Roles of p53, MYC and HIF-1 in regulating glycolysis - the seventh hallmark of cancer

Interplay and cooperation between GLI2 and master transcription factors promote progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

The establishment of gene expression programs that drive cell identity is governed by tightly regulated transcription factors (TFs) that engage in auto- and cross-regulation in a feedforward manner, forming core regulatory circuitries (CRCs). Here, we identify and validate an important interconnected CRC formed by three master TFs-GLI2, TP63, and RUNX1-in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Furthermore, master TFs co-bind to their own and each other's super-enhancers, forming an interconnected auto-regulatory loop. Mechanistically, these master TFs occupy the majority of ESCC super-enhancers and cooperatively orchestrate the ESCC transcription program. Functionally, GLI2, a master TF, is essential for ESCC viability, migration, invasion, and the growth of xenograft tumors. Moreover, the overexpression of GLI2 is significantly associated with shorter overall survival of patients with ESCC. Downstream, this CRC apparatus coordinately regulates gene expression networks in ESCC, controlling important cancer-promoting pathways, including Hedgehog, glycolysis, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways. Together, these findings offer significant mechanistic insights into the transcriptional dysregulation in ESCC and recognize GLI2 as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker for ESCC. More importantly, CRC-downstream genes and signaling pathways may contain potential therapeutic targets for this malignancy.

The perspective of targeting cancer cell metabolism: combination therapy approaches

Cancer cells are considered the most adaptable for their metabolic status, which supports growth, survival, rapid proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis in a nutrient-deficient microenvironment. Since the discovery of altered glucose metabolism (aerobic glycolysis), which is generally known as a part of metabolic reprogramming and an innate trait of cancer cells, in 1930 via Dr. Otto Warburg, numerous studies have endeavored to recognize various aspects of cancer cell metabolism and find new methods for efficiently eradicating described cells by targeting their energy metabolism. In this way, the outcomes have mainly been promising. Accordingly, outlining the related results will indeed assist us in making a definitive path for developing targeted therapy strategies based on cancer cell-altered metabolism. The present study reviews the key features of cancer cell metabolism and treatment strategies based on them. It emphasizes the importance of targeting cancer cell dysregulated metabolic pathways that influence the cell energy supply and manage cancer cell growth and survival. This trial also introduces a multimodal therapeutic strategy hypothesis, a potential next-generation combination therapy approach, and suggests interdisciplinary research to recognize the complexities of cancer metabolism and exploit them for designing more efficacious cancer therapeutic strategies.

A Boolean network model of hypoxia, mechanosensing and TGF-β signaling captures the role of phenotypic plasticity and mutations in tumor metastasis

The tumor microenvironment aids cancer progression by promoting several cancer hallmarks, independent of cancer-related mutations. Biophysical properties of this environment, such as the stiffness of the matrix cells adhere to and local cell density, impact proliferation, apoptosis, and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The latter is a rate-limiting step for invasion and metastasis, enhanced in hypoxic tumor environments but hindered by soft matrices and/or high cell densities. As these influences are often studied in isolation, the crosstalk between hypoxia, biomechanical signals, and the classic EMT driver TGF-β is not well mapped, limiting our ability to predict and anticipate cancer cell behaviors in changing tumor environments. To address this, we built a Boolean regulatory network model that integrates hypoxic signaling with a mechanosensitive model of EMT, which includes the EMT-promoting crosstalk of mitogens and biomechanical signals, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Our model reproduces the requirement of Hif-1α for proliferation, the anti-proliferative effects of strong Hif-1α stabilization during hypoxia, hypoxic protection from anoikis, and hypoxia-driven mechanosensitive EMT. We offer experimentally testable predictions about the effect of VHL loss on cancer hallmarks, with or without secondary oncogene activation. Taken together, our model serves as a predictive framework to synthesize the signaling responses associated with tumor progression and metastasis in healthy vs. mutant cells. Our single-cell model is a key step towards more extensive regulatory network models that cover damage-response and senescence, integrating most cell-autonomous cancer hallmarks into a single model that can, in turn, control the behavior of in silico cells within a tissue model of epithelial homeostasis and carcinoma.

Exploring Multi-Target Therapeutic Strategies for Glioblastoma via Endogenous Network Modeling

Medical treatment of glioblastoma presents a significant challenge. A conventional medication has limited effectiveness, and a single-target therapy is usually effective only in the early stage of the treatment. Recently, there has been increasing focus on multi-target therapies, but the vast range of possible combinations makes clinical experimentation and implementation difficult. From the perspective of systems biology, this study conducted simulations for multi-target glioblastoma therapy based on dynamic analysis of previously established endogenous networks, validated with glioblastoma single-cell RNA sequencing data. Several potentially effective target combinations were identified. The findings also highlight the necessity of multi-target rather than single-target intervention strategies in cancer treatment, as well as the promise in clinical applications and personalized therapies.

P53 Gene Therapy with ZIF-8 Metal-Organic Framework: A Platform in Cancer Gene Therapy

Gene therapy holds great promise as a therapeutic approach for combating cancer, with the choice of gene delivery vector being a critical factor in its success. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as valuable tools for intracellular plasmid delivery in this field. This study aimed to encapsulate plasmid DNA encoding the TP53 tumor suppressor gene (pEGFP-N1-TP53) within zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) MOFs and ZIF-8-PEI. Subsequently, the transfection efficiency and ability to induce cell death were assessed in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and HeLa cancer cells. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the induction of cell death by pEGFP-N1-TP53@ZIF-8-PEI, pEGFP-N1-TP53-ZIF-8 nanoparticles, and Lipofectamine in the aforementioned cell lines. Additionally, an optimal condition for loading the plasmid into ZIF-8 was proposed. The findings from cell transfection assays, MTT assay, and flow cytometry revealed that both pEGFP-N1-TP53@ZIF-8-PEI and pEGFP-N1-TP53-ZIF-8 effectively delivered the plasmid to the cells. Notably, pEGFP-N1-TP53@ZIF-8-PEI exhibited significant results, inducing 77% cell death in the HeLa cell line and 73% in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Our observations indicated that MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cells exhibited heightened responsiveness to TP53 gene therapy when delivered through ZIF-8-PEI and ZIF-8. Based on these findings, further investigation of pEGFP-N1-TP53@ZIF-8-PEI as a potential cancer therapeutic platform in other cancer cell types is warranted.

Interplay between miRNA expression and glucose metabolism in oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Given the urgent need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), this review aims to explore the intricate interplay between OSCC and alterations in glucose metabolism, with a particular focus on the pivotal role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this context.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data were extracted from a vast literature survey by using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science search engines with relevant keywords.

RESULTS

In OSCC, miRNAs exert regulatory control over the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism pathways. Dysregulation of specific miRNAs has been implicated in the modulation of key glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters, intracellular signaling cascades, and interaction with transcription factors, all of which collectively affect glucose uptake and glycolysis, contributing significantly to the observed metabolic alterations in OSCC cells.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive understanding of these intricate molecular interactions holds significant promise for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions and refined diagnostic approaches to treat OSCC patients.

