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Hossain Hrithik MT, Shahmohammadi N, Jin G, Lee DH, Singh N, Vik A, Hammock BD, Kim Y. Insect immune resolution with EpOME/DiHOME and its dysregulation by their analogs leading to pathogen hypersensitivity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 168:104104. [PMID: 38494144 PMCID: PMC11062637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Upon immune challenge, recognition signals trigger insect immunity to remove the pathogens through cellular and humoral responses. Various immune mediators propagate the immune signals to nearby tissues, in which polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derivatives play crucial roles. However, little was known on how the insects terminate the activated immune responses after pathogen neutralization. Interestingly, C20 PUFA was detected at the early infection stage and later C18 PUFAs were induced in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. This study showed the role of epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (EpOMEs) in the immune resolution at the late infection stage to quench the excessive and unnecessary immune responses. In contrast, dihydroxy-octadecamonoenoates (DiHOMEs) were the hydrolyzed and inactive forms of EpOMEs. The hydrolysis is catalyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Inhibitors specific to sEH mimicked the immunosuppression induced by EpOMEs. Furthermore, the inhibitor treatments significantly enhanced the bacterial virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis against S. exigua. This study proposes a negative control of the immune responses using EpOME/DiHOME in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niayesh Shahmohammadi
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Nalin Singh
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Anders Vik
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
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Hrithrik TH, Lee DH, Singh N, Vik A, Hammock BD, Kim Y. Insect immune resolution with EpOME/DiHOME and its dysregulation by their analogs leading to pathogen hypersensitivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548078. [PMID: 37461499 PMCID: PMC10350063 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (EpOMEs) are epoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid: LA). They are metabolized into dihydroxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (DiHOMEs) in mammals. Unlike in mammals where they act as adipokines or lipokines, EpOMEs act as immunosuppressants in insects. However, the functional link between EpOMEs and pro-immune mediators such as PGE2 is not known. In addition, the physiological significance of DiHOMEs is not clear in insects. This study analyzed the physiological role of these C18 oxylipins using a lepidopteran insect pest, Spodoptera exigua. Immune challenge of S. exigua rapidly upregulated the expression of the phospholipase A2 gene to trigger C20 oxylipin biosynthesis, followed by the upregulation of genes encoding EpOME synthase (SE51385) and a soluble epoxide hydrolase (Se-sEH). The sequential gene expression resulted in the upregulations of the corresponding gene products such as PGE2, EpOMEs, and DiHOMEs. Interestingly, only PGE2 injection without the immune challenge significantly upregulated the gene expression of SE51825 and Se-sEH. The elevated levels of EpOMEs acted as immunosuppressants by inhibiting cellular and humoral immune responses induced by the bacterial challenge, in which 12,13-EpOME was more potent than 9,10-EpOME. However, DiHOMEs did not inhibit the cellular immune responses but upregulated the expression of antimicrobial peptides selectively suppressed by EpOMEs. The negative regulation of insect immunity by EpOMEs and their inactive DiHOMEs were further validated by synthetic analogs of the linoleate epoxide and corresponding diol. Furthermore, inhibitors specific to Se-sEH used to prevent EpOME degradation significantly suppressed the immune responses. The data suggest a physiological role of C18 oxylipins in resolving insect immune response. Any immune dysregulation induced by EpOME analogs or sEH inhibitors significantly enhanced insect susceptibility to the entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Nalin Singh
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Anders Vik
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
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Key hepatic metabolic pathways are altered in germ-free mice during pregnancy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248351. [PMID: 33711049 PMCID: PMC7954286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with metabolic changes to accommodate the mother and her growing fetus. The microbiome has been shown to modulate host metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances. However, the combined effects of pregnancy and the microbiome on host metabolism have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate how the microbiome affects overall hepatic metabolic processes during pregnancy. We assessed these changes within 4 groups of C57BL/6 mice: conventional non-pregnant, conventional pregnant, germ-free non-pregnant, and germ-free pregnant mice. We performed RNA-seq analysis on liver tissues and LC-MS/MS analysis of the plasma to assess the effects of pregnancy and the microbiome on hepatic transcriptome and untargeted plasma metabolome to describe metabolic changes as results of both pregnancy and lack of microbiome. By integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics data, we identified eight metabolic pathways that were significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes associated with pregnancy in both conventional and germ-free mice. Notably, of the eight pathways, 4 pathways (retinol metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis) which are all critical for normal pregnancy and fetal development were affected by the germ-free status in pregnant mice, but not at all in non-pregnant mice, indicating that the alterations in these four pathways caused by the lack of microbiome are unique for pregnancy. These results provide novel insight into the role of the microbiome in modulating host metabolic processes critical for maternal health and fetal development during pregnancy.
