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Ahmad SS, Chun HJ, Ahmad K, Choi I. Therapeutic applications of ginseng for skeletal muscle-related disorder management. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:12-19. [PMID: 38223826 PMCID: PMC10785254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jovanovski E, Smircic-Duvnjak L, Komishon A, Au-Yeung F(R, Sievenpiper JL, Zurbau A, Jenkins AL, Sung MK, Josse R, Li D, Vuksan V. Effect of coadministration of enriched Korean Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng) and American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L) on cardiometabolic outcomes in type-2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:546-554. [PMID: 34803424 PMCID: PMC8587487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus and hypertension often occur together, amplifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and emphasizing the need for a multitargeted treatment approach. American ginseng (AG) and Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) species could improve glycemic control via complementary mechanisms. Additionally, a KRG-inherent component, ginsenoside Rg3, may moderate blood pressure (BP). Our objective was to investigate the therapeutic potential of coadministration of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Rg3-KRG) and AG, added to standard of care therapy, in the management of hypertension and cardiometabolic risk factors in type-2 diabetes. Methods Within a randomized controlled, parallel design of 80 participants with type-2 diabetes (HbA1c: 6.5–8%) and hypertension (systolic BP: 140–160 mmHg or treated), supplementation with either 2.25 g/day of combined Rg3-KRG + AG or wheat-bran control was assessed over a 12-wk intervention period. The primary endpoint was ambulatory 24-h systolic BP. Additional endpoints included further hemodynamic assessment, glycemic control, plasma lipids and safety monitoring. Results Combined ginseng intervention generated a mean ± SE decrease in primary endpoint of 24-h systolic BP (−3.98 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.04). Additionally, there was a greater reduction in HbA1c (−0.35 ± 0.1% [–3.8 ± 1.1 mmol/mol], p = 0.02), and change in blood lipids: total cholesterol (−0.50 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), non-HDL-C (−0.54 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), triglycerides (−0.40 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.02) and LDL-C (−0.35 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.06) at 12 wks, relative to control. No adverse safety outcomes were observed. Conclusion Coadministration of Rg3-KRG + AG is an effective addon for improving BP along with attaining favorable cardiometabolic outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Ginseng derivatives may offer clinical utility when included in the polypharmacy and lifestyle treatment of diabetes. Clinical trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT01578837;
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jovanovski
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lea Smircic-Duvnjak
- School of Medicine University of Zagreb, University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Allison Komishon
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fei (Rodney) Au-Yeung
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John L. Sievenpiper
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Li KaShing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andreea Zurbau
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandra L. Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Josse
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dandan Li
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vladimir Vuksan
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Li KaShing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Corresponding author. Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1M8, Canada.
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Popular functional foods and herbs for the management of type-2-diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review with special reference to clinical trials and its proposed mechanism. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Ginseng for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications: a discussion of the evidence 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:265-276. [PMID: 30395481 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with elevated blood glucose levels due either to insufficient insulin production (type 1 DM) or to insulin resistance (type 2 DM). The incidence of DM around the world continues to rise dramatically with more than 400 million cases reported today. Among the most serious consequences of chronic DM are cardiovascular complications that can have deleterious effects. Although numerous treatment options are available, including both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, there is substantial emerging interest in the use of traditional medicines for the treatment of this condition and its complications. Among these is ginseng, a medicinal herb that belongs to the genus Panax and has been used for thousands of years as a medicinal agent especially in Asian cultures. There is emerging evidence from both animal and clinical studies that ginseng, ginseng constituents including ginsenosides, and ginseng-containing formulations can produce beneficial effects in terms of normalization of blood glucose levels and attenuation of cardiovascular complications through a multiplicity of mechanisms. Although more research is required, ginseng may offer a useful therapy for the treatment of diabetes as well as its complications.
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Abdelazim A, Khater S, Ali H, Shalaby S, Afifi M, Saddick S, Alkaladi A, Almaghrabi OA. Panax ginseng improves glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through 5' adenosine monophosphate kinase up-regulation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1436-1441. [PMID: 31762606 PMCID: PMC6864146 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptors and transporters are distorted in diabetes mellitus. In this study, the effect of Panax ginseng was assessed on glucose manipulating enzymes activities and gene expression of AMPK, IRA and GLUT2 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Forty male albino rats were randomly divided to four groups 10 rats of each, group I, normal control group (received saline orally); group II, normal rats received 200 mg/kg of Panax ginseng orally; group III, Streptozotocin (STZ) –induced diabetic rats and group IV, STZ-induced diabetic rats received 200 mg/kg of Panax ginseng orally. The duration of experiment was 30 days. Results showed the ability of Panax ginseng to induce a significant decrease in the blood glucose and increase in the serum insulin levels, hepatic glucokinase (GK), and glycogen synthase (GS) activities with a modulation of lipid profile besides high expression levels of AMPK, insulin receptor A (IRA), glucose transporting protein-2 (GLUT-2) in liver of diabetic rats. In conclusion, the obtained results point to the ability of Panax ginseng to improve the glucose metabolism in diabetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaser Abdelazim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safaa Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Shalaby
