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A Small Protein but with Diverse Roles: A Review of EsxA in Mycobacterium-Host Interaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071645. [PMID: 34209120 PMCID: PMC8305481 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major effector of the ESX-1 secretion system, EsxA is essential for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium marinum (Mm). EsxA possesses an acidic pH-dependent membrane permeabilizing activity and plays an essential role by mediating mycobacterial escape from the phagosome and translocation to the cytosol for intracellular replication. Moreover, EsxA regulates host immune responses as a potent T-cell antigen and a strong immunoregulator. EsxA interacts with multiple cellular proteins and stimulates several signal pathways, such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and antigen presentation. Interestingly, there is a co-dependency in the expression and secretion of EsxA and other mycobacterial factors, which greatly increases the complexity of dissecting the precise roles of EsxA and other factors in mycobacterium-host interaction. In this review, we summarize the current understandings of the roles and functions of EsxA in mycobacterial infection and discuss the challenges and future directions.
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Correlating Lipid Membrane Permeabilities of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids with their Cytotoxicities on Yeast, Bacterial, and Mammalian Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060251. [PMID: 31242711 PMCID: PMC6627299 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl-imidazolium chloride ionic liquids (ILs) have been broadly studied for biochemical and biomedical technologies. They can permeabilize lipid bilayer membranes and have cytotoxic effects, which makes them targets for drug delivery biomaterials. We assessed the lipid-membrane permeabilities of ILs with increasing alkyl chain lengths from ethyl to octyl groups on large unilamellar vesicles using a trapped-fluorophore fluorescence lifetime-based leakage experiment. Only the most hydrophobic IL, with the octyl chain, permeabilizes vesicles, and the concentration required for permeabilization corresponds to its critical micelle concentration. To correlate the model vesicle studies with biological cells, we quantified the IL permeabilities and cytotoxicities on different cell lines including bacterial, yeast, and ovine blood cells. The IL permeabilities on vesicles strongly correlate with permeabilities and minimum inhibitory concentrations on biological cells. Despite exhibiting a broad range of lipid compositions, the ILs appear to have similar effects on the vesicles and cell membranes.
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Roderova J, Osickova A, Sukova A, Mikusova G, Fiser R, Sebo P, Osicka R, Masin J. Residues 529 to 549 participate in membrane penetration and pore-forming activity of the Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5758. [PMID: 30962483 PMCID: PMC6453906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA, ACT or AC-Hly) of pathogenic Bordetellae delivers its adenylyl cyclase (AC) enzyme domain into the cytosol of host cells and catalyzes uncontrolled conversion of cellular ATP to cAMP. In parallel, the toxin forms small cation-selective pores that permeabilize target cell membrane and account for the hemolytic activity of CyaA on erythrocytes. The pore-forming domain of CyaA is predicted to consist of five transmembrane α-helices, of which the helices I, III, IV and V have previously been characterized. We examined here the α-helix II that is predicted to form between residues 529 to 549. Substitution of the glycine 531 residue by a proline selectively reduced the hemolytic capacity but did not affect the AC translocating activity of the CyaA-G531P toxin. In contrast, CyaA toxins with alanine 538 or 546 replaced by diverse residues were selectively impaired in the capacity to translocate the AC domain across cell membrane but remained fully hemolytic. Such toxins, however, formed pores in planar asolectin bilayer membranes with a very low frequency and with at least two different conducting states. The helix-breaking substitution of alanine 538 by a proline residue abolished the voltage-activated increase of membrane activity of CyaA in asolectin bilayers. These results reveal that the predicted α-helix comprising the residues 529 to 549 plays a key role in CyaA penetration into the target plasma membrane and pore-forming activity of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roderova
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Osickova
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sukova
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Mikusova
- Charles University, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Fiser
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.,Charles University, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Masin
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Manaargadoo-Catin M, Ali-Cherif A, Pougnas JL, Perrin C. Hemolysis by surfactants--A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 228:1-16. [PMID: 26687805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the use of surfactants for erythrocyte lysis and their cell membrane action mechanisms is given. Erythrocyte membrane characteristics and its association with the cell cytoskeleton are presented in order to complete understanding of the erythrocyte membrane distortion. Cell homeostasis disturbances caused by surfactants might induce changes starting from shape modification to cell lysis. Two main mechanisms are hypothesized in literature which are osmotic lysis and lysis by solubilization even if the boundary between them is not clearly defined. Another specific mechanism based on the formation of membrane pores is suggested in the particular case of saponins. The lytic potency of a surfactant is related to its affinity for the membrane and the modification of the lipid membrane curvature. This is to be related to the surfactant shape defined by its hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties but also by experimental conditions. As a consequence, prediction of the hemolytic potency of a given surfactant is challenging. Several studies are focused on the relation between surfactant erythrolytic potency and their physico-chemical parameters such as the critical micellar concentration (CMC), the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB), the surfactant membrane/water partition coefficient (K) or the packing parameter (P). The CMC is one of the most important factors considered even if a lytic activity cut-off effect points out that the only consideration of CMC not enough predictive. The relation K.CMC must be considered in addition to the CMC to predict the surfactant lytic capacity within the same family of non ionic surfactant. Those surfactant structure/lytic activity studies demonstrate the requirement to take into account a combination of physico-chemical parameters to understand and foresee surfactant lytic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Manaargadoo-Catin
