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Pinheiro M, Iwase CHT, Bertozzi BG, Caramês ETS, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Langaro NC, Furlong EB, Correa B, Rocha LO. Survey of Freshly Harvested Oat Grains from Southern Brazil Reveals High Incidence of Type B Trichothecenes and Associated Fusarium Species. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:855. [PMID: 34941693 PMCID: PMC8706650 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the fungal diversity in freshly harvested oat samples from the two largest production regions in Brazil, Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), focusing primarily on the Fusarium genus and the presence of type B trichothecenes. The majority of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex, and were identified as F. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.), F. meridionale, and F. poae. In the RS region, F. poae was the most frequent fungus, while F. graminearum s.s. was the most frequent in the PR region. The F. graminearum s.s. isolates were 15-ADON genotype, while F. meridionale and F. poae were NIV genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that 92% and 100% of the samples from PR and RS were contaminated with type B trichothecenes, respectively. Oat grains from PR were predominantly contaminated with DON, whereas NIV was predominant in oats from RS. Twenty-four percent of the samples were contaminated with DON at levels higher than Brazilian regulations. Co-contamination of DON, its derivatives, and NIV was observed in 84% and 57.7% of the samples from PR and RS, respectively. The results provide new information on Fusarium contamination in Brazilian oats, highlighting the importance of further studies on mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinheiro
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Caio H. T. Iwase
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Bruno G. Bertozzi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Elem T. S. Caramês
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.C.-Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Nádia C. Langaro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99042-800, Brazil;
| | - Eliana B. Furlong
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil;
| | - Benedito Correa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.C.-Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Liliana O. Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
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Ponce-García N, Palacios-Rojas N, Serna-Saldivar SO, García-Lara S. Aflatoxin contamination in maize: occurrence and health implications in Latin America. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, mycotoxicoses constitute the second most pressing food safety problem worldwide, with most cases occurring in developing countries. Maize (Zea mays L.), the main staple for many Latin Americans, is one of the best suitable substrates for mycotoxigenic Aspergillus fungi. Aflatoxins (AFs) produced primarily by Aspergillus flavus, are of significant concern, especially in developing countries. While AFs production occurs mainly in warmer, tropical, and subtropical environments, recent evidence suggests that global climate change favours their presence in regions with little or no awareness of this issue. AFs interfere with metabolic processes, causing cancer and other health disorders resulting in health hazards and even death. The setting of national acceptable regulatory levels of AFs is necessary for Latin American countries. Unfortunately, no estimates of the economic impact of AFs in this region are currently available nor the cost of regulatory programs designed to reduce health risks to animals and humans. This review explores relevant data about incidence of AFs in maize produced in the region and the adverse effects of the consumption of contaminated foods and the associated health consequences for Latin American consumers. Regulations aimed to mitigate AFs exposure to consumers are also reviewed and identified gaps for researchers and actors of the maize value chain are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ponce-García
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Mexico State, UAEMéx, Campus Universitario ‘El Cerrillo’, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, P.O. Box 50200, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - N. Palacios-Rojas
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera Mexico-Veracruz Km. 45, P.O. Box 56237, El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - S. O. Serna-Saldivar
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - S. García-Lara
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Ali N. Aflatoxins in rice: Worldwide occurrence and public health perspectives. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1188-1197. [PMID: 31768330 PMCID: PMC6872864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate dietary staples worldwide, including maize, rice and groundnuts. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a public health concern due to their carcinogenic, acute and chronic effects. Rice is an important staple food consumed widely and consists of a major part of the diets for half of the world population. Human exposure to these mycotoxins is a serious problem especially in developing countries where hot and humid climates favor the fungal growth and where food storage conditions are poor and lack of regulatory limits enforcement. The recent developments of biomarkers have provided opportunities in assessing aflatoxins exposure and related health effects in the high-risk population groups. This review describes the worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins in rice during the period from 1990 to 2015 and biomarkers-based evidence for human exposure to aflatoxins and their adverse health effects. Aflatoxin is a potent hepatocarcinogen and humans may expose to it at any stage of life. Epidemiological studies reported an association between aflatoxin intake and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in some sub-Saharan and Asian countries. Even daily high intake of rice with a low level of contamination is of health concern. Thus, it is necessary to implement effective strategies to prevent contamination and fungal growth in rice. A good agricultural and manufacturing practice should be applied during handling, storage and distribution of rice to ensure that aflatoxins contamination level is lower in the final product. Moreover, a regular survey for aflatoxins occurrence in rice and biomarkers-based studies is recommended to prevent and reduce the adverse health effects in the world population.
