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Moore DJ, Huang X, Lee MK, Lian MM, Chiaccio M, Chen H, Koeberlein B, Zhong R, Markmann JF, Deng S. Resistance to anti-CD45RB-induced tolerance in NOD mice: mechanisms involved. Transpl Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Virts EL, Raschke WC. The role of intron sequences in high level expression from CD45 cDNA constructs. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19913-20. [PMID: 11389149 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100448200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent expression from CD45 cDNA constructs has proven difficult to achieve. Through the use of new CD45 cDNA constructs and reporter genes, the role 5', 3', and intron sequences play in CD45 expression was determined. The CD45 polyadenylation signal sequence was fully functional in a beta-galactosidase reporter construct. Furthermore, the CD45 3'-untranslated region and downstream sequences were shown to contain no negative regulatory elements. Several new CD45 cDNA constructs were designed that contain either the cytomegalovirus promoter, the leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1; CD11a) promoter, or various CD45 5' regions. Neither the cytomegalovirus nor the LFA-1 promoter was capable of generating detectable levels of expression in constructs with CD45 cDNA. However, when CD45 intron sequences between exons 3 and 9 were inserted in the cDNA construct to generate a CD45 minigene, the LFA-1 promoter was able to drive reproducible, significant expression of CD45. CD45 minigenes using the CD45 5' sequences up to 19 kilobases upstream of the transcriptional start produced very little protein. The LFA-1 CD45 minigene construct produced correct cell type-specific isoforms when expressed in T and B lymphocyte lines. Therefore, we conclude that the regulation of CD45 expression and cell type-specific splicing requires elements within the intron sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Virts
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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3
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Abdul-Salam F, Moulana MG, Mansour MH. Age-related structural modulation of T lymphocyte-associated CD45 isoforms. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 114:21-35. [PMID: 10731579 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, specific to all conventional CD45 isoforms, was employed in two-dimensional (2D) sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting to investigate possible age-related differential expression of these isoforms among immature and mature thymocytes as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations in the periphery of newly-born, young and aged BALB/c mice. In young mice, and to a lesser degree in newly-born mice, intra-thymic maturation seemed to be paralleled by the capacity of thymocytes to synthesize distinct CD45 isoforms constituted by extensively heterogeneous acidic charge entities. Thymocyte maturation in aged mice, on the other hand, was characterized by minimal heterogeneity, as the observed pattern was essentially similar to the immature population in 2D blots. As inferred from comparisons of 2D blots of sialylated and desialylated forms of the CD45 complex, age-related differences in isoforms expressed by the CD4+ and the CD8+ T cell subpopulations in the periphery resided mainly in the degree of sialylation of the constituent isoforms. Given the potential of the differential sialylation state of CD45 in altering the recognition properties of lymphocytes, regulation of CD45 sialylation with age may add another level of complexity to the lymphocyte surface phenotype, which in turn may be implicated in cell-cell interaction mechanisms during lymphocyte maturation and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abdul-Salam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, Kuwait
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4
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Lynch KW, Weiss A. A model system for activation-induced alternative splicing of CD45 pre-mRNA in T cells implicates protein kinase C and Ras. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:70-80. [PMID: 10594010 PMCID: PMC85051 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.1.70-80.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple isoforms of the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 are expressed on the surface of human T cells. Interestingly, the expression of these isoforms has been shown to vary significantly upon T-cell activation. In this report, we describe a novel cell line-based model system in which we can mimic the activation-induced alternative splicing of CD45 observed in primary T cells. Of the many proximal signaling events induced by T-cell stimulation, we show that activation of protein kinase C and activation of Ras are important for the switch toward the exclusion of CD45 variable exons, whereas events related to Ca(2+) flux are not. In addition, the ability of cycloheximide to block the activation-induced alternative splicing of CD45 suggests a requirement for de novo protein synthesis. We further demonstrate that sequences which have previously been implicated in the tissue-specific regulation of CD45 variable exons are likewise necessary and sufficient for activation-induced splicing. These results provide an initial understanding of the requirements for CD45 alternative splicing upon T-cell activation, and they confirm the importance of this novel cell line in facilitating a more detailed analysis of the activation-induced regulation of CD45 than has been previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Lynch