- Horiba Medical, Parc Euromédecine, Rue du caducée BP 7290, 31484 Montpellier Cedex 4, France; Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Anaïs Ali-Cherif
- Horiba Medical, Parc Euromédecine, Rue du caducée BP 7290, 31484 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pougnas
- Horiba Medical, Parc Euromédecine, Rue du caducée BP 7290, 31484 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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Kwiatkowska K, Marszałek–Sadowska E, Traczyk G, Koprowski P, Musielak M, Ługowska A, Kulma M, Grzelczyk A, Sobota A. Visualization of cholesterol deposits in lysosomes of Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts using recombinant perfringolysin O. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:64. [PMID: 24775609 PMCID: PMC4005833 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is caused by defects in cholesterol efflux from lysosomes due to mutations of genes coding for NPC1 and NPC2 proteins. As a result, massive accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes is observed. At the level of the organism these cholesterol metabolism disorders are manifested by progressive neurodegeneration and hepatosplenomegaly. Until now filipin staining of cholesterol deposits in cells has been widely used for NPC diagnostics. In this report we present an alternative method for cholesterol visualization and estimation using a cholesterol-binding bacterial toxin, perfringolysin O. METHODS To detect cholesterol deposits, a recombinant probe, perfringolysin O fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST-PFO) was prepared. GST-PFO followed by labeled antibodies or streptavidin was applied for immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy to analyze cholesterol distribution in cells derived from NPC patients. The identity of GST-PFO-positive structures was revealed by a quantitative analysis of their colocalization with several organelle markers. Cellular ELISA using GST-PFO was developed to estimate the level of unesterified cholesterol in NPC cells. RESULTS GST-PFO recognized cholesterol with high sensitivity and selectivity, as demonstrated by a protein/lipid overlay assay and surface plasmon resonance analysis. When applied to stain NPC cells, GST-PFO decorated abundant deposits of cholesterol in intracellular vesicles that colocalized with filipin-positive structures. These cholesterol deposits were resistant to 0.05%-0.2% Triton X-100 used for cells permeabilization in the staining procedure. GST-PFO-stained organelles were identified as late endosomes/lysosomes based on their colocalization with LAMP-1 and lysobisphosphatidic acid. On the other hand, GST-PFO did not colocalize with markers of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes or with actin filaments. Only negligible GST-PFO staining was seen in fibroblasts of healthy individuals. When applied to cellular ELISA, GST-PFO followed by anti-GST-peroxidase allowed a semiquantitative analysis of cholesterol level in cells of NPC patients. Binding of GST-PFO to NPC cells was nearly abolished after extraction of cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that a recombinant protein GST-PFO can be used to detect cholesterol accumulated in NPC cells by immunofluorescence and cellular ELISA. GST-PFO can be a convenient and reliable probe for revealing cholesterol deposits in cells and can be useful in diagnostics of NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Marszałek–Sadowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Traczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Koprowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Musielak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ługowska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulma
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 5a Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Grzelczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobota
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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LaBauve AE, Wargo MJ. Detection of host-derived sphingosine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is important for survival in the murine lung. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003889. [PMID: 24465209 PMCID: PMC3900636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common environmental bacterium that is also a significant opportunistic pathogen, particularly of the human lung. We must understand how P. aeruginosa responds to the lung environment in order to identify the regulatory changes that bacteria use to establish and maintain infections. The P. aeruginosa response to pulmonary surfactant was used as a model to identify transcripts likely induced during lung infection. The most highly induced transcript in pulmonary surfactant, PA5325 (sphA), is regulated by an AraC-family transcription factor, PA5324 (SphR). We found that sphA was specifically induced by sphingosine in an SphR-dependent manner, and also via metabolism of sphingomyelin, ceramide, or sphingoshine-1-phosphate to sphingosine. These sphingolipids not only play a structural role in lipid membranes, but some are also intracellular and intercellular signaling molecules important in normal eukaryotic cell functions as well as orchestrating immune responses. The members of the SphR transcriptome were identified by microarray analyses, and DNA binding assays showed specific interaction of these promoters with SphR, which enabled us to determine the consensus SphR binding site. SphR binding to DNA was modified by sphingosine and we used labeled sphingosine to demonstrate direct binding of sphingosine by SphR. Deletion of sphR resulted in reduced bacterial survival during mouse lung infection. In vitro experiments show that deletion of sphR increases sensitivity to the antimicrobial effects of sphingosine which could, in part, explain the in vivo phenotype. This is the first identification of a sphingosine-responsive transcription factor in bacteria. We predict that SphR transcriptional regulation may be important in response to many sites of infection in eukaryotes and the presence of homologous transcription factors in other pathogens suggests that sphingosine detection is not limited to P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette E. LaBauve
