA topoisomerases, are proved therapeutic targets of anticancer and antibacterial drugs. Clinically successful topoisomerase-targeting anticancer drugs act through topoisomerase poisoning, which leads to replication fork arrest and double-strand break formation. Unfortunately, this unique mode of action is associated with the development of secondary cancers and cardiotoxicity. Structures of topoisomerase-drug-DNA ternary complexes have revealed the exact binding sites and mechanisms of topoisomerase poisons. Recent advances in the field have suggested a possibility of designing isoform-specific human topoisomerase II poisons, which may be developed as safer anticancer drugs. It may also be possible to design catalytic inhibitors of topoisomerases by targeting certain inactive conformations of these enzymes. Furthermore, identification of various new bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors and regulatory proteins may inspire the discovery of novel human topoisomerase inhibitors. Thus, topoisomerases remain as important therapeutic targets of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine L Delgado
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Chao-Ming Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Nei-Li Chan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Hiroshi Hiasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Blass
- Temple University School of Pharmacy,
Moulder Center
for Drug Discovery Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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5
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Boyapelly K, Bonin MA, Traboulsi H, Cloutier A, Phaneuf SC, Fortin D, Cantin AM, Richter MV, Marsault E. Synthesis and Characterization of a Phosphate Prodrug of Isoliquiritigenin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:879-886. [PMID: 28252963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin (1) possesses a variety of biological activities in vitro. However, its poor aqueous solubility limits its use for subsequent in vivo experimentation. In order to enable the use of 1 for in vivo studies without the use of toxic carriers or cosolvents, a phosphate prodrug strategy was implemented relying on the availability of phenol groups in the molecule. In this study, a phosphate group was added to position C-4 of 1, leading to the more water-soluble prodrug 2 and its ammonium salt 3, which possesses increased stability compared to 2. Herein are reported the synthesis, characterization, solubility, and stability of phosphate prodrug 3 in biological medium in comparison to 1, as well as new results on its anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. As designed, the solubility of prodrug 3 was superior to that of the parent natural product 1 (9.6 mg/mL as opposed to 3.9 μg/mL). Prodrug 3 as an ammonium salt was also found to possess excellent stability as a solid and in aqueous solution, as opposed to its phosphoric acid precursor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaraswamy Boyapelly
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-André Bonin
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Cloutier
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel C Phaneuf
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - André M Cantin
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Martin V Richter
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, ‡Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, and §X-ray Crystallography Platform, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001,12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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6
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Patel H, Joshi A, Joshi A, Stagni G. Transdermal Delivery of Etoposide Phosphate I: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2114-22. [PMID: 27233689 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy frequently requires long periods of multiple intravenous infusions that often results in patients opting out of treatment. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of delivering one of these anticancer agents: etoposide phosphate (ETP) transdermally using iontophoresis and a combination of iontophoresis/microporation. The iontophoresis conditions for ETP were first optimized in vitro then tested in vivo in a rabbit model. Both ETP and its active form etoposide (VP) were quantified in dermis (via microdialysis sampling) and in plasma, with a specially developed high-performance liquid chromatography method. In vitro, the amount of total etoposide permeated and the steady state flux increased (p < 0.05) with increase in iontophoretic current densities (100-400 μA/cm(2)). At 300 μA/cm(2), microporation/iontophoresis further improved both parameters by 2- and 2.8-fold, respectively. In vivo, exposure increased proportionally to current density in plasma, whereas dermal concentration dropped significantly at the highest current density. Microporation led to a 50% increase in Cmax and AUClast values in both skin and plasma. In conclusion, a mild current density (300 μA/cm(2)) and a small surface area (10.1 cm(2)) achieved and maintained the minimum effective concentration for the entire duration of electrical current delivery; microporation further increased the plasma concentrations at the same current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Patel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Abhay Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Amit Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Grazia Stagni
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201.