- Departments of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
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5
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Saga Y, Kobayashi M, Ohta H, Murai N, Nakai N, Oshima M, Taketo MM. Impaired extrapyramidal function caused by the targeted disruption of retinoid X receptor RXRgamma1 isoform. Genes Cells 1999; 4:219-28. [PMID: 10336693 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1999.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoid X receptors RXRalpha, beta and gamma exert multiple functions in the genetic regulation of mammalian signalling systems by forming heterodimeric complexes with several nuclear ligand receptors. In contrast to the widespread expression of RXRalpha and RXRbeta, the expression of RXRgamma is restricted to particular tissues in which RXRgamma1 is the major isoform expressed in the mouse corpus striatum. RESULTS To investigate the function of this particular isoform RXRgamma1, we generated RXRgamma1 gene-knockout mice by homologous recombination in ES cells. Both heterozygous and homozygous mice showed severe runting after birth, which often resulted in the early death of mice of the 129/C57BL-6 genetic background. Independent of genetic background, however, the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the cholinergic interneurones in the striatum (caudal putamen) was markedly reduced in the RXRgamma1 gene-null mice. Furthermore, the mutant exhibited an altered response to the administration of dopamine receptor antagonists, haloperidol and chlorpromazine, which normally induce catalepsy in mice. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that RXRgamma1 plays an important role in either the development or activation of cholinergic neurones in nigrostriatal extrapyramidal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saga
- Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute (Merck) Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-33 Japan
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6
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Abstract
The CD45 exon usage pattern of various CD8+ and CD4+ T cell lines was studied. By using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) and Southern analysis with exon specific or exon junction probes, we showed that all of the cytotoxic T cell lines and the majority of the helper T cells expressed the 789 isoform as a major splice variant. Expression of the splice product lacking exons 4-7 (isoform 89) was not as ubiquitous. All Th lines produced mRNA encoding this isoform, but in only three of the Tc lines was the 89 isoform detectable by RT/PCR. RNase protection assays with RNA isolated from normal CD8+ splenic cells demonstrated the 89 splice product was present in low abundance. The relative abundance of the different isoforms in the thymic lymphoma, BW5147, was determined through RNase protection analysis. The 789 isoform predominates, representing approximately 75% of the CD45 mRNA whereas the 89 form constitutes about 24%. In addition, an isoform lacking exons 4-8 (isoform 9) also was detected and comprises approximately 1% of the total CD45 mRNA in this cell line. Finally, these studies demonstrate that exon 10 is also used as an alternatively spliced exon.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Virts
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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7
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Virts E, Barritt D, Siden E, Raschke WC. Murine mast cells and monocytes express distinctive sets of CD45 isoforms. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:1191-7. [PMID: 9566766 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD45 isoform expression patterns were examined in various mast and monocyte cell populations. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) and Southern analysis showed these myeloid cells express characteristic sets of CD45 isoforms. Mast cells produce mRNA for two splice variants, one containing exons 5, 7 and 8 of the alternatively expressed exons (therefore lacking exons 4 and 6) and another containing variable exons 7 and 8. Monocytes express three prominent CD45 mRNA species, one which includes exons 5, 7 and 8, another with exons 7 and 8 and the third containing only exon 8 of the variable exons. These results show that there are clear differences within the myeloid lineage sub-populations with respect to CD45 exon usage which appear to delineate mast cell and monocyte specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Virts
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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8