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,University of Jeddah Center for Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salina Saddick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alkaladi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Almaghrabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kim A, Im M, Ma JY. A novel herbal formula, SGE, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cancer cell death and alleviates cachexia symptoms induced by colon-26 adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16284-16296. [PMID: 29662645 PMCID: PMC5893240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia in cancer patients, characterized by marked involuntary weight loss and impaired physical function, is associated with a poor prognosis in response to conventional treatment and with an increase in cancer-related mortality. Prevention of skeletal muscle loss under cancer-induced cachexia via inhibition of pro-cachectic factors, as well as a reduction in tumor mass, has been considered reasonable pharmacological and nutritional interventions to treat cancer patients. In this study, we constructed a novel herbal formula, SGE, which contains Ginseng Radix alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba, and Hoelen, examined its anti-cancer and anti-cachexia efficacies. In in vitro experiments, SGE induced death of CT-26 murine colon carcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress, and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines in Raw 264.7 murine macrophage-like cells. In addition, SGE treatment attenuated CT-26-induced C2C12 skeletal muscle cell atrophy as well as CT-26-induced reduction in lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. In CT-26 tumor-bearing mice, daily oral administration of 10 and 50 mg/kg SGE remarkably attenuated the cachexia-related symptoms, including body weight and muscle loss, compared with saline treatment, while food intake was not affected. These data collectively suggest that SGE is beneficial as an anti-cancer adjuvant to treat cancer patients with severe weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeyung Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Im
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
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Lee BJ, Kim HY, Lim SR, Huang L, Choi HK. Discrimination and prediction of cultivation age and parts of Panax ginseng by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186664. [PMID: 29049369 PMCID: PMC5648215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a herb used for medicinal purposes, and its discrimination according to cultivation age has been an important and practical issue. This study employed Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis to obtain a prediction model for discriminating cultivation ages (5 and 6 years) and three different parts (rhizome, tap root, and lateral root) of P. ginseng. The optimal partial-least-squares regression (PLSR) models for discriminating ginseng samples were determined by selecting normalization methods, number of partial-least-squares (PLS) components, and variable influence on projection (VIP) cutoff values. The best prediction model for discriminating 5- and 6-year-old ginseng was developed using tap root, vector normalization applied after the second differentiation, one PLS component, and a VIP cutoff of 1.0 (based on the lowest root-mean-square error of prediction value). In addition, for discriminating among the three parts of P. ginseng, optimized PLSR models were established using data sets obtained from vector normalization, two PLS components, and VIP cutoff values of 1.5 (for 5-year-old ginseng) and 1.3 (for 6-year-old ginseng). To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a novel strategy for rapidly discriminating the cultivation ages and parts of P. ginseng using FT-IR by selected normalization methods, number of PLS components, and VIP cutoff values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Ju Lee
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Youn Kim
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa Rang Lim
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hyung-Kyoon Choi
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Jenkins AL, Morgan LM, Bishop J, Jovanovski E, Jenkins DJA, Vuksan V. Co-administration of a konjac-based fibre blend and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on glycaemic control and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled, cross-over clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2217-2225. [PMID: 28687934 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Use of polypharmacy in the treatment of diabetes is the norm; nonetheless, optimal control is often not achieved. Konjac-glucomannan-based fibre blend (KGB) and American ginseng (AG) have individually been shown to improve glycaemia and CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether co-administration of KGB and AG could improve diabetes control beyond conventional treatment. METHOD Thirty-nine participants with type 2 diabetes (6.5 > A1c < 8.4%) were enrolled between January 2002 and May 2003 at the Risk Factor Modification Centre at St Michaels Hospital in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with each intervention lasting 12-weeks. Medications, diet and lifestyle were kept constant. Interventions consisted of 6 g of fibre from KGB together with 3 g of AG (KGB and AG) or wheat bran-based, fibre-matched control. Primary endpoint was the difference in HbA1c levels at week 12. RESULTS Thirty participants (18M:12F; age: 64 ± 7 years; BMI: 28 ± 5 kg/m2; HbA1c: 7.0 ± 1.0%) completed the study, and consumed 5.5 and 4.9 g/day of fibre from KGB and wheat bran control, respectively, and 2.7 g/day of AG. At week 12, HbA1c levels were 0.31% lower on the KGB and AG compared to control (p = 0.011). Mean (±SEM) plasma lipids decreased on the KGB and AG vs control by 8.3 ± 3.1% in LDL-C (p = 0.002), 7.5 ± 2.4% in non-HDL-C (p = 0.013), 5.7 ± 1.9% in total-C (p = 0.012), 4.1 ± 2.1% in total-C:HDL-C ratio (p = 0.042), 9.0 ± 2.3% in ApoB (p = 0.0005) and 14.6 ± 4.2% in ApoB:ApoA1 ratio (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of KGB and AG increases the effectiveness of conventional therapy through a moderate but clinically meaningful reduction in HbA1c and lipid concentrations over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02806349 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Linda M Morgan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Bishop
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Elena Jovanovski
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David J A Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vladimir Vuksan
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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Chakrabarti S, Sen S, Lui E. Effect of ginseng therapy on diabetes and its chronic complications: lessons learned. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 14:/j/jcim.2017.14.issue-4/jcim-2016-0166/jcim-2016-0166.xml. [PMID: 29345436 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng played a significant role in the management of diabetes in China and in other Asian countries for a long period of time. It has a large number of pharmacological properties and is relatively free from adverse effects. As a part of Ontario Ginseng Research and Innovation Consortium, we investigated the effects of ginseng extract on diabetes and its complications. We demonstrated large number of beneficial effects of ginseng therapy and showed that these effects are possibly mediated through its antioxidant properties. Thus ginseng may lend itself as a relatively safe and inexpensive adjuvant treatment for diabetes and chronic diabetic complications.
