Evaluation of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential of hesperidin and naringin on the rat air pouch model of inflammation

An updated and comprehensive review of the health benefits and pharmacological activities of hesperidin

OBJECTIVES

This review aims to comprehensively assess the health benefits and pharmacological activities of hesperidin, a flavonoid commonly found in citrus fruits. It consolidates recent research findings to provide insights into hesperidin's diverse health-promoting effects.

KEY FINDINGS

Hesperidin has gained significant attention recently for its notable pharmacological activities and potential health benefits. Studies reveal its antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative damage, and its anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes. Also, hesperidin shows promise in cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels and enhancing endothelial function. It also exhibits anticancer potential by hindering cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing tumour growth. Moreover, hesperidin demonstrates neuroprotective effects, potentially mitigating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, it displays beneficial effects in metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease by influencing glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity.

SUMMARY

Hesperidin exhibits a wide range of health benefits and pharmacological activities, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions in various diseases. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, anticancer, neuroprotective, and metabolic effects underscore its potential as a valuable natural compound for promoting health and preventing chronic diseases.

Safety evaluation and modulatory effects on innate immune system of pyrazoline-derived compounds

Pyrazolines are compounds that have been studied for their strong biological potential and structure diversity. Several studies demonstrated their biological effectiveness, highlighting their anti-inflammatory potential. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical profile, the safety, and the anti-inflammatory effects of four pyrazolines (PH0, PH3, PH4, and PH7). Initially, in silico analysis were performed on SwissADME and QSAR Toolbox platforms. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by in vitro and in vivo methodologies. Neutrophils collected from mice peritoneum and macrophages immortalized cell line (Raw 264.7) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and subsequent measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 cytokines were performed by ELISA method. The effect on cell migration was evaluated by chemotaxis assay. The effect on efferocytosis was investigated using senescent neutrophils and macrophages from mice's bone marrow. The in silico results suggest suitable properties for a pharmacological prototype for oral administration, with no significant toxic effects. All compounds significantly reduced NO levels, as well as levels of IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 cytokines. Also, they were able to reduce cell migration and increase efferocytosis. The in vivo air pouch model confirmed the effects of pyrazolines on cell kinetics and on the levels of cytokines (IL-1β and TNF) on the air pouch lavage. All of the pyrazolines evaluated showed to have positive effects on mechanisms that modulate the inflammatory response. Furthermore, the in silico analysis suggests that chemical changes in the structure can lead to improvement of the biological and pharmacokinetics proprieties.

Hesperidin in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Integrated Analysis of Traditional Pharmacology and Machine Learning-Based Therapeutic Predictions

Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid abundantly found in citrus fruits, offers a myriad of health benefits. With the food industry extensively utilizing citrus fruits, particularly for juice production, substantial quantities of by-products such as peels, seeds, cells, and membrane residues accumulate. Remarkably, these by-products serve as a valuable source of hesperidin. Consequently, the extraction of hesperidin from these by-products has garnered significant scientific interest, aiming to harness its potential as a natural antioxidant. By shedding light on these aspects, this review provides a comprehensive review of hesperidin's role in enhancing human well-being, particularly in the context of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). By synthesizing current research, we elucidate the compound's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, which may mitigate symptoms associated with CFS. Furthermore, we introduce machine learning methodologies to predict hesperidin's efficacy in clinical settings, offering a novel perspective on personalized nutrition strategies. Our findings underscore the need for further empirical studies to validate these predictions and explore hesperidin's mechanisms of action. This review not only bridges the gap between nutrition science and pharmacology but also highlights the promising future of hesperidin as a nutraceutical in combating chronic health conditions.

Effects of Hesperidin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

CONTEXT

Hesperidin is a naturally occurring bioactive compound that may influence cardiometabolic markers, but the existing evidence is inconclusive.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to further investigate the effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiometabolic markers in adults.

DATA SOURCES

A comprehensive search was conducted up to August 2023, utilizing relevant key words in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, focusing on randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

DATA EXTRACTION

RCTs that examined the impact of hesperidin on fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were selected independently by 2 authors. The GRADE assessment was used to ascertain the certainty of the evidence. Results were pooled using a random-effects model as weighted mean differences and 95% CIs.

DATA ANALYSIS

The results of this study demonstrate that hesperidin supplementation had a significant impact on reducing FBS, TG, TC, LDL-C, SBP, and TNF-α. However, there was no significant effect observed on insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, HDL-C, DBP, and hs-CRP. The study's subgroup analyses also revealed that interventions lasting more than 12 weeks were effective in reducing FBS, TG, TC, and LDL-C. Moreover, hesperidin dosage exceeding 500 mg/day showed significance in reducing FBS, TC, and LDL-C levels.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this research suggests that hesperidin can be consumed as an effective dietary approach to enhance cardiometabolic markers.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022325775.

Anti-obesity effects of ethanol extract of green Citrus junos peel enriched in naringin and hesperidin in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Green Citrus junos (yuja) peel extract has higher naringin and hesperidin contents and antioxidant activity than yellow yuja peel extract, but its anti-obesity effects are unclear. This study examined the anti-obesity properties of green yuja peel ethanol extract (GYE) in 3T3-L1 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice.

MATERIALS/METHODS

The effects of GYE on adipocyte differentiation were assessed by measuring Oil red O staining, mRNA and protein expression. The beneficial effects of GYE on HFD-induced obese mice were evaluated using the body weight, body composition, visceral fat size, and biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

GYE inhibited adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation compared to the control cells, as evidenced by Oil red O staining and the triglyceride level, respectively. GYE down-regulated the adipogenic genes CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and lipogenic gene diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2). GYE at 100 μg/mL downregulated the phosphorylation levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt), and their downstream targets PPARγ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1c) compared to the control group. In obese mice, GYE (100 mg/kg/day) reduced the body weight, body weight gain, and serum lipid level compared to the control group. Analysis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry showed that GYE decreased the fat percentage, fat in tissue, and abdominal circumference, while it increased the lean percentage compared to control group. Furthermore, GYE significantly reduced the visceral fat weight and size compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

GYE suppressed adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt pathway in vitro and reduced the body fat mass and visceral adiposity in HFD-induced obese mice. These findings suggest that GYE is a viable natural option for combating obesity.

Tagetes erecta L.: A traditional medicine effective in inflammatory process treatment

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae), popularly known as Aztec Marigold, is used in folk medicine to treat several ailments including inflammatory processes. Despite its historical use, the specific mechanisms through which it may modulate inflammation, particularly its effects on neutrophils and macrophages activation, have not yet been completely investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from T. erecta flowers, focusing on its role in the regulation of neutrophil and macrophage functions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The production of TNF, IL-6, CXCL-1, IL-1β, IL-10 (ELISA) and NO (Griess reaction), adhesion molecule expression (CD62L, CD49d and CD18, flow cytometry), and chemotaxis were analyzed in vitro using oyster glycogen-recruited peritoneal neutrophils or macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with the extract (1, 10 or 100 μg/mL). The resolution of inflammation was accessed by efferocytosis assay. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice orally treated with the T. erecta extract (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg). The leukocyte influx (optical microscopy), secretion of chemical mediators (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1β, ELISA) and protein exudation (Bradford reaction) were quantified in the inflamed exudate.

RESULTS

In vitro studies demonstrated that the extract inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis and reduced the production and/or release of cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, CXCL1, and IL-6) as well as nitric oxide (NO) by neutrophils and macrophages when stimulated with LPS. Neutrophils treated with LPS and incubated with the extract showed an increase in CD62L expression, which leads to the impairment of neutrophil adhesion. The extract also enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages, which was accompanied by increased IL-10 secretion and decreased TNF levels. In vivo studies yielded similar results, showing reduction in neutrophil migration, protein exudation, and cytokine release (TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β).

CONCLUSIONS

Together, the data herein obtained shows that T. erecta flower extract has anti-inflammatory effects by regulating inflammatory mediators, limiting neutrophil migration, and promoting efferocytosis. The in vivo results suggest that an herbal medicine made with T. erecta could represent an interesting pharmacological tool for the treatment of acute inflammatory condition.

Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Naringin in Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Topical treatments are recommended for all patients regardless of severity, making it essential to develop an effective topical AD treatment with minimal side effects; We investigated the efficacy of topical application of naringin in AD and explored the possible mechanisms using an AD mouse model induced by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Clinical, histological, and immunological changes related to AD and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling proteins in the skin tissues were measured as outcomes; Naringin treatment resulted in a significant improvement in dermatitis severity score and reduced epidermal thickness and mast cell count in the skin (p < 0.05). Naringin also demonstrated the ability to inhibit DNCB-induced changes in interleukin (IL) 4, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 17, CCL22, IL1β, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and IL13 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (p < 0.05). Western blot results exhibited the decreased JAK1, JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, phospho-STAT3, and STAT6 expression in the naringin-treated groups (p < 0.05); The findings of this study suggest that topical naringin may effectively improve the symptoms of AD and could be used as a therapeutic agent for AD.

Screening and analysis of the targeted compounds in Choerospondias axillaris extract by receptor chromatographic column with immobilized angiotensin II type 1 receptor

As a result of the lack of modern techniques, the study of Tibetan medicine has been hindered in identifying bioactive compounds. Herein, we established a chromatographic approach using an immobilized angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) via a one-step method triggered by haloalkane dehalogenase. The bioactive compounds from Choerospondias axillaris (Guangzao) were screened and identified using the immobilized AT1R followed by MS. Frontal analysis (FA) and adsorption energy distribution (AED) were used to evaluate the association constants. Molecular docking was used to investigate the binding configurations, and the surface efficiency index, binding efficiency index, and ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) were calculated to assess the drug-like properties. The results identified naringenin, pinocembrin, and chrysin as the compounds that specifically bind to AT1R in Guangzao. FA and AED confirmed that there is only one type of binding site between these compounds and AT1R. The association constants were (2.40 ± 0.02) × 104 M-1 for naringenin (5.22 ± 0.26) × 104 M-1 for pinocembrin, and (4.27 ± 0.14) × 104 M-1 for chrysin, respectively. These compounds can bind with AT1R through the orthosteric binding pocket. Naringenin exhibited better LLE than pinocembrin and chrysin. These results confirmed the feasibility of using the immobilized AT1R column for screening and analyzing bioactive compounds in Tibetan medicines.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of the New Tetrahydropyran Derivative (2s,6s)-6-ethyl-tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl) Methanol

BACKGROUND

The development of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs plays a crucial role in modern medicine, aiming to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation in patients. Opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are groups of drugs conventionally used to treat pain and inflammation, but a wide range of adverse effects and ineffectiveness in some pathological conditions leads us to search for new drugs with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

OBJECTIVES

In this regard, the authors intend to investigate the ((2s,6s)-6-ethyl-tetrahydro-2h-pyran- 2-yl) methanol compound (LS20) on pain and acute inflammation.

METHODS

Male Swiss mice were evaluated using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, and tail-flick as models of nociceptive evaluation and edema paw, air pouch and cell culture as models of inflammatory evaluation besides the rotarod test for assessment of motor impairment.

RESULTS

The compound showed an effect on the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin and tail-flick tests. Studying the mechanism of action, reversion of the antinociceptive effect of the compound was observed from previous intraperitoneal administration of selective and non-selective opioid antagonists on the tail flick test. In addition, the compound induced an antiedematogenic effect and reduced leukocyte migration and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the air pouch model. LS20 was able to maintain cell viability, in addition to reducing cell production of TNF-α and IL-6.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the LS20 compound presented an antinociceptive effect, demonstrating the participation of the opioid system and an anti-inflammatory effect related to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The compound also demonstrated safety at the cellular level.

Naringin ameliorates liver fibrosis in zebrafish by modulating IDO1-mediated lipid metabolism and inflammatory infiltration

Liver fibrosis (LF) is an important reparative process in response to acute or chronic hepatic injury, which has the potential to advance towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dietary naringin consumption contributes to protection against LF in animal studies, while the exact protective mechanism of naringin remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the potential protective effect of naringin against TAA-induced LF in zebrafish. In this study, we utilized zebrafish to create the LF model and investigate the therapeutic mechanism of naringin. Firstly, we evaluated the changes in hepatic fibrosis and lipid accumulation in the liver following naringin treatment with oil red O, Nile red, and Sirius red and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we employed an ROS probe to directly measure oxidative stress and monitor inflammatory cell migration in a zebrafish transgenic line. Morpholino was used in the knockdown of IDO1 in order to verify its vital role in LF. Our findings demonstrated that naringin exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic action in conjunction with a reversal in lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and suppression of macrophage infiltration and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Furthermore, the results showed that the antifibrotic effect of naringin was removed upon IDO1 knockdown, proving that naringin exerts a protective effect by regulating IDO1. Naringin demonstrates remarkable protective effects against LF, effectively counteracting inflammation and hepatic steatosis in zebrafish liver. These findings suggest that naringin may function as an effective IDO1 inhibitor, holding the potential for clinical translation as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of LF.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of N'-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)benzylidene)-2-cyanoacetohydrazide Derivative via sGC-NO/Cytokine Pathway

The N-acylhydrazone function has been reported as a pharmacophore group of molecules with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the compound N'-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)benzylidene)-2-cyanoacetohydrazide (JR19) in vivo. The study started with the carrageenan-induced peritonitis model, followed by an investigation of leukocyte migration using the subcutaneous air pouch test and an assessment of the antinociceptive profile using formalin-induced pain. A preliminary molecular docking study focusing on the crystallographic structures of NFκB, iNOS, and sGC was performed to determine the likely mechanism of action. The computational study revealed satisfactory interaction energies with the selected targets, and the same peritonitis model was used to validate the involvement of the nitric oxide pathway and cytokine expression in the peritoneal exudate of mice pretreated with L-NAME or methylene blue. In the peritonitis assay, JR19 (10 and 20 mg/kg) reduced leukocyte migration by 59% and 52%, respectively, compared to the vehicle group, with the 10 mg/kg dose used in subsequent assays. In the subcutaneous air pouch assay, the reduction in cell migration was 66%, and the response to intraplantar formalin was reduced by 39%, particularly during the inflammatory phase, suggesting that the compound lacks central analgesic activity. In addition, a reversal of the anti-inflammatory effect was observed in mice pretreated with L-NAME or methylene blue, indicating the involvement of iNOS and sGC in the anti-inflammatory response of JR19. The compound effectively and significantly decreased the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, and IFN-γ, and this effect was reversed in animals pretreated with L-NAME, supporting a NO-dependent anti-inflammatory effect. In contrast, pretreatment with methylene blue only reversed the reduction in TNF-α levels. Therefore, these results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of the novel N-acylhydrazone derivative, which acts through the nitric oxide pathway and cytokine signaling, making it a strong candidate as an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent.

Virtual screening indicates potential inhibitors of the P2X7 receptor

Anti-inflammatory agents can be synthetic or natural compounds and are often used to attenuate different levels of inflammation. Inflammatory diseases, due to the involvement of multiple systems, are becoming difficult to treat, involve long durations of therapy where applicable, have a high cost of management and have a deleterious impact on public health. The search for natural and synthetic compounds with anti-inflammatory activity is an important strategy in drug design. Bioactive synthetic drugs may be repurposed for other pharmacological applications, and natural product chemical structures offer unlimited opportunities for new drug discoveries due to the unparalleled availability of chemical diversity. Virtual screening of 2774 molecules on the mouse P2X7 protein showed that potential ligands are composed of five flavonoids (narirutin, diosmin, complanatuside, hesperidin, and oroxin B) and other drugs such as velpatasvir, itacitinib and lifitegrast. In vitro studies in mouse cells confirmed the inhibitory activity of the indicated ligands on the P2X7 receptor by applying virtual screening. The behavior of protein bonded to the ligands was verified by analysis of the molecular dynamic simulation trajectories for four of the most potent inhibitor compounds, indicating that the ligands velpatasvir, itacitinib, lithospermic acid and narirutin remained in the binding site indicated by molecular docking.