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7
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Srinivas R, Satterlee A, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang L. Theranostic etoposide phosphate/indium nanoparticles for cancer therapy and imaging. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:18542-18551. [PMID: 26489694 PMCID: PMC4670036 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide phosphate (EP), a water-soluble anticancer prodrug, is widely used for treatment of many cancers. After administration it is rapidly converted to etoposide, its parent compound, which exhibits anticancer activity. Difficulty in parenteral administration necessitates the development of a suitable nanoparticle delivery system for EP. Here we have used indium both as a carrier to deliver etoposide phosphate to tumor cells and as a SPECT imaging agent through incorporation of (111)In. Etoposide phosphate was successfully encapsulated together with indium in nanoparticles, and exhibited dose dependent cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in cultured H460 cancer cells via G2/M cell cycle arrest. In a mouse xenograft lung cancer model, etoposide phosphate/indium nanoparticles induce tumor cell apoptosis, leading to significant enhancement of tumor growth inhibition compared to the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramishetti Srinivas
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Satterlee
- UNC and NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC and NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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8
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Kamal A, Srinivasa Reddy T, Polepalli S, Paidakula S, Srinivasulu V, Ganga Reddy V, Jain N, Shankaraiah N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-aza-2,3-dihydropyridophenanthrolines as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3356-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of a terphenyl substituted 4-aza-2,3-didehydropodophyllotoxin analogues as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and apoptosis inducers. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2714-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Stuurman FE, Nuijen B, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Oral anticancer drugs: mechanisms of low bioavailability and strategies for improvement. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 52:399-414. [PMID: 23420518 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of oral anticancer drugs has increased during the last decade, because of patient preference, lower costs, proven efficacy, lack of infusion-related inconveniences, and the opportunity to develop chronic treatment regimens. Oral administration of anticancer drugs is, however, often hampered by limited bioavailability of the drug, which is associated with a wide variability. Since most anticancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic window and are dosed at or close to the maximum tolerated dose, a wide variability in the bioavailability can have a negative impact on treatment outcome. This review discusses mechanisms of low bioavailability of oral anticancer drugs and strategies for improvement. The extent of oral bioavailability depends on many factors, including release of the drug from the pharmaceutical dosage form, a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal tract, factors affecting dissolution, the rate of passage through the gut wall, and the pre-systemic metabolism in the gut wall and liver. These factors are divided into pharmaceutical limitations, physiological endogenous limitations, and patient-specific limitations. There are several strategies to reduce or overcome these limitations. First, pharmaceutical adjustment of the formulation or the physicochemical characteristics of the drug can improve the dissolution rate and absorption. Second, pharmacological interventions by combining the drug with inhibitors of transporter proteins and/or pre-systemic metabolizing enzymes can overcome the physiological endogenous limitations. Third, chemical modification of a drug by synthesis of a derivative, salt form, or prodrug could enhance the bioavailability by improving the absorption and bypassing physiological endogenous limitations. Although the bioavailability can be enhanced by various strategies, the development of novel oral products with low solubility or cell membrane permeability remains cumbersome and is often unsuccessful. The main reasons are unacceptable variation in the bioavailability and high investment costs. Furthermore, novel oral anticancer drugs are frequently associated with toxic effects including unacceptable gastrointestinal adverse effects. Therefore, compliance is often suboptimal, which may negatively influence treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik E Stuurman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Cheng YY, Liu CY, Huang LJ, Huang CH, Lee KH, Lin CT, Kuo SC. Mechanistic studies on regioselective dephosphorylation of phosphate prodrugs during a facile synthesis of antitumor phosphorylated 2-phenyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1H-quinolin-4-one. Molecules 2013; 18:8028-45. [PMID: 23884134 PMCID: PMC6270573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of 2-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-methylenedioxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (1) afforded diphosphate 2. We found that, upon treatment with methanol under mild conditions, 2 can undergo facile and highly regioselective dephosphorylation to give the monophosphate 3, with a phosphate group remaining on the phenyl ring. The details of the dephosphorylation process were postulated and then probed by LC-MS and HPLC analyses. Furthermore, as a preliminary study, the water soluble monophosphate prodrug 4 was tested for antitumor activity against a MCF-7 xenograft nude mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jiau Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Huang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tung Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.-C.K.); (C.-T.L.); Tel./Fax: +886-4-2203-0760 (S.-C.K.); Tel.: +886-4-2359-0248 (ext. 401) (C.-T.L.)
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.-C.K.); (C.-T.L.); Tel./Fax: +886-4-2203-0760 (S.-C.K.); Tel.: +886-4-2359-0248 (ext. 401) (C.-T.L.)
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12
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Abstract
Many prodrug reviews describe specific examples of the successful application of prodrug technology to produce blockbuster drugs, such as simvastatin, omeprazole, acyclovir and enalapril. These reviews are helpful to understand the previous success stories and case histories of prodrug technology. The aim of the current review seeks to more clearly define quantitative trends in the changes in the physicochemical property parameters between the successful prodrug and the active parent molecule. This information can serve to guide medicinal chemists toward more successful pharmaceutical prodrugs in the future.
