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The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anacardium occidentale L. Cashew Nuts in a Mouse Model of Colitis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030834. [PMID: 32245085 PMCID: PMC7146548 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anacardium occidentale L. is a tropical plant used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The goal of the present work was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential of oral administration of cashew nuts (from Anacardium occidentale L.) in a mouse model of colitis. Methods: Induction of colitis was performed by intrarectally injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Cashew nuts were administered daily orally (100 mg/kg) in DNBS-injected mice. Results: Four days after DNBS, histological and macroscopic colon alterations as well as marked clinical signs and increased cytokine production were observed. Neutrophil infiltration, measured by myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive immunostaining, was correlated with up-regulation of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and P-selectin in colons. Oxidative stress was detected with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, nitrotyrosine, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) positive staining in inflamed colons. Oral treatment with cashew nuts reduced histological, macroscopic damage, neutrophil infiltration, pro-inflammatory cytokines and MDA levels, as well as nitrotyrosine, PARP and ICAM-1, and P-selectin expressions. Colon inflammation could be related to nuclear factor (NF)-kB pathway activation and reduced manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) antioxidant activity. Cashew nuts administration inhibited NF-kB and increased MnSOD antioxidant expressions. Conclusions: The results suggested that oral assumption of cashew nuts may be beneficial for the management of colitis.
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Di Paola R, Fusco R, Gugliandolo E, D'Amico R, Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Perretti M, Cuzzocrea S. Formyl peptide receptor 1 signalling promotes experimental colitis in mice. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:591-601. [PMID: 30711419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by intricate immune cell interactions with tissue cells and such cross-talks can become deregulated. The formyl peptide receptor 1 (Fpr1) is expressed by both immune and stromal cells including epithelial cells. We evaluated the development of the physiopathology of the DNBS induced colitis in Fpr1 KO mice on the C57BL/6 genetic background compared to C57BL/6 genetic background animals. We have assessed both macroscopic and histological markers of the diseased, together with the immunohistochemical and molecular changes. DNBS-treated Fpr1 KO mice showed a i) reduction in weight loss, ii) lower extent of colon injury and iii) an increase in MPO activity. Molecular analyses indicated that in absence of Fpr1 there was reduced NF-κB translocation into the nucleus, cytokines levels, FOXP3 and GATA3, CD4, CD8 and CD45 expression as well as a dysregulation of TGF-β signalling. In addition, the colon of DNBS-injected Fpr1 KO mice displayed a lower degree of expression of Bax and higher expression of Bcl-2 compared correspondent WT mice. Finally, intravital microscopy investigation of the microcirculation post-DNBS instillation revealed a lower degree of neutrophil-endothelial cell rolling and adhesion - mediated by P-selectin and ICAM-1 - in Fpr1 KO mice. All the main outcome in the study have a P-value, statistical significance of evidence, less than 0.05. We provide evidence for an important pathogenic role of mouse Fpr1 in experimental colitis, an outcome effected through modulation of immune cell recruitment together with a modulation of local cellular activation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Gentili M, Ronchetti S, Ricci E, Di Paola R, Gugliandolo E, Cuzzocrea S, Bereshchenko O, Migliorati G, Riccardi C. Selective CB2 inverse agonist JTE907 drives T cell differentiation towards a Treg cell phenotype and ameliorates inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 141:21-31. [PMID: 30552973 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are known to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. CB2 is the cannabinoid receptor that is expressed primarily on hematopoietic cells and mediates the immunoregulatory functions of cannabinoids. In order to study the effect of JTE907, a selective/inverse agonist of CB2 with anti-inflammatory properties, on the differentiation of T cell subtypes, we used an in vitro system of Th lineage-specific differentiation of naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes isolated from the mouse spleen. The results indicate that JTE907 was able to induce the differentiation of Th0 cells into the Treg cell phenotype, which was characterized by the expression of FoxP3, TGF-β and IL-10. P38 phosphorylation and STAT5A activation were found to mediate the signaling pathway triggered by JTE907 via the CB2 receptor in Th0 lymphocytes. In mice with DNBS-induced colitis, JTE907 treatment was able to induce an increase in the number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells in the lamina propria after 24 h of disease onset and reduce disease severity after 48 h. Further, longer JTE907 treatment resulted in less severe colitis even when administered orally, resulting in less body weight loss, reduction of the disease score, prevention of NF-κB activation, and reduction of the expression of adhesion molecules. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that specific signals delivered through the CB2 receptor can drive the immune response towards the Treg cell phenotype. Thus, ligands such as JTE907 may have use as potential therapeutic agents in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gentili
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Erika Ricci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Oxana Bereshchenko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
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Impellizzeri D, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Mancuso G, Midiri A, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. Therapeutic potential of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in mice by targeting IL-1β and IL-18. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:150-161. [PMID: 29963998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 belong to the IL-1 family of ligands, and their receptors are members of the IL-1 receptor family. Both cytokines drive an extensive range of pro-inflammatory networks in many cell types using common signal transduction cascades. Anyway, differences in signaling pathways exist. With this aim in mind, we investigated by using transgenic mice the mechanisms through the simultaneous deficiency of both IL-1β and IL-18 could be more protective compared to blocking the single cytokine IL-1β or IL-18 during colitis. Colitis was provoked in mice by instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) in the colon. The results indicated that single knockout (KO) mice of IL-1β or IL-18, and double KO mice of both IL-1β and IL-18 were hyporesponsive to DNBS-induced colitis compared to wild type (WT) mice, in which double KO were less sensitive than single KO mice. Moreover, treatment with Anakinra (IL-1R antagonist) also ameliorated colitis, in views of macroscopic and histological alteration, infiltration of neutrophils or Th1 cells, oxidative and nitrosative stress. Anakinra more significantly reduced cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nuclear factor (NF-κB) levels as well as IKB-α degradation compared to blocking IL-18. On the contrary, the absence of IL-18 reduced p-ERK and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) in a more significant way compared to blocking IL-1β. Thus, the double KO increased the protective effects against colon inflammation maybe because different converging inflammatory pathways are being inhibited. In conclusion, the blocking of both IL-1β and IL-18 function may be advantageous in the treatment of IBD or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Rezende BM, Athayde RM, Gonçalves WA, Resende CB, Teles de Tolêdo Bernardes P, Perez DA, Esper L, Reis AC, Rachid MA, Castor MGME, Cunha TM, Machado FS, Teixeira MM, Pinho V. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase alleviates graft-versus-host disease. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3399-3415. [PMID: 28947611 PMCID: PMC5679175 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rezende et al. report that the transplant of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)−deficient leukocytes protects mice from GVHD. Treatment with the 5-LO inhibitor zileuton or a LTB4 antagonist at the initial phase of the transplant achieves similar protective effects. 5-LO is a crucial contributor to tissue damage in GVHD. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a proinflammatory mediator produced by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), is associated with the development of many inflammatory diseases. In this study, we evaluated the participation of the 5-LO/LTB4 axis in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) pathogenesis by transplanting 5-LO–deficient leukocytes and investigated the effect of pharmacologic 5-LO inhibition by zileuton and LTB4 inhibition by CP-105,696. Mice that received allogeneic transplant showed an increase in nuclear 5-LO expression in splenocytes, indicating enzyme activation after GVHD. Mice receiving 5-LO–deficient cell transplant or zileuton treatment had prolonged survival, reduced GVHD clinical scores, reduced intestinal and liver injury, and decreased levels of serum and hepatic LTB4. These results were associated with inhibition of leukocyte recruitment and decreased production of cytokines and chemokines. Treatment with CP-105,696 achieved similar effects. The chimerism or the beneficial graft-versus-leukemia response remained unaffected. Our data provide evidence that the 5-LO/LTB4 axis orchestrates GVHD development and suggest it could be a target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maximino Rezende
