MUC1 (CD227): a multi-tasked molecule

Digital image analysis of gland-to-stroma ratio by CD10 objectively differentiates between low-grade endometrioid carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia on endometrial biopsy

Distinguishing between endometrial atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EAH/EIN) and grade 1 endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC) requires the evaluation of gland-to-stromal ratio, presence of stromal invasion, extent of epithelial proliferation and nuclear alterations. In small biopsies, stromal invasion may not always be sampled, so other features become more important. However, assessing of some of these features may be subjective. Digital analysis improves diagnostic uniformity, and when combined with CD10 immunostain, it can potentially become a useful objective parameter. Endometrial biopsies with a diagnosis of EAH/EIN or EEC matched were retrieved with subsequent hysterectomy for reference diagnosis. CD10 immunohistochemistry was applied to the biopsies, followed by scanning and annotation. Pixel-accurate stromal percentages were deduced from digitised whole-slide images from a test cohort. An optimal stromal percentage cut-off, thus gland-to-stroma ratio, was extrapolated from the receiver operating characteristic curve. A separate cohort was used to validate the diagnostic performance of the determined gland-to-stroma cut-off. Seventy endometrial biopsies were included in the test cohort, comprising 48 grade 1 EECs and 22 EAH/EINs. The mean stromal percentage was 15.69% for EEC and 33.65% for EAH/EIN (all endometrial tissue annotated/analysed) and 14.77% for EEC and 31.88% for EAH/EIN (only lesional tissue annotated/analysed). The corresponding gland-to-stroma ratio was 5:1 for EEC and 2:1 for EAH/EIN. The areas under curve were 0.758 (p=0.001) (all endometrial tissue) and 0.761 (p=0.001) (only lesional tissue), (p=0.001). In the validation cohort, a cut-off of 30% CD10-stained stroma (7:3 gland-to-stroma ratio) was superior in diagnostic performance than the H&E diagnosis (p=0.042). Evaluation of gland-to-stroma ratio using CD10 immunostain and digital image analysis is a robust and objective method for distinguishing between grade 1 EEC and EAH/EIN in small biopsies. A cut-off >7:3 is highly indicative of EEC.

Enhancing Cancer Vaccine Efficacy: Backbone Modification with β‑Amino Acids Alters the Stability and Immunogenicity of MUC1-Derived Glycopeptide Formulations

Glycopeptides derived from the mucin-1 (MUC1) glycoprotein hold significant promise as cancer vaccine candidates, but their clinical utility is limited by proteolytic degradation and the poor bioavailability of L-α-amino acid-based peptides. In this study, we demonstrate that substitution of multiple α-amino acids with homologous β-amino acids (same side chain, but extended backbone) in O-glycosylated MUC1 derivatives significantly enhances their proteolytic stability. We further show that α-to-β substitutions within the most immunogenic epitope of MUC1 impede binding to an anti-MUC1 antibody, while substitutions outside the same epitope preserve antibody recognition. Structural investigations using circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the strongest α/β-peptide binders retain native-like conformations in the epitope region, both in their unbound state and when bound to the anti-MUC1 antibody. Conjugation of these high-affinity α/β-peptide analogs to gold nanoparticles induces robust immune responses in mice comparable to that of the native glycopeptide. Additionally, these α/β-analogs elicit elevated levels of the cytokine IFNγ, one of the key proteins for tumor cell elimination, surpassing levels produced by the native MUC1 glycopeptide. In contrast, a low-affinity α/β-analogue with lower proteolytic stability produces minimal cytokine responses, underscoring the critical role of these biochemical properties in vaccine efficacy. Collectively, our findings highlight that α-to-β modifications in the peptide backbone offer an effective strategy for developing biostable, highly immunogenic glycopeptide-based cancer vaccines, exemplifying the power of structure-based rational design in advancing next-generation vaccines.

