1
|
Georganaki M, van Hooren L, Dimberg A. Vascular Targeting to Increase the Efficiency of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3081. [PMID: 30627131 PMCID: PMC6309238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Boosting natural immunity against malignant cells has had a major breakthrough in clinical cancer therapy. This is mainly due to the successful development of immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, which release a break on cytolytic anti-tumor-directed T-lymphocytes. However, immune checkpoint blockade is only effective for a proportion of cancer patients, and a major challenge in the field is to understand and overcome treatment resistance. Immune checkpoint blockade relies on successful trafficking of tumor-targeted T-lymphocytes from the secondary lymphoid organs, through the blood stream and into the tumor tissue. Resistance to therapy is often associated with a low density of T-lymphocytes residing within the tumor tissue prior to treatment. The recruitment of leukocytes to the tumor tissue relies on up-regulation of adhesion molecules and chemokines by the tumor vasculature, which is denoted as endothelial activation. Tumor vessels are often poorly activated due to constitutive pro-angiogenic signaling in the tumor microenvironment, and therefore constitute barriers to efficient leukocyte recruitment. An emerging possibility to enhance the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy is to combine pro-inflammatory drugs with anti-angiogenic therapy, which can enable tumor-targeted T-lymphocytes to access the tumor tissue by relieving endothelial anergy and increasing adhesion molecule expression. This would pave the way for efficient immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we review the current understanding of the biological basis of endothelial anergy within the tumor microenvironment, and discuss the challenges and opportunities of combining vascular targeting with immunotherapeutic drugs as suggested by data from key pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georganaki
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luuk van Hooren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Zuo Z, Huang X, Liu J, Jin G, Su D. Identification of endothelial selectin as a potential prognostic marker in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9908-9916. [PMID: 29928363 PMCID: PMC6004648 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial selectin (ELAM1 or CD62E) has been previously reported as being associated with the prognosis of multiple types of cancer. However, its prognostic value in breast cancer (BC) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of ELAM1 mRNA expression in BC tissue. The prognostic value of ELAM1 mRNA was assessed in patients with BC using the Kaplan-Meier plotter (KM-plot) database. The KM-plot generated updated ELAM1 mRNA expression data and survival analysis from a total of 3,951 patients with BC, gathered from 35 datasets. Low expression of ELAM1 mRNA was correlated with a poorer overall survival in 1,402 patients with BC followed for 20 years [hazard ratio (HR), 0.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57–0.88; log-rank P=0.0016]. Low expression of ELAM1 was also correlated with poorer relapse-free survival (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62–0.77; log-rank P=2.2e-11) in 3,951 patients and poorer distant metastasis-free survival (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65–0.96; log-rank P=0.02) in 1,746 patients with BC followed for 20 years. Results from the Metabolic gEne RApid visualizer database indicated that ELAM1 mRNA expression was elevated in normal tissue. The results of the present study suggest that ELAM1 mRNA is a potential prognostic and metastatic marker in patients with BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Zuo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guanqiao Jin
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Danke Su
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu X, Giobbie-Hurder A, Liao X, Lawrence D, McDermott D, Zhou J, Rodig S, Hodi FS. VEGF Neutralization Plus CTLA-4 Blockade Alters Soluble and Cellular Factors Associated with Enhancing Lymphocyte Infiltration and Humoral Recognition in Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:858-868. [PMID: 27549123 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune recognition of tumor targets by specific cytotoxic lymphocytes is essential for the effective rejection of tumors. A phase I clinical trial of ipilimumab (an antibody that blocks CTLA-4 function) in combination with bevacizumab (an antibody that inhibits angiogenesis) in patients with metastatic melanoma found favorable clinical outcomes were associated with increased tumor endothelial activation and lymphocyte infiltration. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we sought features and factors that changed as a function of treatment in patients. Ipilimumab plus bevacizumab (Ipi-Bev) increased tumor vascular expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1. Treatment also altered concentrations of many circulating cytokines and chemokines, including increases of CXCL10, IL1α, TNFα, CXCL1, IFNα2, and IL8, with decreases in VEGF-A in most patients. IL1α and TNFα induced expression of E-selectin, CXCL1, and VCAM1 on melanoma tumor-associated endothelial cells (TEC) in vitro and promoted adhesion of activated T cells onto TEC. VEGFA inhibited TNFα-induced expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 and T-cell adhesion, which was blocked by bevacizumab. CXCL10 promoted T-cell migration across TEC in vitro, was frequently expressed by melanoma cells, and was upregulated in a subset of tumors in treated patients. Robust upregulation of CXCL10 in tumors was accompanied by increased T-cell infiltration. Ipi-Bev also augmented humoral immune responses recognizing targets in melanoma, tumor endothelial, and tumor mesenchymal stem cells. Our findings suggest that Ipi-Bev therapy augments immune recognition in the tumor microenvironment through enhancing lymphocyte infiltration and antibody responses. IL1α, TNFα, and CXCL10, together with VEGF neutralization, contribute to Ipi-Bev-induced melanoma immune recognition. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(10); 858-68. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anita Giobbie-Hurder