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rayssa Maciel Athayde
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - William Antônio Gonçalves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina Braga Resende
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Priscila Teles de Tolêdo Bernardes
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Denise Alves Perez
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Lísia Esper
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alesandra Côrte Reis
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Marina Gomes Miranda E Castor
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Saul D, Gleitz S, Nguyen HH, Kosinsky RL, Sehmisch S, Hoffmann DB, Wassmann M, Menger B, Komrakova M. Effect of the lipoxygenase-inhibitors baicalein and zileuton on the vertebra in ovariectomized rats. Bone 2017; 101:134-144. [PMID: 28455215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most common diseases worldwide. In osteoporosis, vertebral fractures represent a major burden. Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors such as baicalein and zileuton may represent a promising therapeutic option owing to their antioxidative effects and suppression of various inflammatory processes in muscle and bone. The effect of these LOX inhibitors on the spine was studied in osteopenic rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided two times into five groups: four groups each were ovariectomized (OVX) and one control group was non-ovariectomized (NON-OVX). Eight weeks after ovariectomy, three concentrations of baicalein (1mg/kg body weight [BW], 10mg/kgBW, and 100mg/kgBW) were administered subcutaneously daily in three OVX groups for 4weeks. Similarly, zileuton was administered in three concentrations via food for 5weeks. In vivo computed tomography (pQCT) of the spine was performed before the treatments and at the end of the experiment. Lumbar vertebrae were subjected to a compression test, micro-CT, and ashing analyses. After baicalein treatment, cortical bone mineral density (BMD) was improved; trabecular connectivity and trabecular BMD were diminished at high dose. After zileuton treatment, the total BMD, anorganic weight, trabecular nodes, and trabecular area were improved. The in vivo stress-strain index was increased and alkaline phosphatase activity in serum was enhanced after both treatments. A dose-dependent effect was not clearly observed after both treatments. The treatments using baicalein for 4 and zileuton for 5weeks were not sufficient to change the biomechanical properties and bone volume fraction (BV/TV). Overall, baicalein improved the cortical bone parameters whereas zileuton had a favorable effect on the trabecular structure. Moreover, both treatments increased the bone formation rate. Longer trials, a combination of both LOX inhibitors, and their effect at the cellular and molecular levels should be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saul
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - S Gleitz
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - H H Nguyen
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - R L Kosinsky
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - D B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Wassmann
- Medical Institute of General Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Menger
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Komrakova
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Fusco R, Cirmi S, Gugliandolo E, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S, Navarra M. A flavonoid-rich extract of orange juice reduced oxidative stress in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sarkate A, Dhaneshwar SS. Investigation of mitigating effect of colon-specific prodrugs of boswellic acid on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in Wistar rats: Design, kinetics and biological evaluation. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1147-1162. [PMID: 28275295 PMCID: PMC5323440 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i7.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a colon-targeting bioreversible delivery system for β-boswellic acid (BBA) and explore utility of its prodrugs in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats.
METHODS Synthesis of 4 co-drugs of BBA with essential amino acids was achieved by CDI coupling, followed by their spectral characterization. In vitro kinetics were studied by HPLC in aqueous buffers, homogenates of gastrointestinal tract and fecal matter. In vivo kinetic studies were performed in Wistar rat plasma, urine and feces. The prodrugs were screened in TNBS-induced colitis modeled Wistar rats. Statistical significance was assumed at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001 when compared with disease controls using one-way and two-way ANOVAs.
RESULTS Prodrugs were stable in 0.05 mol/L HCl buffer (pH 1.2) and stomach homogenates. Negligible hydrolysis was observed in phosphate buffer and intestinal homogenates. Substantial release (55%-72% and 68%-86%) of BBA was achieved in rat fecal matter and homogenates of colon. In vivo studies of BBA with L-tryptophan (BT) authenticated colon-specific release of BBA. But, surprisingly substantial concentration of BBA was seen to reach the systemic circulation due to probable absorption through colonic mucosa. Site-specifically enhanced bioavailability of BBA could be achieved in colon, which resulted in demonstration of significant mitigating effect on TNBS-induced colitis in rats without inducing any adverse effects on stomach, liver and pancreas. Prodrug of BT was found to be 1.7% (P < 0.001) superior than sulfasalazine in reducing the inflammation to colon among all prodrugs tested.
CONCLUSION The outcome of this study strongly suggests that these prodrugs might have dual applicability to inflammatory bowel disease and chronotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Gugliandolo E, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Adelmidrol, a Palmitoylethanolamide Analogue, as a New Pharmacological Treatment for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:549-561. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Use of a balanced dual cyclooxygenase-1/2 and 5-lypoxygenase inhibitor in experimental colitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:152-162. [PMID: 27450484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) play an important role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). We investigated the effects of flavocoxid, a dual COX/LOX inhibitor, in experimental colitis induced with either dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) or dextrane sulphate sodium (DSS) In the first model, colitis was induced in rats by a single intra-colonic instillation (25mg in 0.8ml 50% ethanol) of DNBS; after 24h animals were randomized to receive orally twice a day, flavocoxid (10mg/kg), zileuton (50mg/kg), or celecoxib (5mg/kg). Sham animals received 0.8ml of saline by a single intra-colonic instillation. Rats were killed 4 days after induction and samples were collected for analysis. In the second model, colitis was induced in rats by the administration of 8% DSS dissolved in drinking water; after 24h animals were randomized to the same above reported treatments. Sham animals received standard drinking water. Rats were killed 5 days after induction and samples were collected for analysis. Flavocoxid, zileuton and celecoxib improved weight loss, reduced colonic myeloperoxydase activity, macroscopic and microscopic damage, and TNF-α serum levels. Flavocoxid and celecoxib also reduced malondialdheyde, 6-keto PGF1α and PGE-2 levels while flavocoxid and zileuton decreased LTB-4 levels. In addition, flavocoxid treatment improved histological features and apoptosis as compared to zileuton and celecoxib; moreover only flavocoxid reduced TXB2, thus avoiding an imbalance in eicosanoids production. Our results show that flavocoxid has protective effect in IBDs and may represents a future safe treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Casili G, Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Dimethyl Fumarate Reduces Inflammatory Responses in Experimental Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:472-83. [PMID: 26690241 PMCID: PMC4946754 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fumaric acid esters have been proven to be effective for the systemic treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. We aimed to develop a new treatment for colitis. METHODS We investigated the effect of dimethylfumarate [DMF, 10-30-100mg/kg] on an experimental model of colitis induced by dinitrobenzene sulphuric acid [DNBS]. We also evaluated the therapeutic activity of 7 weeks' treatment with DMF [30mg/kg] on 9-week-old IL-10KO mice that spontaneously develop a T helper-1 [Th1]-dependent chronic enterocolitis after birth, that is fully established at 8-10 weeks of age. The mechanism of this pharmacological potential of DMF [10 μM] was investigated in colonic epithelial cell monolayers [Caco-2] exposed to H2O2. The barrier function was evaluated by the tight junction proteins. RESULTS The treatment with DMF significantly reduced the degree of haemorrhagic diarrhoea and weight loss caused by administration of DNBS. DMF [30 and 100mg/kg] also caused a substantial reduction in the degree of colon injury, in the rise in myeloperoxidase [MPO] activity, and in the increase in tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α expression, as well as in the up-regulation of ICAM-1 caused by DNBS in the colon. Molecular studies demonstrated that DMF impaired NF-κB signalling via reduced p65 nuclear translocalisation. DMF induced a stronger antioxidant response as evidenced by a higher expression of Mn-superoxide dismutase. Moreover, DMF protected human intestinal epithelial cells against H2O2-induced barrier dysfunction, restoring ZO-1 occludin expression, via the HO-1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS DMF treatment