Development of uMUC-1 Targeted NEMO Particles with pH-Activatable MRI Signals for Enhanced Detection of Malignant Breast Cancer Cells

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects more breast cancers than mammography due to its superior soft tissue contrast; however, it still misdiagnoses 40% of benign tumors as malignant due to clinically used nonspecific contrast agents (e.g., gadolinium chelates). To overcome this limitation, we developed receptor-targeted, pH-sensitive Nano-Encapsulated Manganese Oxide (NEMO) particles as an alternative T1-weighted MRI contrast agent. A breast cancer targeting peptide, EPPT, against underglycosylated mucin-1, promotes preferential endocytosis of NEMO particles by malignant cells and specific activation of the MRI signal inside low pH endosomes/lysosomes. In just 30 min, EPPT-NEMO particles produced rapid and robust T1-weighted MRI contrast inside T47D breast cancer cells that reached ∼276% signal enhancement, which was significantly brighter than MCF10A benign control cells (∼57% enhancement). Mn cellular content further confirmed peptide targeting specificity, while confocal microscopy showed the colocalization of EPPT-NEMO particles with endosomes and lysosomes. EPPT-NEMO particles show promise as alternative T1-weighted MRI contrast agents, producing significantly brighter signals in breast cancer cells compared to benign cells within clinically relevant timeframes. These advancements in targeted MRI contrast agents could lead to improved accuracy in breast cancer diagnosis and ultimately to better patient outcomes.

Low-Invasive Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumours

Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most common type of tumours in older bitches. An early, precise and low-invasive diagnosis is essential, due to some CMTs being malignant and having a poor prognosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and blood tests are both low-invasive diagnostic methods that have been used in veterinary medicine. However, the perfect biomarkers should be identified to diagnose and evaluate the prognosis of CMTs. This review focuses on biomarkers that can be tested by FNA or blood samples based on current literature. Until now, the most studied biomarkers of FNAC, such as Ki-67, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), P53, E-cadherin and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Some common blood biomarkers that have been widely studied include lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The novel biomarkers will also be mentioned: cancer stem cells (CSCs), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), miRNAs and circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA); they are all useful markers. Copper ion and serum ferritin (SF) are good markers of human breast cancer; they may be candidates of CMTs biomarkers, too. In conclusion, many biomarkers are suitable for diagnosing and/or prognosing CMTs; combining a couple of them can increase the specificity; more detailed research should be done.

Superoxide dismutase 2 deficiency in mesenchymal stromal cells induces sympathetic denervation and functional impairment of brown adipose tissue

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an energy-consuming organ, and its functional dysregulation contributes to the development of metabolic diseases and obesity. BAT function is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system but declines with age, which is partly caused by reduced sympathetic nerve fibers innervating BAT. Thus far, the role of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in age-related BAT dysfunction remains unknown. Here, we show that BAT dysfunction may be induced by a defect in the antioxidant capacity of stromal cells that localize in and around the nerve fibers (perineurial cells) of BAT. These cells express Meflin, a marker of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Specific deletion of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 in Meflin-lineage cells caused sympathetic denervation and whitening of BAT and its functional impairment, as exemplified by a decline in the fat oxidation rate during the daytime. This phenotype was accompanied by overexpression of the neurorepulsive factor semaphorin 3A in perineurial cells. Notably, Meflin-deficient mice exhibited resistance to doxorubicin-induced BAT dysfunction. These results highlight the role of Meflin+ stromal cells, including perineurial cells, in maintaining BAT function and suggest that targeting BAT stromal cells provides a new avenue for improving BAT function.

Hairpin aptamer and ROS-sensitive microcapsule-mediated glycoprotein determination for the prognosis of colorectal cancer

A novel glycoprotein assay was developed by integrating the hairpin aptamer (H-APT)-mediated glycoprotein recognition and the reactive oxygen species-sensitive microcapsule (ROS-MC)-induced signal amplification. The analyzing process begins with the transfer of the target glycoprotein to a chlorin e6 (Ce6)-labeled DNA sequence via H-APT-mediated DNA displacement. Subsequently, the Ce6-labeled DNA was used to induce the disassembly of fluorophore-loaded ROS-MC under 650-nm light irradiation. Leveraging the rapid release of the fluorophore and the high loading capacity of the MC, this glycoprotein assay is capable of quantifying glycoprotein content in native biofluids within 2.5 h, achieving a detection limit of 0.034 ng/mL. We applied this assay to determine the glycoprotein composition in plasma samples of colorectal cancer patients, revealing a significant increase in glycoprotein content for those with a poor prognosis. In summary, we have developed an innovative method for glycoprotein determination that shows potential for clinical translation.

Eight-fold increased COVID-19 mortality in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease due to MUC1 mutations: an observational study

BACKGROUND

MUC1 and UMOD pathogenic variants cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD). MUC1 is expressed in kidney, nasal mucosa and respiratory tract, while UMOD is expressed only in kidney. Due to haplo-insufficiency ADTKD-MUC1 patients produce approximately 50% of normal mucin-1.

