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Fogleman JC, Duperret SM, Kircher HW. The role of phytosterols in host plant utilization by cactophilicDrosophila. Lipids 2016; 21:92-6. [PMID: 27519246 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/1985] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Cactus-Drosophila Model System of the Sonoran Desert consists of four endemic species ofDrosophila (D. mojavensis, D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri andD. pachea) and five species of columnar cacti (agria, organpipe, saguaro, cardón and senita). Extensive collection records indicate that each cactus species has only one species ofDrosophila as the primary resident. The elimination of six of the twenty possible random combinations ofDrosophila species and cactus species can be attributed directly to phytosterols.Drosophila pachea has a strict requirement for Δ(7)-sterols such as 7-cholestenol and 7-campestenol. Since Δ(7)-sterols are found only in senita cactus,D. pachea cannot use agria, organpipe, saguaro or cardón as host plants. The lipid fractions of agria and organpipe are chemically similar and contain high concentrations of several 3β,6α-dihydroxysterols. Larval viability tests using chemical constitutents of organpipe cactus demonstrate that the sterol diols are toxic toD. nigrospiracula but not to the resident, species,D. mojavensis. Agria and organpipe are therefore unsuitable as host plants forD. nigrospiracula. These results suggest that phytosterols play a major role in determining host plant utilization by cactophilicDrosophila in the Sonoran Desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fogleman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 80208, Denver, CO
| | - S M Duperret
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - H W Kircher
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Lang M, Murat S, Clark AG, Gouppil G, Blais C, Matzkin LM, Guittard É, Yoshiyama−Yanagawa T, Kataoka H, Niwa R, Lafont R, Dauphin−Villemant C, Orgogozo V. Mutations in the neverland gene turned Drosophila pachea into an obligate specialist species. Science 2012; 337:1658-61. [PMID: 23019649 PMCID: PMC4729188 DOI: 10.1126/science.1224829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most living species exploit a limited range of resources. However, little is known about how tight associations build up during evolution between such specialist species and the hosts they use. We examined the dependence of Drosophila pachea on its single host, the senita cactus. Several amino acid changes in the Neverland oxygenase rendered D. pachea unable to transform cholesterol into 7-dehydrocholesterol (the first reaction in the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway in insects) and thus made D. pachea dependent on the uncommon sterols of its host plant. The neverland mutations increase survival on the cactus's unusual sterols and are in a genomic region that faced recent positive selection. This study illustrates how relatively few genetic changes in a single gene may restrict the ecological niche of a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lang
- CNRS UMR7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Sophie Murat
- CNRS UMR7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
- UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Bâtiment A, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Géraldine Gouppil
- CNRS UMR7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Catherine Blais
- UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Bâtiment A, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Luciano M. Matzkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville AL 35899, USA
| | - Émilie Guittard
- UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Bâtiment A, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Takuji Yoshiyama−Yanagawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - René Lafont
- UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Bâtiment A, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Virginie Orgogozo
- CNRS UMR7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
- UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Bâtiment A, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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Nasir H, Noda H. Yeast-like symbiotes as a sterol source in anobiid beetles (Coleoptera, Anobiidae): possible metabolic pathways from fungal sterols to 7-dehydrocholesterol. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 52:175-182. [PMID: 12655605 DOI: 10.1002/arch.10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Insects are unable to synthesize sterols and require exogenous sterol sources for their normal development and reproduction. A few exceptions are insects associated with symbiotic yeasts or fungi. We analyzed sterols by GC-MS in two anobiid beetles (Lasioderma serricorne and Stegobium paniceum), their intracellular yeast-like symbiotes (YLS), and their diets in order to clarify the sterols synthesized by YLS and the metabolic pathways of the sterols in the beetles. Several C(27), C2(8), and C(29) saturated and unsaturated sterols were identified; the predominant sterols were cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol in the anobiid beetles and ergosterol in the YLS. Most sterols detected in YLS were those known in the late pathway of the ergosterol biosynthesis in yeasts and most of the sterols in the beetles appear to be intermediate metabolites from YLS sterols to 7-dehydrocholesterol. The anobiid beetles appear to use ergosterol and 5-dihydroergosterol as sources for 7-dehydrocholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Nasir
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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Gilbert LI, Rybczynski R, Warren JT. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 47:883-916. [PMID: 11729094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molting is elicited by a critical titer of ecdysteroids that includes the principal molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and ecdysone (E), which is the precursor of 20E but also has morphogenetic roles of its own. The prothoracic glands are the predominate source of ecdysteroids, and the rate of synthesis of these polyhydroxylated sterols is critical for molting and metamorphosis. This review concerns three aspects of ecdysteroidogenesis: (a) how the brain neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) initiates a transductory cascade in cells of the prothoracic gland, which results in an increased rate of ecdysteroid biosynthesis (upregulation); (b) how the concentrations of 20E in the hemolymph feed back on the prothoracic gland to decrease rates of ecdysteroidogenesis (downregulation); and (c) how the prothoracic gland cells convert cholesterol to the precursor of E and then 20E, a series of reactions only now being understood because of the use of a combination of classical biochemistry and molecular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence I Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA.