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Choi JG, Kim N, Huh E, Lee H, Oh MH, Park JD, Pyo MK, Oh MS. White Ginseng Protects Mouse Hippocampal Cells Against Amyloid-Beta Oligomer Toxicity. Phytother Res 2017; 31:497-506. [PMID: 28112442 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta oligomer (AβO) is a soluble oligomer form of the Aβ peptide and the most potent amyloid-beta form that induces neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the effect of dried white ginseng extract (WGE) on neuronal cell damage and memory impairment in intrahippocampal AβO (10 μM)-injected mice. Mice were treated with WGE (100 and 500 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 12 days after surgery. WGE improved memory impairment by inhibiting hippocampal cell death caused by AβO. In addition, AβO-injected mice treated with WGE showed restoration of reduced synaptophysin and choline acetyltransferase intensity and lower levels of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 in the hippocampus compared with those of vehicle-treated controls. These results suggest that WGE reverses memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease by attenuating neuronal damage and neuroinflammation in the AβO-injected mouse hippocampus. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyu Choi
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Namkwon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Eugene Huh
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- International Ginseng and Herb Research Institute, Geumsan, 32724, Korea
| | - Myeong Hwan Oh
- International Ginseng and Herb Research Institute, Geumsan, 32724, Korea
| | - Jong Dae Park
- International Ginseng and Herb Research Institute, Geumsan, 32724, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Pyo
- International Ginseng and Herb Research Institute, Geumsan, 32724, Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.,Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
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Teng H, Chen L, Fang T, Yuan B, Lin Q. Rb2 inhibits α-glucosidase and regulates glucose metabolism by activating AMPK pathways in HepG2 cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Gupta P, Bala M, Gupta S, Dua A, Dabur R, Injeti E, Mittal A. Efficacy and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: Conventional vs traditional drugs—A mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:636-674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yang JW, Kim SS. Ginsenoside Rc promotes anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by down-regulating C/EBPα and PPARγ. Molecules 2015; 20:1293-303. [PMID: 25594343 PMCID: PMC6272142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng and its major components, the ginsenosides, are widely used in oriental medicine for the prevention of various disorders. In the present study, the inhibitory activity of ginsenoside Rc on adipogenesis was investigated using the 3T3-L1 cell line. The results obtained showed that Rc reduced the proliferation and viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with Rc decreased the number of adipocytes and reduced lipid accumulation in maturing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, demonstrating an inhibitory effect on lipogenesis. Moreover, it was found that Rc directly induced lipolysis in adipocytes and down-regulated the expression of major transcription factors of the adipogenesis pathway, such as PPARγ and C/EBPα. These findings indicate that Rc is capable of suppressing adipogenesis and therefore they seem to be natural bioactive factors effective in adipose tissue mass modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyunghee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
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Phytochemical composition, protective and therapeutic effect on gastric ulcer and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 39:10-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Choi KH, Min JY, Ganesan P, Bae IH, Kwak HS. Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Red Ginseng Extracts or Red Ginseng Hydrolyzates-added Asiago Cheese during Ripening. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:120-6. [PMID: 25557683 PMCID: PMC4283180 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate physicochemical properties of different concentrations (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) of red ginseng hydrolyzates (RGH)- or red ginseng extract (RGE)-added Asiago cheeses (AC) during ripening at 14°C for 4 months. The moisture content significantly increased with increasing concentrations of both RGH- and RGE- added AC (p<0.05). While RGHAC and RGEAC were more yellow and darker with increasing concentrations than that of control (p<0.05), the color was not influenced from the hydrolysis. In texture analysis, hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of RGHAC and RGEAC significantly decreased compared to the control during the ripening (p<0.05). In sensory analysis, bitterness and ginseng flavor and taste scores increased significantly with increasing the concentrations of RGH and RGE during ripening (p<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of RGH and RGE into cheese slightly influenced the properties of Asiago cheese, and similarities were observed between RGHAC and RGEAC. Thus, the lower concentrations (0.1% to 0.3%) of RGH and RGE added to AC were preferred for color, texture, and sensory during the ripening, therefore, these cheeses would be worth developing commercially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hoon Choi
- Department of Food Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang43400, Malaysia
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Department of Food Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang43400, Malaysia
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Food Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang43400, Malaysia
| | - In-Hyu Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 540-950, Korea
| | - Hae-Soo Kwak
- Department of Food Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang43400, Malaysia
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17
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Li KK, Gong XJ. A review on the medicinal potential of Panax ginseng saponins in diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article summarizes the anti-diabetic effects and mechanisms ofPanax ginsengsaponins and its active specific ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Li
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Gong
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
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18
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Ru W, Wang D, Xu Y, He X, Sun YE, Qian L, Zhou X, Qin Y. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.). Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:23-32. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ru
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xianxian He
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Yang-En Sun
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Liyan Qian
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- Shandong Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Glue of Traditional Medicine
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Abstract
Crude extracts from ginseng demonstrated anti-obesity properties. Ginsenoside Rb1 is the main component of ginseng, however, there are only few studies examining its effects in obesity. In the present study, we evaluated its potential anti-obesity effects in the murine model of diet-induced obesity. Seventy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided to consume for 12 weeks either chow diet (N = 8) or high-fat (HF) diet (N = 62). The latter mice were then divided into four groups: diet-induced obesity group (DIO; N = 10), obesity-resistant group (OR; N = 10), HF group (N = 5), and the group whose diet was changed from HF to normal diet (DC; N = 5). Intraperitoneal injections of Rb-1 were administered daily to mice in the DIO and OR groups for 3 weeks. Body weight and energy intake were monitored, and fasting blood glucose, lipids, neuropeptide Y, Y2 receptor, and peptide YY were quantified. Compared with HF group, weight gain and food intake of DIO mice with Rb-1 injection was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Further, levels of blood glucose and some lipids were also decreased in DIO-Rb1 group compared with HF group. Furthermore, Rb1 was also found to modulate serum levels of PYY and NPY, and mRNA expression of NPY, Y2 receptor and PYY in tissue samples of DIO mice. Taken together, ginsenoside Rb1 may be useful in the treatment of obesity via modifying the serum content and mRNA expression of NPY, Y2 receptor and PYY.