- Center for Immuno-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoyun Liao
- Center for Immuno-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald Lawrence
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Rodig
- Center for Immuno-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Melanoma Disease Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu Z, Brooks SA, Dormoy V, Hsu CW, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Massfelder T, Rathmell WK, Xia M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Prudhomme KR, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Lowe L, Jensen L, Bisson WH, Kleinstreuer N. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S184-202. [PMID: 26106137 PMCID: PMC4492067 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 685 4606; Fax: +1-614-247-7205;
| | - Samira A. Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kalan R. Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate
, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advance Research), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden and
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NIEHS, MD K2-16, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dowlatshahi M, Huang V, Gehad A, Jiang Y, Calarese A, Teague JE, Dorosario A, Cheng J, Nghiem P, Schanbacher C, Thakuria M, Schmults C, Wang LC, Clark RA. Tumor-specific T cells in human Merkel cell carcinomas: a possible role for Tregs and T-cell exhaustion in reducing T-cell responses. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1879-89. [PMID: 23419694 PMCID: PMC3691077 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) are rare but highly malignant skin cancers associated with a recently described polyomavirus. MCC tumors were infiltrated by T cells, including effector, central memory, and regulatory T cells. Infiltrating T cells showed markedly reduced activation as evidenced by reduced expression of CD69 and CD25. Treatment of MCC tumors in vitro with IL-2 and IL-15 led to T-cell activation, proliferation, enhanced cytokine production, and loss of viable tumor cells from cultures. Expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes showed TCR repertoire skewing and upregulation of CD137. MCC tumors implanted into immunodeficient mice failed to grow unless human T cells in the tumor grafts were depleted with denileukin diftitox, suggesting that tumor-specific T cells capable of controlling tumor growth were present in MCC. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells were frequent in MCC. Fifty percent of nonactivated T cells in MCC-expressed PD-1, a marker of T-cell exhaustion, and PD-L1 and PD-L2 were expressed by a subset of tumor dendritic cells and macrophages. In summary, we observed tumor-specific T cells with suppressed activity in MCC tumors. Agents that stimulate T-cell activity, block regulatory T cell function, or inhibit PD-1 signaling may be effective in the treatment of this highly malignant skin cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Dowlatshahi
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center and the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Victor Huang
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center and the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ahmed Gehad
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center and the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ying Jiang
- Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Adam Calarese
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Jessica E. Teague
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center and the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jingwei Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical School, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Carl Schanbacher
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Manisha Thakuria
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center and the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chrysalyne Schmults
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center and the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Linda C. Wang
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma Program, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21202
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center and the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nitric oxide-producing myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit vascular E-selectin expression in human squamous cell carcinomas. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2642-51. [PMID: 22718118 PMCID: PMC3449043 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are sun-induced skin cancers that are particularly numerous and aggressive in immunosuppressed individuals. SCC evade immune detection at least in part by down-regulating E-selectin on tumor vessels, thereby restricting entry of skin homing T cells into tumors. We find that nitric oxide potently suppresses E-selectin expression on human endothelial cells and that SCC are infiltrated by nitric oxide-producing iNOS+ CD11b+ CD33+ CD11c− HLA-DR− myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). MDSC from SCC produced NO, TGFβ and arginase and inhibited endothelial E-selectin expression in vitro. MDSC from SCC expressed the chemokine receptor CCR2 and tumors expressed the CCR2 ligand HBD3, suggesting CCR2-HBD3 interactions may contribute to MDSC recruitment to SCC. Treatment of SCC in vitro with the iNOS inhibitor L-NNA induced E-selectin expression at levels comparable to imiquimod-treated SCC undergoing immunologic destruction. Our results suggest that local production of NO in SCC may impair vascular E-selectin expression. We show that MDSC are critical producers of NO in SCC and that NO inhibition restores vascular E-selectin expression, potentially enhancing T cell recruitment. iNOS inhibitors and other therapies that reduce NO production may therefore be effective in the treatment of SCC and their premalignant precursor lesions actinic keratoses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Elliott RL, Head JF. Cancer: Tumor Iron Metabolism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Tumor Immunosuppression; “A Tight Partnership—Was Warburg Correct?”