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Mutational inactivation of mTORC1 repressor gene DEPDC5 in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22746-22753. [PMID: 31636198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914542116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common human sarcoma and are initiated by activating mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases. Chromosome 22q deletions are well-recognized frequent abnormalities in GISTs, occurring in ∼50% of GISTs. These deletions are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease via currently unidentified tumor suppressor mechanisms. Using whole exome sequencing, we report recurrent genomic inactivated DEPDC5 gene mutations in GISTs (16.4%, 9 of 55 patients). The demonstration of clonal DEPDC5 inactivation mutations in longitudinal specimens and in multiple metastases from individual patients suggests that these mutations have tumorigenic roles in GIST progression. DEPDC5 inactivation promotes GIST tumor growth in vitro and in nude mice. DEPDC5 reduces cell proliferation through the mTORC1-signaling pathway and subsequently induces cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, DEPDC5 modulates the sensitivity of GIST to KIT inhibitors, and the combination therapy with mTOR inhibitor and KIT inhibitor may work better in GIST patients with DEPDC5 inactivation. These findings of recurrent genomic alterations, together with functional data, validate the DEPDC5 as a bona fide tumor suppressor contributing to GIST progression and a biologically relevant target of the frequent chromosome 22q deletions.
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Ichikawa H, Yoshida A, Kanda T, Kosugi SI, Ishikawa T, Hanyu T, Taguchi T, Sakumoto M, Katai H, Kawai A, Wakai T, Kondo T. Prognostic significance of promyelocytic leukemia expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumor; integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis. Cancer Sci 2014; 106:115-24. [PMID: 25457157 PMCID: PMC4317774 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognostic markers are urgently needed to optimize the postoperative treatment strategies for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). GIST of the small intestine (I-GIST) show more aggressive behavior than those of the stomach (S-GIST), and the molecular background of the malignancy in I-GIST may include potential prognostic biomarkers. We conducted integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis to identify genes showing differential expressions according to the tumor site. We generated protein expression profiles for four cases each of surgically resected I-GIST and S-GIST using label-free proteomic analysis. For proteins showing differential expressions, global mRNA expression was compared between 9 I-GIST and 23 S-GIST. Among the 2555 genes analyzed, we found that promyelocytic leukemia (PML), a tumor suppressor gene, was significantly downregulated in I-GIST at both the protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.01; fold difference ≥2.0). Immunohistochemistry of 254 additional cases from multiple clinical facilities showed that PML-negative cases were significantly frequent in the I-GIST group (P < 0.001). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was significantly lower in the PML-negative than in the PML-positive cases (60.1% vs 91.7%; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that downregulation of PML was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 2.739; P = 0.001). Our study indicated that prognostication based on PML expression may have potential for optimizing the treatment strategy for GIST patients. Further validation studies of PML for clinical application, and investigation for the mechanistic significance of PML to clarify the molecular backgrounds of malignancy in GIST are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Division of Pharmacoproteomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Schaefer IM, Ströbel P, Cameron S, Beham A, Otto C, Schildhaus HU, Agaimy A. Rhabdoid morphology in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) is associated withPDGFRAmutations but does not imply aggressive behaviour. Histopathology 2013; 64:421-30. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Marie Schaefer
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Institute of Pathology; University Medical Centre Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology; University Medical Centre Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Silke Cameron
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology; University Medical Centre Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Alexander Beham
- Clinic of General, Visceral, and Paediatric Surgery; University Medical Centre Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Claudia Otto
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Institute of Pathology; University Medical Centre Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn; Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
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Schaefer IM, Delfs C, Cameron S, Gunawan B, Agaimy A, Ghadimi BM, Haller F. Chromosomal aberrations in primary PDGFRA-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Hum Pathol 2013; 45:85-97. [PMID: 24157063 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) harbor mutations in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) gene. Chromosomal aberrations play a crucial role in tumor progression and correlate with clinical behavior. Imbalances, particularly in PDGFRA-mutated GISTs, have not yet been evaluated in larger series. We analyzed 53 PDGFRA-mutated GISTs (including 2 with corresponding metastases) for chromosomal imbalances by conventional comparative genomic hybridization and compared them with a historical collective of 122 KIT-mutated GISTs. PDGFRA exon 18 mutations (91% of cases) and exon 12 mutations (9% of cases) correlated significantly with gastric and intestinal sites, respectively. The most common aberrations were identical to those found in KIT-mutated GISTs, with -14q in 70%, -1p in 28%, and -22q in 17% of cases. Overall, there were significantly fewer chromosomal aberrations compared with KIT-mutated GISTs, with a mean of 2.8 (0.6 gains, 2.1 losses) aberrations per tumor. There was a statistically significant association of more than 5 chromosomal imbalances with intermediate/high-risk categories. Regarding specific chromosomal aberrations, -9p, -13q, and -22q correlated with intermediate/high risk, and -1p and +8q with poorer survival, although progression occurred in only 2 cases. Altogether, PDGFRA-mutated GISTs display the same chromosomal aberrations as KIT-mutated GISTs, although they have a lower degree of chromosomal instability in line with their generally favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Marie Schaefer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen D-37075, Germany.