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13
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Bruserud O, Reikvam H, Kittang AO, Ahmed AB, Tvedt THA, Sjo M, Hatfield KJ. High-dose etoposide in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:765-82. [PMID: 23053272 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The anti-leukemic effect of etoposide is well documented. High-dose etoposide 60 mg/kg in combination with fractionated total body irradiation (TBI), usually single fractions of 1.2 Gy up to a total of 13.2 Gy, is used as conditioning therapy for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most studies of this conditioning regimen have included patients with acute leukemia receiving bone marrow or mobilized stem cell grafts derived from family or matched unrelated donors, and the treatment is then effective even in patients with high-risk disease. The most common adverse effects are fever with hypotension and rash, nausea and vomiting, sialoadenitis, neuropathy and metabolic acidosis. A small minority of patients develop severe allergic reactions. Etoposide has also been tested in a wide range of combination regimens, but for many of these combinations, relatively few patients are included, and some combinations have only been tested in patients who have undergone autologous transplants. However, the general conclusion is that many of these combinations are effective in patients with high-risk malignancies and the toxicity often seems acceptable. Thus, etoposide-based conditioning therapy should be further evaluated in patients having allogeneic transplants, but randomized trials are needed and the design of future trials should be based on the well-characterized TBI + high-dose etoposide regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oystein Bruserud
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Kamal A, Suresh P, Mallareddy A, Kumar BA, Reddy PV, Raju P, Tamboli JR, Shaik TB, Jain N, Kalivendi SV. Synthesis of a new 4-aza-2,3-didehydropodophyllotoxin analogues as potent cytotoxic and antimitotic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2349-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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CARRINGTON C, WEIR J, DO C. Study to support the standardization of the prescribing, dispensing and labeling of etoposide formulations in Australia. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2010; 6:173-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2010.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Chou LC, Chen CT, Lee JC, Way TD, Huang CH, Huang SM, Teng CM, Yamori T, Wu TS, Sun CM, Chien DS, Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH, Huang LJ, Kuo SC. Synthesis and preclinical evaluations of 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-methylenedioxyquinolin-4-one monosodium phosphate (CHM-1-P-Na) as a potent antitumor agent. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1616-26. [PMID: 20102207 DOI: 10.1021/jm901292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CHM-1 [2-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-methylenedioxyquinolin-4-one] (1) has a unique antitumor mechanism of action. However, because 1 has relatively low hydrophilicity, it was evaluated only via ip administration, which is not clinically acceptable. In this study, we synthesized the monosodium phosphate salt (CHM-1-P-Na, 4) of 1 as a hydrophilic prodrug. Compound 4 was rapidly converted into 1 following iv and po administration and also possessed excellent antitumor activity in a SKOV-3 xenograft nude mice model. Compound 4 also had clear-cut pharmacological effects on enzymes related with tumor cells. Neither 4 nor 1 significantly affected normal biological function in a safety pharmacology profiling study. Compound 1 caused apoptotic effects in breast carcinoma cells via accumulation of cyclin B1, and importantly, the endogenous levels of the mitotic spindle checkpoint proteins BubR1 directly correlated with cellular response to microtubule disruption. With excellent antitumor activity profiles, 4 is highly promising for development as an anticancer clinical trials candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chen Chou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Lo WY, Balasubramanian A, Helsby NA. Hydrolysis of dinitrobenzamide phosphate prodrugs: the role of alkaline phosphatase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:1-16. [PMID: 19353998 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2009.24.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate prodrugs which undergo hydrolysis in vivo have been used to improve the solubility and pharmacokinetic properties of a number of drugs. Dinitrobenzamide mustards (DNBM) are examples of such drugs. We investigated the ability of purified alkaline phosphatase isoforms to dephosphorylate three DNBM phosphate prodrugs. In addition, the relative rate of dephosphorylation of these phosphate prodrugs in a number of tissues was determined. These phosphate prodrugs are indeed substrates for alkaline phosphatase, with time dependent formation of the hydrolysis product. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) had the highest activity for these substrates and compound P2 was the most rapidly metabolised. Similarly, compound P2 had the shortest half life in mouse serum (t1/2 = 1.15 h) compared with P1 (t1/2 = 13.34 h) and P3 (t1/2 = 4.4 h). However, serum has very low dephosphorylase activity for these substrates compared with intestine and liver homogenates. In addition, there is little or no difference in the relative rate of dephosphorylation of each of the three compounds in mouse tissues in contrast to the pattern observed with purified alkaline phosphatase and mouse serum. Hence additional phosphatase enzymes may be involved in the metabolism of phosphate prodrugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yee Lo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Zhang YJ, Litaudon M, Bousserouel H, Martin MT, Thoison O, Léonce S, Dumontet V, Sévenet T, Guéritte F. Sesquiterpenoids and cytotoxic lignans from the bark of Libocedrus chevalieri. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:1368-70. [PMID: 17676899 DOI: 10.1021/np070124q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of an EtOAc extract of the bark of Libocedrus chevalieri led to the isolation of a new cytotoxic lignan, 5-methoxy-4-epipodophyllotoxin (1), and three known podophyllotoxin analogues, 5-methoxypodophyllotoxin, 5-methoxypodophyllotoxin-4-O-beta-D-glucoside, and podophyllotoxin-4-O-beta-D-glucoside. Six sesquiterpenoids and a diterpenoid were also obtained. Of these, compounds 2-4 are new sesquiterpenoids, named libocedrines A-C, and 3beta-hydroxyilicic alcohol was isolated for the first time from a higher plant. Structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against KB and L1210 cells and their effects on tubulin assembly were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jun Zhang