METHODS

To determine whether decreased mucin-1 production was associated with an increased COVID-19 risk, we sent a survey to members of an ADTKD registry in September 2021, after the initial, severe wave of COVID-19. We linked results to previously obtained ADTKD genotype and plasma CA15-3 (mucin-1) levels and created a longitudinal registry of COVID-19 related deaths.

RESULTS

Surveys were emailed to 637 individuals, with responses from 89 ADTKD-MUC1 and 132 ADTKD-UMOD individuals. 19/83 (23%) ADTKD-MUC1 survey respondents reported a prior COVID-19 infection vs. 14/125 (11%) ADTKD-UMOD respondents (odds ratio (OR) 2.35 (95%CI 1.60-3.11, P = 0.0260). Including additional familial cases reported from survey respondents, 10/41 (24%) ADTKD-MUC1 individuals died of COVID-19 vs. 1/30 (3%) with ADTKD-UMOD, with OR 9.21 (95%CI 1.22-69.32), P = 0.03. The mean plasma mucin-1 level prior to infection in 14 infected and 27 uninfected ADTKD-MUC1 individuals was 7.06 ± 4.12 vs. 10.21 ± 4.02 U/mL (P = 0.035). Over three years duration, our longitudinal registry identified 19 COVID-19 deaths in 360 ADTKD-MUC1 individuals (5%) vs. 3 deaths in 478 ADTKD-UMOD individuals (0.6%) (P = 0.0007). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the following odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for COVID-19 deaths: ADTKD-MUC1 8.4 (2.9-29.5), kidney transplant 5.5 (1.6-9.1), body mass index (kg/m2) 1.1 (1.0-1.2), age (y) 1.04 (1.0-1.1).

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with ADTKD-MUC1 are at an eight-fold increased risk of COVID-19 mortality vs. ADTKD-UMOD individuals. Haplo-insufficient production of mucin-1 may be responsible.

Discovery of a fully human antibody to the proximal membrane terminus of MUC1 based on a B-cell high-throughput screening technique

Mucin 1 plays an important role in tumor signaling and is overexpressed in adenocarcinoma and the digestive system. Many antibodies have been developed against MUC1 targets. Previously developed antibodies were mainly directed against distal membrane-terminal MUC1-N, but distal membrane-terminal MUC1-N is shed during cell growth and therefore binds to antibodies developed against tandem repeat sequences and becomes ineffective. Here, we provide a simple and rapid method for preparing antibodies targeting the proximal membrane end of MUC1. Immunological target antigens were designed based on Biocytogen Renlite KO mice. With the help of B-cell high-throughput screening technology, we rapidly screened and prepared fully human antibodies with human-macaque cross-reactivity, high affinity, high specificity, and endocytosis. Using this method, we screened 40 antibodies with human-monkey cross-reactivity, which specifically recognized breast cancer cell lines with human and monkey affinities ranging from (1.04E-07-2.91E-09). Of these, the antibodies with germline genes IGHV4-59*01 and IGHV3-30*03 had nanomolar affinities, with high endocytosis effects in breast cancer cells. Ab.07 (IGHV3-30*03) coupled with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) showed good anti-tumor activity in different tumor cells. In summary, we describe a method for designing and producing excellent antibodies that can be assembled into antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies by proximal-membrane-end immunization and B-cell high-throughput screening that can rapidly generate high-quality antibodies.

Non-Natural MUC1 Glycopeptide Homogeneous Cancer Vaccine with Enhanced Immunogenicity and Therapeutic Activity

Glycopeptides derived from the glycoprotein mucin-1 (MUC1) have shown potential as tumor-associated antigens for cancer vaccine development. However, their low immunogenicity and non-selective conjugation to carriers present significant challenges for the clinical efficacy of MUC1-based vaccines. Here, we introduce a novel vaccine candidate based on a structure-guided design of an artificial antigen derived from MUC1 glycopeptide. This engineered antigen contains two non-natural amino acids and has an α-S-glycosidic bond, where sulfur replaces the conventional oxygen atom linking the peptide backbone to the sugar N-acetylgalactosamine. The glycopeptide is then specifically conjugated to the immunogenic protein carrier CRM197 (Cross-Reactive Material 197), a protein approved for human use. Conjugation involves selective reduction and re-bridging of a disulfide in CRM197, allowing the attachment of a single copy of MUC1. This strategy results in a chemically defined vaccine while maintaining both the structural integrity and immunogenicity of the protein carrier. The vaccine elicits a robust Th1-like immune response in mice and generates antibodies capable of recognizing human cancer cells expressing tumor-associated MUC1. When tested in mouse models of colon adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer, the vaccine is effective both as a prophylactic and therapeutic use, significantly delaying tumor growth. In therapeutic applications, improved outcomes were observed when the vaccine was combined with an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor. Our strategy reduces batch-to-batch variability and enhances both immunogenicity and therapeutic potential. This site-specific approach disputes a prevailing dogma where glycoconjugate vaccines require multivalent display of antigens.