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Vatanparast M, Ahmed S, Lee DH, Hwang SH, Hammock B, Kim Y. EpOMEs act as immune suppressors in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20183. [PMID: 33214688 PMCID: PMC7677322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (EpOMEs) are epoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid) and include 9,10-EpOME and 12,13-EpOME. They are synthesized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and degraded by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Although EpOMEs are well known to play crucial roles in mediating various physiological processes in mammals, their role is not well understood in insects. This study chemically identified their presence in insect tissues: 941.8 pg/g of 9,10-EpOME and 2,198.3 pg/g of 12,13-EpOME in fat body of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Injection of 9,10-EpOME or 12,13-EpOME into larvae suppressed the cellular immune responses induced by bacterial challenge. EpOME treatment also suppressed the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. Among 139 S. exigua CYPs, an ortholog (SE51385) to human EpOME synthase was predicted and its expression was highly inducible upon bacterial challenge. RNA interference (RNAi) of SE51385 prevented down-regulation of immune responses at a late stage (> 24 h) following bacterial challenge. A soluble epoxide hydrolase (Se-sEH) of S. exigua was predicted and showed specific expression in all development stages and in different larval tissues. Furthermore, its expression levels were highly enhanced by bacterial challenge in different tissues. RNAi reduction of Se-sEH interfered with hemocyte-spreading behavior, nodule formation, and AMP expression. To support the immune association of EpOMEs, urea-based sEH inhibitors were screened to assess their inhibitory activities against cellular and humoral immune responses of S. exigua. 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido) dodecanoic acid (AUDA) was highly potent in suppressing the immune responses. The addition of AUDA to a pathogenic bacterium significantly increased bacterial pathogenicity by suppressing host immune defense. In sum, this study demonstrated that EpOMEs play a crucial role in facilitating anti-inflammatory responses in S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vatanparast
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 37629, South Korea
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 37629, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 37629, South Korea.
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Caligiuri SPB, Parikh M, Stamenkovic A, Pierce GN, Aukema HM. Dietary modulation of oxylipins in cardiovascular disease and aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H903-H918. [PMID: 28801523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a group of fatty acid metabolites generated via oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in processes such as inflammation, immunity, pain, vascular tone, and coagulation. As a result, oxylipins have been implicated in many conditions characterized by these processes, including cardiovascular disease and aging. The best characterized oxylipins in relation to cardiovascular disease are derived from the ω-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. These oxylipins generally increase inflammation, hypertension, and platelet aggregation, although not universally. Similarly, oxylipins derived from the ω-6 fatty acid linoleic acid generally have more adverse than beneficial cardiovascular effects. Alternatively, most oxylipins derived from 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, antiaggregatory, and vasodilatory effects that help explain the cardioprotective effects of these fatty acids. Much less is known regarding the oxylipins derived from the 18-carbon ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid, but clinical trials with flaxseed supplementation have indicated that these oxylipins can have positive effects on blood pressure. Normal aging also is associated with changes in oxylipin levels in the brain, vasculature, and other tissues, indicating that oxylipin changes with aging may be involved in age-related changes in these tissues. A small number of trials in humans and animals with interventions that contain either 18-carbon or 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have indicated that dietary-induced changes in oxylipins may be beneficial in slowing the changes associated with normal aging. In summary, oxylipins are an important group of molecules amenable to dietary manipulation to target cardiovascular disease and age-related degeneration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxylipins are an important group of fatty acid metabolites amenable to dietary manipulation. Because of the role they play in cardiovascular disease and in age-related degeneration, oxylipins are gaining recognition as viable targets for specific dietary interventions focused on manipulating oxylipin composition to control these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mihir Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and .,Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Pickens CA, Sordillo LM, Zhang C, Fenton JI. Obesity is positively associated with arachidonic acid-derived 5- and 11-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). Metabolism 2017; 70:177-191. [PMID: 28403941 