Neuroinflammation and hypersensitivity evidenced by the acute and 28-DAY repeated dose toxicity tests of ostrich oil in mice

The ostrich oil (OO) has been topically used for decades to treat skin diseases. Its oral use has been encouraged through e-commerce advertising several health benefits to OO without scientific evidence on its safety or effectiveness. This study presents the chromatographic profile of a commercially available OO and its acute and 28-day repeated dose in vivo toxicological profiles. OO anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects were also investigated. Omega-9 (ω-9; oleic acid; 34.6%) and -6 (linoleic acid; 14.9%) were detected as OO main constituents. A high single dose of the OO (2 g/kg of ω-9) demonstrated no or low acute toxicity. However, when orally treated with OO (30-300 mg/kg of ω-9) for 28 consecutive days, mice exhibited altered locomotor and exploratory activities, hepatic damage, and increased hindpaw sensitivity accompanied by increased levels of cytokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in their spinal cords and brains. Lack of anti-inflammatory or antinociceptive activities was also evidenced in 15-day-OO treated mice. These results indicate that chronic consumption of OO induces hepatic injury, in addition to neuroinflammation and subsequent hypersensitivity and behavioural changes. Thus, there is no evidence to support OO use to treating illness in humans.

Genetic Diversity Assessment of Spanish and Some Endangered Tunisian Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Accessions Based on Microsatellite Markers (SSRs)

In the current investigation, 28 accessions of Spanish and Tunisian peas were characterized by eight SSR polymorphic markers to assess their genetic diversity. Many methods have been applied to evaluate these relationships including diversity indices, analysis of molecular variance, cluster analysis, and population structure. The means of diversity indices, the polymorphism information content (PIC), the allelic richness, and the Shannon information index were 0.51, 3.87, and 0.9, respectively. These results revealed a large polymorphism (84.15 %) which produced a higher degree of genetic distance amongst the accessions. The unweighted pair group approach with arithmetic mean divided the collection of these accessions into three major genetic clusters. Therefore, this article has clearly demonstrated the usefulness of the SSR markers that can significantly contribute to the management and conservation of pea germplasm in these countries, as well as to future reproduction.

Mathematical Modelling of Convective Drying of Orange By-Product and Its Influence on Phenolic Compounds and Ascorbic Acid Content, and Its Antioxidant Activity

Orange peel is one of the main by-products from juice processing, and is considered as a promising source of phenolic compounds with anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and antioxidant properties. The drying is an essential step to ensure the storage of this by-product at an industrial level, in order to use it as a functional ingredient or as a nutraceutical. Thus, this research focuses on the evaluation of the effect of the convective air-drying process in orange by-products at three different temperatures (40, 60 and 80 °C) and air flows (0, 0.8 and 1.6 m/s) on the phenolic content (measured by HPLC-MS), the antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP), and the vitamin C content (measured by HPLC-UV/VIS). Moreover, the mathematical modelling of its drying kinetics was carried out to examine the orange by-product behavior. Among the tested mathematical models, the Page model reported the highest fit and the best drying conditions, which showed the lowest reductions were at 60 °C with an air flow of 1.6 m/s and taking 315 min.

Therapeutic potential of naringin in improving the survival rate of skin flap: A review

Naringin is the main component of Drynaria. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that naringin has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-ulcer, and anti-osteoporosis effects. Its therapeutic effects have been observed in various clinical models, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and rheumatic diseases. This review investigates the pharmacological effects of naringin and the associated mechanisms in improving flap survival. This review will also provide a reference for future rational application of naringin, especially in research to improve flap survival.

Naringin attenuates fructose-induced NAFLD progression in rats through reducing endogenous triglyceride synthesis and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

Background: Excessive fructose consumption causes hepatic lipid accumulation via increased triglyceride (TG) synthesis, leading to the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD). Naringin, a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruit, has antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of naringin on fructose-induced NAFLD in rats and the possible underlying mechanism. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were given 10% (w/v) fructose in drinking water for 12 weeks. Naringin (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats for the last 4 weeks of fructose overload. After 12 weeks of treatment, the hepatic lipid content was determined. In addition, the expression of proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and TG synthesis as well as antioxidant and inflammatory mediators in the liver were examined by western blot analysis. Results: Treatment of fructose-fed rats with naringin significantly decreased the hepatic TG and cholesterol content as well as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. Naringin treatment also decreased the hepatic expression of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and nuclear SREBP-1c (nSREBP-1c) as well as enzymes involved in DNL (acetyl CoA carboxylase [ACC] and fatty acid synthase [FAS]) and an enzyme involved in TG synthesis (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 [GPAT-1] and diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 [DGAT2]) in fructose-fed rats. In addition, naringin induced a significant decrease in the hepatic expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Furthermore, naringin administration restored the expression of the antioxidant mediators nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the liver of fructose-fed rats. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that oral administration of naringin protects against fructose-induced hepatic steatosis by decreasing DNL and TG synthesis. In addition, naringin could prevent NAFLD progression via targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 and the NF-κB/TNF-α pathways.

Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi): A multi-efficacy pericarp in treating cardiovascular diseases

Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) has been utilized as a versatile medicinal herb with wide cardiovascular benefits in Asian nations for centuries. Accumulating evidence suggests that CRP and its components are effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Studies show that the two most bioactive components of CRP are flavonoids and volatile oils. The cardiovascular protective effects of CRP have attracted considerable research interest due to its hypolipidemic, antiplatelet activity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Hereby, we provide a rigorous and up-to-date overview of the cardiovascular protective properties and the potential molecular targets of CRP, and finally highlight the pharmacokinetics and the therapeutic potential of the main pharmacologically active components of CRP to treat CVDs.

A novel gedunin-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex improves anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of gedunin in rodents

Gedunin is a bioactive compound, obtained from Entandrophragma angolense (EA), which has limited therapeutic usefulness due to poor aqueous solubility and first-pass effects. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides that form complexes with poorly soluble compounds, thus enhancing their pharmacological activity. In this article, we evaluated the pharmacological activities of gedunin-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex (GCD) in rodents. The antinociceptive activity of GCD (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) and Gedunin (50mg/kg) was tested in acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in carrageenan-induced paw oedema and air pouch inflammation models in rats. Leucocytes counts, Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) level, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and myeloperoxidase enzyme activities were assessed in the air pouch exudate. The GCD (200mg/kg) significantly decreased writhing response, reduced licking duration and decreased oedema compared with gedunin and control. Exudate volume and leucocyte count were significantly reduced by GCD (200 mg/kg), it decreased myeloperoxidase activity and inhibited TNF-α release. The carrageenan-induced GSH depletion, increased malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were significantly reversed by GCD (200 mg/kg) relative to gedunin and control.  The GCD complex demonstrated significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities relative to gedunin alone via mechanisms associated with inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in rodents.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Abrus Cantoniensis (Abriherba) by Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect

Abrus cantoniensis is a Chinese herbal medicine with efficacy in clearing heat and detoxification, as well as relieving liver pain. The whole plant, except the seeds, can be used and consumed. Flavonoids have been found in modern pharmacological studies to have important biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The antibacterial and antioxidant bioactivities of the total flavonoids of Abrus cantoniensis (ATF) have been widely reported in national and international journals, but there are fewer studies on their anti-inflammatory effects. The present study focused on the optimization of the ultrasonic extraction process of ATF by response surface methodology and the study of its anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the factors that had a great impact on the ATF extraction were the material-to-liquid ratio, ultrasonic extraction cycles and ethanol concentration. The best extraction process used a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:47, ultrasonic extraction cycles of 4 times, an ethanol concentration of 50%, an ultrasonic extraction time of 40 min and an ultrasonic power of 125 W. Under these conditions, the actual extraction rate of total flavonoids was 3.68%, which was not significantly different from the predicted value of 3.71%. In an in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, ATF was found to be effective in alleviating LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced inflammation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. In an in vivo anti-inflammatory assay, ATF was found to have a significant inhibitory effect on xylene-induced ear swelling in mice and cotton ball granuloma in mice, and the inhibitory effect was close to that of the positive control drug dexamethasone. This may provide a theoretical basis for the further development of the medicinal value of Abrus cantoniensis.