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.34039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Tumor evasion from T cell surveillance. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:918471. [PMID: 22190859 PMCID: PMC3228689 DOI: 10.1155/2011/918471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An intact immune system is essential to prevent the development and progression of neoplastic cells in a process termed immune surveillance. During this process the innate and the adaptive immune systems closely cooperate and especially T cells play an important role to detect and eliminate tumor cells. Due to the mechanism of central tolerance the frequency of T cells displaying appropriate arranged tumor-peptide-specific-T-cell receptors is very low and their activation by professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, is frequently hampered by insufficient costimulation resulting in peripheral tolerance. In addition, inhibitory immune circuits can impair an efficient antitumoral response of reactive T cells. It also has been demonstrated that large tumor burden can promote a state of immunosuppression that in turn can facilitate neoplastic progression. Moreover, tumor cells, which mostly are genetically instable, can gain rescue mechanisms which further impair immune surveillance by T cells. Herein, we summarize the data on how tumor cells evade T-cell immune surveillance with the focus on solid tumors and describe approaches to improve anticancer capacity of T cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Trimble CL, Clark RA, Thoburn C, Hanson NC, Tassello J, Frosina D, Kos F, Teague J, Jiang Y, Barat NC, Jungbluth AA. Human papillomavirus 16-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in humans excludes CD8 T cells from dysplastic epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7107-14. [PMID: 21037100 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-grade cervical dysplasia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 is a lesion that should be susceptible to an HPV-specific immune response; disease initiation and persistence is predicated on expression of two viral Ags, E6 and E7. In immune-competent subjects, at least 25% of HPV16(+) high-grade cervical dysplasia lesions undergo complete regression. However, in the peripheral blood, naturally occurring IFN-γ T cell responses to HPV E6 and E7 are weak, requiring ex vivo sensitization to detect, and are not sufficiently sensitive to predict regression. In this study, we present immunologic data directly assessing cervical lymphocytes from this cohort. We found that nearly all cervical tissue T cells express the mucosal homing receptor, α(4)β(7) surface integrin. T cells isolated from dysplastic mucosa were skewed toward a central memory phenotype compared with normal mucosal resident T cells, and dysplastic lesions expressed transcripts for CCL19 and CCL21, raising the possibility that the tissue itself sustains a response that is not detectable in the blood. Moreover, lesion regression in the study window could retrospectively be predicted at study entry by the ability of CD8(+) T cells to gain access to lesional epithelium. Vascular endothelial expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, the ligand that supports entry of α(4)β(7)(+) T cells into tissues, colocalized tightly with the distribution of CD8 T cells and was not expressed in persistent dysplastic epithelium. These findings suggest that dysregulated expression of vascular adhesion molecules plays a role in immune evasion very early in the course of HPV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia L Trimble
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Teresa DB, Santos RA, Takahashi CS, Carrara HH, Moreira HW, Mattos LC, Lia-Neto N, Cunha LA, Bassi CL, Soares EG, Donadi EA, Mello ER, Soares CP. Polymorphisms of Lewis and Secretor genes are related to breast cancer and metastasis in axillary lymph nodes. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:401-9. [PMID: 20514537 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABH and Lewis antigen expression has been associated with cancer development and prognosis, tumor differentiation, and metastasis. Considering that invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) presents multiple molecular alterations, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the polymorphism of ABO, Lewis, and Secretor genes, as well as ABO phenotyping, could be associated with tumor differentiation and lymph nodes metastasis. Seventy-six women with IDC and 78 healthy female blood donors were submitted to ABO phenotyping/genotyping and Lewis and Secretor genotyping. Phenotyping was performed by hemagglutination and genotyping by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. ABO, Lewis, and Secretor genes were classified by individual single nucleotide polymorphism at sites 59, 1067, 202, and 314 of the Lewis gene, 428 of the Secretor gene, and 261 (O1 allele), 526 (O2 and B allele), and 703 (B allele). No association was found between breast