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxylipids are oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites that are responsible for the onset and resolution of the inflammatory response. Enzymatic oxygenation through the lipoxygenase (LOX) or cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways can form oxylipids that have either proinflammatory or proresolving functions depending on the type of PUFA substrate and degree of metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine how PUFA substrates and their corresponding oxylipids are associated with obesity. METHODS Plasma non-esterified FA and oxylipids were isolated from 123 Caucasian males using solid phase extraction and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses included linear regressions and polytomous logistic regressions, and the responses were body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and serum leptin, total adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-peptide. Models were adjusted for age and smoking, and p-values were corrected for false discovery per Benjamini-Hochberg and Bonferroni. RESULTS We report that BMI, WC, and several serum cytokines were highly associated arachidonic acid (ARA)-derived hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and vicinal diols (i.e., alcohols on adjacent carbon atoms) derived from several PUFAs. There was a significant linear relationship between BMI, WC, and serum leptin, and ARA-derived 5-, 11-, and 15-HETE. Specifically, BMI and WC were positively associated with proinflammatory 5- and 11-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), even after normalization to ARA concentrations and false discovery p-value correction. Individuals with 5-HETE concentrations >5.01nmol/L or 11-HETE concentrations and >0.89nmol/L were over 5 times more likely to be obese compared to those with ≤1.86nmol/L and ≤0.39nmol/L, respectively. Vicinal diols from linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid were inversely associated with obesity. Across all statistical tests, vicinal diols were inversely associated with obesity whether normalized to parent PUFA concentrations or normalized to precursor epoxides. Interestingly, the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were not associated with any oxylipids. Since 5-HETE is a 5LOX product, 11-HETE is marker of lipid peroxidation, and vicinal diols are formed through soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) metabolism of CYP epoxygenated PUFAs, therefore, these results indicate that obesity is likely associated with altered metabolism with distinct oxygenating pathways. Taken together, our results indicate that obesity is associated with specific oxylipids indicative of altered PUFA metabolism through several pathways (i.e., LOX, reactive oxygen species, and sEH and CYP epoxygenase), rather than attributed solely to altered dietary PUFA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Brühl L, Weisshaar R, Matthäus B. Epoxy fatty acids in used frying fats and oils, edible oils and chocolate and their formation in oils during heating. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Brühl
- Max Rubner Institute; Institute of Quality and Safety of Cereals; Detmold Germany
| | - Rüdiger Weisshaar
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Stuttgart; Fellbach Germany
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- Max Rubner Institute; Institute of Quality and Safety of Cereals; Detmold Germany
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Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:513-40. [PMID: 26374175 PMCID: PMC4561827 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the main mediators of PUFA effects in the body. They are formed via cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 pathways, resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids (FAs), epoxy FAs, lipoxins, eoxins, hepoxilins, resolvins, protectins (also called neuroprotectins in the brain), and maresins. In addition to the well-known eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, recent developments in lipidomic methodologies have raised awareness of and interest in the large number of oxylipins formed from other PUFAs, including those from the essential FAs and the longer-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Oxylipins have essential roles in normal physiology and function, but can also have detrimental effects. Compared with the oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs, oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs generally have greater activity and more inflammatory, vasoconstrictory, and proliferative effects, although there are notable exceptions. Because PUFA composition does not necessarily reflect oxylipin composition, comprehensive analysis of the oxylipin profile is necessary to understand the overall physiologic effects of PUFAs mediated through their oxylipins. These analyses should include oxylipins derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids, because these largely unexplored bioactive oxylipins constitute more than one-half of oxylipins present in tissues. Because collated information on oxylipins formed from different PUFAs is currently unavailable, this review provides a detailed compilation of the main oxylipins formed from PUFAs and describes their functions. Much remains to be elucidated in this emerging field, including the discovery of more oxylipins, and the understanding of the