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Lee EJ, Kang G, Kang SW, Jang KT, Lee J, Park JO, Park CK, Sohn TS, Kim S, Kim KM. GSTT1 copy number gain and ZNF overexpression are predictors of poor response to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77219. [PMID: 24124608 PMCID: PMC3790698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) predict prognosis and therapeutic responses to imatinib. In wild-type GISTs, the tumor-initiating events are still unknown, and wild-type GISTs are resistant to imatinib therapy. We performed an association study between copy number alterations (CNAs) identified from array CGH and gene expression analyses results for four wild-type GISTs and an imatinib-resistant PDGFRA D842V mutant GIST, and compared the results to those obtained from 27 GISTs with KIT mutations. All wild-type GISTs had multiple CNAs, and CNAs in 1p and 22q that harbor the SDHB and GSTT1 genes, respectively, correlated well with expression levels of these genes. mRNA expression levels of all SDH gene subunits were significantly lower (P≤0.041), whereas mRNA expression levels of VEGF (P=0.025), IGF1R (P=0.026), and ZNFs (P<0.05) were significantly higher in GISTs with wild-type/PDGFRA D842V mutations than GISTs with KIT mutations. qRT-PCR validation of the GSTT1 results in this cohort and 11 additional malignant GISTs showed a significant increase in the frequency of GSTT1 CN gain and increased mRNA expression of GSTT1 in wild-type/PDGFRA D842V GISTs than KIT-mutant GISTs (P=0.033). Surprisingly, all four malignant GISTs with KIT exon 11 deletion mutations with primary resistance to imatinib had an increased GSTT1 CN and mRNA expression level of GSTT1. Increased mRNA expression of GSTT1 and ZNF could be predictors of a poor response to imatinib. Our integrative approach reveals that for patients with wild-type (or imatinib-resistant) GISTs, attempts to target VEGFRs and IGF1R may be reasonable options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guhyun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Woo Kang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Mathematics, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Taek Jang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Sohn
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Schoppmann SF, Vinatzer U, Popitsch N, Mittlböck M, Liebmann-Reindl S, Jomrich G, Streubel B, Birner P. Novel Clinically Relevant Genes in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Identified by Exome Sequencing. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5329-39. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Belinsky MG, Rink L, von Mehren M. Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in pediatric and adult gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Front Oncol 2013; 3:117. [PMID: 23730622 PMCID: PMC3656383 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in adults are generally driven by somatic gain-of-function mutations in KIT or PDGFRA, and biological therapies targeted to these receptor tyrosine kinases comprise part of the treatment regimen for metastatic and inoperable GISTs. A minority (10-15%) of GISTs in adults, along with ∼85% of pediatric GISTs, lacks oncogenic mutations in KIT and PDGFRA. Not surprisingly these wild type (WT) GISTs respond poorly to kinase inhibitor therapy. A subset of WT GISTs shares a set of distinguishing clinical and pathological features, and a flurry of recent reports has convincingly demonstrated shared molecular characteristics. These GISTs have a distinct transcriptional profile including over-expression of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, and exhibit deficiency in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex. The latter is often but not always linked to bi-allelic inactivation of SDH subunit genes, particularly SDHA. This review will summarize the molecular, pathological, and clinical connections that link this group of SDH-deficient neoplasms, and offer a view toward understanding the underlying biology of the disease and the therapeutic challenges implicit to this biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G. Belinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lori Rink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret von Mehren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Nannini M, Biasco G, Maleddu A, Pantaleo MA. New molecular targets beyond KIT and PDGFRA in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: present and future. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:803-15. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.566215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Setoguchi T, Kikuchi H, Yamamoto M, Baba M, Ohta M, Kamiya K, Tanaka T, Baba S, Goto-Inoue N, Setou M, Sasaki T, Mori H, Sugimura H, Konno H. Microarray analysis identifies versican and CD9 as potent prognostic markers in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:883-9. [PMID: 21244575 PMCID: PMC11159159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the main cause of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is gain-of-function mutations in the c-kit gene in the interstitial cells of Cajal, concomitant genetic or epigenetic changes other than c-kit appear to occur in the development of metastasis. We sought to identify the genes involved in the metastatic process of gastric GIST. Microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expressions between three gastric GIST and four metastatic liver GIST. Expression levels were higher for 165 genes and lower for 146 genes in metastatic liver GIST. The upregulation of five oncogenes and downregulation of four tumor suppressor genes including versican and CD9 were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptional PCR. Immunohistochemistry in 117 GIST revealed that protein levels of versican and CD9 were higher and lower, respectively, in metastatic GIST. High expression of versican and low expression of CD9 in 104 primary gastric GIST correlated with poor disease-free survival (P = 0.0078 and P = 0.0018). In addition to the c-kit gene mutation, genetic or epigenetic changes other than c-kit play important roles in the metastatic process. In particular, versican and CD9 are potential prognostic markers in gastric GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Setoguchi
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Bachet JB, Emile JF. Diagnostic criteria, specific mutations, and genetic predisposition in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2010; 3:85-101. [PMID: 23776354 PMCID: PMC3681166 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) emerged as a distinct oncogenetic entity and subsequently became a paradigm of targeted therapies in solid tumors. Diagnosis of GIST relies on both histology and immunohistochemistry. Ninety-five percent of GISTs express either KIT or DOG-1. Approximately 80%-90% of GISTs harbor gain-of-function mutations of either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha polypeptide (PDGFRA) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). More than 100 different mutations have been described, some of which are associated with specific clinical and/or histological characteristics. Detection of KIT or PDGFRA mutations is recommended in advanced GISTs because they are highly predictive of tumor response to RTK inhibitors, as well as in KIT-negative cases to confirm diagnosis. In most cases, GISTs are sporadic, but in rare cases, they are related with genetic predisposition, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Carney triad, Carney-Stratakis syndrome, and inherited KIT or PDGFRA germline mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Bachet
- EA4340 "Epidémiologie et oncogènes des tumeurs digestives", Faculté de médecine PIFO, UVSQ, Guyancourt, France ; Service de Gastroentérologie et Oncologie Digestive, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, APHP, Boulogne, France
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Molecular and clinicopathologic characterization of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) of small size. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:1480-91. [PMID: 20861712 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181ef7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) affect about 0.0014% of the population, GISTs smaller than 1 cm (microGISTs) are detectable in about 20% to 30% of elderly individuals. This suggests that microGISTs likely represent premalignant precursors that evolve only in a minute fraction of cases toward overt GISTs. We sought histopathologic and molecular explanations for the infrequent clinical progression in small GISTs. To investigate the mechanisms of GIST progression and identify subsets with differential malignant potential, we carried out a thorough characterization of 170 GISTs <2 cm and compared their KIT/PDGFRA status with overt GISTs. The proliferation was lower in microGISTs compared with GISTs from 1 to 2 cm (milliGISTs). In addition, microGISTs were more frequently incidental, gastric, spindle, showed an infiltrative growth pattern, a lower degree of cellularity, and abundant sclerosis. The progression was limited to 1 ileal and 1 rectal milliGISTs. KIT/PDGFRA mutations were detected in 74% of the cases. The overall frequency of KIT/PDGFRA mutation and, particularly, the frequency of KIT exon 11 mutations was significantly lower in small GISTs compared with overt GISTs. Five novel mutations, 3 in KIT (p.Phe506Leu, p.Ser692Leu, p.Glu695Lys) 2 in PDGFRA (p.Ser847X, p.Ser667Pro), plus 4 double mutations were identified. Small GISTs share with overt GIST KIT/PDGFRA mutation. Nevertheless, microGISTs display an overall lower frequency of mutations, particularly canonical KIT mutations, and also carry rare and novel mutations. These molecular features, together with the peculiar pathologic characteristics, suggest that the proliferation of these lesions is likely sustained by weakly pathogenic molecular events, supporting the epidemiologic evidence that microGISTs are self-limiting lesions.