An overview of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast: past, present, and future

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast (IMPC) exhibits a unique micropapillary structure and "inside-out" growth pattern. Despite its extremely low incidence, IMPC has attracted considerable attention owing to its poor prognosis. Since Siriaunkgul and Tavassoli first proposed the term IMPC in 1993 to describe its morphological characteristics, with tumor cell clusters arranged in a pseudopapillary structure within the glandular cavity, its diagnostic rate has substantially increased. Based on the in-depth study of IMPC, a more comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology, clinicopathological features, and diagnostic criteria has been achieved in recent years. The pathogenesis and specific therapeutic targets of IMPC remain unclear. However, numerous studies have delved into its high-risk biological behavior. This review discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with IMPC.

Research progress of MUC1 in genitourinary cancers

MUC1 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein with a high molecular weight. It plays a role in lubricating and protecting mucosal epithelium, participates in epithelial cell renewal and differentiation, and regulates cell adhesion, signal transduction, and immune response. MUC1 is expressed in both normal and malignant epithelial cells, and plays an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis prediction and clinical monitoring of a variety of tumors and is expected to be a new therapeutic target. This article reviews the structural features, expression regulation mechanism, and research progress of MUC1 in the development of genitourinary cancers and its clinical applications.

Deciphering avian hematopoietic stem cells by surface marker screening and gene expression profiling

BACKGROUND

Avian species have played a pivotal role in developmental hematopoiesis research, leading to numerous critical discoveries. Avian influenza, particularly the H5N1 strain, poses a significant threat to poultry and has zoonotic potential for humans. Infections often result in abnormal hematologic profiles, highlighting the complex interplay between avian diseases and hematopoiesis. Many avian diseases can suppress immune cells in the bone marrow (BM), impacting immune responses. Studying hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in avian BM is crucial for understanding these processes and developing effective vaccines and protection strategies for both avian and human health.

METHODS

This study adapted methods from mouse studies to isolate avian HSCs as Lineage-negative (Lin-) cells. These isolated cells were further identified as Lin-Sca1+c-Kit+ (LSK) and were found to be more prevalent than in control groups. RT-PCR analyses were conducted, showing that genes like MEIS1 and TSC1 were upregulated, while SIRT1, FOXO1, and AHR were downregulated in these stem cells. Screening for LSK markers revealed ten unique surface antigens in the Sca1+c-Kit+ cell populations, including highly enriched antigens such as CD178, CD227, and CD184. Additionally, studies on quail HSCs demonstrated that similar labeling techniques were effective in quail BM.

RESULTS

The research demonstrated that the identification of avian HSC-specific surface antigens provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of avian influenza and other diseases, enhancing our understanding of how these diseases suppress HSC function. Notably, the upregulation of MEIS1 and TSC1 genes in LSK cells underscores their critical roles in regulating hematopoietic processes. Conversely, the downregulation of SIRT1, FOXO1, and AHR genes provides important clues about their roles in differentiation and immune response mechanisms.

DISCUSSION

The findings of this study deepen our understanding of the effects of avian diseases on the immune system by identifying surface markers specific to avian HSCs. The suppression of HSC function by pathogens such as influenza highlights the importance of understanding these cells in developing targeted vaccines. These results represent a significant step towards improving global health security by mitigating risks associated with avian pathogens.