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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19
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Xiao Z, Vance JR, Bastow KF, Brossi A, Wang HK, Lee KH. Antitumor agents. Part 235: Novel 4'-ester etoposide analogues as potent DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors with improved therapeutic potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:3363-9. [PMID: 15158805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eight 4'-ester epipodophyllotoxin derivatives (9-16) were designed and synthesized with the aim to overcome drug-resistance and improve water-solubility simultaneously. These compounds were superior to etoposide (1) in causing cellular protein-linked DNA breaks and inhibiting KB and 1-resistant KB-7d cell replication. Compounds 9 and 10 showed significant inhibitory activity against DNA topoisomerase II in vitro. Compound 10 also exhibited an in vitro DNA cleavage pattern similar to that of GL-331 (5). A hypothetical model on the action mode of 1-analogues is proposed based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Xiao
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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Marigny K, Aubin F, Burgot G, Le Gall E, Gandemer V. Particular cutaneous side effects with etoposide-containing courses: is VP16 or etoposide phosphate responsible? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 55:244-50. [PMID: 15526203 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Etoposide is commercially available in France in two different pharmaceutical forms: VP16 and its phosphate ester (etoposide phosphate, EP). EP shows better chemical and physical properties, is said to be less toxic but is five times more expensive than VP16. Some criteria were defined for the use of each form in the Paediatric Oncohaematology Department in Hopital Sud in Rennes. As some particular cutaneous side effects were observed during treatment with etoposide-based course in this department, a retrospective study was initiated. The aims of this work were to determine the side effects (especially cutaneous toxicity), whether the pharmaceutical formulation of etoposide had any influence on the toxicity of the drug, and whether the observed side effects resulted from etoposide alone or from particular antineoplastic drug associations. METHODS Five types of etoposide-containing protocols were chosen: NB 97 and NB 99 (neuroblastoma), FRALLE 93 (acute lymphoid leukaemia), LAME 91 (acute myeloid leukaemia), OS 94 (osteosarcoma), Ewing 97 and Euro-Ewing 99 (Ewing sarcoma). The medical files of 36 children (88 EP courses, 25 VP16 courses) included in these protocols were analysed on the basis that if a child showed a side effect during a course, the child had to have recovered from that side effect before the beginning of the next course. RESULTS Apart from classical side effects (haematological and digestive toxicities etc.), two particular cutaneous side effects were observed: (1) palmar-plantar eruptions and nail inflammations, and (2) irritation of the anal area and anal fissures. Those side effects were observed with three of the studied protocols: NB 97, OS 94 and Ewing sarcoma treatments. CONCLUSIONS No striking differences in toxicity appeared between the two etoposide formulations, but this retrospective study seemed to confirm the appearance of particular cutaneous and anal side effects especially with two associations: (1) etoposide-ifosfamide (OS 94 and Ewing 97), and (2) etoposide-ifosfamide-Adriamycin-vincristine (VIDE course of the Euro-Ewing 99 protocol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katel Marigny
- Department of Pharmacy, CHU Hôpital Sud, Bd de Bulgarie, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Castro MA, Miguel del Corral JM, Gordaliza M, García PA, Gómez-Zurita MA, García-Grávalos MD, de la Iglesia-Vicente J, Gajate C, An F, Mollinedo F, San Feliciano A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new selective cytotoxic cyclolignans derived from podophyllotoxin. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1214-22. [PMID: 14971901 DOI: 10.1021/jm030978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin and some of its derivatives are cyclolignans currently used for removing warts and in the clinical treatment of malign neoplasms. As such, they have been an objective of the scientific community for decades, in the search for more potent and more selective anticancer agents. Our interest in the chemoinduction of drug selectivity led us to the design and preparation of new podophyllotoxin derivatives by reaction of podophyllic aldehyde with aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic amines. Several of the resulting imines displayed a significant selectivity against human colon carcinoma cells, even higher than that of the starting aldehyde. Additional biological studies indicate that these derivatives induce microtubule depolymerization, arrest cells at the G2/M phase of cell cycle, and are able to induce a delayed apoptosis after 48 h of treatment, characterized by caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angeles Castro
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Annesley TM, Kurzyniec S, Nordblom GD, Buchanan N, Pool W, Reily M, Talaat R, Roberts WL. Glucuronidation of Prodrug Reactive Site: Isolation and Characterization of Oxymethylglucuronide Metabolite of Fosphenytoin. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.5.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: This investigation was undertaken to identify the structure of a novel immunoreactive metabolite derived from fosphenytoin that has been hypothesized previously as present in sera from renally impaired patients receiving this prodrug.