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Astolfi A, Nannini M, Pantaleo MA, Di Battista M, Heinrich MC, Santini D, Catena F, Corless CL, Maleddu A, Saponara M, Lolli C, Di Scioscio V, Formica S, Biasco G. A molecular portrait of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an integrative analysis of gene expression profiling and high-resolution genomic copy number. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1285-94. [PMID: 20548289 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to KIT and PDGFRA mutations, sequential accumulation of other genetic events is involved in the development and progression of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Until recently, the significance of these other alterations has not been thoroughly investigated. We report the first study that integrates gene expression profiling and high-resolution genomic copy number analyses in GIST. Fresh tissue specimens from 25 patients with GIST were collected, and gene expression profiling and high-resolution genomic copy number analyses were performed, using Affymetrix U133Plus and SNP array 6.0. We found that all 21 mutant GIST patients showed both macroscopic cytogenetic alterations and cryptic microdeletions or amplifications, whereas 75% (three of four) of wild-type patients with GIST did not show genomic imbalances. The most frequently observed chromosomal alterations in patients with mutant GIST included 14q complete or partial deletion (17 of 25), 1p deletion (14 of 25) and 22q deletion (10 of 25). Genetic targets of the chromosomal aberrations were selected by integrated analysis of copy number and gene expression data. We detected the involvement of known oncogenes and tumor suppressors including KRAS in chr 12p amplification and KIF1B, PPM1A, NF2 in chr 1p, 14q and 22p deletions, respectively. The genomic segment most frequently altered in mutated samples was the 14q23.1 region, which contains potentially novel tumor suppressors, including DAAM1, RTN1 and DACT1. siRNA-mediated RTN1 downregulation showed evidence for the potential role in GIST pathogenesis. The combination of gene expression profiling and high-resolution genomic copy number analysis offers a detailed molecular portrait of GISTs, providing an essential comprehensive knowledge necessary to guide the discovery of novel target genes involved in tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Astolfi
- Interdepartmental Centre for Cancer Research G. Prodi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Yang D, Ylipaa A, Yang J, Hunt K, Pollock R, Trent J, Yli-Harja O, Shmulevich I, Nykter M, Zhang W. An integrated study of aberrant gene copy number and gene expression in GIST and LMS. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2010; 9:171-8. [PMID: 20218739 DOI: 10.1177/153303461000900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased chromosomal instability that alters the gene copy numbers throughout the genome is known to have a role in molecular pathogenesis of tumors. The impact of gene dosage effect to the expression levels of genes in GIST and LMS is unknown. In this paper, we used a combination of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and gene expression data to gain insights into the interplay of structural and functional changes of the genome in GIST and LMSs. We identified specific target genes that change their expression due to the gene dosage effect. Statistical analysis identified four chromosomal regions, 1p, 14q, 15q, and 22q, where both copy number and mRNA expression were significantly different between the tumor types. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis showed that the gene expression profiles of these four regions accurately distinguish GIST and LMS. In addition, the gene dosage sensitive genes in these regions are differently involved in several tumor growth promoting pathways, implying that there are different mechanisms underlying the GIST and LMS carcinogenesis. Integration of aCGH and gene expression data has not only provided insights into how DNA copy number variations affect the gene expression patterns in these cancers, but also proves to be a promising method to choose biologically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yang
- Department of Pathology, Sarcoma Medical Oncology The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas, USA
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Aberrations of chromosome 13q in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: analysis of 91 cases by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 18:72-80. [PMID: 19430298 DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e318181fa1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The clinical behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) ranges from benign to malignant. Recent studies suggest that loss of 13q could be correlated with GIST progression. Our objectives were: (1) to detect chromosome 13q aberrations and determine the corresponding gene status in GISTs; and (2) to assess potential roles of 13q aberrations in GIST by correlating various 13q aberrations with various histologic parameters and disease-free survival in a group of GIST patients. Ninety-one cases of primary GISTs in Chinese patients were studied by dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), through use of a panel of bacterial artificial chromosome clones RP11-685I15, RP11-352N7, and RP11-505F3 covering the Rb, RFP2, KCNRG, and KLF5 genes, respectively. Loss of RP11-685I15 was detected in 17/91 (18.7%) cases, loss of RP11-352N7 in 11/91 (12.1%) cases, and loss of RP11-505F3 in 5/91 (5.5%) cases. Chromosome 13 polysomy was observed in 22/91 (24.2%) cases. The frequency of RP11-685I15 deletion was positively correlated with tumor risk (P=0.0460). The frequency of RP11-352N7 deletion, RP11-505F3 deletion, and chromosome 13 polysomy tended to be higher in the high-risk GISTs. Shorter disease-free survival was significantly associated with RP11-352N7 deletion (P=0.0361) and high-risk grade (P=0.0003). Chromosome 13 instability of GISTs may play a role in tumor progression. Loss of 13q, especially loss of Rb, RFP2, KCNRG, and KLF5 genes are frequent events in high-risk GISTs. Loss of 13q may be associated with tumor progression.