reduces the degree of colitis caused by DNBS. We propose that DMF treatment may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Impellizzeri D, Campolo M, Di Paola R, Bruschetta G, de Stefano D, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide reduces inflammation an a Th1-mediated model of colitis. EUR J INFLAMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x15575869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are idiopathic relapsing disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEAultra), underlining its correlation with PPARα and TLR4; in particular, we aimed at evaluating its anti-inflammatory effect in mice subjected to experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in mice by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS), PEAultra was administered daily intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) for 4 days. On day 4, animals were sacrificed and tissues were taken for histological and biochemical analysis. Four days after DNBS administration, TNF-α and IL-1β productions were increased in association with colon damage. Neutrophil infiltration, evaluated by MPO activity, in the mucosa was associated with upregulation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin. Immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine and PARP showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. Treatment with PEAultra significantly reduced the appearance of colon damage and the loss of body weight. These effects were associated with a remarkable amelioration in the disruption of the colonic architecture and reduction in colonic MPO activity. PEAultra also reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine release, the appearance of nitrotyrosine and PARP immunoreactivity as well as the upregulation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin; moreover, pro-MMP-9 and MMP-2 expressions were significantly inhibited in the colon of DNBS-treated mice. Furthermore, we studied PEAultra correlation with PPARα and TLR4, demonstrating that PEAultra inhibited TLR4 pathway through a PPARα independent pathway. Taken together, our results clearly show that this new formulation of PEA may be considered as a possible therapeutic approach against Th1-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Campolo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - R Di Paola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Bruschetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - D de Stefano
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - E Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Zileuton, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, acts as a chemopreventive agent in intestinal polyposis, by modulating polyp and systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121402. [PMID: 25747113 PMCID: PMC4351892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Leukotrienes and prostaglandins, products of arachidonic acid metabolism, sustain both systemic and lesion-localized inflammation. Tumor-associated Inflammation can also contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased risk of developing colon cancer. The levels of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme for leukotrienes production, are increased in colon cancer specimens and colonic dysplastic lesions. Here we report that Zileuton, a specific 5-LO inhibitor, can prevent polyp formation by efficiently reducing the tumor-associated and systemic inflammation in APCΔ468 mice. Experimental Design In the current study, we inhibited 5-LO by dietary administration of Zileuton in the APCΔ468 mouse model of polyposis and analyzed the effect of in vivo 5-LO inhibition on tumor-associated and systemic inflammation. Results Zileuton-fed mice developed fewer polyps and displayed marked reduction in systemic and polyp-associated inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory innate and adaptive immunity cells were reduced both in the lesions and systemically. As part of tumor-associated inflammation Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), product of 5-LO activity, is increased focally in human dysplastic lesions. The 5-LO enzymatic activity was reduced in the serum of Zileuton treated polyposis mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates that dietary administration of 5-LO specific inhibitor in the polyposis mouse model decreases polyp burden, and suggests that Zileuton may be a potential chemo-preventive agent in patients that are high-risk of developing colon cancer.
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The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of bergamot juice extract (BJe) in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr 2014; 34:1146-54. [PMID: 25491246 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The beneficial properties of the flavonoid fraction of bergamot juice (BJe) have been raising interest and have been the subject of recent studies, considering the potentiality of its health promoting substances. Flavonoids have demonstrated radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of BJe in mice subjected to experimental colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in mice by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). BJe was administered daily orally (at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg). RESULTS Four days after DNBS administration, colon nuclear factor NF-κB translocation and MAP kinase phospho-JNK activation were increased as well as cytokine production such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. Neutrophil infiltration, by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, in the mucosa was associated with up-regulation of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and P-selectin). Immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine and poly ADP-ribose (PAR) also showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. Treatment with BJe decreased the appearance of diarrhea and body weight loss. This was associated with a reduction in colonic MPO activity. BJe reduced nuclear NF-κB translocation, p-JNK activation, the pro-inflammatory cytokines release, the appearance of nitrotyrosine and PAR in the colon and reduced the up-regulation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin. In addition, colon inflammation was also associated with apoptotic damage. Treatment with BJe caused a decrease of pro-apoptotic Bax expression and an increase of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that administration of BJe induced, partly specified, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, which potentially may be beneficial for the treatment of IBD in humans.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ulcerative colitis limited to the proctum are considered to have ulcerative proctitis (UP). In patients with more extensive ulcerative colitis, treatment occurs in a step-up fashion (5-ASA, corticosteroids, thiopurines, anti-TNF-α agents), a strategy which has proven effective. Although treatment of UP occurs using the same step-up design, the efficacy of these therapies in UP is scarcely studied. The objectives were to systematically review the literature for randomized controlled trials studying drug therapies for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with UP. METHODS Electronic databases and reference lists of review articles were searched. The primary outcomes were clinical remission induction rate and the maintained clinical remission rate. Secondary outcomes were induction and maintenance of endoscopic and histological remission. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for were calculated. RESULTS Twenty-three studies (1834 patients) were included. Eighteen trials investigated induction and 5 studied maintenance of remission. Topical 5-ASA was significantly superior to placebo for induction (RR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.63-3.51) and maintenance (RR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.21-6.45) of clinical remission, regardless of dose or formulation. Subgroup analysis of 5-ASA suppositories also showed superiority over placebo for induction of clinical (RR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.70-5.55) and endoscopic remission (RR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.85-3.77). CONCLUSIONS Topical 5-ASA is superior to placebo for the induction and maintenance of clinical remission and for the induction of endoscopic remission. The efficacy of corticosteroids, thiopurines, and anti-TNFα has been insufficiently studied in patients with UP.
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5-Aminosalicylic Acid Inhibits Acute Clostridium difficile Toxin A-Induced Colitis in Rats. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:389621. [PMID: 25045574 PMCID: PMC4090440 DOI: 10.1155/2014/389621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) inhibits toxin A-induced generation of colonic leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and toxin A colitis in rats. Isolated colonic segments in anesthetized rats were treated intraluminally with toxin A for 3 hours with or without 30 minutes of pretreatment with either 5-ASA or sulfapyridine and then colonic tissue levels of LTB4 were measured and inflammation was assessed. Separately, sulfasalazine was administered to rats in their drinking water for 5 days, isolated colonic segments were then prepared, toxin A was administered, and inflammation was assessed as before. Pretreatment with 5-ASA inhibited toxin A-induced increased tissue LTB4 concentration in the colon. Sulfasalazine and 5-ASA but not sulfapyridine significantly inhibited toxin A colitis. However, pretreatment with 5-ASA did not protect against direct TRPV1-mediated colitis caused by capsaicin. Toxin A stimulated the release of substance P (SP), and this effect was also inhibited by sulfasalazine and 5-ASA but not by sulfapyridine. Thus, toxin A stimulates colonic LTB4 resulting in activation of TRPV1, release of SP, and colitis. Inhibition of 5-LO by 5-ASA disrupts this pathway and supports the concept that LTB4 activation of TRPV1 plays a role in toxin A colitis.