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Bang H, Kwak JH, Ahn HY, Shin DY, Lee JH. Korean red ginseng improves glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Food 2014; 17:128-34. [PMID: 24456363 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) supplementation on glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study was a 12-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled (5 g of KRG [n=21] or placebo [n=20] in tablet form) trial. Glucose-related biomarkers, including serum and whole blood levels of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide, were measured by 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. After the intervention, the test group showed a significant decrease in serum levels of glucose at 30 min (-22.24±10.77 mg/dL) and whole blood levels of glucose at 30 min (-17.52±5.22 mg/dL). In addition, the test group tended to have lower whole blood levels of glucose at 0 min and glucose area under curve (AUC). However, the placebo group did not show any changes in blood glucose-related indices. The changes (difference from baseline) in serum glucose levels at 30 min, whole blood glucose levels at 60 min, and glucose AUC during OGTTs in the test group exhibited a tendency toward a decrease from those in the placebo group. There were significant decreases or trends toward a decrease in both serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations at most time intervals in the test group. In conclusion, KRG supplementation (5 g/day) may be beneficial for controlling serum and whole blood glucose levels compared with placebo among patients with IFG, IGT, or T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyangju Bang
- 1 National Leading Research Laboratory for Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Effects of Korean red ginseng supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:494-9. [PMID: 24359773 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized that ginseng has anti-diabetic effects in skeletal muscle, but the mechanism has not been intensively investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats. Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (CON, n = 8) and a Korean red ginseng group (KRG, n = 8). The KRG group ingested RG extract (1 g·kg(-1), 6 days/week) mixed in water for two weeks. After the two-week treatment, plasma lipid profiles, and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured. The triglyceride (TG) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) contents were measured in the skeletal muscle and liver. The rate of glucose transport was determined under a submaximal insulin concentration during muscle incubation. Plasma FFA concentrations were significantly decreased in KRG (P < 0.05). Liver and muscle triglyceride concentrations were also decreased in the KRG treatment group (P < 0.05) compared to the CON group. In addition, resting plasma insulin and glucose levels were significantly lower after Korean red ginseng treatment (P < 0.05). However, muscle glucose uptake was not affected by Korean red ginseng treatment, as evidenced by the rate of glucose transport in the epitorchealis muscle under submaximal insulin concentrations. These results suggest that while KRG supplementation could improve whole body insulin resistance and plasma lipid profiles, it is unlikely to have an effect on the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle, which is the major tissue responsible for plasma glucose handling.
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23
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Cho SH. Red ginseng for atopic dermatitis. World J Dermatol 2014; 3:58-63. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v3.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng is known for its significant biological activities which include anti-inflammation. Red ginseng may be used for the management and prevention of atopic dermatitis based on its effect on an atopic dermatitis animal model. More therapeutic efficacies other than atopic dermatitis are also reviewed briefly.
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Shishtar E, Jovanovski E, Jenkins A, Vuksan V. Effects of Korean White Ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) on Vascular and Glycemic Health in Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Multiple-crossover, Acute Dose Escalation Trial. Clin Nutr Res 2014; 3:89-97. [PMID: 25136536 PMCID: PMC4135246 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (steam treated Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), among most prized traditional herbal remedies, has been clinically shown to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whether this holds true for the dried non-steamed variety, known as Korean white ginseng (KWG) is unclear. This study therefore, investigated the efficacy and safety of escalating doses of KWG on vascular and glycemic parameters in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Using an acute, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, 25 participants with well-controlled T2DM (12-males: 13-females, age: 63 ± 9 years, A1c: 6.9 ± 0.7%, BMI: 29.3 ± 4.3 kg/m2) underwent five visits during which they received 1 g, 3 g, or 6 g KWG or 3 g wheat-bran control (twice) together with 50 g-glucose load. For the duration of 240 minutes, augmentation index (AI), and central blood pressure were measured at baseline and at 60 min-intervals, and ambulatory blood pressure was assessed at baseline and at 10 min-intervals. Additionally, capillary blood was collected at time zero and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes post-treatment. A symptoms questionnaire was used to assess safety and adverse events. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant time-treatment interaction effect on AI (p = 0.01) with one-way ANOVA showing significant reductions in AI with 3 g KWG relative to control (p = 0.04). Compared to control, acute administration of KWG appeared to be safe, but did not affect any other postprandial, vascular or glycemic parameters. KWG might have a beneficial effect on AI, a cumulative indicator of arterial health. However, these results are preliminary and highlight the need for long-term investigation with a focus on its accountable components. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01699074
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra' Shishtar
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Jovanovski
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jenkins
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Vuksan
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Jee HS, Chang KH, Park SH, Kim KT, Paik HD. Morphological Characterization, Chemical Components, and Biofunctional Activities ofPanax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, andPanax notoginsengRoots: A Comparative Study. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.883631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Sen S, Querques MA, Chakrabarti S. North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) prevents hyperglycemia and associated pancreatic abnormalities in diabetes. J Med Food 2014; 16:587-92. [PMID: 23875898 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