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Blanco-Lizarazo CM, Gamboa-Marín A, Vega S, Jiménez-Rodríguez LP, Sánchez B IC. Assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B 1 from corn arepas in Colombia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1109-1117. [PMID: 31140949 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1615643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in corn arepas in Colombia. In addition, in this study an assessment considering compliance to the maximum level of AFB1 (4 µg kg-1) for this food was conducted. AFB1 concentration data in corn arepas were obtained from 168 samples. The samples were collected from factories in 16 departments in Colombia. AFB1 was quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a fluorescence detector. Consumption data and body weight (b.w.) were measured from the 2005 Colombian National Survey of Nutritional Status. Probabilistic estimates were made by Monte Carlo simulation of dietary exposure and margin of exposure (MOE) segmented by age group. The results showed that 27% of corn arepa samples were contaminated with AFB1, with an average concentration of 15.1 µg kg-1 and a maximum value of 111.1 µg kg-1. The stochastic dietary exposure assessment showed that the age group most exposed was children between 4 and 8 years old (10.014 ng (kg b.w. day)-1). In addition, the MOE values for all age groups were lower than 10,000, indicating a potential risk for consumers. However, in the scenario where AFB1 concentration level complies with the maximum limit of 4 µg kg-1 AFB1, the level of concern could be reduced for the adult population between 14 and 64 years old because the MOE value is above 10,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla María Blanco-Lizarazo
- a Risk Assessment on Food Safety and Pesticides Group (ERIA) , National Institute of Health (INS) , Bogota , Colombia
| | - Andrea Gamboa-Marín
- a Risk Assessment on Food Safety and Pesticides Group (ERIA) , National Institute of Health (INS) , Bogota , Colombia
| | - Sandra Vega
- b System of Chemical Risk Analyses on Food and Beverages Group, Food and Beverages Direction , National Institute of Food and Drug Surveillance (Invima) , Bogota , Colombia
| | | | - Iván C Sánchez B
- a Risk Assessment on Food Safety and Pesticides Group (ERIA) , National Institute of Health (INS) , Bogota , Colombia
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Martinez-Miranda MM, Rosero-Moreano M, Taborda-Ocampo G. Occurrence, dietary exposure and risk assessment of aflatoxins in arepa, bread and rice. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sánchez EM, Diaz GJ. Frequency and levels of aflatoxin M 1 in urine of children in Bogota, Colombia. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:271-278. [PMID: 30915618 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the frequency and levels of AFM1 and AFM2 in urine from children who attended the emergency service of a pediatric referral hospital in Bogota, Colombia. A survey on the consumption of foods likely to be a source of aflatoxins and on sociodemographic variables was conducted as well. The frequency of AFM1 in urine was found to be 41.7% with an average concentration in positive samples of 16 pg mL-1 ± 10.7 pg mL-1 (range > LOD-48.5 pg mL-1). The presence of AFM1 in the urine was related to the consumption of cereals likely to be contaminated with AFB1, especially corn and rice. No detectable levels of AFM2 were found in any sample. The results show that children's exposure to aflatoxins in Colombia is indeed a problem and should be one of the priorities of the health authorities. Continuous monitoring of aflatoxins in foods should be carried out, in compliance with Colombian regulations, using analytical methods that allow determination and quantification of aflatoxins in different biological and non-biological matrices at trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Sánchez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 #, 26-85, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - G J Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Diaz G, Vargas M, Cortés A. Evaluation of the supplementation of a feed additive as a potential protector against the adverse effects of 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin on growing broiler chickens. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A trial was conducted to evaluate a feed additive containing epoxidase activity from a bacterium (Mycofix-S) as a potential protection against the adverse effects of 2.5 ppm dietary T-2 toxin in male growing broiler chickens. A total of 144 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were individually wing-banded and allotted into each of the four experimental groups. Group 1: negative control, no T-2 toxin or additive; group 2: Mycofix-S, 2.5 g/kg; group 3: positive control, 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin; group 4: 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin + 2.5 g/kg Mycofix-S. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 28 days (days 1 to 28 of age). Each experimental treatment was replicated 6 times, with 6 birds per replicate pen. Response variables included performance parameters, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and amylase, relative weight of selected organs and histology of the upper digestive system. T-2 toxin at 2.5 ppm significantly (P = 0.016) decreased the 28-day body weight gain and cumulative feed intake without affecting feed conversion. The feed additive counteracted these adverse effects. Serum enzyme activities were not significantly (P>0.05) affected for the four experimental groups but when data from the groups receiving T-2 toxin was pooled and compared against the pooled data from groups without the toxin a significant decrease in amylase activity was observed in chickens receiving T-2 toxin. The histological examination of the upper digestive system revealed lesions in mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum in the chickens fed T-2 toxin without the additive. Chickens fed T-2 toxin plus the additive showed lesions in the same tissues except in the duodenum. The results of the present study show that the addition of 2.5 g/kg of the feed additive tested protects against adverse effects on performance and also the integrity of the duodenal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.J. Diaz
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
| | | | - A. Cortés
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
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Eslami M, Mashak Z, Heshmati A, Shokrzadeh M, Mozaffari Nejad AS. Determination of aflatoxin B1levels in Iranian rice by ELISA method. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1074925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Diaz GJ, Sánchez MP. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk as a biomarker of maternal and infant exposure in Colombia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1192-8. [PMID: 25959253 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1049563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to aflatoxins, and especially to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), causes hepatocellular carcinoma with prevalence 16-32 times higher in developing compared with developed countries. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a monohydroxylated metabolite from AFB1 that is secreted in milk and which can be used as a biomarker of AFB1 exposure. This study aimed to determine AFM1 levels in human breast milk using immunoaffinity column clean-up with HPLC and fluorescence detection. Breast milk samples were obtained from 50 nursing mothers. Volunteers filled in a questionnaire giving their consent to analyse their samples as well as details of their socioeconomic, demographic and clinical data. The possible dietary sources of aflatoxins were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 90% of the samples tested positive for AFM1, with a mean of 5.2 ng l(-1) and a range of 0.9-18.5 ng l(-1). The study demonstrated a high frequency of exposure of mothers and neonates to AFB1 and AFM1 in Colombia, and it points out the need to regulate and monitor continuously the presence of aflatoxins in human foods. Further research is needed in order to determine the presence of other mycotoxins in foods and in human samples as well as to devise protection strategies in a country where mycotoxins in human foods are commonly found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo J Diaz
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá D.C. , Colombia
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Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Ariño A, Akram N, Zuber M. Aflatoxin contamination in different fractions of rice from Pakistan and estimation of dietary intakes. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:175-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Navas MC, Suarez I, Carreño A, Uribe D, Rios WA, Cortes-Mancera F, Martel G, Vieco B, Lozano D, Jimenez C, Gouas D, Osorio G, Hoyos S, Restrepo JC, Correa G, Jaramillo S, Lopez R, Bravo LE, Arbelaez MP, Scoazec JY, Abedi-Ardekani B, Santella RM, Chemin I, Hainaut P. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection Biomarkers and TP53 Mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinomas from Colombia. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:582945. [PMID: 22114738 PMCID: PMC3207138 DOI: 10.1155/2011/582945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Globally, the most important HCC risk factors are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and/or Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), chronic alcoholism, and dietary exposure to aflatoxins. We have described the epidemiological pattern of 202 HCC samples obtained from Colombian patients. Additionally we investigated HBV/HCV infections and TP53 mutations in 49 of these HCC cases. HBV biomarkers were detected in 58.1% of the cases; HBV genotypes F and D were characterized in three of the samples. The HCV biomarker was detected in 37% of the samples while HBV/HCV coinfection was found in 19.2%. Among TP53 mutations, 10.5% occur at the common aflatoxin mutation hotspot, codon 249. No data regarding chronic alcoholism was available from the cases. In conclusion, in this first study of HCC and biomarkers in a Colombian population, the main HCC risk factor was HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Cristina Navas
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Iris Suarez
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea Carreño
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego Uribe
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wilson Alfredo Rios
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fabian Cortes-Mancera
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ghyslaine Martel
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Beatriz Vieco