Association between individual Warburg-related proteins and prognosis in colorectal cancer

We previously showed that Warburg subtyping (low/moderate/high), based on the expression of six glycolytic proteins and transcriptional regulators [glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), p53, and PTEN], holds independent prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The present study aimed to investigate whether the expression level of one of the proteins (GLUT1, PKM2, LDHA, MCT4, p53, and PTEN) can act as a proxy for our previously identified six protein-based Warburg subtypes. Protein expression levels for individual Warburg-related proteins were available for 2,251 CRC patients from the Netherlands Cohort Study. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used to explore associations between individual Warburg-related proteins and CRC-specific and overall survival. Previously identified associations between Warburg subtypes and CRC-specific and overall survival were adjusted for individual proteins, showing a significant association with survival in the current study. Multivariable-adjusted analyses showed that the expression of GLUT1, LDHA, MCT4, PKM2, or p53 was associated with neither CRC-specific nor overall survival. Decreasing PTEN expression was associated with significantly poorer overall survival (p-trendcategories = 0.026). Additional adjustment for PTEN expression had minimal impact on the previously identified association between Warburg subtypes and survival, and the six protein-based Warburg-high subtype remained a statistically significant predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio 1.15; 95% CI 1.01-1.32). In conclusion, our results emphasise that individual Warburg-related proteins cannot serve as a proxy or surrogate marker for Warburg subtyping, thereby highlighting the importance of combining the expression levels of multiple Warburg-related proteins when examining the prognostic significance of a complex biological pathway such as the Warburg effect.

Biomolecular condensates: A new lens on cancer biology

Cells are compartmentalized into different organelles to ensure precise spatial temporal control and efficient operation of cellular processes. Membraneless organelles, also known as biomolecular condensates, are emerging as previously underappreciated ways of organizing cellular functions. Condensates allow local concentration of protein, RNA, or DNA molecules with shared functions, thus facilitating spatiotemporal control of biochemical reactions spanning a range of cellular processes. Studies discussed herein have shown that aberrant formation of condensates is associated with various diseases such as cancers. Here, we summarize how condensates mechanistically contribute to malignancy-related cellular processes, including genomic instability, epigenetic rewiring, oncogenic transcriptional activation, and signaling. An improved understanding of condensate formation and dissolution will enable development of new cancer therapies. Finally, we address the remaining challenges in the field and suggest future efforts to better integrate condensates into cancer research.

Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor metabolism and microenvironment

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are intricate, web-like formations composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins, released by neutrophils. These structures participate in a wide array of physiological and pathological activities, including immune rheumatic diseases and damage to target organs. Recently, the connection between NETs and cancer has garnered significant attention. Within the tumor microenvironment and metabolism, NETs exhibit multifaceted roles, such as promoting the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, influencing redox balance, triggering angiogenesis, and driving metabolic reprogramming. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the link between NETs and tumor metabolism, emphasizing areas that remain underexplored. These include the interaction of NETs with tumor mitochondria, their effect on redox states within tumors, their involvement in metabolic reprogramming, and their contribution to angiogenesis in tumors. Such insights lay a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the role of NETs in cancer development. Moreover, the review also delves into potential therapeutic strategies that target NETs and suggests future research directions, offering new perspectives on the treatment of cancer and other related diseases.

Impact of glycolysis enzymes and metabolites in regulating DNA damage repair in tumorigenesis and therapy

Initially, it was believed that glycolysis and DNA damage repair (DDR) were two distinct biological processes that independently regulate tumor progression. The former metabolic reprogramming rapidly generates energy and generous intermediate metabolites, supporting the synthetic metabolism and proliferation of tumor cells. While the DDR plays a pivotal role in preserving genomic stability, thus resisting cellular senescence and cell death under both physiological and radio-chemotherapy conditions. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown closely correlation between these two biological processes, and then promoting tumor progression. For instance, lactic acid, the product of glycolysis, maintains an acidic tumor microenvironment that not only fosters cell proliferation and invasion but also facilitates DDR by enhancing AKT activity. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the enzymes and metabolites involved in glycolysis, along with the primary methods for DDR. Meanwhile, this review explores existing knowledge of glycolysis enzymes and metabolites in regulating DDR. Moreover, considering the significant roles of glycolysis and DDR in tumor development and radio-chemotherapy resistance, the present review discusses effective direct or indirect therapeutic strategies targeted to glycolysis and DDR.

Dynamics simulations of hypoxia inducible factor-1 regulatory network in cancer using formal verification techniques

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) regulates cell growth, protein translation, metabolic pathways and therefore, has been advocated as a promising biological target for the therapeutic interventions against cancer. In general, hyperactivation of HIF-1 in cancer has been associated with increases in the expression of glucose transporter type-1 (GLUT-1) thus, enhancing glucose consumption and hyperactivating metabolic pathways. The collective behavior of GLUT-1 along with previously known key players AKT, OGT, and VEGF is not fully characterized and lacks clarity of how glucose uptake through this pathway (HIF-1) probes the cancer progression. This study uses a Rene Thomas qualitative modeling framework to comprehend the signaling dynamics of HIF-1 and its interlinked proteins, including VEGF, ERK, AKT, GLUT-1, β-catenin, C-MYC, OGT, and p53 to elucidate the regulatory mechanistic of HIF-1 in cancer. Our dynamic model reveals that continuous activation of p53, β-catenin, and AKT in cyclic conditions, leads to oscillations representing homeostasis or a stable recovery state. Any deviation from this cycle results in a cancerous or pathogenic state. The model shows that overexpression of VEGF activates ERK and GLUT-1, leads to more aggressive tumor growth in a cancerous state. Moreover, it is observed that collective modulation of VEGF, ERK, and β-catenin is required for therapeutic intervention because these genes enhance the expression of GLUT-1 and play a significant role in cancer progression and angiogenesis. Additionally, SimBiology simulation unveils dynamic molecular interactions, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutics to effectively regulate VEGF and ERK concentrations to modulate cancer cell proliferation.

Unlocking mitochondrial dysfunction-associated senescence (MiDAS) with NAD+ - A Boolean model of mitochondrial dynamics and cell cycle control

The steady accumulation of senescent cells with aging creates tissue environments that aid cancer evolution. Aging cell states are highly heterogeneous. 'Deep senescent' cells rely on healthy mitochondria to fuel a strong proinflammatory secretome, including cytokines, growth and transforming signals. Yet, the physiological triggers of senescence such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) can also trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, and sufficient energy deficit to alter their secretome and cause chronic oxidative stress - a state termed Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Senescence (MiDAS). Here, we offer a mechanistic hypothesis for the molecular processes leading to MiDAS, along with testable predictions. To do this we have built a Boolean regulatory network model that qualitatively captures key aspects of mitochondrial dynamics during cell cycle progression (hyper-fusion at the G1/S boundary, fission in mitosis), apoptosis (fission and dysfunction) and glucose starvation (reversible hyper-fusion), as well as MiDAS in response to SIRT3 knockdown or oxidative stress. Our model reaffirms the protective role of NAD+ and external pyruvate. We offer testable predictions about the growth factor- and glucose-dependence of MiDAS and its reversibility at different stages of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced senescence. Our model provides mechanistic insights into the distinct stages of DNA-damage induced senescence, the relationship between senescence and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer and offers a foundation for building multiscale models of tissue aging.