North American ginseng (NAG) has received increasing attention as an alternative medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Extract of the NAG root has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties, but the underlying mechanisms for such effects have not been identified. Here we investigated the effects of NAG root extract on type 1 and 2 diabetes and the underlying mechanisms involved for such effects. Type 1 [C57BL/6 mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induction] and type 2 (db/db) diabetic models were examined. Groups of diabetic mice (both type 1 and 2) were treated with alcoholic extract of the NAG root (200 mg/kg BW/day, oral gavage) for 1 or 2 months following onset of diabetes. Ginseng treatment significantly increased the body weight in type 1 diabetic animals in contrast to the type 2 model, where it caused diminution of body weight. Blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels diminished in the diabetic groups of both models with NAG treatment. Interestingly, plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly increased in the STZ-diabetic mice, whereas they were reduced in the db/db mice following NAG treatment. Histological and morphometric analyses (islet/pancreas ratio) of the pancreas revealed an increase in the islet area following the treatment compared to both the untreated diabetic groups. These data indicate that NAG possibly causes regeneration of β-cells resulting in enhanced insulin secretion. On the other hand, in type 2 diabetes, the additional effects of NAG on body weight might have also resulted in improved glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrojit Sen
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Prescription pattern of chinese herbal products for diabetes mellitus in taiwan: a population-based study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:201329. [PMID: 23843864 PMCID: PMC3703417 DOI: 10.1155/2013/201329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), when given as a therapy for symptom relief, has gained widespread popularity among diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to analyze the utilization of TCM among type 2 diabetic patients in Taiwan. Methods. The use of TCM for type 2 diabetic patients were evaluated using a randomly sampled cohort of 1,000,000 beneficiaries recruited from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Results. Overall, 77.9% (n = 31,289) of type 2 diabetic patients utilized TCM and 13.9% (n = 4,351) of them used TCM for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Among the top ten most frequently prescribed herbal formulae, four remedies, Zhi-Bo-Di-Huang-Wan, Qi-Ju-Di-Huang-Wan, Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan and Ba-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan are derivative formulae of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan. In other words, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan and its derivatives were found to be the most common herbal formulae prescribed by TCM doctors for the treatment of diabetes in Taiwan. Conclusion. Although some evidence does support the use TCM to treat diabetes, the results from the current study may have been confounded by placebo effect, which emphasize the need for well conducted, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies in order to further evaluate the efficacy of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan on patients with type 2 diabetes.
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28
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Yuan HD, Kim JT, Kim SH, Chung SH. Ginseng and diabetes: the evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:27-39. [PMID: 23717101 PMCID: PMC3659569 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng exhibits pleiotropic beneficial effects on cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and immune system. In the last decade, numerous preclinical findings suggest ginseng as a promising therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. The mechanism of ginseng and its active components is complex and is demonstrated to either modulate insulin production/secretion, glucose metabolism and uptake, or inflammatory pathway in both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manners. However, human studies are remained obscure because of contradictory results. While more studies are warranted to further understand these contradictions, ginseng holds promise as a therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the evidences for the therapeutic potential of ginseng and ginsenosides from in vitro studies, animal studies and human clinical trials with a focus on diverse molecular targets including an AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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29
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Ha TS, Lee JS, Choi JY, Park HY. Ginseng total saponin modulates podocyte p130Cas in diabetic condition. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:94-9. [PMID: 23717162 PMCID: PMC3659616 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinuric conditions demonstrate structural and compositional changes of the foot processes and slit diaphragms between podocytes. p130Cas in podocytes serves as an adapter protein anchoring glomerular basement membrane to actin filaments of podocyte cytoskeleton. To investigate the effect of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the pathologic changes of podocyte p130Cas induced by diabetic conditions, we cultured mouse podocytes under: 1) normal glucose (5 mM, control); 2) high glucose (HG, 30 mM); 3) advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE)-added; or 4) HG plus AGE-added conditions and treated with GTS. In confocal imaging, p130Cas colocalized with zonula occludens-1 and synaptopodin connecting to F-actin. However, diabetic conditions relocalized p130Cas molecules at perinuclear cytoplasmic area and reduced the intensity of p130Cas. In Western blotting, diabetic conditions, especially HG plus AGE-added condition, decreased cellular p130Cas protein levels at 24 and 48 h. GTS improved such quantitative and qualitative changes. These findings imply that HG and AGE have an influence on the redistribution and amount of p130Cas of podocytes, which can be reversed by GTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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30