Chemical Variation of Chenpi (Citrus Peels) and Corresponding Correlated Bioactive Compounds by LC-MS Metabolomics and Multibioassay Analysis

The peel of Citrus reticulata “Chachi” (CP) possesses various health-promoting benefits and is not only one of the most famous Chinese herbal medicine, but also an ingredient in fermented foods. In the present study, the effects of storage years (1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 11-years) on the chemical profiling and potential bioactive compounds of CP were compared by metabolomics and in vitro bioactivity analysis. With the increase of storage time, the content of hesperidin significantly decreased, but nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, and tangeretin were increased. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of CP was enhanced. Phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, fatty acids, and alkyl glycosides were marker compounds that were responsible for distinguishing the storage time of CP. Correlation analysis suggested that some polyphenols including quercetin-glucoside, quinic acid, trihydroxydimethoxyflavone, and rutin were potential antioxidant compounds in CP. The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions showed the better antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effects on glucose-hydrolysis enzymes. They mainly contained ferulic acid, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, kaempferol, and hesperidin.

Can Antioxidants Reduce the Toxicity of Bisphenol?

BPA is still the subject of extensive research due to its widespread use, despite its significant toxicity resulting not only from its negative impact on the endocrine system but also from disrupting the organism’s oxidative homeostasis. At the molecular level, bisphenol A (BPA) causes an increased production of ROS and hence a change in the redox balance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and modulation of cell signaling pathways. Importantly, these changes accumulate in animals and humans, and BPA toxicity may be aggravated by poor diet, metabolic disorders, and coexisting diseases. Accordingly, approaches using antioxidants to counteract the negative effects of BPA are being considered. The preliminary results that are described in this paper are promising, however, it should be emphasized that further studies are required to determine the optimal dosage and treatment regimen to counteract BPA toxicity. It also seems necessary to have a more holistic approach showing, on the one hand, the influence of BPA on the overall human metabolism and, on the other hand, the influence of antioxidants in doses that are acceptable with the diet on BPA toxicity. This is due in part to the fact that in many cases, the positive effect of antioxidants in in vitro studies is not confirmed by clinical studies. For this reason, further research into the molecular mechanisms of BPA activity is also recommended.

Sambucus nigra: A traditional medicine effective in reducing inflammation in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sambucus nigra L. is a plant of European origin and popularly known as elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry, and European black elderberry, being described in pharmacopoeia of several countries. Its flowers and berries have been used in folk medicine to treat feverish conditions, coughing, nasal congestion, and influenza besides its popular use as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic agent.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory and the relaxant effect of the lyophilized aqueous extract obtained from S. nigra's flowers on in vivo and in vitro inflammation assays and on the isolated rat vascular and airway smooth muscle tissue.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was investigated using carrageenan-induced inflammation model in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice orally treated with S. nigra extract (30, 100, 300 or 600 mg/kg). Leukocyte influx and the secretion of chemical mediators were quantified in the inflamed exudate. Additionally, histological analysis of the pouches was performed. N-Formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine-induced chemotaxis, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10 and NO production, and adhesion molecule expression (CD62L, CD49d and CD18, flow cytometry) were analyzed in vitro using oyster glycogen-recruited peritoneal neutrophils or macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with LPS and treated with the extract (1, 10 or 100 μg/mL). The resolution of inflammation was accessed by efferocytosis assay, and the antinociceptive activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Finally, the effect of the extract was evaluated in isolated rat aorta and trachea rings.

RESULTS

The oral treatment with S. nigra promoted reduction in the neutrophil migration as well as the decrease of TNF, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the inflamed exudate. In vitro treatment with S. nigra decreased NO₂^-, TNF, IL-1β and IL-6 and promoted increase of IL-10 in LPS-stimulated neutrophils. Similarly, the extract reduced the NO₂^-, TNF and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Rutin, the major constituent of S. nigra extract reduced NO₂^-, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6 and promoted the increase of IL-10 in LPS-stimulated neutrophils supernatant. The extract also shed CD62L and CD18 expressions. The extract was able to increase the efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by increasing the IL-10 and decreasing the TNF levels. Additionally, the extract reduced the hypersensitivity induced by carrageenan and promoted a relaxant effect in isolated vascular and non-vascular rat tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

S. nigra flowers extract presents anti-inflammatory effect by modulating macrophage and neutrophil functions including the production of inflammatory mediators and cell migration, by promoting efferocytosis and consequently the resolution of acute inflammation, besides exerting antinociceptive effects, scientifically proving its popular use as medicinal plant. Allied to the relaxant effect in both vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle tissue, S. nigra extract represents an important tool for the management of acute inflammation.

Effects of Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Interconnected Pathways during Spinal Cord Injury

Despite the progression in targeting the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of effective treatments. Moreover, conventional therapies suffer from associated side effects and low efficacy, raising the need for finding potential alternative therapies. In this regard, a comprehensive review was done regarding revealing the main neurological dysregulated pathways and providing alternative therapeutic agents following SCI. From the mechanistic point, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways are major upstream orchestras of cross-linked dysregulated pathways (e.g., apoptosis, autophagy, and extrinsic mechanisms) following SCI. It urges the need for developing multitarget therapies against SCI complications. Polyphenols, as plant-derived secondary metabolites, have the potential of being introduced as alternative therapeutic agents to pave the way for treating SCI. Such secondary metabolites presented modulatory effects on neuronal oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory, and extrinsic axonal dysregulated pathways in the onset and progression of SCI. In the present review, the potential role of phenolic compounds as critical phytochemicals has also been revealed in regulating upstream dysregulated oxidative stress/inflammatory signaling mediators and extrinsic mechanisms of axonal regeneration after SCI in preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, the coadministration of polyphenols and stem cells has shown a promising strategy for improving post-SCI complications.

Extract, fractions, and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolate from Kaempferia galanga Elicit anti-inflammatory activity by limiting leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production

Background and aim

Kaempferia galanga, also known as aromatic Ginger (kencur) in Indonesia, has been widely explored and shows potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, there has been limited research to show a possible mechanism by which aromatic ginger inhibits lipoxygenase (LOX). Therefore, this study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of aromatic ginger by comparing extract, fractions, and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) isolate, as well as possible LOX inhibition activity, by reducing the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4).

Experimental procedure

Two animal models were used, namely, the carrageenan-induced granuloma air pouch model and the pleurisy model. The test substance was administered 1 h before carrageenan induction, which was performed orally for each animal model. The number of leukocytes and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels, and histology were observed. GC-MS and LC-MS were used for analysis of the chemical compounds in the test samples.

Results and conclusion

The results of GC-MS analysis showed that aromatic ginger rhizome extract and fractions were dominated by ethyl-trans-p-methoxycinnamate, with the highest level found in the extract. K. galanga showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to the control (p < 0.01) in both the granuloma air pouch and pleurisy models. The results of examining the LTB4 concentration showed comparable activity between K. galanga extract, fractions and EMPC isolate, these results were not better than those of zileuton. Overall, this study shows that aromatic ginger extract, fractions and EPMC isolate have anti-inflammatory properties and have the potential to inhibit LOX, thereby reducing LTB4 levels.

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Comparison of extract, fraction and isolate of Kamperia galanga anti-inflammation activity.

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Anti-inflammatory activity of Kaempferia galanga in pleurisy model.

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Extract, fraction and isolate of Kamperia galanga as LOX inhibitor.