Developing patient-derived organoids to demonstrate JX24120 inhibits SAMe synthesis in endometrial cancer by targeting MAT2B

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies, which lacking effective drugs for intractable conditions or patients unsuitable for surgeries. Recently, the patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are found feasible for cancer research and drug discoveries. Here, we have successfully established a panel of PDOs from EC and conducted drug repurposing screening and mechanism analysis for cancer treatment. We confirmed that the regulatory β subunit of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT2B) is highly correlated with malignant progression in endometrial cancer. Through drug screening on PDOs, we identify JX24120, chlorpromazine derivative, as a specific inhibitor for MAT2B, which directly binds to MAT2B (Kd = 4.724 μM) and inhibits the viability of EC PDOs and canonical cell lines. Correspondingly, gene editing assessment demonstrates that JX24120 suppresses tumor growth depending on the presence of MAT2B in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, JX24120 induces inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) synthesis, leading to suppressed mTORC1 signaling, abnormal energy metabolism and protein synthesis, and eventually apoptosis. Taken together, our study offers a novel approach for drug discovery and efficacy assessment by using the PDOs models. These findings suggest that JX24120 may be a potent MAT2B inhibitor and will hopefully serve as a prospective compound for endometrial cancer therapy.

Decoding Cancer through Silencing the Mitochondrial Gatekeeper VDAC1

Mitochondria serve as central hubs for regulating numerous cellular processes that include metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, epigenetics, immune signaling, and aging. The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) functions as a crucial mitochondrial gatekeeper, controlling the flow of ions, such as Ca2+, nucleotides, and metabolites across the outer mitochondrial membrane, and is also integral to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. VDAC1 functions in regulating ATP production, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis, which are essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and overall cellular health. Most cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, often referred to as the "Warburg effect", supplying tumors with energy and precursors for the biosynthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and porphyrins. Given its multifunctional nature and overexpression in many cancers, VDAC1 presents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Our research has demonstrated that silencing VDAC1 expression using specific siRNA in various tumor types leads to a metabolic rewiring of the malignant cancer phenotype. This results in a reversal of oncogenic properties that include reduced tumor growth, invasiveness, stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, VDAC1 depletion alters the tumor microenvironment by reducing angiogenesis and modifying the expression of extracellular matrix- and structure-related genes, such as collagens and glycoproteins. Furthermore, VDAC1 depletion affects several epigenetic-related enzymes and substrates, including the acetylation-related enzymes SIRT1, SIRT6, and HDAC2, which in turn modify the acetylation and methylation profiles of histone 3 and histone 4. These epigenetic changes can explain the altered expression levels of approximately 4000 genes that are associated with reversing cancer cells oncogenic properties. Given VDAC1's critical role in regulating metabolic and energy processes, targeting it offers a promising strategy for anti-cancer therapy. We also highlight the role of VDAC1 expression in various disease pathologies, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and viral and bacterial infections, as explored through siRNA targeting VDAC1. Thus, this review underscores the potential of targeting VDAC1 as a strategy for addressing high-energy-demand cancers. By thoroughly understanding VDAC1's diverse roles in metabolism, energy regulation, mitochondrial functions, and other cellular processes, silencing VDAC1 emerges as a novel and strategic approach to combat cancer.

How lactate affects immune strategies in lymphoma

Tumor cells undergo metabolic reprogramming through shared pathways, resulting in a hypoxic, acidic, and highly permeable internal tumor microenvironment (TME). Lactate, once only regarded as a waste product of glycolysis, has an inseparable dual role with tumor immunity. It can not only provide a carbon source for immune cells to enhance immunity but also help the immune escape through a variety of ways. Lymphoma also depends on the proliferation signal of TME. This review focuses on the dynamic process of lactate metabolism and immune function changes in lymphoma and aims to comprehensively summarize and explore which genes, transcription factors, and pathways affect the biological changes and functions of immune cells. To deeply understand the complex and multifaceted role of lactate metabolism and immunity in lymphoma, the combination of lactate targeted therapy and classical immunotherapy will be a promising development direction in the future.

Advancements in the study of glucose metabolism in relation to tumor progression and treatment

Sugar serves as the primary energy source for mammals, with glucose metabolism facilitating energy acquisition in human cells. The proper functioning of intracellular glucose metabolism is essential for the maintenance of orderly and healthy physiological activities. Tumor cells, characterized by uncontrolled growth, exhibit dysregulated proliferation and apoptosis processes, leading to abnormal alterations in glucose metabolism. Specifically, tumor cells exhibit a shift towards aerobic glycolysis, resulting in the production of lactic acid that can be utilized as a metabolic intermediate for sustained tumor cell growth. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and the alterations in gene expression that occur during tumor progression. It also examines the current research on targeting abnormal glucose metabolism processes for tumor treatment and discusses potential future directions for utilizing glucose metabolism as a therapeutic target.

O-GlcNAcylation: Crosstalk between Hemostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer

O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc, O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification of serine/threonine residues of proteins. Alterations in O-GlcNAcylation have been implicated in several types of cancer, regulation of tumor progression, inflammation, and thrombosis through its interaction with signaling pathways. We aim to explore the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and hemostasis, inflammation, and cancer, which could serve as potential prognostic tools or clinical predictions for cancer patients' healthcare and as an approach to combat cancer. We found that cancer is characterized by high glucose demand and consumption, a chronic inflammatory state, a state of hypercoagulability, and platelet hyperaggregability that favors thrombosis; the latter is a major cause of death in these patients. Furthermore, we review transcription factors and pathways associated with O-GlcNAcylation, thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer, such as the PI3K/Akt/c-Myc pathway, the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. We also review infectious agents associated with cancer and chronic inflammation and potential inhibitors of cancer cell development. We conclude that it is necessary to approach both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer as a network in which multiple signaling pathways are integrated, and to search for a combination of potential drugs that regulate this signaling network.

Metabolomics and cellular altered pathways in cancer biology: A review

Cancer is a deadly disease that affects a cell's metabolism and surrounding tissues. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of metabolic alterations in cancer cells would assist in developing cancer treatment targets and approaches. From this perspective, metabolomics is a great analytical tool to clarify the mechanisms of cancer therapy as well as a useful tool to investigate cancer from a distinct viewpoint. It is a powerful emerging technology that detects up to thousands of molecules in tissues and biofluids. Like other "-omics" technologies, metabolomics involves the comprehensive investigation of micromolecule metabolites and can reveal important details about the cancer state that is otherwise not apparent. Recent developments in metabolomics technologies have made it possible to investigate cancer metabolism in greater depth and comprehend how cancer cells utilize metabolic pathways to make the amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids required for tumorigenesis. These new technologies have made it possible to learn more about cancer metabolism. Here, we review the cellular and systemic effects of cancer and cancer treatments on metabolism. The current study provides an overview of metabolomics, emphasizing the current technologies and their use in clinical and translational research settings.