cancer and ABO antigen expression (P = 0.9323) or genotype (P = 0.9356). Lewis-negative genotype was associated with IDC (P = 0.0126) but not with anatomoclinical parameters. Nonsecretor genotype was associated with axillary lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0149). In conclusion, Lewis and Secretor genotyping could be useful to predict respectively breast cancer susceptibility and axillary lymph nodes metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Barreto Teresa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, University of São Paulo State, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, 14 801 902, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Montes-Sánchez D, Ventura JL, Mitre I, Frías S, Michán L, Espejel-Nuñez A, Vadillo-Ortega F, Zentella A. Glycosylated VCAM-1 isoforms revealed in 2D western blots of HUVECs treated with tumoral soluble factors of breast cancer cells. BMC CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:7. [PMID: 19930605 PMCID: PMC2787495 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Several common aspects of endothelial phenotype, such as the expression of cell adhesion molecules, are shared between metastasis and inflammation. Here, we analyzed VCAM-1 variants as biological markers of these two types of endothelial cell activation. With the combination of 2-DE and western blot techniques and the aid of tunicamycin, we analyzed N-glycosylation variants of VCAM-1 in primary human endothelial cells stimulated with either TNF or tumoral soluble factors (TSF's) derived from the human breast cancer cell line ZR75.30. Results Treatments induced a pro-adhesive endothelial phenotype. 2D western blots analysis of cells subjected to both treatments revealed the expression of the two known VCAM-1 isoforms and of previously unknown isoforms. In particular TSFZR75.30 induced an isoform with a relative molecular mass (Mr) and isoelectric point (pI) of 75-77 kDa and 5.0, respectively. Conclusion The unknown isoforms of VCAM-1 that were found to be overexpressed after treatment with TSF's compared with TNF, could serve as biomarkers to discriminate between inflammation and metastasis. 2D western blots revealed three new VCAM-1 isoforms expressed in primary human endothelial cells in response to TSF stimulation. Each of these isoforms varies in Mr and pI and could be the result of differential glycosylation states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delina Montes-Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Interior apartado postal 70228, CP04510, México DF.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Imiquimod enhances IFN-gamma production and effector function of T cells infiltrating human squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2676-85. [PMID: 19516264 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are sun-induced skin cancers that are particularly numerous and aggressive in patients taking T-cell immunosuppressant medications. Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist that induces the immunological destruction of SCC and other skin cancers. TLR7 activation by imiquimod has pleiotropic effects on innate immune cells, but its effects on T cells remain largely uncharacterized. Because tumor destruction and formation of immunological memory are ultimately T-cell-mediated effects, we studied the effects of imiquimod therapy on effector T cells infiltrating human SCC. SCC treated with imiquimod before excision contained dense T-cell infiltrates associated with tumor cell apoptosis and histological evidence of tumor regression. Effector T cells from treated SCC produced more IFN-gamma, granzyme, and perforin and less IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) than T cells from untreated tumors. Treatment of normal human skin with imiquimod induced activation of resident T cells and reduced IL-10 production but had no effect on IFN-gamma, perforin, or granzyme, suggesting that these latter effects arise from the recruitment of distinct populations of T cells into tumors. Thus, imiquimod stimulates tumor destruction by recruiting cutaneous effector T cells from blood and by inhibiting tonic anti-inflammatory signals within the tumor.
Collapse
|
13
|
Baar J, Silverman P, Lyons J, Fu P, Abdul-Karim F, Ziats N, Wasman J, Hartman P, Jesberger J, Dumadag L, Hohler E, Leeming R, Shenk R, Chen H, McCrae K, Dowlati A, Remick SC, Overmoyer B. A vasculature-targeting regimen of preoperative docetaxel with or without bevacizumab for locally advanced breast cancer: impact on angiogenic biomarkers. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3583-90. [PMID: 19417018 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Taxanes have effects on angiogenesis causing difficulties in separating biological effects of chemotherapy from those due to angiogenesis inhibitors. This randomized phase II trial was designed to evaluate the additional biomarker effect on angiogenesis when bevacizumab is added to docetaxel. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with inoperable breast cancer were randomized to either 2 cycles of preoperative docetaxel (D) 35 mg/m(2) i.v. weekly for 6 weeks, followed by a 2-week break; or docetaxel with bevacizumab 10 mg/kg i.v. every other week for a total of 16 weeks (DB). Plasma and serum markers of endothelial damage, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), and tumor microvessel density were assessed before treatment and at the end of each preoperative cycle. RESULTS Forty-nine patients were randomized (DB, 24; D, 25). There was no difference in overall clinical response, progression-free survival, or overall survival. Vascular endothelial growth factor increased during treatment; more so with DB (P < 0.0001). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) also increased (P < 0.0001); more so with DB (P = 0.069). Intercellular adhesion molecule increased (P = 0.018) and E-selectin decreased (P = 0.006) overall. Baseline levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectin correlated with clinical response by univariate analysis. DCE-MRI showed a greater decrease in tumor perfusion calculated by initial area under the curve for the first 90 seconds in DB (P = 0.024). DCE-MRI also showed an overall decrease in tumor volume (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Bevacizumab plus docetaxel caused a greater increase in vascular endothelial growth factor and VCAM-1, and a greater reduction in tumor perfusion by DCE-MRI compared with docetaxel. Clinical outcomes of inoperable breast cancer were predicted by changes in VCAM-1 and E-selectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Baar