Targeting overexpressed surface proteins: A new strategy to manage the recalcitrant triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous cancer that lacks all three molecular markers, Estrogen, Progesterone, and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). This unique characteristic of TNBC makes it more resistant to hormonal therapy; hence, chemotherapy and surgery are preferred. Active targeting with nanoparticles is more effective in managing TNBC than a passive approach. The surface of TNBC cells overexpresses several cell-specific proteins, which can be explored for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Immunohistochemical analysis has revealed that TNBC cells overexpress αVβ3 integrin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), Glucose Transporter 5 (GLUT5), Transmembrane Glycoprotein Mucin 1 (MUC-1), and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). These surface proteins can be targeted using ligands, such as aptamers, antibodies, and sugar molecules. Targeting the surface proteins of TNBC with ligands helps harmonize treatment and improve patient compliance. In this review, we discuss the proteins expressed, which are limited to αVβ3 integrin proteins, ICAM-1, GLUT-5, MUC1, and EGFR, on the surface of TNBC, the challenges associated with the preclinical setup of breast cancer for targeted nanoformulations, internalization techniques and their challenges, suggestions to overcome the limitations of successful translation of nanoparticles, and the possibility of ligand-conjugated nanoparticles targeting these surface receptors for a better therapeutic outcome.

Monocyte subsets in breast cancer patients under treatment with aromatase inhibitor and mucin-1 cancer vaccine

BACKGROUND

Monocytes comprise subsets of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes with distinct anti- or pro-tumor effects in breast cancer (BC). They are modulated by estrogen, and can contribute to BC control by endocrine therapy in preclinical models.

METHODS

To elucidate whether changes in monocyte subsets are associated with treatment and response, we investigated peripheral blood samples of 73 postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive BC, who received aromatase inhibitor therapy with or without the mucin-1 vaccine tecemotide in the ABCSG34 trial. Blood was retrieved at baseline, midterm and end of therapy, and was analyzed for the distribution and ER expression of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

When 40 healthy, age-matched women were compared with BC patients before treatment start, ER levels of monocytes did not differ, yet patients presented with a higher frequency of classical and fewer non-classical monocytes. Endocrine therapy triggered a significant increase in ER levels in all monocyte subsets, without affecting subset distribution. Vaccination had no overall impact on subset frequency and ER expression. Yet, a shift from intermediate to classical monocytes during therapy correlated with changes in plasma cytokines and chemokines and was significantly associated with low residual cancer burden in vaccinated patients. Without tecemotide, baseline ER levels in classical monocytes were significantly higher in women with good response to endocrine therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified classical monocytes to be associated with ER positive BC and with patient response to neoadjuvant endocrine treatment and cancer vaccination.

Mucin 1 expression is regulated by hsa_circ_0055054/microRNA‑122‑5p and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development

The abnormal expression of mucin 1 (MUC1) is a major cause of poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Competitive endogenous RNA demonstrates a novel regulatory mechanism that can affect the biological behavior of tumors. In the present study, the regulatory functions of hsa_circ_0055054 as well as those of microRNA (miR/miRNA) 122-5p on MUC1 expression and its role in HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, were evaluated. MUC1 expression was assessed using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The phenotypic functions of the HCC cell lines were evaluated following MUC1 knockdown using Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing and Transwell assays. Bioinformatics tools were used to identify specific miRNAs and circular (circ)RNAs that interact with and can regulate MUC1. The stability of circRNAs was assessed using a Ribonuclease R assay. The binding of circRNA/miRNA/MUC1 was assessed using dual-luciferase reporter assays and cellular function tests. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed using animal models. The results demonstrated that in MHCC97L cells, MUC1 and hsa_circ_0055054 were expressed at high levels while miR-122-5p was downregulated. The proliferation, migration and invasion of MHCC97L cells were suppressed by low MUC1 expression. hsa_circ_0055054 knockdown or miR-122-5p overexpression both led to a decrease in MUC1 expression. In MHCC97L cells with a low MUC1 expression caused by hsa_circ_0055054 knockdown, miR-122-5p inhibition resulted in the increased proliferation, migration and invasion of MHCC97L cells. In combination, the results of the present study indicate that hsa_circ_0055054 knockdown in MHCC97L cells leads to an increased expression of miR-122-5p and decreased expression of MUC1, which results in the inhibition of MHCC97L cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

Potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of liver cirrhosis: a focus on gut microbiota

Cirrhosis, a pathological stage that develops from various chronic liver diseases, is characterized by liver fibrosis, pseudolobular formation, and chronic inflammation. When it progresses to the decompensated phase, the mortality rate of cirrhosis can reach 80%. The role of gut microbiota in the progression of liver diseases has received significant attention. Numerous studies have shown that regulating gut microbiota has significant therapeutic effects on preventing and reversing liver cirrhosis. This article reviewed the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence liver cirrhosis, explaining the effective therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine. Through multi-directional regulation involving signaling pathways, gut microbiota diversity, and restoration of intestinal barrier function, traditional Chinese medicine has been promising in ameliorating liver cirrhosis, providing treatment options and pharmacological guidance for the occurrence and development of liver cirrhosis.