Alterations of the AKT Pathway in Sporadic Human Tumors, Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer, and Overgrowth Syndromes

The AKT kinases are critical signaling molecules that regulate cellular physiology upon the activation of tyrosine kinase receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K). AKT kinases govern many cellular processes considered hallmarks of cancer, including cell proliferation and survival, cell size, tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. AKT signaling is regulated by multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenic proteins whose loss or activation, respectively, leads to dysregulation of this pathway, thereby contributing to oncogenesis. Herein, we review the enormous body of literature documenting how the AKT pathway becomes hyperactivated in sporadic human tumors and various hereditary cancer syndromes. We also discuss the role of activating mutations of AKT pathway genes in various chimeric overgrowth disorders, including Proteus syndrome, hypoglycemia with hypertrophy, CLOVES and SOLAMEN syndromes, and hemimegalencephaly.

CD4 + T cells recruit, then engage macrophages in cognate interactions to clear Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the lungs

IFN-γ-producing CD4 + T cells are required for protection against lethal Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infections. However, the ability of CD4 + T cells to suppress Mtb growth cannot be fully explained by IFN-γ or other known T cell products. In this study, we show that CD4 + T cell-derived IFN-γ promoted the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to the lungs of Mtb -infected mice. Although the recruited MDMs became quickly and preferentially infected with Mtb , CD4 + T cells rapidly disinfected the MDMs. Clearance of Mtb from MDMs was not explained by IFN-γ, but rather by MHCII-mediated cognate interactions with CD4 + T cells. These interactions promoted MDM expression of glycolysis genes essential for Mtb control. Thus, by recruiting MDMs, CD4 + T cells initiate a cycle of bacterial phagocytosis, Mtb antigen presentation and disinfection in an attempt to clear the bacteria from the lungs.

Advances in H2O2-supplying materials for tumor therapy: synthesis, classification, mechanisms, and applications

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a reactive oxygen species produced by cellular metabolism can be used in antitumor therapy. However, the concentration of intracellular H2O2 limits its application. Some materials could enhance the concentration of intracellular H2O2 to strengthen antitumor therapy. In this review, the recent advances in H2O2-supplying materials in terms of promoting intracellular H2O2 production and exogenous H2O2 supply are summarized. Then the mechanism of H2O2-supplying materials for tumor therapy is discussed from three aspects: reconstruction of the tumor hypoxia microenvironment, enhancement of oxidative stress, and the intrinsic anti-tumor ability of H2O2-supplying materials. In addition, the application of H2O2-supplying materials for tumor therapy is discussed. Finally, the future of H2O2-supplying materials is presented. This review aims to provide a novel idea for the application of H2O2-supplying materials in tumor therapy.

FUCA1: An Underexplored p53 Target Gene Linking Glycosylation and Cancer Progression

Cancer is a difficult-to-cure disease with high worldwide incidence and mortality, in large part due to drug resistance and disease relapse. Glycosylation, which is a common modification of cellular biomolecules, was discovered decades ago and has been of interest in cancer research due to its ability to influence cellular function and to promote carcinogenesis. A variety of glycosylation types and structures regulate the function of biomolecules and are potential targets for investigating and treating cancer. The link between glycosylation and carcinogenesis has been more recently revealed by the role of p53 in energy metabolism, including the p53 target gene alpha-L-fucosidase 1 (FUCA1), which plays an essential role in fucosylation. In this review, we summarize roles of glycan structures and glycosylation-related enzymes to cancer development. The interplay between glycosylation and tumor microenvironmental factors is also discussed, together with involvement of glycosylation in well-characterized cancer-promoting mechanisms, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and p53-mediated pathways. Glycan structures also modulate cell-matrix interactions, cell-cell adhesion as well as cell migration and settlement, dysfunction of which can contribute to cancer. Thus, further investigation of the mechanistic relationships among glycosylation, related enzymes and cancer progression may provide insights into potential novel cancer treatments.

Advances in the interaction of glycolytic reprogramming with lactylation

Lactylation is a novel post-translational modification (PTM) involving proteins that is induced by lactate accumulation. Histone lysine lactylation alters chromatin spatial configuration, influencing gene transcription and regulating the expression of associated genes. This modification plays a crucial role as an epigenetic regulatory factor in the progression of various diseases. Glycolytic reprogramming is one of the most extensively studied forms of metabolic reprogramming, recognized as a key hallmark of cancer cells. It is characterized by an increase in glycolysis and the inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, accompanied by significant lactate production and accumulation. The two processes are closely linked by lactate, which interacts in various physiological and pathological processes. On the one hand, lactylation levels generally correlate positively with the extent of glycolytic reprogramming, being directly influenced by the lactate concentration produced during glycolytic reprogramming. On the other hand, lactylation can also regulate glycolytic pathways by affecting the transcription and structural functions of essential glycolytic enzymes. This review comprehensively outlines the mechanisms of lactylation and glycolytic reprogramming and their interactions in tumor progression, immunity, and inflammation, with the aim of elucidating the relationship between glycolytic reprogramming and lactylation.

The ubiquitin-like protein UBTD1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by stabilizing c-Myc to upregulate glycolysis

Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is involved in the pathogenesis of various malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC). Ubiquitin domain containing 1 (UBTD1), a ubiquitin-like protein, regulates UPS-mediated protein degradation and tumor progression in some cancer types. However, the biological function and mechanism of UBTD1 are far from being well elucidated, and its role in CRC has not been explored yet. In our study, we analyzed CRC patients' clinical information and UBTD1 expression data, and found that the expression of UBTD1 in cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissue. Higher UBTD1 expression was significantly associated with poorer survival and more lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of UBTD1 could facilitate, while knockdown could inhibit CRC cell proliferation and migration, respectively. RNA-seq and proteomics indicated that c-Myc is an important downstream target of UBTD1. Metabolomics showed the products of the glycolysis pathway were significantly increased in UBTD1 overexpression cells. In vitro, we verified UBTD1 upregulating c-Myc protein and promoting CRC cell proliferation and migration via regulating c-Myc. UBTD1 promoted CRC cells' glycolysis, evidenced by the increased lactate production and glucose uptake following UBTD1 overexpression. Mechanistically, UBTD1 prolonged the half-life of the c-Myc protein by binding to E3 ligase β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), thereby upregulated the expression of glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme hexokinase II (HK2), and enhanced glycolysis and promoted CRC progression. In conclusion, our study revealed that UBTD1 promotes CRC progression by upregulating glycolysis via the β-TrCP/c-Myc/HK2 pathway, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in CRC.

The association between methylmalonic acid, a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction, and risk of prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between methylmalonic acid (MMA), a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction, and the risk of prostate cancer (PCa).

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The relevant data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between MMA and risk of PCa. A stratified analysis was also carried out. The dose-response relationship was elucidated by conducting a restricted cubic spline function.

RESULTS

A total of 2451 participants were included, of which 95 were PCa participants. The fully-adjusted model 2 constructed by weighted multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of PCa decreased by 53% when every MMA unit was added [OR: 0.47 (0.22-1.00), P = 0.049]. And a decrease in PCa risk was associated with a higher MMA level in MMA subgroups [OR: 0.34 (0.15-0.82), P = 0.02]. The results from a stratified analysis showed that participants in subgroups of other race, BMI (> 30 kg/m2), smoking (former and now), and hypertension (yes), an increase in every MMA unit was linked to a decrease in PCa risk. MMA and the risk of PCa were negatively correlated in a linear manner.