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Deletions of chromosome 1p and 15q are associated with aggressiveness of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Formos Med Assoc 2009; 108:28-37. [PMID: 19181605 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Site-dependent profiles of chromosome imbalances (CIs) have been reported in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). However, the role of specific CIs in association with metastasis is not clear. METHODS Thirteen resected liver metastatic GISTs, including seven from the stomach and six from the small intestine, were analyzed using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The CIs associated with metastatic risk were assessed by comparing them with those identified in our previous study of 25 primary GISTs, including 14 from the stomach and 11 from the small intestine. RESULTS Synchronous detection of liver metastasis was found more often in patients with intestinal than gastric GIST (5/6 vs. 2/7, p = 0.048). When compared with the primary tumors, the CI profile of liver metastases was similar in the intestinal group, but became more complex in the gastric group. Deletions of chromosomes 1p and 15q were very common (> 80%) in primary and metastatic tumors of the intestinal group, and exhibited a trend towards increase in the metastatic tumors of the gastric group. Both groups had a doubling in the frequency of 22q deletion in the liver metastases, which was not significantly different. Other CIs, including 9p deletion, increased significantly in the liver metastases of the gastric group, but not in the intestinal group. CONCLUSION Our results, together with clinical findings, indicated a CGH profile associated with the intrinsic aggressiveness of the GISTs. Deletion of 1p and 15q play a critical role in the acquisition of aggressiveness during early GIST development.
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Yang J, Du X, Lazar AJF, Pollock R, Hunt K, Chen K, Hao X, Trent J, Zhang W. Genetic aberrations of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer 2008; 113:1532-43. [PMID: 18671247 PMCID: PMC2651090 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm in the gastrointestinal tract and is associated with mutations of the KIT or PDGFRA gene. In addition, other genetic events are believed to be involved in GIST tumorigenesis. Cytogenetic aberrations associated with these tumors thus far described include loss of 1p, 13q, 14q, or 15q, loss of heterozygosity of 22q, numeric chromosomal imbalances, and nuclear/mitochondrial microsatellite instability. Molecular genetic aberrations include loss of heterozygosity of p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF), methylation of p15(INK4B), homozygous loss of the Hox11L1 gene, and amplification of C-MYC, MDM2, EGFR1, and CCND1. GISTs in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 appear to lack the KIT and PDGFRA mutations characteristic of GISTs and may have a different pathogenetic mechanism. Gene mutations of KIT or PDGFRA are critical in GISTs, because the aberrant versions not only are correlated with the specific cell morphology, histologic phenotype, metastasis, and prognosis, but also are the targets of therapy with imatinib and other agents. Furthermore, specific mutations in KIT and PDGFR appear to lead to differential drug sensitivity and may in the future guide selection of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases involves a signal transduction pathway whose components (mitogen-activated protein kinase, AKT, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and RAS) are also possible targets of inhibition. A new paradigm of classification, integrating the standard clinical and pathological criteria with molecular aberrations, may permit personalized prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Cancer Hospital and Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 30060, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 30060, China
| | - Alexander J. F. Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raphael Pollock
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Cancer Hospital and Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 30060, China
| | - Xishan Hao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Cancer Hospital and Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 30060, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Cancer Hospital and Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 30060, China
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 30060, China
| | - Jonathan Trent
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kleinbaum EP, Lazar AJF, Tamborini E, Mcauliffe JC, Sylvestre PB, Sunnenberg TD, Strong L, Chen LL, Choi H, Benjamin RS, Zhang W, Trent JC. Clinical, histopathologic, molecular and therapeutic findings in a large kindred with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:711-8. [PMID: 17943734 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Germ-line mutations in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase gene have been described in families with a propensity to develop gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). There is limited information from large kindreds regarding median age at diagnosis, detailed histopathology, clinical effects of imatinib therapy and chromosomal abnormalities of the KIT gene. We identified a large kindred with GIST. Each family member was interviewed and appropriate medical records and radiographic imaging were obtained. Archival tumor tissue was obtained to confirm diagnosis, extract genomic DNA and perform fluorescent in situ hybridization cytogenetics of the KIT gene. Fifteen of 79 individuals with GIST were identified in this kindred. There were 8 males, the mean age at diagnosis was 53.9 (range 45-71) years. Histopathology revealed microscopic proliferation and nodularity in the myenteric plexus, spindled morphology, diffuse Kit but variable CD34 staining and low mitotic rates in the setting of metastatic disease. A deletion of codon 579 in exon 11 of the KIT gene was identified in tumor and normal tissue of this family. Mutation and cytogenetic analysis revealed homozygous loss of the wild-type KIT sequence in tumor from one individual. Four of 4 individuals treated with imatinib are alive and without progression while 9 of 11 individuals not treated with imatinib are deceased. This study describes a kindred with a propensity to develop GIST in an autosomal dominant pattern. Germ-line deletion of KIT codon 579 in GIST is associated with clinical benefit from imatinib, limited utility of mitoses to predict malignant potential, and a novel homozygous deletion of this codon in one individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Kleinbaum
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms. They can be grouped into 2 general categories, soft tissue sarcoma and primary bone sarcoma, which have different staging and treatment approaches. This review includes a discussion of both soft tissue sarcomas (malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, angiosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, aggressive fibromatosis or desmoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and primary alveolar soft-part sarcoma) and primary bone sarcomas (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, giant cell tumor, and chondrosarcoma). The 3 most important prognostic variables are grade, size, and location of the primary tumor. The approach to a patient with a sarcoma begins with a biopsy that obtains adequate tissue for diagnosis without interfering with subsequent optimal definitive surgery. Subsequent treatment depends on the specific type of sarcoma. Because sarcomas are relatively uncommon yet comprise a wide variety of different entities, evaluation by oncology teams who have expertise in the field is recommended. Treatment and follow-up guidelines have been published by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (www.nccn.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School and Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, USA.