differing biological potencies, kinetics, and isomer-specific activities of these novel PUFA metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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Nieman DC, Scherr J, Luo B, Meaney MP, Dréau D, Sha W, Dew DA, Henson DA, Pappan KL. Influence of pistachios on performance and exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and metabolite shifts in cyclists: a randomized, crossover trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113725. [PMID: 25409020 PMCID: PMC4237504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pistachio nut ingestion (3 oz./d, two weeks) was tested for effects on exercise performance and 21-h post-exercise recovery from inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and metabolite shifts. METHODS Using a randomized, crossover approach, cyclists (N = 19) engaged in two 75-km time trials after 2-weeks pistachio or no pistachio supplementation, with a 2-week washout period. Subjects came to the lab in an overnight fasted state, and ingested water only or 3 oz. pistachios with water before and during exercise. Blood samples were collected 45 min pre-exercise, and immediately post-, 1.5-h post-, and 21-h post-exercise, and analyzed for plasma cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoP), granulocyte phagocytosis (GPHAG) and oxidative burst activity (GOBA), and shifts in metabolites. RESULTS Performance time for the 75-km time trial was 4.8% slower under pistachio conditions (2.84 ± 0.11 and 2.71 ± 0.07 h, respectively, P = 0.034). Significant time effects were shown for plasma cytokines, CRP, F2-IsoP, GPHAG, and GOBA, with few group differences. Metabolomics analysis revealed 423 detectable compounds of known identity, with significant interaction effects for 19 metabolites, especially raffinose, (12Z)-9,10-Dihydroxyoctadec-12-enoate (9,10-DiHOME), and sucrose. Dietary intake of raffinose was 2.19 ± 0.15 and 0.35 ± 0.08 mg/d during the pistachio and no pistachio periods, and metabolomics revealed that colon raffinose and sucrose translocated to the circulation during exercise due to increased gut permeability. The post-exercise increase in plasma raffinose correlated significantly with 9,10-DiHOME and other oxidative stress metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In summary, 2-weeks pistachio nut ingestion was associated with reduced 75-km cycling time trial performance and increased post-exercise plasma levels of raffinose, sucrose, and metabolites related to leukotoxic effects and oxidative stress. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01821820.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Appalachian State University, Human Performance Lab, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes Scherr
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Beibei Luo
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mary Pat Meaney
- Appalachian State University, Human Performance Lab, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Didier Dréau
- Charlotte Research Institute & Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Wei Sha
- Bioinformatics Services Division, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Dustin A. Dew
- Appalachian State University, Human Performance Lab, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Dru A. Henson
- Department of Biology, Immunology Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States of America
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Abstract
The leukotoxins [9(10)-and 12(13)-EpOME] are produced by activated inflammatory leukocytes such as neutrophils. High EpOME levels are observed in disorders such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and in patients with extensive burns.Although the physiological significance of the EpOMEs remains poorly understood,in some systems, the EpOMEs act as a protoxin,with their corresponding epoxide hydrolase metabolites,9,10-and 12,13-DiHOME, specifically exerting toxicity.Both the EpOMEs and the DiHOMEs were also recently shown to have neutrophil chemotactic activity.We evaluated whether the neutrophil respiratory burst,a surge of oxidant production thought to play an important role in limiting certain bacterial and fungal infections,is modulated by members of the EpOME metabolic pathway.We present evidence that the DiHOMEs suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst by a mechanism distinct from that of respiratory burst inhibitors such as cyclosporin H or lipoxin A4,which inhibit multiple aspects of neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alan Thompson
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Yamada Y, Nagao M, Takatori T, Iwase H, Nakajima M, Iwadate K. Characterization of monoclonal antibody reactive with 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (10-OHODA) and its demonstration in cultured human macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOASSAY 1997; 18:309-19. [PMID: 9358338 DOI: 10.1080/01971529708005824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