CONCLUSION

It was discovered in the study that an increase in MMA level is connected to a decrease in PCa risk. The serum MMA level may be helpful in assessing PCa risk.

Phosphorylation of FOXK2 at Thr13 and Ser30 by PDK2 sustains glycolysis through a positive feedback manner in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignant tumors with insidious onset, strong invasiveness, and poor prognosis. Metabolic alteration, particularly aerobic glycolysis, which is tightly regulated by transcription factors, is associated with the malignant behavior of OC. We screened FOXK2 in this study as a key transcription factor that regulates glycolysis in OC. FOXK2 is overly expressed in OC, and poor prognosis is predicted by overexpression. FOXK2 promotes OC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and cell migration in vitro. Further studies showed that PDK2 directly binds to the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of FOXK2 to phosphorylate FOXK2 at Thr13 and Ser30, thereby enhancing the transcriptional activity of FOXK2. FOXK2 transcriptionally regulates the expression of PDK2, thus forming positive feedback to sustain glycolysis in OC cells.

Unlocking Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Senescence (MiDAS) with NAD + - a Boolean Model of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Cell Cycle Control

The steady accumulation of senescent cells with aging creates tissue environments that aid cancer evolution. Aging cell states are highly heterogeneous. 'Deep senescent' cells rely on healthy mitochondria to fuel a strong proinflammatory secretome, including cytokines, growth and transforming signals. Yet, the physiological triggers of senescence such as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) can also trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, and sufficient energy deficit to alter their secretome and cause chronic oxidative stress - a state termed Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Senescence (MiDAS). Here, we offer a mechanistic hypothesis for the molecular processes leading to MiDAS, along with testable predictions. To do this we have built a Boolean regulatory network model that qualitatively captures key aspects of mitochondrial dynamics during cell cycle progression (hyper-fusion at the G1/S boundary, fission in mitosis), apoptosis (fission and dysfunction) and glucose starvation (reversible hyper-fusion), as well as MiDAS in response to SIRT3 knockdown or oxidative stress. Our model reaffirms the protective role of NAD + and external pyruvate. We offer testable predictions about the growth factor- and glucose-dependence of MiDAS and its reversibility at different stages of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced senescence. Our model provides mechanistic insights into the distinct stages of DNA-damage induced senescence, the relationship between senescence and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer and offers a foundation for building multiscale models of tissue aging.

Highlights

Boolean regulatory network model reproduces mitochondrial dynamics during cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and glucose starvation. Model offers a mechanistic explanation for the positive feedback loop that locks in Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Senescence (MiDAS), involving autophagy-resistant, hyperfused, dysfunctional mitochondria. Model reproduces ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and suggests that MiDAS is part of the early phase of damage-induced senescence. Model predicts that cancer-driving mutations that bypass the G1/S checkpoint generally increase the incidence of MiDAS, except for p53 loss.

The determinants of metabolic discrepancies in aerobic glycolysis: Providing potential targets for breast cancer treatment

Altered aerobic glycolysis is the robust mechanism to support cancer cell survival and proliferation beyond the maintenance of cellular energy metabolism. Several investigators portrayed the important role of deregulated glycolysis in different cancers, including breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most ubiquitous form of cancer and the primary cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Breast cancer with increased glycolytic flux is hampered to eradicate with current therapies and can result in tumor recurrence. In spite of the low order efficiency of ATP production, cancer cells are highly addicted to glycolysis. The glycolytic dependency of cancer cells provides potential therapeutic strategies to preferentially kill cancer cells by inhibiting glycolysis using antiglycolytic agents. The present review emphasizes the most recent research on the implication of glycolytic enzymes, including glucose transporters (GLUTs), hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA), associated signalling pathways and transcription factors, as well as the antiglycolytic agents that target key glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer. The potential activity of glycolytic inhibitors impinges cancer prevalence and cellular resistance to conventional drugs even under worse physiological conditions such as hypoxia. As a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, it provides the feasibility of new therapeutic modalities against a wide spectrum of human cancers.

Coculture with Colon-26 cancer cells decreases the protein synthesis rate and shifts energy metabolism toward glycolysis dominance in C2C12 myotubes

Cancer cachexia is the result of complex interorgan interactions initiated by cancer cells and changes in patient behavior such as decreased physical activity and energy intake. Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between the direct and indirect effects of cancer cells on muscle mass regulation and bioenergetics to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this study, we investigated the direct effects of Colon-26 cancer cells on the molecular regulating machinery of muscle mass and its bioenergetics using a coculture system with C2C12 myotubes. Our results demonstrated that coculture with Colon-26 cells induced myotube atrophy and reduced skeletal muscle protein synthesis and its regulating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signal transduction. However, we did not observe any activating effects on protein degradation pathways including ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems. From a bioenergetic perspective, coculture with Colon-26 cells decreased the complex I-driven, but not complex II-driven, mitochondrial ATP production capacity, while increasing glycolytic enzyme activity and glycolytic metabolites, suggesting a shift in energy metabolism toward glycolysis dominance. Gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing showed that the increased activity of glycolytic enzymes was consistent with changes in gene expression. However, the decreased ATP production capacity of mitochondria was not in line with the gene expression. The potential direct interaction between cancer cells and skeletal muscle cells revealed in this study may contribute to a better fundamental understanding of the complex pathophysiology of cancer cachexia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We explored the potential direct interplay between colon cancer cells (Colon-26) and skeletal muscle cells (C2C12 myotubes) employing a noncontact coculture experimental model. Our findings reveal that coculturing with Colon-26 cells substantially impairs the protein synthesis rate, concurrently instigating a metabolic shift toward glycolytic dominance in C2C12 myotubes. This research unveils critical insights into the intricate cellular cross talk underpinning the complex pathophysiology of cancer cachexia.

Metabolic Roles of HIF1, c-Myc, and p53 in Glioma Cells

The metabolic reprogramming that promotes tumorigenesis in glioblastoma is induced by dynamic alterations in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, as well as in transcriptional and signaling networks, which result in changes in global genetic expression. The signaling pathways PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK stimulate cell metabolism, either directly or indirectly, by modulating the transcriptional factors p53, HIF1, and c-Myc. The overexpression of HIF1 and c-Myc, master regulators of cellular metabolism, is a key contributor to the synthesis of bioenergetic molecules that mediate glioma cell transformation, proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion by modifying the transcription levels of key gene groups involved in metabolism. Meanwhile, the tumor-suppressing protein p53, which negatively regulates HIF1 and c-Myc, is often lost in glioblastoma. Alterations in this triad of transcriptional factors induce a metabolic shift in glioma cells that allows them to adapt and survive changes such as mutations, hypoxia, acidosis, the presence of reactive oxygen species, and nutrient deprivation, by modulating the activity and expression of signaling molecules, enzymes, metabolites, transporters, and regulators involved in glycolysis and glutamine metabolism, the pentose phosphate cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids and nucleic acids. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of HIF1, c-Myc, and p53 in the genic regulatory network for metabolism in glioma cells, as well as potential therapeutic inhibitors of these factors.