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19
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Assämäki R, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Lasota J, Andersson LC, Llombart-Bosch A, Miettinen M, Knuutila S. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of chromosomal imbalances and their target genes in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:564-76. [PMID: 17330260 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. The tumors characteristically harbor KIT or PDGFRA mutations, and mutant tumors respond to imatinib mesylate (Glivectrade mark). Chromosomal imbalances resulting in altered gene dosage are known to have a role in the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors, but the target genes remain to be identified. The present study aimed to identify some of these genes. In total, 35 GIST samples were screened for chromosomal imbalances by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. A cDNA array was used to define the minimal common overlapping areas of DNA copy number change. Eight confirmative, replicate hybridizations were performed using an oligonucleotide array. The most recurrent copy number losses were localized to 14q, 22q, and 1p. Gains were less common with 8q being the most recurrent. Two recurrent deleted regions of 14q were 14q11.2 harboring the PARP2, APEX1, and NDRG2 genes and 14q32.33 harboring SIVA. Additional target candidates were NF2 at chromosome 22, CDKN2A/2B at 9p, and ENO1 at 1p for copy number losses, and MYC at 8q for copy number gains. Array CGH proved to be an effective tool for the identification of chromosome regions involved in the development and progression of GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Assämäki
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are clinically diagnosed by positive immunohistochemical staining of KIT, a type III receptor tyrosine kinase. Most GISTs contain gain-of-function, ie, oncogenic mutations in c-KIT or in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFR-alpha), which appears to be the major initiating event that drives the pathogenesis for GIST. Furthermore, mutations in either of these genes appear to be required for tumor growth and progression. This scenario can be thought of as "oncogenic addiction" and is one of the major reasons why some GISTs respond significantly to therapies that target these mutant receptors. In addition to mutations in c-KIT or PDGFR-alpha, genomic alterations contribute to disease progression. Moreover, GISTs that harbor different c-KIT or PDGFR-alpha mutations have different molecular signatures at the level of gene expression, which further contributes to the complexity of GIST biology and variable responses to treatment. This article will discuss the molecular basis of pathogenesis and genetic and genomic alterations that contribute to GIST tumorigenesis and disease progression as well as the heterogeneity of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Tarn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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21
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Gunawan B, von Heydebreck A, Sander B, Schulten HJ, Haller F, Langer C, Armbrust T, Bollmann M, Gasparov S, Kovac D, Füzesi L. An oncogenetic tree model in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) identifies different pathways of cytogenetic evolution with prognostic implications. J Pathol 2007; 211:463-70. [PMID: 17226762 DOI: 10.1002/path.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To model the cytogenetic evolution in gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), an oncogenetic tree model was reconstructed using comparative genomic hybridization data from 203 primary GISTs (116 gastric and 87 intestinal GISTs, including 151 newly analysed cases), with follow-up available in 173 cases (mean 40 months; maximum 133 months). The oncogenetic tree model identified three major cytogenetic pathways: one initiated by -14q, one by -1p, and another by -22q. The -14q pathway mainly characterized gastric tumours with predominantly stable karyotypes and more favourable clinical course. On the other hand, the -1p pathway was more characteristic of intestinal GISTs, with an increased capacity for cytogenetic complexity and more aggressive clinical course. Loss of 22q, more closely associated with -1p than -14q, appeared to initiate the critical transition to an unfavourable cytogenetic subpathway. This -22q pathway included accumulation of +8q, -9p, and -9q, which could all predict disease-free survival in addition to tumour site. Thus, insights into the cytogenetic evolution obtained from oncogenetic tree models may eventually help to gain a better understanding of the heterogeneous site-dependent biological behaviour of GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gunawan
- Institute of Pathology, Department of General Surgery, University of Göttingen, Germany, and Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
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22