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Ratech H, Denning S, Kaufman RE. An analysis of alternatively spliced CD45 mRNA transcripts during T cell maturation in humans. Cell Immunol 1997; 177:109-18. [PMID: 9178637 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase found on nucleated hematopoietic cells. In humans, multiple protein isoforms of CD45 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing of exons 4, 5, and 6 coding for the extracellular portion. We measured all eight possible CD45 mRNA transcripts using RT-PCR in human thymocytes and T cell lines. We report that only six mRNA transcripts are present in T cells. The high mw CD45 mRNA transcripts containing exon 4 correlated with the stage of T cell maturation: abundant high mw transcripts (30.7% of all CD45 mRNA transcripts) were present in immature, CD3-4-8 triple-negative thymocytes which decreased (7.7%) in intermediate, CD4+8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes and then increased (13.8% or 16.8%) in mature, CD4+8- or CD4-8+ single-positive thymocytes. In addition, there was a complex variation in the spliced mRNA transcripts coding for CD45R(O), CD45R(B), CD45R(BC), CD45R(AB), and CD45R(ABC) protein isoforms. High mw CD45 mRNA transcripts accumulated immediately prior to an important physiologic event such as thymocyte expansion. In addition, we identified linkage between RNA splicing of exons 5 and 6, and splicing of exon 5 only and exons 4, 5, and 6 in FACS-purified CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes. These data support the developmental regulation of alternatively spliced CD45 mRNA transcripts and suggest that specific CD45 isoforms may play an important role at critical stages of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ratech
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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9
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Fizzotti M, Clark SS. Bone marrow stroma-dependent modulation of CD45R isoform expression on Abelson virus transformed pre-B cells. Immunol Invest 1995; 24:509-22. [PMID: 7540594 DOI: 10.3109/08820139509066847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The CD45 glycoprotein family exhibits cell-lineage-associated structural heterogeneity which is due, in part, to alternative pre-mRNA splicing. The Abelson murine leukemia (A-MuLV) preferentially transforms immature B cells that express a B-cell-specific high molecular weight CD45 isoform, called B220. However, we observed that A-MuLV-transformed cell lines are often B220- while maintaining high levels of "pan" CD45 expression. In vitro transformation of murine bone marrow revealed that the stromal microenvironment over which A-MuLV-transformed lymphoblasts are grown affected the B220 phenotype of the pre-B cells. Over a period of a few weeks, B220+ populations grown over a clonal stromal cell line gradually became B220-. However, the transition from a B220+ to B220- phenotype was dependent on the lot of fetal calf serum used. In contrast, cells grown over a heterogeneous bone marrow stroma maintained B220+ expression for long periods of time. The appearance of B220- cells in clonal B220+ populations indicated that the change in phenotype resulted in part from modulation of B220 expression. B220- B-cell lines did not express the high molecular weight CD45 RNA species indicating that the B220- phenotype was due to alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Finally, the shift from B220+ to B220- was not accompanied by changes in the stage of development of the cultures. These observations demonstrate that expression of B220 is not required for the continued proliferation of Abelson-transformed pre-B cells and is regulated by unknown environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fizzotti
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792, USA
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10
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Iida N, Lokeshwar VB, Bourguignon LY. Mapping the fodrin binding domain in CD45, a leukocyte membrane-associated tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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11
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Brutkiewicz RR, O'Donnell CL, Maciaszek JW, Welsh RM, Vargas-Cortes M. The monoclonal antibody CZ-1 identifies a mouse CD45-associated epitope expressed on interleukin-2-responsive cells. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2427-33. [PMID: 7691607 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described a monoclonal antibody (mAb), CZ-1, which reacts with an epitope expressed on most peripheral basophils, natural killer cells, B cells, and CD8+ T cells, but not with most thymocytes or peripheral CD4+ T cells. Here we show that mAb CZ-1 defines a sialic acid-dependent epitope associated with a subpopulation of CD45 molecules. This conclusion is based on the ability to block binding of mAb CZ-1 by sialic acid, neuramin-lactose, neuraminidase, and mAb to CD45RB, and by expression of the epitope on transfected psi 2 cells expressing exon B of CD45. The results suggest that the CZ-1 epitope is a post-translational modification expressed on a subpopulation of the CD45 molecules also expressing the B exon. Expression of the CZ-1 epitope was required for freshly isolated lymphocytes to respond to interleukin-2 (IL-2). Depletion of CZ-1+ cells by C' or by cell sorting of thymocytes or splenocytes eliminated the IL-2 responsive cells. The subpopulations of thymocytes and CD4+ splenocytes responding to IL-2 were exclusively within the small CZ-1+ subpopulation. mAb CZ-1 was also used to subdivide CD45+ and CD45RB+ splenocytes into IL-2-responsive and -nonresponsive subpopulations. The CZ-1 epitope was also expressed on virtually all lymphokine-activated killer cell precursors. These data, thus, indicate that cells responsive to IL-2 express this sialated modification of CD45.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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12
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Tyrosine phosphatase activity of lymphoma CD45 (GP180) is regulated by a direct interaction with the cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Rothstein D, Saito H, Streuli M, Schlossman S, Morimoto C. The alternative splicing of the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase is controlled by negative regulatory trans-acting splicing factors. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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15