Targeting the Warburg effect: A revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to traditional and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer

Cancer reprogramming is an important facilitator of cancer development and survival, with tumor cells exhibiting a preference for aerobic glycolysis beyond oxidative phosphorylation, even under sufficient oxygen supply condition. This metabolic alteration, known as the Warburg effect, serves as a significant indicator of malignant tumor transformation. The Warburg effect primarily impacts cancer occurrence by influencing the aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells. Key enzymes involved in this process include glucose transporters (GLUTs), HKs, PFKs, LDHs, and PKM2. Moreover, the expression of transcriptional regulatory factors and proteins, such as FOXM1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1α, and c-Myc, can also influence cancer progression. Furthermore, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circular RNAs play a vital role in directly regulating the Warburg effect. Additionally, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune system interactions are closely associated with the Warburg effect. Notably, the development of drugs targeting the Warburg effect has exhibited promising potential in tumor treatment. This comprehensive review presents novel directions and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients by conducting in-depth research and summarizing the bright prospects of targeting the Warburg effect in cancer.

Proton Sensing GPCR's: The missing link to Warburg's Oncogenic Legacy?

A century after Otto Warburg's seminal discovery of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, a phenomenon dubbed the "Warburg effect", the mechanistic links between this metabolic rewiring and tumorigenesis remain elusive. Warburg postulated that this enhanced glucose fermentation to lactate, even in the presence of oxygen, stemmed from an "irreversible respiratory injury" intrinsic to cancer cells. While oxidative phosphorylation yields higher ATP, the Warburg effect paradoxically persists, suggesting that the excess lactate and acid production are worth the deficit. Since Warburg's discovery, it has been demonstrated that the acidic tumor microenvironment activates a myriad of pro-oncogenic phenotypes ranging from therapeutic resistance to immune escape. Here we propose that proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as crucial heirs to Warburg's findings by transducing the acid signal from elevated glycolytic lactate into pro-oncogenic signals. The increased lactate production characteristic of the Warburg effect causes extracellular acidification. This acidic tumor microenvironment can activate proton-sensing GPCRs like GPR68, a proton-sensing receptor shown to stimulate proliferation, migration, and survival pathways in cancer cells. Such pH sensing is accomplished through protonation of key residues such as histidine, which causes a conformational change to activate various downstream signaling cascades including the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, Rho, and β-arrestin pathways implicated in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. By coupling Warburg's "respiratory injury" to potent mitogenic signaling, proton-sensing GPCRs like GPR68 may unveil a longstanding mystery - why forgo efficient ATP generation? As heirs to Warburg's iconic metabolic observations, these proton sensors could represent novel therapeutic targets to disrupt the synergy between the Warburg effect and oncogenic signaling.

An integrative view on glucagon function and putative role in the progression of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC)

Cancer metabolism research area evolved greatly, however, is still unknown the impact of systemic metabolism control and diet on cancer. It makes sense that systemic regulators of metabolism can act directly on cancer cells and activate signalling, prompting metabolic remodelling needed to sustain cancer cell survival, tumour growth and disease progression. In the present review, we describe the main glucagon functions in the control of glycaemia and of metabolic pathways overall. Furthermore, an integrative view on how glucagon and related signalling pathways can contribute for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) progression, since pancreas and liver are the major organs exposed to higher levels of glucagon, pancreas as a producer and liver as a scavenger. The main objective is to bring to discussion some glucagon-dependent mechanisms by presenting an integrative view on microenvironmental and systemic aspects in pNETs and HCC biology.

Gene expression analyses reveal potential mechanism of inorganic arsenic-induced apoptosis in zebrafish

Our previous study showed that sodium arsenite (200 mg/L) affected the nervous system and induced motor neuron development via the Sonic hedgehog pathway in zebrafish larvae. To gain more insight into the effects of arsenite on other signaling pathways, including apoptosis, we have performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction array-based gene expression analyses. The 96-well array plates contained primers for 84 genes representing 10 signaling pathways that regulate several biological functions, including apoptosis. We exposed eggs at 5 h postfertilization until the 72 h postfertilization larval stage to 200 mg/L sodium arsenite. In the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and Wingless/Int-1 signaling pathways, the expression of only one gene in each pathway was significantly altered. The expression of multiple genes was altered in the p53 and oxidative stress pathways. Sodium arsenite induced excessive apoptosis in the larvae. This compelled us to analyze specific genes in the p53 pathway, including cdkn1a, gadd45aa, and gadd45ba. Our data suggest that the p53 pathway is likely responsible for sodium arsenite-induced apoptosis. In addition, sodium arsenite significantly reduced global DNA methylation in the zebrafish larvae, which may indicate that epigenetic factors could be dysregulated after arsenic exposure. Together, these data elucidate potential mechanisms of arsenic toxicity that could improve understanding of arsenic's effects on human health.

Reprogramming Energy Metabolism with Synthesized PDK Inhibitors Based on Dichloroacetate Derivatives and Targeted Delivery Systems for Enhanced Cancer Therapy

In many types of cancers, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) is abnormally overexpressed and has become a promising target for cancer therapy. However, few highly effective inhibitors of PDK have been reported to date. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of PDK inhibitors based on dichloroacetate (DCA) and arsenicals. Of the 27 compounds, 1f demonstrated PDK inhibition with high efficiency at a cellular level (IC50 = 2.0 μM) and an enzyme level (EC50 = 68 nM), far more effective than that of DCA. In silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies demonstrated that 1f inhibited PDK, shifted the energy metabolism from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, and induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, new 1f-loaded nanoparticles were developed, and the administration of high-drug-loading nanoparticles (0.15 mg/kg) caused up to 90% tumor shrinkage without any apparent toxicity. Hence, this study provided a novel metabolic therapy for cancer treatment.

PDK4 facilitates fibroblast functions and diabetic wound healing through regulation of HIF-1α protein stability and gene expression

Fibroblast activation disorder is one of the main pathogenic characteristics of diabetic wounds. Orchestrated fibroblast functions and myofibroblast differentiation are crucial for wound contracture and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), a key enzyme regulating energy metabolism, has been implicated in modulating fibroblast function, but its specific role in diabetic wounds remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of PDK4 on diabetic wounds and its underlying mechanisms. To assess the effect of PDK4 on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), we conducted CCK-8, EdU proliferation assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay, flow cytometry, and western blot analyses. Metabolic shifts were analyzed using the Seahorse XF analyzer, while changes in metabolite expression were measured through LC-MS. Local recombinant PDK4 administration was implemented to evaluate its influence on wound healing in diabetic mice. Finally, we found that sufficient PDK4 expression is essential for a normal wound-healing process, while PDK4 is low expressed in diabetic wound tissues and fibroblasts. PDK4 promotes proliferation, migration, and myofibroblast differentiation of HDFs and accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice. Mechanistically, PDK4-induced metabolic reprogramming increases the level of succinate that inhibits PHD2 enzyme activity, thus leading to the stability of the HIF-1α protein, during which process the elevated HIF-1α mRNA by PDK4 is also indispensable. In conclusion, PDK4 promotes fibroblast functions through regulation of HIF-1α protein stability and gene expression. Local recombinant PDK4 administration accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice.