Eight-Fold Increased COVID-19 Mortality in Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease due to MUC1 Mutations: An Observational Study

Background

MUC1 and UMOD pathogenic variants cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD). MUC1 is expressed in kidney, nasal mucosa and respiratory tract, while UMOD is expressed only in kidney. Due to haplo-insufficiency ADTKD- MUC1 patients produce approximately 50% of normal mucin-1.

Methods

To determine whether decreased mucin-1 production was associated with an increased COVID-19 risk, we sent a survey to members of an ADTKD registry in September 2021, after the initial, severe wave of COVID-19. We linked results to previously obtained ADTKD genotype and plasma CA15-3 (mucin-1) levels and created a longitudinal registry of COVID-19 related deaths.

Results

Surveys were emailed to 637 individuals, with responses from 89 ADTKD- MUC1 and 132 ADTKD- UMOD individuals. 19/83 (23%) ADTKD- MUC1 survey respondents reported a prior COVID-19 infection vs. 14/125 (11%) ADTKD- UMOD respondents (odds ratio (OR) 2.35 (95%CI 1.60-3.11, P = 0.0260). Including additional familial cases reported from survey respondents, 10/41 (24%) ADTKD- MUC1 individuals died of COVID-19 vs. 1/30 (3%) with ADTKD- UMOD , with OR 9.21 (95%CI 1.22-69.32), P = 0.03. The mean plasma mucin-1 level prior to infection in 14 infected and 27 uninfected ADTKD- MUC1 individuals was 7.06±4.12 vs. 10.21±4.02 U/mL ( P = 0.035). Over three years duration, our longitudinal registry identified 19 COVID-19 deaths in 360 ADTKD- MUC1 individuals (5%) vs. 3 deaths in 478 ADTKD- UMOD individuals (0.6%) ( P = 0.0007). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the following odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for COVID-19 deaths: ADTKD- MUC1 8.4 (2.9-29.5), kidney transplant 5.5 (1.6-9.1), body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 1.1 (1.0-1.2), age (y) 1.04 (1.0-1.1).

Conclusions

Individuals with ADTKD- MUC1 are at an eight-fold increased risk of COVID-19 mortality vs. ADTKD- UMOD individuals. Haplo-insufficient production of mucin-1 may be responsible.

Characterization and Comparison Analysis of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins between Human and Porcine Milk

This study aimed to explore the differences in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins between human milk (HM) and porcine milk (PM) using a label-free quantitative proteomic approach. A total of 3920 and 4001 MFGM proteins were identified between PM and HM, respectively. Among them, 3520 common MFGM proteins were detected, including 956 significant differentially expressed MFGM proteins (DEPs). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEPs were highly enriched in the lipid metabolic process and intrinsic component of membrane. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways suggested that protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was the most highly enriched pathway, followed by peroxisome, complement, and coagulation cascades. This study reflects the difference in the composition of MFGM proteins between HM and PM and provides a scientific and systematic reference for the development of MFGM protein nutrition.

Structure-Guided Approach for the Development of MUC1-Glycopeptide-Based Cancer Vaccines with Predictable Responses

Mucin-1 (MUC1) glycopeptides are exceptional candidates for potential cancer vaccines. However, their autoantigenic nature often results in a weak immune response. To overcome this drawback, we carefully engineered synthetic antigens with precise chemical modifications. To be effective and stimulate an anti-MUC1 response, artificial antigens must mimic the conformational dynamics of natural antigens in solution and have an equivalent or higher binding affinity to anti-MUC1 antibodies than their natural counterparts. As a proof of concept, we have developed a glycopeptide that contains noncanonical amino acid (2S,3R)-3-hydroxynorvaline. The unnatural antigen fulfills these two properties and effectively mimics the threonine-derived antigen. On the one hand, conformational analysis in water shows that this surrogate explores a landscape similar to that of the natural variant. On the other hand, the presence of an additional methylene group in the side chain of this analog compared to the threonine residue enhances a CH/π interaction in the antigen/antibody complex. Despite an enthalpy-entropy balance, this synthetic glycopeptide has a binding affinity slightly higher than that of its natural counterpart. When conjugated with gold nanoparticles, the vaccine candidate stimulates the formation of specific anti-MUC1 IgG antibodies in mice and shows efficacy comparable to that of the natural derivative. The antibodies also exhibit cross-reactivity to selectively target, for example, human breast cancer cells. This investigation relied on numerous analytical (e.g., NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography) and biophysical techniques and molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the antigen-antibody interactions. This workflow streamlines the synthetic process, saves time, and reduces the need for extensive, animal-intensive immunization procedures. These advances underscore the promise of structure-based rational design in the advance of cancer vaccine development.