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Trowbridge IS, Ostergaard HL, Johnson P. CD45: a leukocyte-specific member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1095:46-56. [PMID: 1834176 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I S Trowbridge
- Department of Cancer Biology, Salk Institute, San Diego, CA 92186-5800
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16
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CD8+ T-cell clones deficient in the expression of the CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase have impaired responses to T-cell receptor stimuli. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 1652055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.9.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a high-molecular-weight transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed only by nucleated cells of hematopoietic origin. To examine function, mouse CD8+ cytolytic T-cell clones were derived that had a specific defect in the expression of CD45. Northern (RNA) blot analysis indicates that the CD45 deficiency is due to either a transcriptional defect or mRNA instability. The CD45-deficient cells were greatly diminished in their ability to respond to antigen. All functional parameters of T-cell receptor signalling analyzed (cytolysis of targets, proliferation, and cytokine production) were markedly diminished. A CD45+ revertant was isolated, and the ability to respond to antigen was restored. These results support a central and immediate role for this transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase in T-cell receptor signalling.
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17
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Weaver CT, Pingel JT, Nelson JO, Thomas ML. CD8+ T-cell clones deficient in the expression of the CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase have impaired responses to T-cell receptor stimuli. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11:4415-22. [PMID: 1652055 PMCID: PMC361304 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.9.4415-4422.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a high-molecular-weight transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed only by nucleated cells of hematopoietic origin. To examine function, mouse CD8+ cytolytic T-cell clones were derived that had a specific defect in the expression of CD45. Northern (RNA) blot analysis indicates that the CD45 deficiency is due to either a transcriptional defect or mRNA instability. The CD45-deficient cells were greatly diminished in their ability to respond to antigen. All functional parameters of T-cell receptor signalling analyzed (cytolysis of targets, proliferation, and cytokine production) were markedly diminished. A CD45+ revertant was isolated, and the ability to respond to antigen was restored. These results support a central and immediate role for this transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase in T-cell receptor signalling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Blotting, Northern
- CD8 Antigens
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 6311
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18
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Saga Y, Tsukamoto T, Jing N, Kusakabe M, Sakakura T. Murine tenascin: cDNA cloning, structure and temporal expression of isoforms. Gene 1991; 104:177-85. [PMID: 1717349 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90248-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse tenascin (TN)-encoding cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library of the 2H6GR mammary tumor cell line. Nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences revealed the characteristic primary structure, which begins with a signal peptide and TN unique sequences, follows with 14 1/2 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and 13 fibronectin type-III repeats (FN repeat), and concludes with fibrinogen-homologous sequences. Similar to chicken and human TN, the mouse TN cDNA contains five consecutive insertional FN repeats, as well as eight constitutive FN repeats. Three different cDNA clones that may have been generated by alternative splicing of these insertional FN repeats were identified and characterized. Based upon the deduced as sequence, a polyclonal antibody was produced against a synthetic TN peptide. It specifically recognized two TN isoforms of 230 kDNA and 190 kDa in protein extracts of mouse tissues. The tissue distributions of mouse TN mRNAs, revealed by Northern blot analysis, suggest that there is tissue-specific expression of TN isoforms. Two distinct mRNA transcripts (7 kb and 5.5 kg) were detected in brain, skeletal muscle, digestive tract and bladder, but only one was observed in lung, kidney (7 kg) and thymus (5.5 kg). TN mRNA expression was down-regulated 1 month after birth in most tissues. However, the 5.5-kb transcript persisted in cerebellum, thymus, and colon. The spatial and temporal patterns of TN expression seem to be controlled at the level of transcription, because analysis of various tissues by Western blots showed the same pattern as that seen in Northern blots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saga
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Tsukuba Life Science Center, Ibaraki, Japan
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