Phytochemicals targeting glycolysis in colorectal cancer therapy: effects and mechanisms of action

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world, and it is prone to recurrence and metastasis during treatment. Aerobic glycolysis is one of the main characteristics of tumor cell metabolism in CRC. Tumor cells rely on glycolysis to rapidly consume glucose and to obtain more lactate and intermediate macromolecular products so as to maintain growth and proliferation. The regulation of the CRC glycolysis pathway is closely associated with several signal transduction pathways and transcription factors including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), myc, and p53. Targeting the glycolytic pathway has become one of the key research aspects in CRC therapy. Many phytochemicals were shown to exert anti-CRC activity by targeting the glycolytic pathway. Here, we review the effects and mechanisms of phytochemicals on CRC glycolytic pathways, providing a new method of drug development.

Biological function and research progress of N6-methyladenosine binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 in human cancers

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification found in both mRNA and lncRNA. It exerts reversible regulation over RNA function and affects RNA processing and metabolism in various diseases, especially tumors. The m6A binding protein, hnRNPA2B1, is extensively studied as a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) protein family. It is frequently dysregulated and holds significant importance in multiple types of tumors. By recognizing m6A sites for variable splicing, maintaining RNA stability, and regulating translation and transport, hnRNPA2B1 plays a vital role in various aspects of tumor development, metabolism, and regulation of the immune microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the latest research on the functional roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of hnRNPA2B1. Moreover, we discussed its potential as a target for tumor therapy.

The Interplay between Dysregulated Metabolism and Epigenetics in Cancer

Cellular metabolism (or energetics) and epigenetics are tightly coupled cellular processes. It is arguable that of all the described cancer hallmarks, dysregulated cellular energetics and epigenetics are the most tightly coregulated. Cellular metabolic states regulate and drive epigenetic changes while also being capable of influencing, if not driving, epigenetic reprogramming. Conversely, epigenetic changes can drive altered and compensatory metabolic states. Cancer cells meticulously modify and control each of these two linked cellular processes in order to maintain their tumorigenic potential and capacity. This review aims to explore the interplay between these two processes and discuss how each affects the other, driving and enhancing tumorigenic states in certain contexts.

The transcription factor Foxp1 regulates aerobic glycolysis in adipocytes and myocytes

In recent years, lactate has been recognized as an important circulating energy substrate rather than only a dead-end metabolic waste product generated during glucose oxidation at low levels of oxygen. The term "aerobic glycolysis" has been coined to denote increased glucose uptake and lactate production despite normal oxygen levels and functional mitochondria. Hence, in "aerobic glycolysis" lactate production is a metabolic choice, whereas in "anaerobic glycolysis" it is a metabolic necessity based on inadequate levels of oxygen. Interestingly, lactate can be taken up by cells and oxidized to pyruvate and thus constitutes a source of pyruvate that is independent of insulin. Here, we show that the transcription factor Foxp1 regulates glucose uptake and lactate production in adipocytes and myocytes. Over-expression of Foxp1 leads to increased glucose uptake and lactate production. In addition, protein levels of several enzymes in the glycolytic pathway are upregulated, such as hexokinase 2, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and real-time quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) assays, we demonstrate that Foxp1 directly interacts with promoter consensus cis-elements that regulate expression of several of these target genes. Conversely, knock-down of Foxp1 suppresses these enzyme levels and lowers glucose uptake and lactate production. Moreover, mice with a targeted deletion of Foxp1 in muscle display systemic glucose intolerance with decreased muscle glucose uptake. In primary human adipocytes with induced expression of Foxp1, we find increased glycolysis and glycolytic capacity. Our results indicate Foxp1 may play an important role as a regulator of aerobic glycolysis in adipose tissue and muscle.

Noncanonical role of singleminded-2s in mitochondrial respiratory chain formation in breast cancer

Dysregulation of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of breast cancer progression and is associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Here, we show that the breast tumor suppressor gene SIM2 promotes mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using breast cancer cell line models. Mechanistically, we found that SIM2s functions not as a transcription factor but localizes to mitochondria and directly interacts with the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) to facilitate functional supercomplex (SC) formation. Loss of SIM2s expression disrupts SC formation through destabilization of MRC Complex III, leading to inhibition of electron transport, although Complex I (CI) activity is retained. A metabolomic analysis showed that knockout of SIM2s leads to a compensatory increase in ATP production through glycolysis and accelerated glutamine-driven TCA cycle production of NADH, creating a favorable environment for high cell proliferation. Our findings indicate that SIM2s is a novel stabilizing factor required for SC assembly, providing insight into the impact of the MRC on metabolic adaptation and breast cancer progression.

A Phase I Dose-escalation Study of AZD3965, an Oral Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Cancer

PURPOSE

Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1-mediated lactate transport may have cytostatic and/or cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. We report results from the dose-escalation part of a first-in-human trial of AZD3965, a first-in-class MCT1 inhibitor, in advanced cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This multicentre, phase I, dose-escalation and dose-expansion trial enrolled patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma and no standard therapy options. Exclusion criteria included history of retinal and/or cardiac disease, due to MCT1 expression in the eye and heart. Patients received daily oral AZD3965 according to a 3+3 then rolling six design. Primary objectives were to assess safety and determine the MTD and/or recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Secondary objectives for dose escalation included measurement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity. Exploratory biomarkers included tumor expression of MCT1 and MCT4, functional imaging of biological impact, and metabolomics.

RESULTS

During dose escalation, 40 patients received AZD3965 at 5-30 mg once daily or 10 or 15 mg twice daily. Treatment-emergent adverse events were primarily grade 1 and/or 2, most commonly electroretinogram changes (retinopathy), fatigue, anorexia, and constipation. Seven patients receiving ≥20 mg daily experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLT): grade 3 cardiac troponin rise (n = 1), asymptomatic ocular DLTs (n = 5), and grade 3 acidosis (n = 1). Plasma pharmacokinetics demonstrated attainment of target concentrations; pharmacodynamic measurements indicated on-target activity.

CONCLUSIONS

AZD3965 is tolerated at doses that produce target engagement. DLTs were on-target and primarily dose-dependent, asymptomatic, reversible ocular changes. An RP2D of 10 mg twice daily was established for use in dose expansion in cancers that generally express high MCT1/low MCT4).

Epigenetic and transcriptomic characterization reveals progression markers and essential pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Identifying tumor-cell-specific markers and elucidating their epigenetic regulation and spatial heterogeneity provides mechanistic insights into cancer etiology. Here, we perform snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq in 34 and 28 human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) specimens, respectively, with matched bulk proteogenomics data. By identifying 20 tumor-specific markers through a multi-omics tiered approach, we reveal an association between higher ceruloplasmin (CP) expression and reduced survival. CP knockdown, combined with spatial transcriptomics, suggests a role for CP in regulating hyalinized stroma and tumor-stroma interactions in ccRCC. Intratumoral heterogeneity analysis portrays tumor cell-intrinsic inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as two distinguishing features of tumor subpopulations. Finally, BAP1 mutations are associated with widespread reduction of chromatin accessibility, while PBRM1 mutations generally increase accessibility, with the former affecting five times more accessible peaks than the latter. These integrated analyses reveal the cellular architecture of ccRCC, providing insights into key markers and pathways in ccRCC tumorigenesis.