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Park EY, Kim HJ, Kim YK, Park SU, Choi JE, Cha JY, Jun HS. Increase in Insulin Secretion Induced by Panax ginseng Berry Extracts Contributes to the Amelioration of Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocininduced Diabetic Mice. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:153-60. [PMID: 23717115 PMCID: PMC3659577 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. More recently, it has received attention for its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects in humans and in animal models of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we tested the hypoglycemic effects of ginseng berry extract in beta-cell-deficient mice and investigated the mechanisms involved. Red (ripe) and green (unripe) berry extracts were prepared and administered orally (100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice daily for 10 wk. The body weight was measured daily, and the nonfasting blood glucose levels were measured after 5 and 10 wk after administration. Glucose tolerance tests were performed, and the serum insulin levels were measured. The proliferation of betacells was measured in vitro. The administration of red or green ginseng berry extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels and improved the glucose tolerance in beta-cell deficient mice, with the higher doses resulting in better effects. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was significantly increased in berry extract-treated mice compared with streptozotocin-induced diabetic control mice. Treatment with ginseng berry extract increased beta-cell proliferation in vitro. Both red berry and green berry extracts improved glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and increased insulin secretion, possibly due to increased beta-cell proliferation. These results suggest that ginseng berry extracts might have beneficial effects on beta-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Park
- Laboratory of Beta Cell Biology and Autoimmunity, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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Etemadifar M, Sayahi F, Abtahi SH, Shemshaki H, Dorooshi GA, Goodarzi M, Akbari M, Fereidan-Esfahani M. Ginseng in the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:480-6. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.764499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Niu J, Pi ZF, Yue H, Yang H, Wang Y, Yu Q, Liu SY. Effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on streptozotocin-induced experimental type 2 diabetic rats: a urinary metabonomics study by rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2683-2689. [PMID: 23124658 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 is an active component of Panax ginseng. It is known that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has a protective effect against hyperglycemia, obesity and diabetes in vivo, but the precise mechanisms of these actions have not yet been entirely elucidated. METHODS A urinary metabonomics method based on rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (RRLC/MS) was developed to investigate the effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on type 2 diabetic rats. RESULTS With multivariate statistical analysis, a clear separation between type 2 diabetic rats and those treated with 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was achieved. Six potential biomarkers were found and identified. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that the mechanism of the effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on type 2 diabetes may be involved with the regulation of nucleic acid metabolism, energy metabolism and gut flora metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Niu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
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Hong YJ, Kim N, Lee K, Hee Sonn C, Eun Lee J, Tae Kim S, Ho Baeg I, Lee KM. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) ameliorates type 1 diabetes and restores immune cell compartments. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:225-233. [PMID: 22925946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Historical records reveal that in traditional medicine, a disease similar to diabetes was treated with ginseng. Korean red ginseng has been considered beneficial as a dietary supplement for its anti-diabetic potential. AIM This study was designed to investigate the prophylactic potential of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Radix Rubra) in a well-established mouse model of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS The prophylactic effect of KRG extract was evaluated in mice fed with KRG extract for two weeks prior to induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Glucose levels and glucose challenge test results of KRG-treated diabetic mice were compared to those of untreated diabetic mice and healthy control mice. Examination of the immune compartments in lymphoid organs and immunohistochemical staining of pancreas for islet cell morphology and insulin producing beta cells were performed. RESULTS KRG extract significantly lowered blood glucose levels to an average of 250mg/dl from 350mg/dl and improved glucose challenge testing when applied as prophylaxis. Histological findings indicated that KRG extract protected against STZ-induced destruction of pancreatic tissue and restored insulin secretion. Strikingly, this effect was accompanied by restoration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs, suggesting that KRG extract facilitated immune homeostasis. CONCLUSION This is the first report to demonstrate the prophylactic function of KRG extract in ameliorating the hyperglycemia of T1D. Immune compartments of diabetic mice were found to be preserved in KRG-treated mice suggesting that Korean red ginseng may benefit T1D patients, not only for its hypoglycemic but also for its immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Hong
- Global Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Lee SH, Lee HJ, Lee YH, Lee BW, Cha BS, Kang ES, Ahn CW, Park JS, Kim HJ, Lee EY, Lee HC. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves insulin sensitivity in high fat fed Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytother Res 2011; 26:142-7. [PMID: 22034219 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have documented that ginseng has antidiabetic and antiobesity effects, but the mechanism of the effects has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG, Panax ginseng) and investigate the mechanism of antidiabetic and antiobesity effects in obese insulin resistant animal models. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups: a control group (group I) fed a normal diet, another group (group II) fed only high fat diet (HFD) and a third group (group III) fed HFD with KRG (200 mg/kg, oral) for 18 weeks. The body weight, food intake, adipose tissues, liver, kidney, pancreas, adiponectin, and leptin were measured. Blood glucose, insulin tolerance test, and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp test were investigated. A significant weight reduction, especially fat mass reduction, was observed in the KRG treated group. Increased insulin sensitivity was found in the KRG treated group. We observed increased insulin signalling, increased phosphorylation of IR, IRS-1, Akt, and membranous GLUT4 in muscle by Western blotting assay. In conclusion, KRG may have antidiabetic and antiobesity effects due to partly increased insulin sensitivity by increased adipokine and partly enhanced insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Ha TS, Choi JY, Park HY, Lee JS. Ginseng total saponin improves podocyte hyperpermeability induced by high glucose and advanced glycosylation endproducts. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1316-21. [PMID: 22022184 PMCID: PMC3192343 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.10.