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Single and combination herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein vaccines adjuvanted with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or monophosphoryl lipid A exhibit differential immunity that is not correlated to protection in animal models. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1702-9. [PMID: 21852545 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05071-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite several attempts to develop an effective prophylactic vaccine for HSV-2, all have failed to show efficacy in the clinic. The most recent of these failures was the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) subunit vaccine based on the glycoprotein gD with the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). In a phase 3 clinical trial, this vaccine failed to protect from HSV-2 disease, even though good neutralizing antibody responses were elicited. We aimed to develop a superior, novel HSV-2 vaccine containing either gD or gB alone or in combination, together with the potent adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CPG). The immunogenic properties of these vaccines were compared in mice. We show that gB/CPG/alum elicited a neutralizing antibody response similar to that elicited by gD/CPG/alum vaccine but a significantly greater gamma interferon (IFN-γ) T cell response. Furthermore, the combined gB-gD/CPG/alum vaccine elicited significantly greater neutralizing antibody and T cell responses than gD/MPL/alum. The efficacies of these candidate vaccines were compared in the mouse and guinea pig disease models, including a novel male guinea pig genital disease model. These studies demonstrated that increased immune response did not correlate to improved protection. First, despite a lower IFN-γ T cell response, the gD/CPG/alum vaccine was more effective than gB/CPG/alum in mice. Furthermore, the gB-gD/CPG/alum vaccine was no more effective than gD/MPL/alum in mice or male guinea pigs. We conclude that difficulties in correlating immune responses to efficacy in animal models will act as a deterrent to researchers attempting to develop effective HSV vaccines.
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Rajcáni J, Durmanová V. Developments in herpes simplex virus vaccines: old problems and new challenges. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:67-85. [PMID: 16821715 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has remained the best method for preventing virus spread. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) candidate vaccines tested till now were mostly purified subunit vaccines and/or recombinant envelope glycoproteins (such as gB and gD). In many experiments performed in mice, guinea pigs and rabbits, clear-cut protection against acute virus challenge was demonstrated along with the reduction of the extent of latency, when established in the immunized host. The immunotherapeutic effect of herpes vaccines seems less convincing. However, introduction of new adjuvants, which shift the cytokine production of helper T-cells toward stimulation of cytotoxic T-cells (TH1 type cytokine response), reveals a promising development. Mathematical analysis proved that overall prophylactic vaccination of seronegative women, even when eliciting 40-60 % antibody response only, would reduce the frequency of genital herpes within the vaccinated population. Even when partially effective, immunotherapeutic vaccination might represent a suitable alternative of chronic chemotherapy in recurrent labial and genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajcáni
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Morrison LA, Knipe DM. Immunization with replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1: sites of immune intervention in pathogenesis of challenge virus infection. J Virol 1994; 68:689-96. [PMID: 8289372 PMCID: PMC236504 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.2.689-696.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were used as a new means to immunize mice against HSV-1-mediated ocular infection and disease. The effects of the induced immune responses on pathogenesis of acute and latent infection by challenge virus were investigated after corneal inoculation of immunized mice with virulent HSV-1. A single subcutaneous injection of replication-defective mutant virus protected mice against development of encephalitis and keratitis. Replication of the challenge virus at the initial site of infection was lower in mice immunized with attenuated, wild-type parental virus (KOS1.1) or replication-defective mutant virus than in mice immunized with uninfected cell extract or UV-inactivated wild-type virus. Significantly, latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia was reduced in mice given one immunization with replication-defective mutant virus and was completely prevented by two immunizations. Acute replication in the trigeminal ganglia was also prevented in mice immunized twice with wild-type or mutant virus. The level of protection against infection and disease generated by immunization with replication-defective mutant viruses was comparable to that of infectious wild-type virus in all cases. In addition, T-cell proliferative and neutralizing antibody responses following immunization and corneal challenge were of similar strength in mice immunized with replication-defective mutant