Relaxation effect of narirutin on rat mesenteric arteries via nitric oxide release and activation of voltage-gated potassium channels

Narirutin is one of the most common flavanones found in citrus fruits. The vascular effects of its analogues naringenin and naringin have been reported but its effects on the cardiovascular system are largely unknown. In this study, relaxation effect of narirutin and its mechanisms of action were investigated by measuring isometric tension in rat mesenteric arteries. Patch-clamping was also used to study the effect of narirutin on potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, its effects on phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cAMP level and phosphodiesterase activity in rat mesenteric arteries were studied by Western blot and biochemical assays. The results showed that pre-incubation of rat mesenteric arteries with narirutin had no influence on acetylcholine-induced endothelial-dependent relaxation. However, narirutin caused a direct concentration-dependent relaxation in rat mesenteric arteries. This relaxation effect was comparable to that of narirutin's structural analogue naringenin. Narirutin-induced relaxation was reduced by the removal of endothelium, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), and 4-aminopyridine (a voltage-gated potassium channel blocker). In addition, narirutin increased the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and increased the voltage-dependent potassium current in mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells. These effects were abolished by protein kinase A inhibitor. Furthermore, narirutin could increase cAMP level and inhibit phosphodiesterase activity in rat mesenteric arteries. In conclusion, narirutin has vasorelaxing effect and the mechanism involves the inhibition of phosphodiesterase, which increases intracellular cAMP, thereby stimulating the endothelial nitric oxide synthase and activating the voltage-gated potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Naringin and Hesperidin Counteract Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities

This study is aimed at evaluating the preventive effect and at suggesting the mode of actions of naringin and hesperidin and their combination in diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected with diclofenac sodium (3 mg/kg b.wt/day), were orally treated with naringin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and hesperidin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and their combination for 4 weeks. The administrations of naringin and hesperidin to diclofenac-injected rats led to a significant decrease in the elevated serum ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-17 levels as well as liver lipid peroxidation and liver p53 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions. In contrast, serum IL-4 level, liver GSH content, and liver GPx and SOD activities increased. In association, diclofenac-induced deleterious histological alterations including hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, and focal hepatic necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells' infiltration were remarkably improved by treatments with naringin and hesperidin. In conclusion, naringin, hesperidin, and their combination, which was the most potent, counteract diclofenac-induced liver injury via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Thus, this study recommends the use of naringin and hesperidin or their combination to resolve the side effects of drugs like diclofenac on the liver.

Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan Air Pouch

The subcutaneous air pouch is an in vivo model that can be used to study the components of acute and chronic inflammation, the resolution of the inflammatory response, the oxidative stress response, and potential therapeutic targets for treating inflammation. Injection of irritants into an air pouch in rats or mice induces an inflammatory response that can be quantified by the volume of exudate produced, the infiltration of cells, and the release of inflammatory mediators. The model presented in this article has been extensively used to identify potential anti-inflammatory drugs. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Air pouch model in the rat Alternate Protocol: Air pouch model in the mouse.

Anti-Inflammatory and Healing Activity of the Hydroalcoholic Fruit Extract of Solanum diploconos (Mart.) Bohs

Background

Solanum diploconos (Mart.) Bohs is a native Brazilian plant belonging to the Solanaceae family, popularly known as “tomatinho do mato” and poorly investigated. Herein, we presented for the first time evidence for the anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of S. diploconos fruit hydroalcoholic extract. Material and Methods. In vitro fMLP-induced chemotaxis, LPS-induced inflammatory mediator levels (cytokines by ELISA and NO release by Griess reaction), and adhesion molecule expression (CD62L, CD49d, and CD18, by flow-cytometry) were assessed in neutrophils treated with different concentrations of the extract. Inflammation resolution was measured by the efferocytosis assay and the healing activity by in vivo and in vitro assays. The air pouch model of carrageenan-induced inflammation in Swiss mice was used to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the extract. Leukocyte influx (by optical microscopy) and cytokine release were quantified in the pouch exudates. Additionally, the acute and subacute toxic and genotoxic effects of the extract were evaluated.

Results

In vitro, the extract impaired neutrophil chemotaxis and its ability to produce and/or release cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) and NO upon LPS stimuli (p < 0.01). LPS-treated neutrophils incubated with the extract presented increased CD62L expression (p < 0.01), indicating a reduced activation. An enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages was observed and accompanied by higher IL-10 and decreased TNFα secretion (p < 0.01). In vivo, similar results were noted, including reduction of neutrophil migration, protein exudation, and cytokine release (p < 0.01). Also, the extract increased fibroblast proliferation and promoted skin wound healing (p < 0.01). No signs of toxicity or genotoxicity were observed for the extract.

Conclusion

S. diploconos fruit extract is anti-inflammatory by modulating neutrophil migration/activation as well macrophage-dependent efferocytosis and inflammatory mediator release. It also indicates its potential use as a healing agent. Finally, the absence of acute toxic and genotoxic effects reinforces its possible use as medicinal product.

Naringin prevents cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats by attenuating oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammation

Cyclophosphamide (CYCP), a synthetic alkylating antineoplastic, disrupts both cancerous and non-cancerous cells to cause cancer regression and multi organotoxicity respectively. CYCP-induced hepatotoxicity is rare but possible. Evidence has shown that naringin has several beneficial potentials against oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. This study examined the chemoprotective potentials of naringin on exited radical scavenging, hepatic integrity, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammation in CYCP-mediated hepatotoxicity. Rats were pre-treated orally by gavage for fourteen consecutive days with three doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of naringin before single CYCP (200 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Subsequently, the rats were euthanized; blood and liver were removed, and assessed for serum and hepatic enzymes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and gene expression dynamics. Naringin concentrations required for 50% scavenging hydroxyl radical and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation were 0.32 mg/mL and 0.39 mg/mL, respectively. Pretreatment with naringin significantly (p < 0.05) abolish CYCP-induced changes in the activities of serum and hepatic ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, and LDH. Pretreatment with naringin remarkably (p < 0.05) reversed CYCP-mediated increases in hepatic levels of malondialdehyde, hydroperoxide, and nitric oxide; reverse CYCP-induced decreases in the hepatic glutathione levels, activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase; and also attenuated CYCP-induced upregulation of expression of hepatic chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interferon alpha1 (IFN-α1), interleukine-1β, interleukine-1 receptor, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Taken together, different doses of naringin can prevent CYCP-induced oxidants generation, hepatocytes dysfunctions, oxidative stress as well as inflammatory perturbations in rats when pre-administered for as few as 14 days.

A Network Pharmacology Study Based on the Mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Pinelliae Rhizoma in the Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Objective

To explore the mechanism of action of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Pinelliae Rhizoma (CRP-PR) in treating gastric cancer (GC) by using pharmacology network.

Methods

Based on oral bioavailability and drug-likeness, the main active components of CRP-PR were screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). DisGeNET Database was used to establish target databases for GC. Cytoscape software was used to construct a visual interactive network diagram of “Active Component-Target” and screen out the key targets. The STRING database was used to construct a protein interaction network. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the key targets. Additionally, TCGA and HPA databases were used for key target verification.

Results

Thirty-seven active components of CRP-PR were screened. The results of network analysis showed that the main components include 8-octadecenoic acid, stigmasterol, ferulic acid, and naringenin of the CRP-PR herb pair. The key targets of the PPI network mainly involved GAPDH, MAPK3, JUN, STAT3, GSK3B, SIRT1, ERBB2, and SMAD2. GO enrichment analysis involves 540 biological processes, 118 cellular components, and 171 molecular functions. CRP-PR components were predicted to exert their therapeutic effect on the tumor signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and estrogen signaling pathway. The validation of the key genes in the TCGA and HPA database showed that most of the key target verification results were consistent with this article.

Conclusion

CRP-PR can treat GC by mediating PI3K-Akt signal pathway, MAPK signal pathway, and other biological processes such as tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and vascular regeneration, which embodies the synergistic effect of multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-channels, and provides the theoretical basis and research ideas for further study of CRP-PR in treating GC. 8-octadecenoic acid, stigmasterol, ferulic acid, and naringenin may be the material basis for the treatment of GC.