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Lozano
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Doriane Gouas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - German Osorio
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sergio Hoyos
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Restrepo
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Correa
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Rocio Lopez
- Departamento de Patologia, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis Eduardo Bravo
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria Patricia Arbelaez
- Grupo de Epidemiologia, Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Hainaut
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
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Rahmani A, Soleimany F, Hosseini H, Nateghi L. Survey on the occurrence of aflatoxins in rice from different provinces of Iran. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2011; 4:185-90. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.599865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Martos P, Thompson W, Diaz G. Multiresidue mycotoxin analysis in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of 22 mycotoxins in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain. Analysis is carried out with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. The compounds included in this analysis are aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, tricothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalonone, and ergot alkaloids. Sample extraction (2 g) with acetonitrile:water (8 ml, 80:20) was carried out for 2 min using a commercial sample preparation apparatus (Stomacher®). The extract was then centrifuged, filtered and analysed. Extraction of fumonisins from maize (2 g) was optimised by first extracting the maize with acetonitrile: water (5 ml, 80:20) followed by the addition of water (3 ml), which permitted extraction of the 22 mycotoxins, including the fumonisins. Chromatography was carried out with a minicolumn (7.5×2.1 mm, 5 µm) (5 µl sample injection) and in 11 min, including column reconditioning. Analysis was carried out with 2 MRM transitions for the precursor ions. All method detection limits were below current maximum Canadian residue limits. Matrix effects for each compound in each of the 5 matrices were estimated and ranged from 70 to 149%, but most were 100±10%. Accuracy, repeatability and ruggedness were established. Proficiency samples from FERA (Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK) were tested and are reported. Finally, 100 field samples of the various grains were tested with this method and are reported with the observation of numerous mycotoxins in all matrices, including ergotamine in winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Martos
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - W. Thompson
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - G. Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-González JA, Vargas-Mendoza N, Reyes-Ramírez P, Cruz-Jaime S, Sumaya-Martínez T, Pérez-Pastén R, Madrigal-Bujaidar E. Antigenotoxic studies of different substances to reduce the DNA damage induced by aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:738-57. [PMID: 22069607 PMCID: PMC3153197 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced mainly by the mycelial structure of filamentous fungi, or more specifically, molds. These secondary metabolites are synthesized during the end of the exponential growth phase and appear to have no biochemical significance in fungal growth and development. The contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem for the adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops that result in illnesses and economic losses. The toxic effect of the ingestion of mycotoxins in humans and animals depends on a number of factors including intake levels, duration of exposure, toxin species, mechanisms of action, metabolism, and defense mechanisms. In general, the consumption of contaminated food and feed with mycotoxin induces to neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effect in humans and/or animals. The most significant mycotoxins in terms of public health and agronomic perspective include the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, fumonisins, patulin, and the ergot alkaloids. Due to the detrimental effects of these mycotoxins, several strategies have been developed in order to reduce the risk of exposure. These include the degradation, destruction, inactivation or removal of mycotoxins through chemical, physical and biological methods. However, the results obtained with these methods have not been optimal, because they may change the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional values of food. Another alternative strategy to prevent or reduce the toxic effects of mycotoxins is by applying antimutagenic agents. These substances act according to several extra- or intracellular mechanisms, their main goal being to avoid the interaction of mycotoxins with DNA; as a consequence of their action, these agents would inhibit mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. This article reviews the main strategies used to control AFB(1) and ochratoxin A and contains an analysis of some antigenotoxic substances that reduce the DNA damage caused by these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo., Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo. CP 42080, México; (J.A.M.); (N.V.); (P.R.); (S.C.); (T.S.)