10-Hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (10-OHODA) has an inhibitory effect on the tension of papillary muscles in isolated guinea-pig hearts. To establish an immunoassay for 10-OHODA a mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb), YM-1, was produced. In order to evaluate the ability of this MoAb to recognize various 10-OHODA analogs including leukotoxin (9, 10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid, LTx), a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using the avidin-biotin complex (ABC). The detection limit for 10-OHODA was as low as 0.5 ng in this system. In order to demonstrate the presence of 10-OHODA in living cells, macrophages derived from the human leukemia cell line THP-1 by adding 160nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were exposed to 95% O2, and 5% CO2 for 24 h. 10-OHODA and other fatty acids were extracted from the exposed macrophages with diethylether after phospholipase A2 treatment. The 10-OHODA content was determined using the new ELISA, and 18.5 ng 10-OHODA was detected in the macrophages exposed to the high oxygen concentration (1 x 10(6) cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamada
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Moran JH, Weise R, Schnellmann RG, Freeman JP, Grant DF. Cytotoxicity of linoleic acid diols to renal proximal tubular cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 146:53-9. [PMID: 9299596 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoepoxides of linoleic acid (leukotoxin and isoleukotoxin) have been associated with a variety of pathophysiological diseases in humans including multiple organ failure. They also have been shown to be toxic when injected into experimental animals. Because leukotoxin and isoleukotoxin are excellent substrates for epoxide hydrolases, we tested the hypothesis that the diol metabolites are less toxic than the parent monoepoxides using the rabbit renal proximal tubule (RPT) suspension model. An equimolar mixture of the positional isomers of the methyl esters of leukotoxin and isoleukotoxin did not cause cell death to RPT cells at concentrations up to 1 mm using lactate dehydrogenase release as the endpoint. The corresponding diols, however, caused cell death in a time- and concentration-dependent manner beginning at 4 hr and reaching 42% cell death in 6 hr at 1 mm. Cell death was not due to oxidative stress since malondialdehyde content did not increase and the iron chelator deferoxamine and the antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine were not cytoprotective. In contrast, cell death was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction with respiration decreasing 54% prior to the onset of cell death. Secondary to the mitochondrial dysfunction, the diols completely inhibited active Na+ transport within 30 min of addition. These results suggest that the in vivo toxicity and pathophysiology previously attributed to the monoepoxides of linoleic acid may be due to the diol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Moran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 638, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA
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Takatori T. Investigations on the mechanism of adipocere formation and its relation to other biochemical reactions. Forensic Sci Int 1996; 80:49-61. [PMID: 8690322 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(96)01927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the adipocere, which is one of the postmortem changes, some specific fatty acids possessing higher melting points, together with soap, play an important role in the formation of adipocere. These fatty acids were shown to be mainly 10-hydroxystearic and 10-hydroxypalmitic acids. Moreover, slight amounts of 10-oxostearic and 10-oxopalmitic acids, which have higher melting points than those of hydroxy fatty acids, exist in the adipocere as well. The substantial adipocere is formed and stabilized by these specific fatty acids together with the soap. The hydroxy fatty acid (OHFA) and oxo fatty acid (OXOFA) are biosynthesized by some bacterial enzymes. Various aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are involved in the formation of adipocere. For example, microbial conversion of various unsaturated fatty acids to 10-OHFA by Micrococcus luteus was investigated. It turned out that 10-OHFA was synthesized only from fatty acids possessing cis-9-unsaturation. It was also shown that 10-OHFAs were converted to the corresponding 10-OXOFAs but the 10-OXO compounds were inactive as substrates. Furthermore, it was found that the enzyme preparations from Flavobacterium meningosepticum solubilized by sonication catalyzed not only hydration of oleic acid to produce 10-hydroxystearic acid, but also dehydrogenation of this product in the presence of deuterium. On the other hand, we found out that there was 10-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid (10-OHODA) from linoleic acid in some kinds of adipocere. Recently, 10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid (leukotoxin, LTx), which is one of the lipid peroxides, was found not only in rice plants but in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Since LTx was found in leukocytes related to inflammatory response, interest has been focused on its involvement, not only in the basic mechanism of biological defense, but also on the mechanism of shock as a vasoactive substance. A postmortem change itself is only remotely associated with a phenomenon in a living body. However, 10-OHODA found in adipocere seemed to exist also in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting that this compound might be closely related to a biological reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takatori
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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