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Abdel-Tawab M, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011; 50:349-69. [PMID: 21553931 DOI: 10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake is associated with high prevalence of gastrointestinal or cardiovascular adverse effects. All efforts to develop NSAIDs that spare the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovasculature are still far from achieving a breakthrough. In the last two decades, preparations of the gum resin of Boswellia serrata (a traditional ayurvedic medicine) and of other Boswellia species have experienced increasing popularity in Western countries. Animal studies and pilot clinical trials support the potential of B. serrata gum resin extract (BSE) for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and asthma. Moreover, in 2002 the European Medicines Agency classified BSE as an 'orphan drug' for the treatment of peritumoral brain oedema. Compared to NSAIDs, it is expected that the administration of BSE is associated with better tolerability, which needs to be confirmed in further clinical trials. Until recently, the pharmacological effects of BSE were mainly attributed to suppression of leukotriene formation via inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) by two boswellic acids, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). These two boswellic acids have also been chosen in the monograph of Indian frankincense in European Pharmacopoiea 6.0 as markers to ensure the quality of the air-dried gum resin exudate of B. serrata. Furthermore, several dietary supplements advertise the enriched content of KBA and AKBA. However, boswellic acids failed to inhibit leukotriene formation in human whole blood, and pharmacokinetic data revealed very low concentrations of AKBA and KBA in plasma, being far below the effective concentrations for bioactivity in vitro. Moreover, permeability studies suggest poor absorption of AKBA following oral administration. In view of these results, the previously assumed mode of action - that is, 5-LO inhibition - is questionable. On the other hand, 100-fold higher plasma concentrations have been determined for β-boswellic acid, which inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and the serine protease cathepsin G. Thus, these two enzymes might be reasonable molecular targets related to the anti-inflammatory properties of BSE. In view of the results of clinical trials and the experimental data from in vitro studies of BSE, and the available pharmacokinetic and metabolic data on boswellic acids, this review presents different perspectives and gives a differentiated insight into the possible mechanisms of action of BSE in humans. It underlines BSE as a promising alternative to NSAIDs, which warrants investigation in further pharmacological studies and clinical trials.
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Mandalari G, Bisignano C, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Wickham MSJ, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S. Natural almond skin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:915-24. [PMID: 21354356 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of natural almond skin (NS) powder in mice subjected to experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in mice by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). NS powder was administered daily orally (30 mg/kg). Four days after DNBS administration, colon NF-κB and p-JNK activation was increased as well as TNF-α and IL-1β productions. Neutrophil infiltration, by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, in the mucosa was associated with up-regulation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin. Immunohistochemistry for i-NOS, nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. Treatment with NS powder significantly reduced the appearance of diarrhea and body weight loss. This was associated with a significant reduction in colonic MPO activity. NS powder also reduced NF-κB and p-JNK activation, the pro-inflammatory cytokines release, the appearance of i-NOS, nitrotyrosine and PARP in the colon and reduced the up-regulation of ICAM-1 and the expression of P-selectin. The results of this study suggested that administration of NS powder may be beneficial for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Mandalari
- Pharmaco-Biological Department, University of Messina, Vill. SS: Annunziata 98168, Messina, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) mediates pancreatic inflammation in rats via activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). METHODS Leukotriene B4 or a vehicle was administered to adult rats via celiac axis injection after pretreatment with the TRPV1 antagonist, capsazepine, or vehicle, and the severity of subsequent pancreatitis was assessed by measuring pancreatic edema, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and histological grading. In a second experiment, acute pancreatitis was induced by common pancreaticobiliary duct ligation. Six hours after surgery, pancreatic tissue levels of LTB4 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Also, the effects of inhibition of LTB4 biosynthesis by pretreatment with the 5-lipoxygenase-activating peptide inhibitor, MK-886, were determined. RESULTS Celiac axis administration of LTB4 significantly increased pancreatic edema and MPO activity, and produced histological evidence of pancreatic edema, neutrophil infiltration, and necrosis. Capsazepine pretreatment significantly reduced all inflammatory parameters in LTB4-induced pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue levels of LTB4 were significantly elevated in rats that underwent common pancreaticobiliary duct ligation compared with control rats. MK-886 pretreatment significantly inhibited pancreatic edema, histological damage, and pancreatic MPO concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Common pancreaticobiliary duct obstruction causes an increase in pancreatic LTB4 concentrations that in turn mediates activation of TRPV1 resulting in acute pancreatitis.
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Nancey S, Boschetti G, Hacini F, Sardi F, Durand PY, Le Borgne M, Furhmann L, Flourie B, Kaiserlian D. Blockade of LTB(4) /BLT(1) pathway improves CD8(+) T-cell-mediated colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:279-88. [PMID: 20722054 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotriene B4 (LTB(4) ) has chemotactic properties for activated T cells expressing the high-affinity receptor BLT(1) . This study investigated whether the LTB(4) antagonist (CP-105,693), selective for BLT(1) receptor, could protect mice from colitis mediated by specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTL). METHODS Virus-specific colitis was induced in C57Bl/6 mice transferred with lymphoid cells from P14 TcR Tg mice which are specific to class I GP33 peptide of LCMV. Mice were immunized with GP33-pulsed dendritic cells and colitis was elicited by intrarectal administration of the peptide. Colitis was evaluated by body weight loss and macroscopic and histological analysis of colon. In vivo priming of specific CD8(+) CTL was determined using interferon (IFN)-γ ELISPOT and in vivo CTL assays. In some experiments mice were treated with a selective LTB(4) receptor antagonist. RESULTS Immunization with GP33-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) induced priming of specific CD8(+) CTL, as shown by the presence of IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells in colon draining lymph nodes and in vivo CTL assays. Intrarectal challenge with GP33 induced severe colitis and recruitment of granzyme B(+) P14 CD8(+) cells in colon. Treatment with the specific LTB(4) receptor antagonist before elicitation of colitis reduced the severity of colitis and decreased the frequency of specific effectors. CONCLUSIONS Colitis can be induced by IFN-γ-producing cytotoxic CD8(+) CTL specific for viral antigen. Blockade of the LTB(4) /BLT(1) pathway by a selective BLT(1) receptor antagonist attenuates colitis by inhibiting CD8(+) effectors recruitment in colon. These data illustrate the therapeutic potential of LTB(4) receptor selective antagonists in protection from CD8(+) T-cell-mediated intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Nancey
- INSERM U 851 Immunité et Vaccination, IFR 128, Lyon, France.