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Lin SC, Liu CL, Wang TI, Chang WS, Tzen CY, Huang MJ. Clinical implications of C-kit gene mutation in patients with large gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1604-8. [PMID: 16928224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To evaluate the clinical implications of C-kit gene mutation in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) greater than 10 cm in size. METHODS All cases of pathologically diagnosed GIST with positive CD117 immunostaining from one hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Tissue from the 25 patients with tumors greater than 10 cm in diameter were collected and DNA was extracted. Exons 9, 11, and 13 of the C-kit gene were analyzed and the mutations compared with the clinical and pathological characteristics of the corresponding tumors. RESULTS Of the 25 tumors studied, 16 had C-kit gene mutations and nine did not. Of the 16 with mutations, there were four with exon 9 mutations, 12 with exon 11 mutations, and none with exon 13 mutations. Gene mutations were more frequent in male than female patients (12/13, 92% vs 4/12, 33%). There were no significant differences in age, resectability, recurrence rate, tumor characteristics (ulceration, necrosis, hemorrhage and mitotic counts), or survival in patients with or without gene mutations. CONCLUSIONS C-kit gene mutations were frequently found in patients with large GIST, more commonly in men than in women. However, the presence of a mutation was not predictive of prognosis in patients with large GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shee-Chan Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Yamashita K, Igarashi H, Kitayama Y, Ozawa T, Kiyose S, Konno H, Kazui T, Ishikawa S, Aburatani H, Tanioka F, Suzuki M, Sugimura H. Chromosomal Numerical Abnormality Profiles of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36:85-92. [PMID: 16452129 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyi227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological variations in and the heterogeneity of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are well known, but chromosomal numerical abnormality (CNA) has not been fully examined especially in this context. The aim of this study is to test CNA as a possible biological predictor of biological behavior of GISTs. METHOD We applied microwave-assisted FISH protocol to pathological archives of GIST tumors displaying different clinical features to characterize the CNA profile of these tumors. A panel of 18 centromere enumeration probes (CEP) and 24 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) probes containing genes like Aurora kinases (AURKs) and other candidate genes involved in human carcinogenesis were used. CNA profiles, histopathological risk categorization and Ki-67 labeling indexes of 23 primary and/or metastatic GIST tumors of 12 subjects (both primary and metastatic in 7 subjects) were compared between primary GIST with and without metastases, and between metastatic and primary portions in 7 individuals. RESULTS CNA in the primary sites was more extensive in the GISTs with recurrence and metastasis than in those without, especially as to the loss of chromosome 20 and genomic imbalance of AURKA-containing BAC probe on 20q in the cases with metastasis. The consistent loss of one allele of chromosome 14q was also noted. Interestingly, both primary and metastatic tumors in identical individuals had similar CNA profiles. CONCLUSION The extent of CNA differed between GISTS with and without recurrence or metastasis; thus, FISH analysis of specimens from the primary sites may predict the biological behavior of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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24
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Wozniak A, Sciot R, Guillou L, Pauwels P, Wasag B, Stul M, Vermeesch JR, Vandenberghe P, Limon J, Debiec-Rychter M. Array CGH analysis in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Cytogenetic profile correlates with anatomic site and tumor aggressiveness, irrespective of mutational status. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 46:261-76. [PMID: 17171690 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) comprise a biologically diverse group of neoplasms with respect to activating mutations in either KIT or PDGFRA, histology, anatomical site of origin, and clinical aggressiveness. In this study, we applied the high resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) technology to 66 primary GISTs (40 gastric and 26 nongastric, 48 with KIT and 18 with PDGFRA mutations) for identification of novel high-level alterations and for characterization of genotype-related genomic changes. All cases had genomic imbalances with the highest occurrence of 14q (73%), 1p (62%), 22q (59%), 15q (38%), and 13q (29%) losses. Our data indicate that loss of chromosome 14 and/or 22 is an early change in GIST tumorigenesis irrespective of tumor genotype. Furthermore, DNA copy number changes showed a site dependent pattern. These included lower incidence of losses at 14q (87% vs. 35%), and higher frequency of losses at 1p (45% vs. 85%) and 15q (17% vs. 69%) in nongastric versus gastric site (P<0.001 for all). However, in the multivariate analysis with adjustment to tumor risk stratification, only the 14q loss site-dependent pattern of distribution retained its significance. These findings suggest that loss of 14q is a relatively less frequent genetic event in the development of nongastric GISTs, the lack of which is most likely substituted by the accumulation of 1p/15q and other changes. The novel minimal overlapping regions of deletion at 1p (1p36.32-1p35.2, 1p34.1, and 1p22.1-1p21.3), 13q (13q14.11-q14.2 and 13q32.3-q33.1), and 15q23 were delineated, which point to chromosomal regions that may harbor genes relevant to the development of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wozniak
- Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Ness GO, Lybaek H, Arnes J, Rødahl E. Chromosomal imbalances in a recurrent solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 162:38-44. [PMID: 16157198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), array CGH, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and loss of heterozygosity analysis, we examined a recurrent solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit for chromosomal imbalances. In the primary tumor, loss of chromosomal material was observed at 9p, 9q, and 16q. In the first recurrent tumor, cells with these abnormalities were detected, but in some parts of the tumor, cells with losses at 13q (homozygous deletion at 13qter) and 20p were dominant. In the second recurrence, only cells with losses at 13q and 20p were seen. Although morphologically similar, the second recurrent tumor invaded the anterior cranial fossa and demonstrated considerably faster growth than the first recurrent tumor. Thus, the clone of tumor cells that dominated the second recurrent tumor was shown by cytogenetic analysis to be different from that present in the primary tumor, and was associated with a more aggressive nature of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Oddveig Ness
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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26
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Lin YS, Eng HL, Jan YJ, Lee HS, Ho WL, Liou CP, Lee WY, Tzeng CC. Molecular cytogenetics of ovarian granulosa cell tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97:68-73. [PMID: 15790439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with stage I granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) may occasionally develop metastasis, which is hard to predict using pathologic criteria. It is interesting to elucidate whether certain chromosomal imbalances (CIs), detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), could be useful prognostic markers. METHODS CGH was used to identify CI(s) in 37 adult-type GCTs from 36 women. Nonrandom CIs were compared with clinical and pathological features to evaluate their significance as a prognostic marker. RESULTS Twenty-two (61%) of the 36 primary tumors had CIs. One woman's tumor showed identical CIs to another tumor that occurred in contralateral ovary 2 years later, supporting a metastatic nature. The nonrandom CIs included losses of 22q (31%), 1p33-p36 (6%), 16p13.1 (6%), and 16q (6%) and gains of 14 (25%), 12 (14%), and 7p15-p21 (6%). No tumor exhibited high-level amplification. The associations between each CI and pathological features, including the growth pattern, tumor size, and mitotic activity, were not evident. The only CI repeatedly detected in tumors with metastasis was monosomy 22, which presented in 2 of the 4 cases with metastasis but also in 2 of the 5 cases without recurrence for more than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Monosomy 22 was the most common CI in GCTs, which often coexisted with trisomy 14 (in 55% cases). Deletion of 22q seems to be, albeit not very specific, associated with the risk of early metastases of stage I disease. The role of loss-of-function mutation(s) of certain putative tumor suppressor gene(s) on 22q is worthy of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Shan Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Yan W, Song L, Wei W, Li A, Liu J, Fang Y. Chromosomal Abnormalities Associated with Neck Nodal Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2005; 26:306-12. [PMID: 16254460 DOI: 10.1159/000089289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neck lymphatic metastasis represents the single most important clinical prognostic factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but underlying genetic mechanisms remain ill defined. In this study 23 samples of primary tumor (PT) and 9 of neck lymph node metastasis (NLNM) obtained from NPC patients were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) coupled with tissue microdissection and degenerate oligonucleotide primer-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR). A similar pattern of chromosomal abnormalities was seen in PT and NLNM, the common aberrations were gains on 5p, 12p, 12q and 18p and deletions on 1p, 3p, 9q, 14q, 17p and 16q. However, NLNMs, but not PTs, also exhibited frequent losses on 9p, 16p, 17q, 20q, 21p, 21q and 22q and gains on 8q and 8p. The most frequent unique aberration in NLNMs was loss on 16p, observed in 100% (9/9) NLNMs tested, as well as loss of 20q, observed in 77.8% of tumors tested. For the first time, we report that a gain on 8p and a loss at 20q is common to NLNMs. The analysis furthermore suggests that specific alterations, e.g. losses of 9p, 16p, 7q, 20q, 21p, 21q, 22q and gains on 8q and 8p are associated with NLNM of NPC, and that these alterations may be involved in the onset and/or progression of a metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yan
- Cancer Institute, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Biomedical vignette. J Biomed Sci 2004. [PMCID: PMC7088517 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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