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular hyperpermeability as a result of impaired glomerular filtration structure caused by hyperglycemia, glycated proteins or irreversible advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE). To investigate the effect of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the pathologic changes of podocyte ZO (zonula occludens)-1 protein and podocyte permeability induced by diabetic conditions, we cultured mouse podocytes under: 1) normal glucose (5 mM, = control); 2) high glucose (HG, 30 mM); 3) AGE-added; or 4) HG plus AGE-added conditions and treated with GTS. HG and AGE increased the dextran filtration of monolayered podocytes at early stage (2-8 hr) in permeability assay. In confocal imaging, ZO-1 colocalized with actin filaments and β-catenin at cell contact areas, forming intercellular filtration gaps. However, these diabetic conditions suppressed ZO-1 immunostainings and disrupted the linearity of ZO-1. In Western blotting, diabetic conditions also decreased cellular ZO-1 protein levels at 6 hr and 24 hr. GTS improved such quantitative and qualitative changes. These findings imply that HG and AGE have an influence on the redistribution and amount of ZO-1 protein of podocytes thereby causing hyperpermeability at early stage, which can be reversed by GTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
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De Souza LR, Jenkins AL, Sievenpiper JL, Jovanovski E, Rahelić D, Vuksan V. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) root fractions: differential effects on postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:245-250. [PMID: 21619921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Variations in ginsenoside profile may predict the postprandial glucose (PPG)-lowering efficacy of ginseng. Previously we reported differential PPG-lowering effects with two Korean red ginseng (KRG) root. FRACTIONS: body and rootlets, of variable ginsenoside profiles. Whether this effect is reproducible with a different KRG source is unclear. We therefore tested two root fractions from a KRG source with elevated ginsenoside levels to assess its effect on PPG. MATERIALS AND METHODS After a 12-h overnight fast, 13 healthy individuals (6M:7F; age=28 ± 10 y; BMI=24.1 ± 3 kg/m2; FBG=4.77 ± 0.04 mmol/L) randomly received either 3g of KRG-body, rootlets or placebo, on three separate visits. Treatments were consumed 60 min prior to a standard test meal with capillary blood samples at -60, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. RESULTS The KRGrootlets had>6 fold total ginsensosides than the KRG-body but did not significantly affect PPG. Despite a reduced ginsenoside profile, KRG-body lowered PPG levels at 45, 60, 90 and 120 min during the test (p<0.05), rendering an overall reduction of 27% in incremental area under the glucose curve compared to the control (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Comparing the results with a previously studied batch of KRG suggests a potential therapeutic dose range for ginsenosides. This observation should be clinically verified with acute screening and ginsenoside composition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne R De Souza
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 70 Richmond St. E., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C1N8
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Prabhakar PK, Doble M. Mechanism of action of natural products used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:563-74. [PMID: 21826590 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by insufficient or inefficient insulin secretary response and it is characterized by increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). DM is a heterogonous group of syndromes. Glucose is the main energy source for the body, and in the case of DM, management of glucose becomes irregular. There are three key defects in the onset of hyperglycemia in DM, namely increased hepatic glucose production, diminished insulin secretion, and impaired insulin action. Conventional drugs treat diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production and/or decreasing the amount of glucose in blood. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mode of action of most popular hypoglycemic herbs, such as ginseng, bitter melon, fenugreek, banaba, Gymnema sylvestre and Coptis chinensis. The herbs act by increasing insulin secretion, enhancing glucose uptake by adipose and skeletal muscle tissues, inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Although evidence from animals and humans consistently supports the therapeutic effect of these phytomedicines, multicenter large-scale clinical trials have not been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these herbal medicines and their interaction with conventional drugs when administered simultaneously.
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Effects of Steaming Time and Frequency for Manufactured Red Liriope platyphylla on the Insulin Secretion Ability and Insulin Receptor Signaling Pathway. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:117-26. [PMID: 21826171 PMCID: PMC3146006 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In oriental medicine, Liriope platyphylla (LP) has long been regarded as a curative herb useful for the treatment of diabetes, asthma, and neurodegenerative disorders. The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of steaming time and frequency for manufactured Red LP (RLP) on insulin secretion ability and insulin receptor signaling pathway. To achieve our goal, several types of LPs manufactured under different conditions were applied to INS cells and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ICR mice, after which alterations in insulin concentrations were detected in the culture supernatants and sera. The optimal concentration for the investigation of insulin secretion ability was found to be 50 ug/mL of LP. At this concentration, maximum insulin secretion was observed in the INS cells treated with LP extract steamed for 3 h (3-SLP) with two repeated steps (3 h steaming and 24 h air-dried) carried out 9 times (9-SALP); no significant changes in viability were detected in any of the treated cells. Additionally, the expression and phosphorylation levels of most components in the insulin receptor signaling pathway were increased significantly in the majority of cells treated with steaming-processed LP as compared to the cells treated with LP prepared without steaming. With regard to glucose transporter (GLUT) expression, alterations of steaming time induced similar responses on the expression levels of GLUT-2 and GLUT-3. However, differences in steaming frequency were also shown to induce dose-dependent responses in the expression level of GLUT-2 only; no significant differences in GLUT-3 expression were detected under these conditions. Furthermore, these responses observed in vitro were similarly detected in STZ-induced diabetic mice. 24-SLP and 9-SALP treatment applied for 14 days induced the down-regulation of glucose concentration and upregulation of insulin concentration. Therefore, these results indicated that the steaming processed LP may contribute to the relief of diabetes symptoms and should be regarded as an excellent candidate for a diabetes treatment.