viruses or with wild-type virus. Thus, protein expression by forms of HSV-1 capable of only partially completing the replication cycle can induce an immune response in mice that efficiently decreases primary replication of virulent challenge virus, interferes with acute and latent infection of the nervous system, and inhibits the development of both keratitis and systemic neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Erturk M, Jennings R, Phillpotts RJ, Potter CW. Biochemical characterization of herpes simplex virus type-1-immunostimulating complexes (ISCMOs): a multi-glycoprotein structure. Vaccine 1991; 9:668-74. [PMID: 1659055 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(91)90193-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) preparation containing several HSV-1 glycoproteins, including the major glycoproteins B and D is described. The multi-glycoprotein HSV-1 ISCOM preparation was obtained from a gradient-purified aqueous HSV-1 antigen preparation following extraction from infected cells using a zwitterionic detergent. With polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to HSV-1 glycoproteins in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioimmunoprecipitation techniques, the HSV-1 ISCOM preparation was shown to contain glycoproteins B, C, D, E, H and I, although further, additional proteins were also present. The DNA content of HSV-1 ISCOMs was determined using a 3H-thymidine labelling method. The protein and DNA contents of the HSV-1 ISCOM preparation are discussed with reference to the potentialities of the preparation as a vaccine for use in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erturk
- Department of Virology, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK
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Bröker M, Abel KJ, Köhler R, Hilfenhaus J, Amann E. Escherichia coli-derived envelope protein gD but not gC antigens of herpes simplex virus protect mice against a lethal challenge with HSV-1 and HSV-2. Med Microbiol Immunol 1990; 179:145-59. [PMID: 2169577 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunization studies with HSV-1 and HSV-2 envelope proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were performed. After active immunization of mice with a gD-1 antigen (Leu53-Ala312) expressed as a fusion protein, the animals were protected from a lethal challenge with HSV-1 and HSV-2. In addition, antisera from rabbits immunized with the same gD-1 antigen also conferred passive immunity to mice against a challenge infection with either HSV-1 or HSV-2. In contrast to these successful gD-1 protection experiments, various gC-1 and gC-2 fusion proteins from E. coli failed to induce protective immunity. Moreover, the mice sera from immunized animals were not able to react with the authentic, glycosylated gC-1 and gC-2 envelope proteins, whereas sera raised against authentic gC-1 and gC-2 glycoproteins do recognize the gC fusion proteins from E. coli. These results indicate, that E. coli might represent an ideal system for expressing gD antigens as a possible component of a HSV vaccine, whereas gC antigen cannot be produced in an immunocompetent form in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bröker
- Research Laboratories of Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kino Y. Yeast-derived glycoprotein B-1 of herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a candidate for an HSV vaccine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 278:183-90. [PMID: 1963033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5853-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kino
- Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
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Kino Y, Nozaki C, Nakatake H, Mizuno K, Mori R. Immunogenicity of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gB-1-related protein produced in yeast. Vaccine 1989; 7:155-60. [PMID: 2546329 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A protein related to glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) produced in yeast (ygB-1) was purified with an immunoadsorbent. The molecular weight of the purified ygB-1 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 96,000. Mice injected twice with ygB-1 adsorbed to alum developed ELISA antibody to ygB-1, neutralizing antibody to HSV-1 and a lymphoproliferative response to ygB-1 and HSV-1. The immunized mice were protected against intraperitoneal and corneal challenge with HSV-1. Latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia after corneal challenge was also inhibited by immunization with ygB-1. Guinea-pigs pigs immunized with ygB-1 adsorbed to alum also developed ELISA antibody to to ygB-1 and neutralizing antibody to both types of HSV. After the second dose, strong lymphoproliferative responses were seen upon stimulation with HSV-2. Animals were protected against intravaginal challenge with HSV type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kino
- Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