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clark RA, Huang SJ, Murphy GF, Mollet IG, Hijnen D, Muthukuru M, Schanbacher CF, Edwards V, Miller DM, Kim JE, Lambert J, Kupper TS. Human squamous cell carcinomas evade the immune response by down-regulation of vascular E-selectin and recruitment of regulatory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2221-34. [PMID: 18794336 PMCID: PMC2556796 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin are sun-induced skin cancers that are particularly numerous in patients on T cell immunosuppression. We found that blood vessels in SCCs did not express E-selectin, and tumors contained few cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)(+) T cells, the cell type thought to provide cutaneous immunosurveillance. Tumors treated with the Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonist imiquimod before excision showed induction of E-selectin on tumor vessels, recruitment of CLA(+) CD8(+) T cells, and histological evidence of tumor regression. SCCs treated in vitro with imiquimod also expressed vascular E-selectin. Approximately 50% of the T cells infiltrating untreated SCCs were FOXP3(+) regulatory T (T reg) cells. Imiquimod-treated tumors contained a decreased percentage of T reg cells, and these cells produced less FOXP3, interleukin (IL)-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Treatment of T reg cells in vitro with imiquimod inhibited their suppressive activity and reduced FOXP3, CD39, CD73, IL-10, and TGF-beta by indirect mechanisms. In vivo and in vitro treatment with imiquimod also induced IL-6 production by effector T cells. In summary, we find that SCCs evade the immune response at least in part by down-regulating vascular E-selectin and recruiting T reg cells. TLR7 agonists neutralized both of these strategies, supporting their use in SCCs and other tumors with similar immune defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Clark
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weishaupt C, Munoz KN, Buzney E, Kupper TS, Fuhlbrigge RC. T-Cell Distribution and Adhesion Receptor Expression in Metastatic Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2549-56. [PMID: 17473183 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic malignant melanoma is a devastating disease with a poor prognosis. Recent therapeutic trials have focused on immunotherapy to induce development of endogenous antitumor immune responses. To date, such protocols have shown success in activation of tumor-specific CTL but no overall improvement in survival. To kill tumor, antigen-specific CTL must efficiently target and enter tumor tissue. The purpose of this study was to examine the pathway of leukocyte migration to metastatic melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Peripheral blood and metastatic melanoma tissues (n = 65) were evaluated for expression of adhesion molecules using immunohistochemistry of tumor sections and flow cytometry of tumor-associated and peripheral blood CTL and compared with healthy controls. CTL expressing T-cell receptors for the melanoma antigen MART-1 were identified in a subset of samples by reactivity with HLA-A2 tetramers loaded with MART-1 peptide. RESULTS Results show that the majority of metastatic melanoma samples examined do not express the vascular adhesion receptors E-selectin (CD62E), P-selectin (CD62P), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) on vessels within the tumor boundaries. Strong adhesion receptor expression was noted on vessels within adjacent tissue. Tumor-associated T lymphocytes accumulate preferentially in these adjacent areas and are not enriched for skin- or lymph node-homing receptor phenotype. CONCLUSION Expression of leukocyte homing receptors is dysregulated on the vasculature of metastatic melanoma. This results in a block to recruitment of activated tumor-specific CTL to melanoma metastases and is a likely factor limiting the effectiveness of current immunotherapy protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Weishaupt
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu H, Kho AT, Kohane IS, Sun Y. Predicting survival within the lung cancer histopathological hierarchy using a multi-scale genomic model of development. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e232. [PMID: 16800721 PMCID: PMC1483910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histopathologic heterogeneity of lung cancer remains a significant confounding factor in its diagnosis and prognosis-spurring numerous recent efforts to find a molecular classification of the disease that has clinical relevance. METHODS AND FINDINGS Molecular profiles of tumors from 186 patients representing four different lung cancer subtypes (and 17 normal lung tissue samples) were compared with a mouse lung development model using principal component analysis in both temporal and genomic domains. An algorithm for the classification of lung cancers using a multi-scale developmental framework was developed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted for lung adenocarcinoma patient subgroups identified via their developmental association. We found multi-scale genomic similarities