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, I.P.N., Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco. Col Lindavista. D.F. CP 07738, México; (E.M.B.)
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo., Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo. CP 42080, México; (J.A.M.); (N.V.); (P.R.); (S.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo., Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo. CP 42080, México; (J.A.M.); (N.V.); (P.R.); (S.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Patricia Reyes-Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo., Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo. CP 42080, México; (J.A.M.); (N.V.); (P.R.); (S.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Sandra Cruz-Jaime
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo., Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo. CP 42080, México; (J.A.M.); (N.V.); (P.R.); (S.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Teresa Sumaya-Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo., Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo. CP 42080, México; (J.A.M.); (N.V.); (P.R.); (S.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, I.P.N., Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco. Col Lindavista. D.F. CP 07738, México; (R.P.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, I.P.N., Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Unidad A. López Mateos. Zacatenco. Col Lindavista. D.F. CP 07738, México; (E.M.B.)
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15
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Diaz G, Lozano M, Acuña A. Prevalence of Aspergillus species on selected Colombian animal feedstuffs and ability of Aspergillus section Flavi to produce aflatoxins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 57 samples of feedstuffs commonly used for animal nutrition in Colombia (maize, soybean, sorghum, cottonseed meal, sunflower seed meal, wheat middlings and rice) were analysed for Aspergillus contamination. Aspergillus fungi were identified at species level and their ability to produce aflatoxins was determined by highperformance liquid chromatography. A total of 31 of the feedstuffs analysed (54.4%) were found to contain Aspergillus spp. The most contaminated substrate was maize (100%) followed by cottonseed meal (80%), sorghum (60%) and wheat middlings (60%). Soybean showed lower levels of contamination (10%). No Aspergillus spp. could be isolated from rice or sunflower seed meal. Total Aspergillus strains isolated were 50, with 28 belonging to section Flavi (56%), 17 to section Nigri (34%), 4 to section Circumdati (8%) and 1 to section Fumigati (2%). Among section Flavi, 17 isolates were identified as A. flavus, seven as A. parasiticus, two as A. oryzae and two as A. tamarii. Production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi was screened by liquid chromatography. About three quarters of the A. flavus strains (76.5%) produced aflatoxin B1 (0.2 to 240.4 µg/g) and aflatoxin B2 (0.2 to 1.6 µg/g), while all A. parasiticus strains produced the four naturally occurring aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 from 0.6 to 83.5 µg/g, aflatoxin B2 from 0.3 to 4.8 µg/g, aflatoxin G1 from 0.4 to 19.3 µg/g and aflatoxin G2 from 0.1 to 1.0 µg/g). This is the first study demonstrating the presence of highly toxigenic Aspergillus fungi in Colombian animal feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - M. Lozano
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - A. Acuña
- Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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16
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Diaz GJ, Espitia E. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1in retail milk samples from Bogotá, Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:811-5. [PMID: 16807206 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600681617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to establish the occurrence and levels of contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in retail milk from Bogotá, Colombia. A total of 241 samples were analysed during 2004 and 2005. Samples were cleaned up by an immunoaffinity column and AFM1 was quantified by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. A total of 69.2 and 79.4% of the samples analysed during 2004 and 2005, respectively, were found to contain levels of AFM1 above 10 ng l(-1). Levels of contamination ranged from 10.7 to 213.0 ng l(-1) in 2004, and from 10.6 to 288.9 ng l(-1) in 2005. Despite the high incidence of AFM1 found in the milk samples analysed, all samples complied with current local regulations, which allow AFM1 content in milk up to 400 ng l(-1). However, due to the high incidence of AFM1 in milk found in the present study, it is recommended that a permanent surveillance programme be established for milk consumed in Bogotá in order to prevent milk lots containing levels above the regulatory level entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias para la Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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17