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Mazzon E, Esposito E, Di Paola R, Riccardi L, Caminiti R, Dal Toso R, Pressi G, Cuzzocrea S. Effects of verbascoside biotechnologically produced by Syringa vulgaris plant cell cultures in a rodent model of colitis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 380:79-94. [PMID: 19242677 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of verbascoside (VB) in rats subjected to experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in rats by intracolonic instillation of 2,4 dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS; 25 mg/rat). VB was administered daily per os (0.2 and 2 mg/kg) 4 days after DNBS administration in the colon. Treatment with VB significantly (P < 0.01) reduced macroscopic damage score, loss of body weight, myeloperoxidase activity and thiobarbituric acid-reactant substances. Moreover, the intensity of the positive staining for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, P-selectin, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and poly(ADP ribose) was also significantly (P < 0.01) reduced by VB treatment. Therefore, VB treatment significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the degree of NF-kappaB p65 and activation of the pro-active form metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and pro-MMP-9 activity. The results of this study suggested that VB functions as an intracellular radical scavenger and so reduces the microscopic and macroscopic signs of colitis in the rat. Therefore, administration of VB may be beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Vadnerkar G, Dhaneshwar S. Design and development of latentiated strategy for delivery of mesalazine to colon. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Esposito E, Mazzon E, Riccardi L, Caminiti R, Meli R, Cuzzocrea S. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metalloproteinase-2 activity and expression is reduced by melatonin during experimental colitis. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:166-73. [PMID: 18429971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with matrix turnover in both physiological and pathological conditions. Several data indicate that MMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of colitis. Various evidence has documented that the pineal secretory product melatonin exerts an important anti-inflammatory effect in different experimental models including colitis. However, no reports are available on the relationship between the activity and expression of MMPs and anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether melatonin prevents the experimental colitis in rats by regulating MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity and expression. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS). Four days after DNBS administration, colon TNF-alpha production was associated with colon damage. Biochemical methods and zymography were used to analyse MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities in colon tissues from DNBS-injured rats. Our studies reveal that melatonin prevented colon injury and lipid peroxidation in rats at 4 days after DNBS-induced colitis. Melatonin also reduced proMMP-9 and MMP-2 activities that were induced in the colon tissues by DNBS administration. Reduced MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities were associated with reduced expression of TNF-alpha. We conclude that melatonin's ability to reduce DNBS-induced colon injury in rats is related to a reduction in proMMP-9 and MMP-2 activities and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Esposito
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Stanke-Labesque F, Pofelski J, Moreau-Gaudry A, Bessard G, Bonaz B. Urinary leukotriene E4 excretion: a biomarker of inflammatory bowel disease activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:769-74. [PMID: 18286646 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory disorders collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Cysteinyl leukotrienes are proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase-derived products that play a major role in the immune and inflammatory response. Consequently, they may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate 1) the urinary excretion of leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)) in IBD patients and healthy volunteers, and 2) the association between LTE(4) production and the activity (relapse/remission) of the disease. METHODS IBD patients and healthy volunteers were prospectively recruited. CD and UC activity was determined on inclusion with the Crohn's Disease Activity Index and Clinical Activity Index, respectively. Urine was collected and the urinary excretion of LTE(4) was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS 32 CD patients, 28 UC patients, and 30 controls were enrolled in the study. LTE(4) urinary excretion was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in CD [52.0 pg/mg creatinine (10th-90th percentiles: 26.2-148.0)] and UC [64.1 pg/mg creatinine (10th-90th percentiles: 26.7-178.0)] patients compared to controls [32.3 pg/mg creatinine (10th-90th percentiles: 21.8-58.8)]. LTE(4) levels were higher (P < 0.001) in patients with active disease than in patients in remission, for whom the levels of LTE(4) were similar to the levels of controls. CONCLUSIONS Cysteinyl leukotriene pathway activation could contribute to the inflammation associated with IBD. The quantification of urinary LTE(4) could be an interesting noninvasive biomarker for the assessment of IBD activity.
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Mazzon E, Sautebin L, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S. 5-lipoxygenase modulates the alteration of paracellular barrier function in mice ileum during experimental colitis. Shock 2008; 25:377-83. [PMID: 16670640 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000209530.30564.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Small intestine permeability is frequently altered in inflammatory bowel disease and may be caused by the translocation of intestinal toxins through leaky small intestine tight junctions (TJs) and adherence. Recently, it has been shown that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) plays an important role in the development of various inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, by comparing the responses in wild-type mice (5-LOWT) with those of mice lacking the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOKO), we investigated the role played by this enzyme in the permeability and structure of small intestine TJs in an animal model of experimental colitis. To address this question, we used an experimental model of colitis, induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Four days after colitis induction by DNBS, the ileal TJs were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy using lanthanum nitrate and immunohistochemistry of occludin and ZO-1. When compared with DNBS-treated 5-LOWT mice, DNBS-treated 5-LOKO mice experienced a reduced rate of the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. After administration of DNBS, 5-LOWT mice showed a significant increase of ileal permeability (88.3% +/- 1.2%) compared with sham (5.6% +/- 0.5%). In colitis, the percentage of "leaky" junctions in terminal ilea correlated positively with the macroscopic colon damage score. Distal colitis in 5-LOWT mice induces an increase of TJ permeability throughout the entire small intestine, and the extent of alterations correlates with colonic damage. On the contrary, a significant reduction of (1) the degree of colon injury, (2) the alteration of ZO-1 and occludin localization (immunohistochemistry), and (3) ileal permeability (8.1% +/- 0.7%) caused by DNBS in the colon was observed in 5-LOKO mice. Similarly, the treatment of 5-LOWT with zileuton (50 mg/kg per oral gavage twice a day), a 5-LO inhibitor, resulted in a significant reduction of all the previously described parameters. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that 5-LO modulates small intestinal permeability in experimental colitis through the regulation of TJ protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy
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Whittle BJR, Varga C, Berko A, Horvath K, Posa A, Riley JP, Lundeen KA, Fourie AM, Dunford PJ. Attenuation of inflammation and cytokine production in rat colitis by a novel selective inhibitor of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:983-91. [PMID: 18157165 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), formed by the sequential actions of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H), is a pro-inflammatory mediator implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, inhibitors of 5-LO have not proved to be consistent in their therapeutic efficacy in colitis. Another approach to inhibiting LTB(4) synthesis is through the use of inhibitors of LTA(4)H, such as the novel, potent and selective compound, JNJ 26993135. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of oral administration of JNJ 26993135 has been evaluated in a rat model of colitis provoked by colonic instillation of trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS). The extent and severity of the macroscopic inflammatory response, the colonic levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and LTB(4) and of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. KEY RESULTS Oral administration of JNJ 26993135 (5, 15 and 30 mg kg(-1), twice a day) dose-dependently reduced both the extent and intensity of the colonic inflammatory damage observed 3 days after TNBS challenge. JNJ 26993135 also dose-dependently reduced the elevated colonic levels of LTB(4), as well as the inflammatory biomarkers, MPO, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. This dosing regimen was supported by the pharmacokinetic profile of JNJ 26993135, along with the demonstration of the inhibition of ex vivo production of LTB(4) in whole blood following oral administration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results with JNJ 26993135 in the rat TNBS model support the role of LTB(4) in colitis and the potential value of targeting LTA(4)H for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J R Whittle
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