Methods: The metabolite was isolated from uremic sera using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Structural analysis was performed using HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), deuterium exchange, and chemical derivatization. Immunoreactivity was evaluated using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
Results: The metabolite had a parent ion at m/z 457 in the negative-ion mode and fragmented to yield the m/z 251 of phenytoin, as well as other mass fragments of phenytoin. Mass fragments associated with glucuronic acid were also present. The chromatographic peak corresponding to this metabolite demonstrated immunoreactivity sufficient to lead to falsely increased reported values for phenytoin immunoassays. The observed immunoreactivity was also proportional to the relative concentration of the metabolite in collected fractions. Analysis by NMR indicated the presence of phenyl groups with chemical shifts identical to those of phenytoin, as well as the presence of a methylene bridge, which was consistent with the same methylene bridge present on the phosphate ester of fosphenytoin. Comparative analysis of serum samples from renally impaired patients receiving phenytoin vs fosphenytoin using multiple reaction monitoring quantification demonstrated that this metabolite was associated with fosphenytoin administration.
Conclusions: A unique immunoreactive oxymethylglucuronide metabolite derived from fosphenytoin has been isolated from sera from uremic patients receiving this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Annesley
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Room 2G332, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0054
| | | | | | - Nathan Buchanan
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William Pool
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Michael Reily
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Rasmy Talaat
- Pfizer Pharmaceutical, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - William L Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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Gordaliza M, Miguel del Corral JM, Angeles Castro M, García-García PA, San Feliciano A. Cytotoxic cyclolignans related to podophyllotoxin. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2001; 56:297-304. [PMID: 11421258 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cyclolignan family of natural products includes compounds with important antineoplastic and antiviral properties such as podophyllotoxin and two of their semisynthetic derivatives, etoposide and teniposide. The latter are included in a wide variety of cancer chemotherapy protocols. Due to these biological activities, cyclolignans have been the objective of numerous studies focused to prepare better and safer anticancer drugs. Several cyclolignans related to podophyllotoxin have been prepared and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on four neoplastic cell lines (P-388, A-549, HT-29 and MEL-28); some of them have antiviral and immunosuppressive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordaliza
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.
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Broughton H, Gordaliza M, Castro MA, Miguel del Corral J, San Feliciano A. Modified CoMFA methods for the analysis of antineoplastic effects of lignan analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(00)00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Terwogt JM, Schellens JH, Huinink WW, Beijnen JH. Clinical pharmacology of anticancer agents in relation to formulations and administration routes. Cancer Treat Rev 1999; 25:83-101. [PMID: 10395834 DOI: 10.1053/ctrv.1998.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, alternative administration routes and pharmaceutical formulations of anticancer agents have been investigated in order to improve conventional chemotherapy treatment. The impact of these adjustments on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is discussed. A review of the literature shows many examples of alternative administration forms of anticancer agents with improved pharmacokinetics. Local administration routes have been investigated in order to reduce the systemic toxicity and to enhance the local efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. Oral administration of anticancer agents is preferred by patients for its convenience and its potential for outpatient treatment. In addition, oral administration facilitates a prolonged exposure to the cytotoxic agent. However, poor bioavailability and substantial interpatient variability are noted as limitations for oral chemotherapy. Increased tumour selectivity can also be achieved by the use of specific pharmaceutical formulations, such as liposomes and macromolecular drug conjugates. The composition of these formulations often determine the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the formulated drug. In conclusion, several alternative administration forms of anticancer agents have been designed in the past years, with the potential for improvement of conventional chemotherapy, however, more extensive clinical evaluation of these novel strategies is warranted to prove their real clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Terwogt
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute4 / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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