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Toteja GS, Mukherjee A, Diwakar S, Singh P, Saxena BN, Sinha KK, Sinha AK, Kumar N, Nagaraja KV, Bai G, Krishna Prasad CA, Vanchinathan S, Roy R, Sarkar S. Aflatoxin B1contamination of parboiled rice samples collected from different states of India: A multi-centre study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:411-4. [PMID: 16546887 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500442490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Under a multi-centre study conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research, 1,511 samples of parboiled rice were collected from rural and urban areas of 11 states representing different geographical regions of India. These samples were analysed for contamination with aflatoxin B(1.) The presence of aflatoxin B(1) at levels=5 microg g(-1) was found in 38.5% of the total number of samples of the parboiled rice. About 17% of the total samples showed the presence of aflatoxin B(1) above the Indian regulatory limit of 30 microg kg(-1). No statistically significant difference in percentage of samples contaminated with >30 microg kg(-1) was observed between pooled rural (19.4%) and urban (14.5%) data. A median value of 15 microg kg(-1) of aflatoxin B(1) was observed in samples from Assam, Bihar and Tripura. In all other states surveyed the median value was <5 microg?kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Toteja
- Central Coordinating Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
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Park JW, Kim EK, Kim YB. Estimation of the daily exposure of Koreans to aflatoxin B1 through food consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:70-5. [PMID: 14744682 DOI: 10.1080/02652030310001622782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A survey for aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) was conducted on 88 food-grade rice samples randomly collected during July and August 2002 in Seoul, Korea. The presence of AFB(1) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the positive samples from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Besides this, from the surveying data from the literature published since 1997, the intake of AFB(1) from food in Korea was calculated and compared with the provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes. Naturally occurring AFB(1) was found in 5/88 (6%) samples of rice with an average of 4.8 ng g(-1). A calculated probable daily intake of AFB(1) for Koreans fell into the range 1.19-5.79 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), hence exceeding the estimated provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes. In conclusion, the exposure of Koreans to AFB(1) could bring about health concerns. This is the first report discovering that rice is the major contributor to the dietary intake of AFB(1) in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Park
- The Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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Diaz GJ, Perilla NS, Espitia E. First colombian interlaboratory study for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in yellow corn. Mycotoxin Res 2004; 20:11-8. [PMID: 23604991 DOI: 10.1007/bf02946703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An interlaboratory study for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in yellow corn was conducted with 16 laboratories that analyze for aflatoxins in Colombia. Naturally contaminated ground yellow corn (Monsanto DK 4004) with an assigned reference value of 26.3 μg/kg aflatoxin B1 was distributed as double blind duplicates in sachets of 55 g. z-Scores were computed for each of the results; repeatability of the two replicate analysis was also calculated. Four of the participating laboratories used HPLC, seven used TLC, one used fluorometry, one ELISA and three a semi quantitative analytical technique (Aflacard®). Only 10 of the 26 quantitative results (39%) had satisfactory z-scores, two scores were questionable (8%) and 14 of the 26 results had unsatisfactory z-scores (54%). A total of 8 laboratories had satisfactory repeatability (62%), and 5 had unsatisfactory repeatability (39%). The present study indicates that only about one third of the results for aflatoxin reported by Colombian laboratories have good accuracy (as measured by the z-score of the result), although satisfactory precision (measured as repeatability) is achieved by about two thirds of the laboratories. These results indicate that an improvement in quality assurance is needed in Colombian laboratories. The routine use of reference standards and reference materials is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia,
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