between four human lung cancer subtypes and the developing mouse lung that are prognostically meaningful. Significant association was observed between the localization of human lung cancer cases along the principal mouse lung development trajectory and the corresponding patient survival rate at three distinct levels of classical histopathologic resolution: among different lung cancer subtypes, among patients within the adenocarcinoma subtype, and within the stage I adenocarcinoma subclass. The earlier the genomic association between a human tumor profile and the mouse lung development sequence, the poorer the patient's prognosis. Furthermore, decomposing this principal lung development trajectory identified a gene set that was significantly enriched for pyrimidine metabolism and cell-adhesion functions specific to lung development and oncogenesis. CONCLUSIONS From a multi-scale disease modeling perspective, the molecular dynamics of murine lung development provide an effective framework that is not only data driven but also informed by the biology of development for elucidating the mechanisms of human lung cancer biology and its clinical outcome.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/classification
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Carcinoid Tumor/chemistry
- Carcinoid Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoid Tumor/mortality
- Carcinoid Tumor/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, cdc
- Genomics
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lung/chemistry
- Lung/embryology
- Lung/growth & development
- Lung Neoplasms/chemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/classification
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Pyrimidines/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Species Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Liu
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ho JW, Poon RT, Tong CS, Fan ST. Clinical significance of serum vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2014-8. [PMID: 15237425 PMCID: PMC4572324 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the correlation between serum vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels and clinicopathological features in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: Ninety-six patients who underwent HCC resection were recruited in the study. Preoperative serum levels of soluble VCAM-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS: Serum VCAM-1 level in HCC patients was inversely correlated with platelet count (r = -0.431, P < 0.001) and serum albumin level (r = -0.279, P < 0.001), and positively correlated with serum bilirubin level (r = 0.379, P < 0.001). Serum VCAM-1 level was not associated with tumor characteristics such as tumor size, venous invasion, presence of microsatellite nodules, tumor grade and tumor stage. Serum VCAM-1 level was significantly higher in HCC patients with cirrhosis compared with those without cirrhosis (median 704 vs 546 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significantly better disease-free survival was observed in HCC patients with low VCAM-1 level (P = 0.019).
CONCLUSION: Serum VCAM-1 level appears to reflect the severity of underlying chronic liver disease rather than the tumor status in HCC patients, and low preoperative serum VCAM-1 level is predictive of better disease-free survival after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna-W Ho
- Centre for the Study of Liver Disease, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leckel K, Beecken WD, Jonas D, Oppermann E, Coman MC, Beck KF, Cinatl J, Hailer NP, Auth MKH, Bechstein WO, Shipkova M, Blaheta RA. The immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil impairs the adhesion capacity of gastrointestinal tumour cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:238-45. [PMID: 14616783 PMCID: PMC1808871 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression correlates with the development and recurrence of cancer. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been shown to reduce adhesion molecule expression and leucocyte recruitment into the donor organ. We have hypothesized that MMF might also prevent receptor-dependent tumour dissemination. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of MMF on tumour cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and compared them with the effects on T cell-endothelial cell interactions. Influence of MMF on cellular adhesion to HUVEC was analysed using isolated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, or WiDr colon adenocarcinoma cells as the model tumour. HUVEC receptors ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin were detected by flow cytometry, Western blot or Northern blot analysis. Binding activity of T cells or WiDr cells in the presence of MMF were measured using immobilized receptor globulin chimeras. MMF potently blocked both T cell and WiDr cell binding to endothelium by 80%. Surface expression of the endothelial cell receptors was reduced by MMF in a dose-dependent manner. E-selectin mRNA was concurrently reduced with a maximum effect at 1 microm. Interestingly, MMF acted differently on T cells and WiDr cells. Maximum efficacy of MMF was reached at 10 and 1 microm, respectively. Furthermore, MMF specifically suppressed T cell attachment to ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and P-selectin. In contrast, MMF prevented WiDr cell attachment to E-selectin. In conclusion, our data reveal distinct effects of MMF on both T cell adhesion and tumour cell adhesion to endothelial cells. This suggests that MMF not only interferes with the invasion of alloactivated T cells, but might also be of value in managing post-transplantation malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Leckel
- Zentrum der Chirurgie, Klinik für Allgemein- und Gefässchirurgie, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|