Near Infrared-Activatable Methylene Blue Polypeptide Codelivery of the NO Prodrug via π-π Stacking for Cascade Reactive Oxygen Species Amplification-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

The application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted remarkable interest in cancer treatment because of the advantages of noninvasiveness and spatiotemporal selectivity. However, the PDT efficiency is considerably limited by photosensitizer (PS) quenching and severe hypoxia in solid tumors. Herein, a kind of near infrared (NIR)-activatable methylene blue (MB) peptide nanocarrier was developed for codelivery of nitric oxide (NO) prodrug JSK, expecting a cascade of reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification-mediated antitumor PDT. In detail, MB was conjugated to water-soluble polyethylene glycol-polylysine (PEG-PLL) through NIR-photocleavable 10-N-carbamoyl bonds, and the subsequent amphiphilic conjugates (mPEG-PLL-MB) self-assembled into nanoparticles (NPs), which allowed JSK codelivery via π-π stacking interactions. MB in quenched state in mPEG-PLL-MB/JSK NPs could be photoactivated by NIR light locoregionally in a controlled manner due to the photocleavage of carbamoyl bonds. Apart from ROS production, assembly disturbance and even disintegration of mPEG-PLL-MB/JSK occurred along with MB activation that subsequently freed JSK, which was further triggered by intracellularly overexpressed glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) to sustain the release of NO. NO then served as a hypoxia relief agent through inhibition of cellular respiration to economize O₂, cooperating with MB activation and GSH depletion, which synergistically enabled a cascade of ROS amplification to augment PDT for mitochondrial apoptosis-mediated tumor inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this pioneering strategy of cascade amplification of ROS addressed the key issues of PS inactivation, hypoxia resistance, and ROS neutralization in a three-pronged approach, which hold great promise in efficient antitumor PDT.

Metabolic Reprogramming and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that often require their metabolism program to fulfill the demand of cell proliferation. Features of metabolism in lymphoma cells include high glucose uptake, deregulated expression of enzymes related to glycolysis, dual capacity for glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, elevated glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These aberrant metabolic changes lead to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to lymphoma chemotherapy. This metabolic reprogramming, including glucose, nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, is a dynamic process caused not only by genetic and epigenetic changes, but also by changes in the microenvironment affected by viral infections. Notably, some critical metabolic enzymes and metabolites may play vital roles in lymphomagenesis and progression. Recent studies have uncovered that metabolic pathways might have clinical impacts on the diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of lymphoma subtypes. However, determining the clinical relevance of biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to lymphoma metabolism is still challenging. In this review, we systematically summarize current studies on metabolism reprogramming in lymphoma, and we mainly focus on disorders of glucose, amino acids, and lipid metabolisms, as well as dysregulation of molecules in metabolic pathways, oncometabolites, and potential metabolic biomarkers. We then discuss strategies directly or indirectly for those potential therapeutic targets. Finally, we prospect the future directions of lymphoma treatment on metabolic reprogramming.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat

Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.

The Ketogenic Diet in Colorectal Cancer: A Means to an End

Some diets, such as high lipid and high glucose diets, are known to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. On the other hand, little is known about diets that prevent colonic carcinogenesis. The ketogenic diet, which is characterized by high fat and very low carbohydrate content, is one such diet. The ketogenic diet decreases the amount of available glucose for tumors and shifts to the production of ketone bodies as an alternative energy source for healthy cells. Cancer cells are unable to use the ketone bodies for energy thus depriving them of the energy needed for progression and survival. Many studies reported the beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet in several types of cancers. Recently, the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate has been found to possess anti-tumor potential in colorectal cancer. Despite its beneficial effects, the ketogenic diet also has some drawbacks, some of which are related to gastrointestinal disorders and weight loss. Thus, studies are being directed at this time towards finding alternatives to following a strict ketogenic diet and supplementing patients with the ketone bodies responsible for its beneficial effects in the hope of overcoming some potential setbacks. This article discusses the mechanism by which a ketogenic diet influences growth and proliferation of tumor cells, it sheds the light on the most recent trials regarding its use as an adjunctive measure to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, and it explains the limitations of its usage in metastatic patients and the promising role of exogenous ketone supplementation in this setting.

Engineering lactate-modulating nanomedicines for cancer therapy

Lactate in tumors has long been considered "metabolic junk" derived from the glycolysis of cancer cells and utilized only as a biomarker of malignancy, but is presently believed to be a pivotal regulator of tumor development, maintenance and metastasis. Indeed, tumor lactate can be a "fuel" for energy supply and functions as a signaling molecule, which actively contributes to tumor progression, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, therapeutic resistance, etc., thus providing promising opportunities for cancer treatment. However, the current approaches for regulating lactate homeostasis with available agents are still challenging, which is mainly due to the short half-life, low bioavailability and poor specificity of these agents and their unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. In recent years, lactate modulation nanomedicines have emerged as a charming and efficient strategy for fighting cancer, which play important roles in optimizing the delivery of lactate-modulating agents for more precise and effective modulation and treatment. Integrating specific lactate-modulating functions in diverse therapeutic nanomedicines may overcome the intrinsic restrictions of different therapeutic modalities by remodeling the pathological microenvironment for achieving enhanced cancer therapy. In this review, the most recent advances in the engineering of functional nanomedicines that can modulate tumor lactate for cancer therapy are summarized and discussed, and the fundamental mechanisms by which lactate modulation benefits various therapeutics are elucidated. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of this emerging strategy in the anti-tumor field are highlighted.

Encoding and Decoding of p53 Dynamics in Cellular Response to Stresses

In the cellular response to stresses, the tumor suppressor p53 is activated to maintain genomic integrity and fidelity. As a transcription factor, p53 exhibits rich dynamics to allow for discrimination of the type and intensity of stresses and to direct the selective activation of target genes involved in different processes including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we focused on how stresses are encoded into p53 dynamics and how the dynamics are decoded into cellular outcomes. Theoretical modeling may provide a global view of signaling in the p53 network by coupling the encoding and decoding processes. We discussed the significance of modeling in revealing the mechanisms of the transition between p53 dynamic modes. Moreover, we shed light on the crosstalk between the p53 network and other signaling networks. This review may advance the understanding of operating principles of the p53 signaling network comprehensively and provide insights into p53 dynamics-based cancer therapy.

The regulatory mechanisms and inhibitors of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 in cancer

Reprogramming of energy metabolism is one of the basic characteristics of cancer and has been proved to be an important cancer treatment strategy. Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) are a class of key proteins in energy metabolism, including IDH1, IDH2, and IDH3, which are involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Mutants of IDH1 or IDH2 can produce d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) with α-KG as the substrate, and then mediate the occurrence and development of cancer. At present, no IDH3 mutation has been reported. The results of pan-cancer research showed that IDH1 has a higher mutation frequency and involves more cancer types than IDH2, implying IDH1 as a promising anti-cancer target. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the regulatory mechanisms of IDH1 on cancer from four aspects: metabolic reprogramming, epigenetics, immune microenvironment, and phenotypic changes, which will provide guidance for the understanding of IDH1 and exploring leading-edge targeted treatment strategies. In addition, we also reviewed available IDH1 inhibitors so far. The detailed clinical trial results and diverse structures of preclinical candidates illustrated here will provide a deep insight into the research for the treatment of IDH1-related cancers.