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Jennings R, Quasim T, Sharrard RM, Hockley D, Potter CW. Zwitterionic detergent solubilisation of HSV-1 surface antigens. Arch Virol 1988; 98:137-53. [PMID: 2831853 DOI: 10.1007/bf01322164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A preparation was obtained from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected cells using a zwitterionic detergent, Empigen BB. The preparation was partially-purified either by ultracentrifugation over a cusion of 20% sucrose or on a sucrose density gradient. Partial characterisation of these materials by ELISA, using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies showed them to contain at least four major HSV glycoproteins, gB, gC, gD and gE. Comparison of Empigen-extracted HSV-1 antigen preparations with preparations obtained using the non-ionic detergents Nonidet P40 or Triton-X-100 indicate that, using conventional procedures, separation of glycoproteins, B, C, D, and E from unwanted proteins may be facilitated using the former detergent. Immunization of mice with Empigen-extracted, partially-purified or gradient-purified antigen preparations elicited good levels of antibody detectable by ELISA and a high degree of protection against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 challenge infection. Such protection could be achieved using aqueous antigen preparations, but was augmented using aluminium hydroxide gel as an adjuvant. In general, Empigen-extracted HSV-1 antigen preparations elicited higher ELISA antibody levels and more complete protection against HSV challenge infection than NP40 or Triton-X-100-extracted preparations. The value and usefulness of the detergent Empigen for obtaining HSV surface antigen preparations and the role of these as potential vaccines against HSV infections, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jennings
- Department of Virology, University of Sheffield Medical School, U.K
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Abstract
After defining such terms as persistent and chronic infection, latency, recurrence, recrudescence, and exogenous reinfection they are applied to infections with HSV and VZV. Possible factors determining pathogenicity are discussed, and an overview is given of the wide range of illnesses and case reports ascribed to HSV and VZV infections. Various types of infection afford different diagnostic procedures. Besides virus isolation supplemented by viral antigen identification IgG antibody tests (increase in titer) may be useful. IgG subtype and IgA antibody determinations appear to be of limited value. Despite the rather large number of available tests, there are still considerable shortcomings in their ultimate significance as to the patient's disease. Thus, some new experimental approaches are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mertens
- Virology Institute, University of Cologne, F.R.G
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Cantin EM, Eberle R, Baldick JL, Moss B, Willey DE, Notkins AL, Openshaw H. Expression of herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein B by a recombinant vaccinia virus and protection of mice against lethal herpes simplex virus 1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:5908-12. [PMID: 3303033 PMCID: PMC298972 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain F gene encoding glycoprotein gB was isolated and modified at the 5' end by in vitro oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The modified gB gene was inserted into the vaccinia virus genome and expressed under the control of a vaccinia virus promoter. The mature gB glycoprotein produced by the vaccinia virus recombinant was glycosylated, was expressed at the cell surface, and was indistinguishable from authentic HSV-1 gB in terms of electrophoretic mobility. Mice immunized intradermally with the recombinant vaccinia virus produced gB-specific neutralizing antibodies and were resistant to a lethal HSV-1 challenge.
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Pachl C, Burke RL, Stuve LL, Sanchez-Pescador L, Van Nest G, Masiarz F, Dina D. Expression of cell-associated and secreted forms of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein gB in mammalian cells. J Virol 1987; 61:315-25. [PMID: 3027363 PMCID: PMC253952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.2.315-325.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for glycoprotein gB1 of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain Patton was expressed in stable Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Expression vectors containing the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) cDNA plus the complete gB1 gene or a truncated gene lacking the 194 carboxyl-terminal amino acids of gB1 were transfected into CHO DHFR-deficient cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation demonstrated that the complete gB1 protein expressed in CHO cell lines was cell associated, whereas the truncated protein was secreted from the cells due to deletion of the transmembrane and C-terminal domains of gB1. Cells expressing the truncated gB1 protein were subjected to stepwise methotrexate selection, and a cell line was isolated in which the gB1 gene copy number had been amplified 10-fold and the level of expression of gB1 had increased over 60-fold. The truncated gB1 protein was purified from medium conditioned by the amplified cell line. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of this purified protein identified the signal peptide cleavage site and predicted the cleavage of a 30-amino-acid signal sequence from the primary protein. The immunogenicity of the truncated gB1 protein was also tested in mice, and high levels of antibody and protection from virus challenge were observed.
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