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Mazzon E, Esposito E, Crisafulli C, Riccardi L, Muià C, Di Bella P, Meli R, Cuzzocrea S. Melatonin modulates signal transduction pathways and apoptosis in experimental colitis. J Pineal Res 2006; 41:363-73. [PMID: 17014694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2006.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various evidences have documented that the pineal secretory product melatonin exerts an important anti-inflammatory effect in different experimental models including colitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether melatonin regulates the inflammatory response of experimental colitis in rats at the level of signal transduction pathway. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Four days after DNBS administration, a substantial increase of colon TNF-alpha production was associated with the colon damage. In DNBS-treated rats, the colon injury correlated with a significant rise of apoptosis (evaluated by TUNEL coloration) which was associated with a significant increased expression of proapoptotic Bax and decreased colon content of antiapoptotic Bcl-2. This inflammatory response was also related to activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and phosphorylation of c-Jun as well as FAS ligand expression in the colon. Treatment with melatonin (15 mg/kg daily i.p.) was associated with a remarkable amelioration of colonic disrupted architecture as well as a significant reduction of TNF-alpha. Melatonin also reduced the NF-kappaB activation and phosphorylation of c-Jun as well as the Fas ligand expression in the colon. Furthermore, melatonin reduced the expression of Bax and prevented the loss of Bcl-2 proteins as well as the presence of apoptotic cells caused by DNBS. The results of this study show that melatonin administration exerts beneficial effects in inflammatory bowel disease by modulating signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
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Woodruff TM, Arumugam TV, Shiels IA, Newman ML, Ross PA, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Taylor SM. A potent and selective inhibitor of group IIa secretory phospholipase A2 protects rats from TNBS-induced colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:883-92. [PMID: 15778124 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) enzymes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study we compared the efficacy of a potent, new and highly selective inhibitor of group IIa human sPLA(2) enzyme (5-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4S-(7-phenylheptanoylamino)-pentanoic acid; sPLA(2)I), with that of sulfasalazine, in a rat model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Following a single oral dose of sPLA(2)I (5 mg/kg), pharmacoactive levels of drug were detected in the serum within 15 min and for up to 24 h by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Rats treated with sPLA(2)I (5 mg/kg/day) prior to induction of colitis were significantly healthier than TNBS-alone rats, as shown by reduced mortality, improved food intake and increased body weight, and significantly reduced colon myeloperoxidase levels, edema, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, and colon macroscopic pathology scores after 8 days. Rats pretreated with sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg/day) also had reduced disease expression markers similar to the sPLA(2)I, but exhibited no improvement in colon edema. This study supports a role for the group IIa sPLA(2) enzyme in pathology associated with the TNBS rat model of IBD, and suggests a possible therapeutic application for selective inhibitors of group IIa sPLA(2) inhibitors in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Cuzzocrea S, Rossi A, Mazzon E, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Muià C, Caputi AP, Sautebin L. 5-Lipoxygenase modulates colitis through the regulation of adhesion molecule expression and neutrophil migration. J Transl Med 2005; 85:808-22. [PMID: 15821759 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes play a part in inflammatory response. The unique role of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in the production of leukotrienes makes it as therapeutic target for inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the present study, by comparing the responses in wild-type mice (5-LOWT) and mice lacking the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOKO), we investigated the role played by this enzyme in the development of experimental colitis. To address this question, we used an experimental model of colitis, induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). When compared to DNBS-treated 5-LOWT mice, DNBS-treated 5-LOKO mice experienced a reduced rate of the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. After administration of DNBS 5-LOWT mice showed hemorrhagic diarrhea, weight loss and large areas of necrosis in the mucosa of the colon. Neutrophil infiltration was associated with the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin that were mainly localized around vessels. Absence of a functional 5-LO resulted in a significant reduction of all the above-described parameters. In particular, we have observed a significant reduction of: (i) the degree of colon injury, (ii) the rise in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (mucosa), (iii) the increase in staining (immunohistochemistry) for ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin caused by DNBS in the colon. Similarly, the treatment of 5-LOWT with zileuton (50 mg/kg per os twice a day) resulted in a significant reduction of all the above-described parameters. In addition, in in vitro study a significantly reduced chemotactic response to IL-8 was observed in peripheral blood leukocytes from 5-LOKO in comparison to 5-LOWT polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Similar results were obtained when we analyzed the chemotactic response of 5-LOWT cell incubated for 15 min with zileuton (50 microg/ml). Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that 5-LO modulates neutrophil infiltration in experimental colitis through the expression of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Clostridium difficile toxin A is a potent intestinal inflammatory agent that has been shown to act at least partially by neurogenic mechanisms involving activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) (capsaicin) receptor. We tested the hypothesis that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) mediates the effects of toxin A via activation of the TRPV1 receptor. METHODS Isolated rat ileal segments were pretreated with pharmacologic agents before intraluminal injection of toxin A or LTB4. After 3 hours, the treated segments were removed and inflammation was assessed by luminal fluid accumulation, myeloperoxidase activity, and histology. RESULTS LTB4 caused ileitis similar to that caused by toxin A and antagonism of TRPV1 receptors but not LTB4 receptors inhibited LTB4-induced inflammation. LTB4 also stimulated TRPV1-mediated substance P release and pretreatment with a specific substance P-receptor antagonist blocked LTB4-induced substance P action and ileitis. Inhibition of the LTB4 biosynthetic enzyme 5-lipoxygenase inhibited toxin A-induced increases in ileal LTB4 levels and toxin A- but not LTB4-induced ileitis. CONCLUSIONS LTB4 mediates the inflammatory effects of toxin A via activation of TRPV1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C McVey
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Di Paola R, Mazzon E, Patel NSA, Genovese T, Muià C, Thiemermann C, De Sarro A, Cuzzocrea S. Beneficial effects of GW274150 treatment on the development of experimental colitis induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 507:281-9. [PMID: 15659319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and leukocyte infiltration in the colon. Here, we investigate the effects of the selective iNOS-inhibitor (S)-2-amino-(1-iminoethylamino)-5-thiopentanoic acid (GW274150) on the development of experimental colitis induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. When compared to dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-treated mice, GW274150 (5 mg/kg i.p.)-treated mice subjected to dinitrobenzene sulfonic ACID-induced colitis experienced a significantly lower rate of the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-treated mice experienced hemorrhagic diarrhoea and weight loss. At 4 days after the administration of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, the mucosa of the colon exhibited large areas of necrosis. Immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. Treatment of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-treated mice with GW274150 significantly reduced the degree of hemorrhagic diarrhoea and weight loss caused by administration of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. GW274150 also caused a substantial reduction of (i) the degree of colon injury, (ii) the rise in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (mucosa), (iii) the increase in staining (immunohistochemistry) for nitrotyrosine, as well as (iv) PARP activation caused by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in the colon. Thus, GW274150 treatment reduced the degree of colitis caused by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. We propose that selective inhibition of iNOS activity with GW274150 may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
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Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Mazzon E, Genovese T, Muià C, Centorrino T, Caputi AP. Role of endogenous and exogenous ligands for the peroxisome proliferators activated receptors alpha (PPAR-alpha) in the development of inflammatory bowel disease in mice. J Transl Med 2004; 84:1643-54. [PMID: 15492755 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors related to retinoid, steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of endogenous and exogenous PPAR-alpha ligand on the development of experimental colitis. To address this question, we used an experimental model of colitis, induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). When compared to DNBS-treated PPAR-alpha wild-type (WT) mice, DNBS-treated PPAR-alpha knockout mice (PPAR-alphaKO) mice experienced a higher rate of the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. After administration of DNBS PPAR-alphaWT mice experienced hemorrhagic diarrhea, weight loss and large areas of necrosis in the mucosa of the colon were also observed. Neutrophil infiltration was associated with upregulation of ICAM-1. Immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. Absence of a functional PPAR-alpha gene in PPAR-alphaKO mice resulted in a significant augmentation of all the above-described parameters. On the contrary, the treatment of PPAR-alphaWT with Wy-14643 (1 mg/kg daily i.p) significantly reduced: (i) the degree of hemorrhagic diarrhea and weight loss, (ii) the degree of colon injury, (iii) the rise in MPO activity (mucosa), (iv) the increase in staining (immunohistochemistry) for nitrotyrosine, as well as (v) the upregulation of ICAM-1 caused by DNBS in the colon. In order to elucidate whether the protective effects of Wy-14643 is related to activation of the PPAR-alpha receptor, we also investigated the effect the of Wy-14643 treatment on PPAR-alpha-deficient mice. The absence of the PPAR-alpha receptor significantly abolished the protective effect of the PPAR-alpha agonist against DNBS-induced colitis. Thus, endogenous and exogenous PPAR-alpha ligands reduce the degree of colitis caused by DNBS. We propose that PPAR-alpha ligand may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy.