Hesperidin Promotes Osteogenesis and Modulates Collagen Matrix Organization and Mineralization In Vitro and In Vivo

This study evaluated the direct effect of a phytochemical, hesperidin, on pre-osteoblast cell function as well as osteogenesis and collagen matrix quality, as there is little known about hesperidin's influence in mineralized tissue formation and regeneration. Hesperidin was added to a culture of MC3T3-E1 cells at various concentrations. Cell proliferation, viability, osteogenic gene expression and deposited collagen matrix analyses were performed. Treatment with hesperidin showed significant upregulation of osteogenic markers, particularly with lower doses. Mature and compact collagen fibrils in hesperidin-treated cultures were observed by picrosirius red staining (PSR), although a thinner matrix layer was present for the higher dose of hesperidin compared to osteogenic media alone. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated a better mineral-to-matrix ratio and matrix distribution in cultures exposed to hesperidin and confirmed less collagen deposited with the 100-µM dose of hesperidin. In vivo, hesperidin combined with a suboptimal dose of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) (dose unable to promote healing of a rat mandible critical-sized bone defect) in a collagenous scaffold promoted a well-controlled (not ectopic) pattern of bone formation as compared to a large dose of BMP2 (previously defined as optimal in healing the critical-sized defect, although of ectopic nature). PSR staining of newly formed bone demonstrated that hesperidin can promote maturation of bone organic matrix. Our findings show, for the first time, that hesperidin has a modulatory role in mineralized tissue formation via not only osteoblast cell differentiation but also matrix organization and matrix-to-mineral ratio and could be a potential adjunct in regenerative bone therapies.

Toxicological and anti-inflammatory profile of Synadenium grantii Hook. f. in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Synadenium grantii Hook. f., popularly known as "janaúba" or "leiterinha", is used in the folk medicine to treat gastric disorders, some types of neoplasias and inflammatory diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to show the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract obtained from S. grantii stems and also certify the safety of the extract performing toxicological analysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice orally pre-treated with the S. grantii extract (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg). The leukocyte influx (optical microscopy) and secretion of chemical mediators (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1β, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were quantified in the inflamed exudate. The toxicity was investigated using the dose-fixed procedure (acute toxicity) and repeated dose 28-day (subacute toxicity) in mice orally treated with S. grantii extract. The open field and rota-rod test were used to evaluate possible interference of adverse effect of S. grantii on motor coordination, locomotor and exploratory activity.

RESULTS

The analysis of the inflammatory exudate of S. grantii-treated mice demonstrated reduction in the polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) migration to the inflamed tissue, as well as the reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β. Furthermore, the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies did not show significant changes in body weight, general behaviour, biochemical parameters, organ weight and liver and kidney histopathological analysis. However, animals acutely treated with S. grantii presented reduction in the number of crosses in relation to the vehicle group, without significant difference in the number of elevations and latency time between the groups in rota-rod test. The obtained results allow to set the NOAEL (Non-observed-adverse-effect level) in 100 mg/kg for this specie of rodent.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, the results herein obtained show that S. grantii extract presented anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the influx of PMN to the inflamed tissue, as well as the cytokines TNF and IL-1β levels. In addition, S. grantii extract seemed not to present significant acute or subacute toxicity when administered to mice, demonstrating for the first time the safety of this extract, when orally administered.

Inflammatory Activities in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Co-morbid Angiopathies and Exploring Beneficial Interventions: A Systematic Review

Background: Diabetes is a long-term condition that can be treated and controlled but do not yet have a cure; it could be induced by inflammation and the goal of managing it is to prevent additional co-morbidities and reduce glycemic fluctuations. There is a need to examine inflammatory activities in diabetes-related angiopathies and explore interventions that could reduce the risk for future outcome or ameliorate its effects to provide insights for improved care and management strategies.

Method: The study was conducted in Embase (1946–2020), Ovid Medline (1950–2020), and PubMed databases (1960–2020) using the PICO framework. Primary studies (randomized controlled trials) on type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory activities in diabetes-related angiopathies were included. Terms for the review were retrieved from the Cochrane library and from PROSPERO using its MeSH thesaurus qualifiers. Nine articles out of 454 total hits met the eligibility criteria. The quality assessment for the selected study was done using the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Critical Appraisal Sheet.

Results: Data analysis showed that elevated CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 were the most commonly found inflammatory indicator in diabetes-related angiopathies, while increased IL-10 and soluble RAGE was an indicator for better outcome. Use of drugs such as salsalate, pioglitazone, simvastatin, and fenofibrate but not glimepiride or benfotiamine reported a significant decrease in inflammatory events. Regular exercise and consumption of dietary supplements such as ginger, hesperidin which have anti-inflammatory properties, and those containing prebiotic fibers (e.g., raspberries) revealed a consistent significant (p < 0.05) reduction in inflammatory activities.

Conclusion: Inflammatory activities are implicated in diabetes-related angiopathies; regular exercise, the intake of healthy dietary supplements, and medications with anti-inflammatory properties could result in improved protective risk outcome for diabetes patients by suppressing inflammatory activities and elevating anti-inflammatory events.

Naringin and Hesperidin Counteract Diclofenac‐Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities

This study is aimed at evaluating the preventive effect and at suggesting the mode of actions of naringin and hesperidin and their combination in diclofenac‐induced hepatotoxicity. Male Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected with diclofenac sodium (3 mg/kg b.wt/day), were orally treated with naringin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and hesperidin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and their combination for 4 weeks. The administrations of naringin and hesperidin to diclofenac‐injected rats led to a significant decrease in the elevated serum ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, TNF‐α, and IL‐17 levels as well as liver lipid peroxidation and liver p53 and caspase‐3 mRNA expressions. In contrast, serum IL‐4 level, liver GSH content, and liver GPx and SOD activities increased. In association, diclofenac‐induced deleterious histological alterations including hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, and focal hepatic necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells’ infiltration were remarkably improved by treatments with naringin and hesperidin. In conclusion, naringin, hesperidin, and their combination, which was the most potent, counteract diclofenac‐induced liver injury via antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Thus, this study recommends the use of naringin and hesperidin or their combination to resolve the side effects of drugs like diclofenac on the liver.

Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance in Amateur Cyclists

2S-Hesperidin is a flavanone (flavonoid) found in high concentrations in citrus fruits. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, improving performance in animals. This study investigated the effects of chronic intake of an orange extract (2S-hesperidin) or placebo on non-oxidative/glycolytic and oxidative metabolism markers and performance markers in amateur cyclists. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out between late September and December 2018. Forty amateur cyclists were randomized into two groups: one taking 500 mg/day 2S-hesperidin and the other taking 500 mg/day placebo (microcellulose) for eight weeks. All participants completed the study. An incremental test was used to evaluate performance, and a step test was used to measure oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, efficiency and oxidation of carbohydrates and fat by indirect calorimetry. The anaerobic power (non-oxidative) was determined using Wingate tests (30 s). After eight weeks supplementation, there was an increase in the incremental test in estimated functional threshold power (FTP) (3.2%; p ≤ 0.05) and maximum power (2.7%; p ≤ 0.05) with 2S-hesperdin compared to placebo. In the step test, there was a decrease in VO₂ (L/min) (−8.3%; p ≤ 0.01) and VO₂R (mL/kg/min) (−8.9%; p ≤ 0.01) at VT2 in placebo. However, there were no differences between groups. In the Wingate test, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in peak and relative power in both groups, but without differences between groups. Supplementation with an orange extract (2S-hesperdin) 500 mg/day improves estimated FTP and maximum power performance in amateur cyclists.

New Sustainable Process for Hesperidin Isolation and Anti-Ageing Effects of Hesperidin Nanocrystals

Hesperidin, a secondary orange (Citrus sinensis) metabolite, was extracted from orange bagasse. No organic solvents or additional energy consumption were used in the clean and sustainable process. Hesperidin purity was approximately 98% and had a yield of 1%. Hesperidin is a known supplement due to antioxidant, chelating, and anti-ageing properties. Herein, hesperidin application to eliminate dark eye circles, which are sensitive and thin skin regions, was studied. In addition, the proposed method for its aqueous extraction was especially important for human consumption. Further, the most effective methods for hesperidin nanonization were explored, after which the nanoemulsions were incorporated into a cream formulation that was formulated for a tropical climate. Silky cream formulations (oil in water) were tested in vitro on artificial 3D skin from cultured cells extracted from skin residues after plastic surgery. The proposed in vitro assay avoided tests of the different formulations in human volunteers and animals. It was shown that one of the nanonized hesperidin formulations was the most skin-friendly and might be used in cosmetics.