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and The Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Wargo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and The Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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Nelson GJ. The phospholipid composition of plasma in various mammalian species. Lipids 2012; 2:323-8. [PMID: 17805759 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/1967] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma phospholipids in several common mammalian species, including cat, cow, dog, goat, guinea pig, horse, pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep, were analyzed by using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Lipids were extracted from plasma with chloroform-methanol 2ratio1 (v/v) and freed of nonlipid material by passage through a Sephadex column. The phospholipids were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Spots were identified by spray reagents, also by infrared spectrophotometry. The relative distribution of the phospholipids was determined by phosphorus analysis on the spot scraped off the TLC plate.Lecithin, lysolecithin, and sphingomyelin were found in the plasma of all species and accounted for more than 95% of the phospholipids except in the rodents. Lecithin was without exception the major phospholipid in plasma (56 to 83%). Lysolecithin and sphingomyelin content varied between 8 and 23% and 6 and 15% respectively. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol were the only noncholine-containing phospholipids detected (detection limits 0.2%) in the plasma of these species. Together these compounds usually made up less than 5% of the total phospholipid. Rodents were an exception, especially the guinea pig, which had 21.7% phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Nelson
- Bio-Medical Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California
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8
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Nelson GJ. Studies on the lipids of sheep red blood cells. II. The incorporation of phosphorus into phospholipids of HK and LK cells. Lipids 2012; 3:267-74. [PMID: 17805869 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1967] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of inorganic phosphate (as NaH(2)PO(4)) into the phospholipids of sheep red blood cells was studied in vitro in blood samples from five highpotassium (HK) and five low-potassium (LK) sheep. The erythrocytes from HK sheep incorporated more activity in 4 hr than those from the LK sheep. However no activity was incorporated into the major phospholipids of the cells (phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and sphingomyelin) of either group. The phosphatidic acid fraction was labeled in both groups and to a significantly greater extent in the HK samples. However the highest activity in the phospholipid of sheep red-cells was located in three unknown compounds not previously detected. Their specific activities were the same in the HK and the LK samples although they were present in slightly larger amounts in the HK samples. In general, incorporation was at a rather low level, and from stoichiometric considerations it was concluded that the metabolism in the red-cell phospholipids could not be directly involved in the active transport of ions across the cell membrane. This work also confirmed a previous report that no quantitative differences exist among the major phospholipid classes in the two types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Nelson
- Bio-Medical Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, 94550, Livermore, California
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9
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Watkins PJ, Clifford D, Rose G, Allen D, Warner RD, Dunshea FR, Pethick DW. Sheep category can be classified using machine learning techniques applied to fatty acid profiles derivatised as trimethylsilyl esters. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/an10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eruption of permanent incisors (dentition) is used as a proxy for age for defining meat quality in Australian sheep meat. However, this approach may not be reliable. While not presently available, an objective method could be used to determine sheep age, and thus sheep category, which would then potentially remove any inaccuracies that may occur in classifying sheep meat product. Statistical classification algorithms have been successfully used in bioinformatics. In this paper we review the performance of three algorithms (support vector machines, recursive partitioning and random forests) for determining sheep age. The algorithms were applied to the measured fatty acid profiles of fat samples from 533 carcasses; 254 lamb (<1 year old), 131 hogget (~1–2 years old) and 148 mutton (>2 years old) samples. Three data pretreatments (range transformation, column mean centering and range transformation with mean centering) were also examined to determine their impact on the performance of the algorithms. The random forests algorithm, when applied to mean-centred data, gave 100% predictive accuracy when classifying sheep category. This approach could be used for the development of an objective test for determining sheep age and category.