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Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Patel NSA, Muià C, Threadgill MD, De Sarro A, Thiemermann C. 5-Aminoisoquinolinone reduces colon injury by experimental colitis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 370:464-73. [PMID: 15599708 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-004-1002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme activated by strand breaks in DNA, plays an important role in the colon injury associated with experimental colitis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 5-aminoisoquinolinone (5-AIQ), a novel and potent inhibitor of PARP activity, in the development of experimental colitis. To address this question, we used an experimental model of colitis, induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Compared with DNBS-treated mice, mice treated with 5-AIQ (3 mg/kg i.p.) or 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB; 10 mg/kg i.p. twice a day) and subjected to DNBS-induced colitis experienced a significantly lower rate in the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. DNBS-treated mice experienced diarrhea and weight loss. Four days after administration of DNBS, the mucosa of the colon exhibited large areas of necrosis. Neutrophil infiltration (determined by histology as well as an increase in myeloperoxidase [MPO] activity in the mucosa) was associated with an up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Immunohistochemistry for PAR showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. On the contrary, the treatment of DNBS-treated mice with 5-AIQ or with 3-AB significantly reduced the degree of hemorrhagic diarrhea and weight loss caused by administration of DNBS. 5-AIQ also caused a substantial reduction in the degree of colon injury, in the rise in MPO activity (mucosa), in the increase in staining (immunohistochemistry) for PAR, as well as in the up-regulation of ICAM-1 caused by DNBS in the colon. Thus, 5-AIQ treatment reduces the degree of colitis caused by DNBS. We propose that 5-AIQ treatment may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy.
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is gradually being unravelled and new therapies are being developed to target the disturbed biological processes. This article outlines the clinical features of IBD, its current therapy and pathogenesis. The difficulties for clinical pharmacologists and gastroenterologists associated with designing, executing and interpreting clinical trials in IBD are then discussed. The final section reviews methods that can used to demonstrate the pharmacological actions of new treatments in patients with IBD. It is emphasized that proof of the therapeutic efficacy of a novel agent with a specific mechanism of action yields not only clinical benefit to patients with IBD, but also indicates the importance of the targeted biochemical pathway in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carty
- Academic Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Start 1 Building, 2, Newark Street, London E1 2AD, UK
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Cuzzocrea S, Ianaro A, Wayman NS, Mazzon E, Pisano B, Dugo L, Serraino I, Di Paola R, Chatterjee PK, Di Rosa M, Caputi AP, Thiemermann C. The cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)- PGJ2 attenuates the development of colon injury caused by dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:678-88. [PMID: 12598422 PMCID: PMC1573694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and increased expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in the colon. Recent evidence also suggests that the cyclopentenone prostaglandin (PG) 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d- PGJ(2)) functions as an early anti-inflammatory signal. 2. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the effects of 15d-PGJ(2) in rats subjected to experimental colitis. 3. Colitis was induced in rats by intra-colonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS). 15d-PGJ(2) was administered daily as intraperitoneal injection (20 or 40 microg kg(-1)). On day 4, animals were sacrificed and tissues were taken for histological and biochemical analysis. 4. 15d-PGJ(2) significantly reduced the degree of haemorrhagic diarrhoea and weight loss caused by administration of DNBS. 15d-PGJ(2) also caused a substantial reduction of (i) the degree of colonic injury, (ii) the rise in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (mucosa), (iii) the increase in the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and (iv) of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). 5. Furthermore, 15d-PGJ(2) reduced the increase in immunohistochemical staining for (i) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), (ii) nitrotyrosine and (iii) poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as well as (iv) the increased expression of ICAM-1 caused by DNBS in the colon. 6. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) of inflamed colon revealed that 15d- PGJ(2) also caused a substantial reduction of the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Furthermore, 15d-PGJ(2) stimulates the activation of heat shock protein 72 (hsp72) in the inflamed colon, as assessed by Western blot analysis. 7. In conclusion, 15d-PGJ(2) reduces the development of experimental colitis.
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Holma R, Salmenperä P, Riutta A, Virtanen I, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Acute effects of the cys-leukotriene-1 receptor antagonist, montelukast, on experimental colitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 429:309-18. [PMID: 11698051 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes play a part in inflammatory reactions such as inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of a cys-leukotriene-1 receptor antagonist, montelukast, on trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Montelukast (5, 10 or 20 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton (50 or 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1), a positive control), or the vehicle was administered intracolonically to the rats twice daily throughout the study, starting 12 h before the induction of colitis with TNBS. The severity of colitis (macroscopic and histological assessment, as well as myeloperoxidase activity), the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2, and eicosanoid production in colonic tissue incubation were assessed 24 and 72 h after colitis induction. Montelukast increased prostaglandin E(2) production at 24 h and tended to reduce the cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression at 72 h, but did not influence the severity of colitis. Zileuton failed to decrease the inflammatory reaction in spite of reduced leukotriene B(4) production at 72 h. The results suggest that drugs that block cysteinyl leukotriene receptors have limited potential to ameliorate acute TNBS-induced colitis, but that they exert some beneficial effects which make them capable of modulating the course of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Aralica G, Perovic D, Staresinic M, Anic T, Gjurasin M, Prkacin I, Separovic J, Stancic-Rokotov D, Lovric-Bencic M, Mikus D, Turkovic B, Rotkvic I, Mise S, Rucman R, Petek M, Ziger T, Sebecic B, Ivasovic Z, Jagic V, Komericki L, Balen I, Boban-Blagaic A, Sjekavica I. Therapy effect of antiulcer agents on new chronic cysteamine colon lesion in rat. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PARIS 2001; 95:283-8. [PMID: 11595451 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4257(01)00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After demonstration that cysteamine induced duodenal lesions in gastrectomized rats, while a number of antiulcer drugs mitigated these lesions, it was shown that one single intrarectal (i.r.) cysteamine application produced severe colon lesions in acute studies in rats. Thus, the further focus was on the protracted effect of cysteamine challenge (400 mg/kg b.w. i.r.) and therapy influence in chronic experiments in female rats. Regularly, cysteamine colon lesions were markedly mitigated by ranitidine (10), omeprazole (10), atropine (10), methylprednisolone (1), sulphasalazine (50; mg/kg), pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL-10, PLD-116; 10 microg or 10 ng/kg). Specifically, after 1 or 3 months following initial challenge (cysteamine 400 mg/kg i.r.) in female rat, the therapy [BPC 157 (PL-10, PLD-116 (10.0 microg or 10.0 ng/kg; i.g., i.p., i.r.), ranitidine, omeprazole, atropine, methylprednisolone, sulphasalazine (i.p.)] reversed the protracted cysteamine colon injury: the 1 week-regimen (once daily application) started after 1 month post-cysteamine, as well as the 2 weeks-regimen (once daily application), which started after 3 months. The effect on recidive lesion was also tested. These cysteamine lesions may reappear after stopping therapy (after stopping therapy for 3 weeks at the end of 2-weeks regimen started in 3 months-cysteamine female rats) in sulphasalazine group, while this reappearance is markedly antagonized in pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL-10, PLD-116)-rats (cysteamine-colon lesion still substantially low).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Salata 11, PO Box 916, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Grabarevic Z, Balen I, Aralica G, Gjurasin M, Komericki L, Perovic D, Ziger T, Anic T, Prkacin I, Separovic J, Stancic-Rokotov D, Lovric-Bencic M, Mikus D, Staresinic M, Aralica J, DiBiaggio N, Simec Z, Turkovic B, Rotkvic I, Mise S, Rucman R, Petek M, Sebecic B, Ivasovic Z, Boban-Blagaic A, Sjekavica I. Cysteamine-colon and cysteamine-duodenum lesions in rats. Attenuation by gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, cimetidine, ranitidine, atropine, omeprazole, sulphasalazine and methylprednisolone. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PARIS 2001; 95:261-70. [PMID: 11595448 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4257(01)00036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed cysteamine-duodenal lesions without gastric acid, since they were induced also in gastrectomized rats, as in naive rats, and they were inhibited by the novel stomach pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as well as standard antiulcer drugs (i.e. cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole, bromocriptine, atropine). Therefore, as an advantage of considering cysteamine as a directly acting cytotoxic agent and mentioned agents as direct cytoprotective agents, the present focus was on the ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine and protective effect of gastroduodenal antiulcer agents outside upper gastrointestinal tract (i.e. in colon). Intrarectal administration of the cysteamine (200 or 400 mg/kg b.w) produced severe colon lesions (i.e. transmural inflammation with serosal involvement) in rats (30 min-72 h-experimental period), apparently distinctive from smaller lesions after non-specific irritant enema [diluted HCl solution, pH 3.8 (adjusted to pH of cysteamine solution (pH 3.8)]. All of the tested antiulcer agents were applied simultaneously with cysteamine enema (8 cm from the anus, in a volume of the 1.0 ml/rat) intraperitoneally (i.p.), intragastrically (i.g.) or intrarectally (i.r.). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (10 microg or 10 ng/kg b.w.), given in either regimen, previously shown to have, besides others, a particular beneficial activity just in the intestinal mucosa, inhibited these cysteamine colon lesions (assessed after 30 min, 60 min, 180 min, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h following cysteamine in a dose of either 200 or 400 mg/kg i.r.). Cysteamine-colon lesions were also attenuated by standard antiulcer agents (mg/kg b.w.), given i.p., i.g., or i.r., such as ranitidine (10), cimetidine (50), omeprazole (10), atropine (10), together with methylprednisolone (1), and sulphasalazine (50, i.r.), assessed 30 min following application of 200 mg of cysteamine. Finally, standard cysteamine duodenal lesions (assessed 24 h after a subcutaneous application of 400 mg/kg of cysteamine) were also attenuated by these agents application (given in the same doses, i.p., 1 h before cysteamine), with only exception to sulphasalazine. Thus, the extended cysteamine specific ulcerogenic effect, cysteamine colon/duodenum lesion-link and an extenuation of agents protection from upper to lower part of gastrointestinal tract (i.e. stomach pentadecapeptide BPC 157, standard antiulcer agents, cimetidine, ranitidine, atropine, omeprazole) and vice versa (remedies for inflammatory bowel disease) evidenced in the present study may be potentially important for both further experimental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, POB 916 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sykes AP, Bhogal R, Brampton C, Chander C, Whelan C, Parsons ME, Bird J. The effect of an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases on colonic inflammation in a trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:1535-42. [PMID: 10571613 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent publications have reported that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are expressed in colonic tissue taken from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients. AIM To evaluate the effects of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, marimastat, on colonic inflammation in experimental colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-ethanol in the rat. METHODS Rats were dosed (by mouth) for 7 days (b.d.) with either sulphasalazine (50 mg/kg), marimastat (40 mg/kg) or vehicle. TNBS-ethanol was administered rectally on the 4th day of dosing. On the last day of dosing, colons were removed and assessed for inflammation using myeloperoxidase activity, production of soluble TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha), clinical score and histological assessment. In addition, the bioavailability and effect of marimastat on a range of MMPs were assessed in-vitro. RESULTS In this study we have confirmed that marimastat is a broad spectrum MMPI with a bioavailability of 5%. TNBS rats dosed with sulphasalazine had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) myeloperoxidase activity, TNFalpha production and a markedly lower clinical score. Similarly, rats dosed with marimastat had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) myeloperoxidase activity and clinical score, but the TNFalpha production was not significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Dosing rats with TNBS-induced colitis using sulphasalazine or marimastat produced a significant reduction in tissue injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sykes
- Biosciences Department, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Bell RL, Harris RR. The enzymology and pharmacology of 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 1999; 17:91-109. [PMID: 10436861 DOI: 10.1007/bf02737599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Bell
- Abbott Laboratories, Immunoscience Research Area, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
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Zingarelli B, Szabó C, Salzman AL. Blockade of Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibits neutrophil recruitment, oxidant generation, and mucosal injury in murine colitis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:335-45. [PMID: 9922314 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in the colon. Recent data show that oxidative and nitrosative stress in isolated enterocytes produces DNA single-strand breaks that activate the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS), resulting in depletion of intracellular energetics and increased paracellular permeability. The aim of the present study was to examine the in vivo relevance of this injury pathway. METHODS Colitis was induced by rectal instillation of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice with a genetic deficiency of PARS (PARS-/-) and in wild-type littermates. RESULTS In wild-type mice, TNBS treatment resulted in colonic erosion and ulceration that was maintained up to 7 days. Neutrophil infiltration (indicated by myeloperoxidase activity in the mucosa) was associated with up-regulation of ICAM-1 and high levels of malondialdehyde and nitrotyrosine. TNBS-treated PARS-/- mice experienced a similar colonic injury that was, however, completely resolved by 6 days. Resolution of the damage was associated with absence of ICAM-1 up-regulation, reduction of neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation, and nitrosative damage. CONCLUSIONS These data show that PARS plays a critical role in colonic inflammation possibly by regulating ICAM-1 expression, neutrophil recruitment, and the subsequent oxidant generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zingarelli
- Division of Critical Care, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Burke JR, Davern LB, Gregor KR, Tramposch KM. Leukotriene B4 stimulates the release of arachidonate in human neutrophils via the action of cytosolic phospholipase A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1359:80-8. [PMID: 9398088 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent lipid mediator of inflammation and is involved in the receptor-mediated activation of a number of leukocyte responses including degranulation, superoxide formation, and chemotaxis. In the present research, stimulation of unprimed polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) with LTB4 results in the transient release of arachidonate as measured by mass. This release of arachidonate was maximal at an LTB4 concentration of 50-75 nM and peaked at 45 s after stimulation with LTB4. The transient nature of this release can be attributed, in part, to a fast (< 60 s) metabolism of the added LTB4. Moreover, the inhibition of the reacylation of the released arachidonate with thimerosal results in greater than 4-times as much arachidonate released. Thus, a rapid reacylation of the released arachidonate also contributes to the transient nature of its measured release. Multiple additions of LTB4, which would be expected to more closely resemble the situation in vivo where the cell may come into contact with an environment where LTB4 is in near constant supply, yielded a more sustained release of arachidonate. No release of [3H]arachidonate was observed when using [3H]arachidonate-labeled cells. This indicates that the release of arachidonate as measured by mass is most probably the result of hydrolysis of arachidonate-containing phosphatidylethanolamine within the cell since the radiolabeled arachidonate is almost exclusively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol pools under the non-equilibrium radiolabeling conditions used. Consistent with the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in the release of arachidonate, potent inhibition of the LTB4-stimulated release was observed with methylarachidonylfluorophosphonate, an inhibitor of cPLA2 (IC50 of 1 microM). The bromoenol lactone of the calcium-independent phosphospholipase A2. failed to affect LTB4-stimulated release of arachidonate in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Burke
- Dermatology Discovery Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY 14213, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C Denzlinger
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany
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Abstract
IBD is a disease of unknown cause that involves an amplification of the inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa. Although not the only offending agents leading to the disease, eicosanoids, the collective group of AA metabolites, may a significant role in the pathogenesis of IBD. This article reviewed the biochemical pathways of eicosanoid formation and the clinical relevance of eicosanoids to IBD. Potential strategies designed to interfere with various aspects of AA metabolism were also outlined. Further clinical trials of newer compounds may soon prove them effective in the management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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