The bio-mission of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19: A brief look at potential therapeutic tactics

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), known as an inflammatory cytokine, can be involved in many innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently received much more attention due to the spread of the virus and its pandemic potential. Cytokine storm is among the most critical pathological events in patients affected with coronaviruses (CoVs), i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and COVID-19, causing inflammation-induced lung injury and also occurring as a result of dysregulation of immune responses to the mentioned viruses. IL-6, along with some other inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 beta (β), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as inflammatory chemokines, can significantly contribute to, fever, lymphopenia, coagulation, lung injury, and multi-organ failure (MOF). Therefore, researchers are to explore novel approaches to treat the disease through targeting of IL-6 and its receptors based on prior experience of other disorders. In this review article, the latest findings on the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, as well as therapeutic perspectives, were summarized and discussed.

Effect of lemon peel flavonoids on UVB-induced skin damage in mice

By establishing an effective ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation model of skin damage in mice, the effect of lemon peel flavonoids (LPF) on skin damage was explored. UVB skin damage in UV-irradiated mice was simulated, and animal models were established. Serum parameters were measured using kits, skin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the expression of skin tissue-related mRNA. The experimental results showed that LPF increased the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) oxidases in serum of mice with UVB-induced skin damage and decreased MDA, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Pathological observation indicated that LPF alleviated the skin tissue lesions caused by UVB. LPF upregulated the mRNA expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκB-α) and downregulated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p38 MAPK, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the skin tissue of skin-damaged mice. There was a greater protective effect of LPF on the skin as compared to vitamin C (VC) at the same application concentration, and the effect of LPF was positively correlated with the concentration. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that LPF contained five flavonoid compounds, namely isomangiferin, rutin, astragalin, naringin, and quercetin. We demonstrated that flavonoids from LPF exhibit an excellent skin protection effect with satisfactory application value.

Effects of 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihidrochalcone on innate inflammatory response

Chalcones present potential therapeutic activities reported on literature, which led us to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and the acute toxicity of 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone (DHMDC) using in vitro and in vivo models. The anti-inflammatory activity was firstly in vitro investigated using macrophages (RAW 264.7) and neutrophils previously treated with DHMCD activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrite, IL-1β, and TNF levels were measured in the macrophage culture supernatant, and the adhesion molecule expression (CD62L, CD49D, and CD18) was evaluated in neutrophils. Then, carrageenan-induced inflammation was performed in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice. Leukocyte migration and histological analysis were performed in the pouches. Toxicological studies were carried out on female Swiss mice (600 mg/kg) through biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis. In vitro, the DHMCD significantly reduced the IL-1β, TNF, and nitrite levels. The DHMCD was also able to modulate the percentage of positive neutrophils for CD62L, without modifying the expression of CD18 or CD49d. In vivo, DHMCD (3 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced neutrophil migration to inflammatory exudate and subcutaneous tissue. No evidence of toxic effect was observed considering the biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis of liver and kidney. Together, the obtained data shows that DHMCD presents anti-inflammatory activity by modulating the macrophage inflammatory protein secretion and also by blocking the CD62L cleavage in neutrophils. Furthermore, there was not any evidence of toxic effect in acute toxicological analysis.

Naringin Induces Lysosomal Permeabilization and Autophagy Cell Death in AGS Gastric Cancer Cells

Autophagy is a process of active programmed cell death, where a dying cell induces autophagosomes and subsequently regulated by degradative machinery. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism behind induction of autophagic cell death by Naringin flavonoid in AGS cancer cells. Growth inhibition of AGS cells showed downregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling by Naringin treatment. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed swollen mitochondria and lysosome near peri-nuclear zone fused with autophagic vacuoles. Rapamycin pre-treatment with Naringin showed significant decrease in mTOR phosphorylation and increase in LC3B activation in AGS cells. Decrease in mTOR phosphorylation is associated with lysosomal function activation was observed by time-dependent treatment of Naringin. Induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) was observed by LAMP1 activation leading lysosomal cell death by releasing Cathepsin D from lysosomal lumen to cytosol. Naringin treated AGS cells showed up-regulating BH3 domain Bad, down-regulating Bcl-xL, and Bad phosphorylation and significant mitochondrial fluorescence intensity expression. Significant localization of mitochondria and LC3B activation was examined by person coefficient correlation. Activation of ERK1/2-p38 MAPKs and production of intracellular ROS has been observed over Naringin treatment. It has also been elucidated that pre-treatment with NAC inhibited mitochondria-LC3B colocalization, where ROS acted as upstream of ERK1/2-p38 MAPKs activation. Lysosomal cell death involvement has been evaluated by BAF A1 pre-treatment, inhibiting LAMP1, Cathepsin D, ROS, and blocking autophagolysosome in AGS cell death. Taken together, these findings show that, Naringin induced autophagy cell death involves LMP mediated lysosomal damage and BH3 protein Bad activation in AGS cancer cells.

Quzhou Fructus Aurantii Extract suppresses inflammation via regulation of MAPK, NF-κB, and AMPK signaling pathway

The anti-inflammatory activity of Quzhou Fructus Aurantii Extract (QFAE) has been reported recently. Thus, present study aims to explore the mechanism of anti-inflammation of QFAE in vitro and in vivo to develop a lung phylactic agent. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of QFAE in RAW 264.7 cells and acute lung injury (ALI) mice model was determined by cytokines analysis, histopathological examination, Western blot assay, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that QFAE restrained mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, whereas AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways were activated, as revealed by prominent attenuation of phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38, p65, IκBα, RSK and MSK, and overt enhancement of phosphorylation of ACC and AMPKα. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β were suppressed, whereas the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased after pretreatment with QFAE in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, QFAE prevented mice from LPS-provoked ALI, bases on alleviating neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and mitigatingpulmonary histological alters, as well as hematological change. The MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated ALI mice were dampened by QFAE pretreatment, whereas AMPK signaling pathways were accelerated, as testify by significant restraint of phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38, p65, and IκBα, and distinct elevation of phosphorylation of ACC and AMPKα. The remarkable anti-inflammatory effect of QFAE is associated with the suppression of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and the initiation of AMPK signaling pathway.

The effect of hesperidin supplementation on metabolic profiles in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

PURPOSE

Hesperidin as an antioxidant flavonoid exerts anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects. Besides, the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its allied complications, on the one hand, and the willingness of individuals to use natural products for curing their diseases, on the other hand, led to the design of this study to evaluate the efficacy of hesperidin in normalizing the metabolic abnormalities in patients with MetS.

METHODS

In this clinical trial with a parallel-group design, 49 patients with MetS received either 500-mg hesperidin or placebo, twice daily, for 12 weeks. Number of participants with treated MetS was considered as a primary end point. Anthropometric parameters, dietary intake, physical activity, lipid profile, glucose homeostasis parameter, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the study. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03734874.

RESULTS

Compared with the placebo group, hesperidin decreased fasting glucose level (- 6.07 vs. - 13.32 mg/dL, P = 0.043), triglyceride (- 8.83 vs. - 49.09 mg/dL, P = 0.049), systolic blood pressure (- 0.58 vs. - 2.68 mmHg, P = 0.048) and TNF-α (- 1.29 vs. - 4.44 pg/mL, P = 0.009). Based on the within-group analysis, hesperidin led to significant decrease in serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TNF-α and hs-CRP, while in control group only glucose and insulin significantly decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that hesperidin supplementation can improve metabolic abnormalities and inflammatory status in patients with MetS.