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Wee J, Park K, Chung AS. Biological Activities of Ginseng and Its Application to Human Health. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Hu C, Wei H, Kong H, Bouwman J, Gonzalez-Covarrubias V, van der Heijden R, Reijmers TH, Bao X, Verheij ER, Hankemeier T, Xu G, van der Greef J, Wang M. Linking biological activity with herbal constituents by systems biology-based approaches: effects of Panax ginseng in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:3094-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yuan HD, Kim SJ, Quan HY, Huang B, Chung SH. Ginseng Leaf Extract Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia through AMPK Activation. J Ginseng Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Tinworth KD, Harris PA, Sillence MN, Noble GK. Potential treatments for insulin resistance in the horse: A comparative multi-species review. Vet J 2010; 186:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xiong Y, Shen L, Liu KJ, Tso P, Xiong Y, Wang G, Woods SC, Liu M. Antiobesity and antihyperglycemic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats. Diabetes 2010; 59:2505-12. [PMID: 20682695 PMCID: PMC3279544 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and type 2 diabetes are national and worldwide epidemics. Because currently available antiobesity and antidiabetic drugs have limited efficacy and/or safety concerns, identifying new medicinal agents, such as ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) as reported here, offers exciting possibilities for future development of successful antiobesity and antidiabetic therapies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Changes in feeding behavior after acute intraperitoneal administration of Rb1 and the effects of intraperitoneal Rb1 for 4 weeks on body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were assessed. We also examined the effects of Rb1 on signaling pathways and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. RESULTS Acute intraperitoneal Rb1 dose-dependently suppressed food intake without eliciting signs of toxicity. This inhibitory effect on feeding may be mediated by central mechanisms because Rb1 stimulated c-Fos expression in brain areas involved in energy homeostasis. Consistent with this, Rb1 activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and inhibited NPY gene expression in the hypothalamus. Four-week administration of Rb1 significantly reduced food intake, body weight gain, and body fat content and increased energy expenditure in HFD-induced obese rats. Rb1 also significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance, and these effects were greater than those observed in pair-fed rats, suggesting that although Rb1's antihyperglycemic effect is partially attributable to reduced food intake and body weight; there may be additional effects of Rb1 on glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These results identify Rb1 as an antiobesity and antihyperglycemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding author: Min Liu,
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Cha JY, Park EY, Kim HJ, Park SU, Nam KY, Choi JE, Jun HS. Effect of White, Taegeuk, and Red Ginseng Root Extracts on Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Muscle Cells and Proliferation of β-cells. J Ginseng Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Effects of Korean white ginseng extracts on obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:367-76. [PMID: 20862608 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the anti-obesity effect and mechanism of action of Korean white ginseng extracts (KGE) using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), HFD or HFD containing 0.8 and 1.6% (w/w) KGE diet (HFD + 0.8KGE and HFD + 1.6KGE) for 8 weeks. We also examined the effects of KGE on plasma triglyceride (TG) elevation in mice administrated with oral lipid emulsion. Body weight gain and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight were significantly decreased in the HFD + 1.6KGE group, compared with the HFD group. The plasma TG levels were also significantly reduced in both HFD + 0.8KGE and HFD + 1.6KGE groups, while leptin levels were significantly decreased in only the HFD + 1.6KGE group, compared with the HFD group. The HFD + 1.6KGE group showed significantly lower mRNA levels of lipogenesis-related genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ2 (PPARγ2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), compared with the HFD group. In addition, a dose of 1000 mg/kg KGE inhibited the elevation of plasma TG levels compared with mice given the lipid emulsion alone. These results suggest that the anti-obesity effects of KGE may be elicited by regulating expression of lipogenesis-related genes in WAT and by delaying intestinal fat absorption.
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Kim SJ, Yuan HD, Chung SH. Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses hepatic glucose production via AMP-activated protein kinase in HepG2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:325-8. [PMID: 20118562 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is known to have anti-diabetic activity, but the active ingredients are not yet fully identified. In this study, we found the inhibitory effect of Rg(1) on hepatic glucose production through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in HepG2 cells. Rg(1) significantly inhibited hepatic glucose production in a concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was reversed in the presence of compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor. In addition, Rg(1) markedly induced the phosphorylations of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMPK and forkhead box class O1 (FoxO1), a key transcription factor for gluconeogenic enzymes, in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities were inhibited by 24% and 21%, respectively, when the cells were exposed to 40 microM of Rg(1), resulting from phosphorylation of FoxO1 and inhibition of gluconeogenic gene expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated the suppressive effect of Rg(1) on hepatic glucose production via LKB1-AMPK-FoxO1 pathway in HepG2 human hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jip Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Peng D, Xie J. Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions. Chin Med 2009; 4:20. [PMID: 19849852 PMCID: PMC2770043 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng root is used more often than other parts such as leaf stem although extracts from ginseng leaf-stem also contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. Ginseng's leaf-stems are more readily available at a lower cost than its root. This article reviews the pharmacological effects of ginseng leaf-stem on some diseases and adverse effects due to excessive consumption. Ginseng leaf-stem extract contains numerous active ingredients, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, volatile oils, polyacetylenic alcohols, peptides, amino acids and fatty acids. The extract contains larger amounts of the same active ingredients than the root. These active ingredients produce multifaceted pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, as well as on the cardiovascular, reproductive and metabolic systems. Ginseng leaf-stem extract also has anti-fatigue, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. In normal use, ginseng leaf-stem extract is quite safe; adverse effects occur only when it is over dosed or is of poor quality. Extracts from ginseng root and leaf-stem have similar multifaceted pharmacological activities (for example central nervous and cardiovascular systems). In terms of costs and source availability, however, ginseng leaf-stem has advantages over its root. Further research will facilitate a wider use of ginseng leaf-stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Liu Z, Wang LJ, Li X, Hu JN, Chen Y, Ruan CC, Sun GZ. Hypoglycemic effects of malonyl-ginsenosides extracted from roots ofPanax ginsengon streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1426-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Conventional drugs treat diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production and/or decreasing the amount of glucose in blood. Several herbal preparations are used to treat diabetes, but their reported hypoglycemic effects are complex or even paradoxical in some cases. This article reviews recent findings about some of the most popular hypoglycemic herbs, such as ginseng, bitter melon and Coptis chinensis. Several popular commercially available herbal preparations are also discussed, including ADHF (anti-diabetes herbal formulation), Jiangtangkeli, YGD (Yerbe Mate-Guarana-Damiana) and BN (Byakko-ka-ninjin-to). The efficacy of hypoglycemic herbs is achieved by increasing insulin secretion, enhancing glucose uptake by adipose and muscle tissues, inhibiting glucose absorption from intestine and inhibiting glucose production from heptocytes.
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