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Warren JT, Wismar J, Subrahmanyam B, Gilbert LI. Woc (without children) gene control of ecdysone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 181:1-14. [PMID: 11476936 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first step in ecdysteroidogenesis, i.e. the 7,8-dehydrogenation of dietary cholesterol (C) to 7-dehydrocholesterol (7dC), is blocked in Drosophila melanogaster homozygous woc (without children) third instar larval ring glands (source of ecdysone). Unlike ring glands from wild-type D. melanogaster larvae, glands from woc mutants cannot convert radiolabelled C or 25-hydroxycholesterol (25C) to 7dC or 7-dehydro-25-hydroxycholesterol (7d25C) in vitro, nor to ecdysone (E). Yet, when these same glands are incubated with synthetic tracer 7d25C, the rate of metabolism of this polar Delta(5,7)-sterol into E is identical to that observed with glands from comparably staged wild-type larvae. The absence of this enzymatic activity in vivo is probably the direct cause of the observed low whole-body ecdysteroid titers in late third instar homozygous mutant larvae, the low ecdysteroid secretory activity in vitro of brain-ring gland complexes from these animals, and the failure of the larvae to pupariate (undergo metamorphosis). Oral administration of 7dC, but not C, results in a dramatic increase in ecdysteroid production both in vivo and in vitro by the woc mutant brain-ring gland complexes and affects a partial rescue to the beginning of pupal-adult development, but no further, despite elevated whole-body ecdysteroid titers. Data previously reported (Wismar et al., 2000) indicate that the woc gene encodes a zinc-finger protein that apparently modulates the activity of the 7,8-dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Warren
- Department of Biology, Campus Box #3280, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3280, USA
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Differences in the sterol composition of Heliothis zea fed Zea mays versus Medicago sativa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(90)90065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Morrison AH, Ritter KS. Effect of host insect sterols on the development and sterol composition of Steinernema feltiae. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1986; 19:135-42. [PMID: 3724794 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(86)90118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Steinernema feltiae (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae), 'All' strain, was propagated in larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea, which contained various sterols, in order to determine how the sterol composition of the host affects the growth, development and sterol composition of this insect-parasitic nematode. S. feltiae completed its life cycle normally in insects containing primarily cholesterol, cholestanol or 7-dehydrocholesterol, although the sterol composition of the dauer stage was affected by the sterol composition of the host. When the nematode was reared in insects containing primarily cholesterol, 55% of the sterol in the dauers was cholesterol and the other 46% was lathosterol. In contrast, cholestanol (70%) and lathostetrol (31%) were the sterols present in nematodes reared in H. zea containing primarily cholestanol. Cholestanol (43%), lathosterol (34%), campestanol and/or another 24-methylsterol (23%) and cholesterol (1%) were the sterols present in nematodes reared in H. zea containing campestanol and cholestanol as its major sterols. Lathosterol was the major sterol present in nematodes reared in H. zea containing principally 7-dehydrochlesterol. Therefore, in each case, S. feltiae metabolized some host sterol to lathosterol but the relative percentage of lathosterol in the nematode increased as it was exposed to delta 0-, delta 5- and delta 5,7-sterols, respectively. The ability of S. feltiae to utilize different host sterols may, in part, explain its success in parasitizing a wide variety of insects.
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Steroids. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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9
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Selective uptake and lack of dealkylation of phytosterols by cactophilic species ofDrosophila. Lipids 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02534804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Kircher HW, Phariss RL, Rosenstein FU, Baldwin D, Fogleman JC. Response of Drosophila to cis- and trans-22-dehydrocholesterol: I. A survey. Lipids 1982; 17:209-14. [PMID: 7087695 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Friend WG, Dadd RH. Insect nutrition: a comparative perspective. ADVANCES IN NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH 1982; 4:205-47. [PMID: 6175192 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9934-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Comparison of sterols from a phytophagous and predacious species of the family coccinellidae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01920605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Johnson P, Cook IF, Rees HH, Goodwin TW. Mode of formulation of cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol from Cholest-5-en-3beta-ol by Larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala. Biochem J 1975; 152:303-11. [PMID: 1220687 PMCID: PMC1172472 DOI: 10.1042/bj1520303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The conversion of cholest-5-en-3beta-ol (cholesterol) into cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol by axenic Calliphora erythrocephala larvae was demonstrated. 2. The transformation is probably direct (Delta(5)-->Delta(5,7)) and does not involve a Delta(0) intermediate (Delta(5)-->Delta(0)-->Delta(7)--> Delta(5,7)). 3. Delta(7)-bond formation involves the stereospecific elimination of the 7beta hydrogen atom. 4. The relative amounts of free and esterified sterols were determined in larvae grown on cholesterol as sole sterol source and on 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol supplemented with minimal amounts of cholesterol. 5. The significance of the results is assessed in relation to the probable role of cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ecdysones.
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Svoboda JA, Thompson MJ, Elden TC, Robbins WE. Unusual composition of sterols in a phytophagous insect, Mexican bean beetle reared on soybean plants. Lipids 1974; 9:752-5. [PMID: 4473691 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThree saturated sterols, cholestanol, campestanol, and stigmastanol, constituted 54, 72, and 77% of the total sterols of the egg, prepupa, and adult, respectively, of the Mexican bean beetle,Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant), reared on soybean plants. Lathosterol (7‐cholesten‐3β‐ol), possibly formed from cholestanol in this insect, constituted 12, 16, and 11.8% of the total sterols isolated from egg, prepupa, and adult, respectively. None of these sterols have been isolated and identified previously as components of the sterols of a phytophagous insect reared on a natural host plant. Cholesterol, a major sterol of most plant feeding insects studied thus far, comprised less than 5% of the total sterols in any of the stages examined. The unique composition of the sterols in this insect in relation to the sterol composition of the host plant is compared to dietary sterol utilization and metabolism in other phytophagous insects.
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Thompson MJ, Kaplanis JN, Robbins WE, Svoboda JA. Metabolism of steroids in insects. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1973; 11:219-65. [PMID: 4802730 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024911-4.50013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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