Effects of Eugenia umbelliflora O. Berg (Myrtaceae)-leaf extract on inflammation and hypersensitivity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaves of Eugenia species are widely used in popular medicine to treat several diseases, such as arthritis, rheumatism and diabetes. Eugenia umbelliflora O. Berg is popularly known in Brazil as "baguaçu", name also conferred to Eugenia jambolana probably due to their apparent similarity. Although the popular use scientifically proved of E. jambolana as anti-diabetes and also as anti-inflammatory, there are only two scientific studies demonstrating anti-ulcer and bactericide activities of E. umbelliflora leaves extract, without reference to its possible anti-inflammatory activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to show the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract obtained from E. umbelliflora leaves (EuL) using in vitro and in vivo protocols.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The total phenolic content was evaluated using the folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and phloroglucinols content by HPLC. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by ORAC, ABTS^•+, DPPH, and metal chelation methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice orally pre-treated with the EuL (0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg). The leukocyte influx (optical microscopy) and secretion of chemical mediators (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β and CXCL1, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were quantified in the inflamed exudate. Histological analysis of the pouches was also performed. The anti-hypersensitive activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and mice were then evaluated using the von Frey filaments. The Open Field test was used to evaluate possible interference of adverse effect of EuL on locomotor activity that could lead to misinterpretation of the hypersensitivity evaluation.

RESULTS

The EuL demonstrated important and moderate reducing capacity on ABTS^•+ and DPPH assays, respectively, but with slight activity in ORAC test. It reflects low protection against cell damage. The EuL also presented 30% of phenolic compounds. The phloroglucinols content of EuL was 25.9 mg/g, 18.4 mg/g and 16.6 mg/g of eugenial C, eugenial D and eugenial E, respectively. The in vivo analysis of the inflammatory exudate of EuL-treated mice demonstrated reduction in the polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) migration to the inflamed tissue, as well as the reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Histologically, it was observed evident decrease in the oedema, formed essentially by non-haemorrhagic fibrin exudate, as well as PMN infiltrate, when compared with control mice injected with carrageenan. Furthermore, the extract also presented effective reduction of the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by carrageenan without any interference in animal's locomotor and exploratory activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, the results herein obtained show that EuL presented anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the influx of PMN to the inflamed tissue, as well as the cytokine IL-1β level. This anti-inflammatory activity was also accompanied by significant anti-hypersensitive effect. The effects presented by EuL seem not to be correlated with an antioxidant activity. However other extract chemical compounds could be responsible for its important anti-inflammatory effects.

Hesperidin improves motor disability in rat spinal cord injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanism via Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with inflammation with concurrent oxidative stress and glial activation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hesperidin, a representative flavonoid in citrus fruits, ameliorates SCI-induced motor dysfunction and neuro-pathologic degeneration in rat model. Rats received hesperidin (100 mg/kg body weight/daily, oral administration) from 7 days prior to SCI to 7 days post SCI. Behavioral test was done on rats with SCI until 6 weeks. For the study of inflammatory molecules in SCI rats with hesperidin treatment, rats were sacrificed at day 4 post SCI, and spinal cords were collected and studied histopathologically. Behavioral tests on hind-limbs of rats with SCI revealed that treatment of hesperidin in rats with SCI significantly ameliorate the hind-limb paralysis beginning at day 21 post SCI. Hesperidin treatment in rats with SCI reduced the neuropathological changes (e.g., hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue loss) and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrotic factor-α and interleukin-1β. In addition, oxidative stress related molecules including superoxide dismutase, catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1 were also increased by hesperidin treatment. Furthermore, Fe²⁺, bilirubin and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, these by-product of heme catabolism in serum and spinal cord of rats with hesperidin-treatment groups were significantly increased compared with those of vehicle-treatment group. Collectively, this study implies that hesperidin accelerates recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair of damaged spinal cord, with concurrent upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 as far as rat SCI model is concerned.

Effects of Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) extract on innate inflammatory responses

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tithonia diversifolia (Helms.) A. Gray, popularly known in Brazil as "margaridão" or "mão-de-Deus" has been used in the folk medicine as anti-inflammatory and against other illnesses in several countries. Indeed, many studies show de effect of T. diversifolia in the inflammatory process, however, any of them have demonstrated the mechanism of cell migration.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this investigation was to show the in vivo and in vitro effects of T. diversifolia leaves ethanol extract on neutrophil trafficking from the blood to the inflamed tissue and on cell-derived secretion of chemical mediators, as well as, the effects on inflammatory resolution and inflammatory pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice orally treated with the T. diversifolia extract (0.1, 1 or 3 mg/kg). The leukocyte influx (optical microscopy) and the secretion of chemical mediators (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β and CXCL1, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were quantified in the inflamed exudate. Histological analysis of the pouches was performed. N-Formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine-induced chemotaxis, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL1 and NO production, and adhesion molecule expression (CD62L and CD18, flow cytometry) were in vitro quantified using oyster glycogen recruited peritoneal neutrophils previous treated with the extract (1, 10, or 100 μg/mL). The resolution of inflammation was accessed by efferocytosis assay, and the antinociceptive activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced mechanical hypersensitivity.

RESULTS

The oral treatment with T. diversifolia promoted reduction in the neutrophil migration as well as the decrease in total protein, TNF, IL-1β and CXCL1 levels in the inflamed exudate. In vitro treatment with T. diversifolia shedding of β2 integrin expressions, without alter CD62L expression. The extract was able to increase the efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, and the increase of the IL-10 and the decrease of TNF secretion. Additionally, the extract reduced the hypersensitivity induced by carrageenan.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, the data herein obtained showed that T. diversifolia extract presented anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the cytokine and NO production, and also the leukocyte migration. The mechanisms involved in the extract anti-inflammatory effects include the impairment in the leukocyte migration to the inflamed tissue, the pro-resolution activity, and consequently the anti-hypersensitivity.

Effect of the metanolic extract from the leaves of Garcinia humilis Vahl (Clusiaceae) on acute inflammation

Garcinia humilis is popularly used to treat digestive, intestinal and inflammatory illness. We investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of the methanol extract of G. humilis leaves (MEGh) on inflammatory cells behavior (migration and chemical mediators release) and hypersensitivity. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice treated orally with MEGh (0.1-30 mg/kg). Leucocyte migration, chemical mediators secretion (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1) and protein exudation were quantified in the exudate. The adhesion molecules expression (CD62L and CD18), chemical mediators and chemotaxis was evaluated using neutrophils or macrophages RAW.264.7 previously treated with the extract (1-100 µg/mL) and activated with LPS. The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds friedelin, canophyllol, amentoflavone and 3-desmethyl-2-geranyl-4-prenylbellidypholine xanthone (10 μM) was evaluated in macrophages nitric oxide (NO) and TNF release. MEGh, given orally (30 mg/kg), significantly reduced neutrophil migration and decreased TNF, IL-1β and CXCL1 levels, without interfering with protein exudation and IL-6. In vitro, the extract significantly reduced IL-1β and IL-6 levels but did not alter TNF and CXCL1. The MEGh also reduced the expression of CD62L and CD18 and consequently neutrophil chemotaxis. The compounds friedelin, amentoflavone and 3-demethyl-2-geranyl-4-prenylbellidypholine xanthone decreased the secretion of NO and TNF by RAW264.7. The MEGh effects were extended to the pain-like behaviour induced by carrageenan in the mice hindpaw. MEGh presented important anti-inflammatory effects probably due to its activity on neutrophil migration and on important chemical mediator release, scientifically reinforcing its use as medicinal plant.

Acute Effects of Hesperidin in Oxidant/Antioxidant State Markers and Performance in Amateur Cyclists

Human and animal studies have shown that Hesperidin has the ability to modulate antioxidant and inflammatory state and to improve aerobic performance. The main objective of this study was to assess whether the acute intake of 500 mg of 2S-Hesperidin (Cardiose^®) improves antioxidant status, metabolism, and athletic performance, during and after a rectangular test (aerobic and anaerobic effort). For this, a crossover design was used in 15 cyclists (>1 year of training), with one week of washout between placebo and Cardiose^® supplementation. After the intervention, significant differences in average power (+2.27%, p = 0.023), maximum speed (+3.23%, p = 0.043) and total energy (∑ 4 sprint test) (+2.64%, p = 0.028) between Cardiose^® and placebo were found in the best data of the repeated sprint test. Small changes were also observed in the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione concentration and oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio, as well as the lipoperoxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS), at different points of the rectangular test, although not significant. Our findings showed improvements in anaerobic performance after Cardiose^® intake, but not in placebo, suggesting the potential benefits of using Cardiose^® in sports with a high anaerobic component.