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Hedegaard E, Jensen B. Nano-scale densitometric quantitation of phospholipids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 225:450-4. [PMID: 7298780 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Joiner CH, Lauf PK. Temperature dependence of active K+ transport in cation dimorphic sheep erythrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 552:540-5. [PMID: 444515 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arrhenius diagrams of K+ pump fluxes measured between 15 degrees C and 41 degrees C were discontinuous in high K+ but not in low K+ sheep red cells. Exposure of low K+ cells to anti-L caused a bimodal temperature response of K+ pump flux with a transition temperature, Tc, similar to that found in high K+ cells but with comparatively higher activation energies above Tc.
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12
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Christie WW. The composition, structure and function of lipids in the tissues of ruminant animals. Prog Lipid Res 1978; 17:111-205. [PMID: 390540 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(78)90007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Agar NS, Gruca MA, Harley JD, Roberts J. Red cell enzymes--II. Enzyme activities in the red blood cells of high and low potassium sheep. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 51:467-9. [PMID: 168029 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(75)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Lauf PK. Antigen-antibody reactions and cation transport in biomembranes: immunophysiological aspects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 415:173-229. [PMID: 125113 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(75)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Shore B, Shore V. The interaction of concanavalin A with sheep erythrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 373:313-26. [PMID: 4473231 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(74)90155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Nelson GJ. The lipid composition of plasma lipoprotein density classes of sheep Ovis aries. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 46:81-91. [PMID: 4355794 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(73)90047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Turner JD, Rouser G. Precise quantitative determination of human blood lipids by thin-layer and triethylaminoethylcellulose column chromatography. I. Erythrocyte lipids. Anal Biochem 1970; 38:423-36. [PMID: 5493067 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(70)90467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Turner JD, Rouser G. Precise quantitative determination of human blood lipids by thin-layer and triethylaminoethylcellulose column chromatography. II. Plasma lipids. Anal Biochem 1970; 38:437-45. [PMID: 5493068 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(70)90468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Gutknecht J, Tosteson DC. Ionic peremability of thin lipid membranes. Effects of n-alkyl alcohols, polyvalent cations, and a secondary amine. J Gen Physiol 1970; 55:359-74. [PMID: 5535355 PMCID: PMC2203006 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.55.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin (black) lipid membranes were made from sheep red cell lipids dissolved in n-decane. The presence of aliphatic alcohols in the aqueous solutions bathing these membranes produced reversible changes in the ionic permeability, but not the osomotic permeability. Heptanol (8 mM), for example, caused the membrane resistance (R(m)) to decrease from >10(8) to about 10(5) ohm-cm(2) and caused a marked increase in the permeability to cations, especially potassium. In terms of ionic transference numbers, deduced from measurements of the membrane potential at zero current, T(cat)/T(Cl) increased from about 6 to 21 and T(K)/T(Na) increased from about 3 to 21. The addition of long-chain (C(8)ndash;C(10)) alcohols to the lipid solutions from which membranes were made produced similar effects on the ionic permeability. A plot of log R(m) vs. log alcohol concentration was linear over the range of maximum change in R(m), and the slope was -3 to -5 for C(2) through C(7) alcohols, suggesting that a complex of several alcohol molecules is responsible for the increase in ionic permeability. Membrane permselectivity changed from cationic to anionic when thorium or ferric iron (10(-4)M) was present in the aqueous phase or when a secondary amine (Amberlite LA-2) was added to the lipid solutions from which membranes were made. When membranes containing the secondary amine were exposed to heptanol, R(m) became very low (10(3)-10(4) ohm-cm(2)) and the membranes became perfectly anion-selective, developing chloride diffusion potentials up to 150 mv.
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Phillips GB. Studies on a hemolytic factor of cobra venom requiring a heat-labile serum factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 201:364-74. [PMID: 5418728 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Nelson GJ. Studies on the lipids of sheep red blood cells. 3. The fayy acid composition of phospholipids in HK and LK cells. Lipids 1969; 4:350-5. [PMID: 4309926 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Nelson GJ. The lipid composition of whole plasma of Hampshire sheep, Ovis aries. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 30:715-25. [PMID: 4311402 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)92150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cornwell DG, Heikkila RE, Bar RS, Biagi GL. Red blood cell lipids and the plasma membrane. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1968; 45:297-304. [PMID: 4871908 DOI: 10.1007/bf02667099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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