Transcriptome profiling reveals transcriptional regulation of Protegrin-1 on immune defense and development in porcine granulosa cells

Protegrin-1 (PG1) is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that has garnered increasing attention due to its potent immune defense activity. Our previous studies demonstrated the ability of PG1 to enhance proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of porcine granulosa cells (GCs) under oxidative stress. GCs play a crucial role in ovary follicular development. However, the specific function and underlying mechanisms of AMP in follicular development still need further elucidation. The present study aimed to comprehensively explore the biological effects of PG1 on porcine GCs using transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing technology. Isolated GCs were incubated with or without PG1 for 24 h and transcriptome-wide analysis was exerted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The results of expression analysis revealed 1,235 DEGs, including 242 up-regulated genes and 993 down-regulated genes (|log2 (FoldChange)| > 1; adjusted P-value < 0.05). The expression levels of 7 selected DEGs were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, which was consistent with the RNA-sequencing data. Among the significant DEGs, several genes associated with GC function and ovarian follicle development were identified, such as estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2), growth and differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), cell division cycle 20 homolog (CDC20), Notch3, ephrin and Eph receptor system, Egl nine homolog 3 (EGLN3), and BCL2 like 14 (BCL2L14). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the top three significant GO terms were inflammatory response, defense response, and granulocyte migration. Additionally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis presented that DEGs were mainly enriched in the immune system, infectious disease, signaling molecules and interaction, and immune disease. Furthermore, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) predicted that the top activated pathway was Liver X Receptor (LXR)/ Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) Activation which is known to be associated with female reproduction. Predicted protein-protein interactions (PPIs) analysis identified complement C3 (C3) as the top node with the highest degree of network connection and revealed that DEGs in the sub-networks were involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, and metabolic process. In conclusion, this study expanded the understanding of the effects of PG1 on porcine GCs at the transcriptomic level and provided a theoretical basis for further investigation into the role of PG1 in immune defense and mammalian ovarian follicular development.

The research status and prospects of MUC1 in immunology

In immune processes, molecular - molecular interactions are complex. As MUC1 often appears to be an important molecule in inflammation and tumor immunity, it is necessary to summarize the leading countries, authors, journals, and the cooperation among these entities and, most importantly, to determine the main research directions related to MUC1 in this field and the associated research frontiers. A total of 3,397 related studies published from 2012-2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science core database. The search strategy is TS= (MUC1 OR Mucin-1) refined by WEB OF SCIENCE CATEGORY (IMMUNOLOGY) AND [excluding] PUBLICATION YEARS: (2022) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR REVIEW) AND LANGUAGES: (ENGLISH) AND WEB OF SCIENCE INDEX: (Web of Science Core Collection. SCI), with a timespan of 2012 to 2021. Documented bibliometric visual analysis was performed by CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The number of studies has increased every year. There are 1,982 articles and 1,415 reviews from 89 countries and regions, 3,722 organizations, 1,042 journals, and 17,948 authors. The United States, China, and Germany are the major countries producing publications on this issue. The most published author is Finn OJ and the most influential author is June CH. The key words "chimeric antigen receptor" and "T-cell" highlight the current hot spots and future trends in this field. Research on MUC1 in the field of immunology is still evolving. Through the bibliometric analysis of the existing publications, the current research hotspots and future development trends in this field can be obtained.

Smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy

Smart nanoparticles, which can respond to biological cues or be guided by them, are emerging as a promising drug delivery platform for precise cancer treatment. The field of oncology, nanotechnology, and biomedicine has witnessed rapid progress, leading to innovative developments in smart nanoparticles for safer and more effective cancer therapy. In this review, we will highlight recent advancements in smart nanoparticles, including polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, protein nanoparticles, cell membrane nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, black phosphorus, MOF nanoparticles, and others. We will focus on their classification, structures, synthesis, and intelligent features. These smart nanoparticles possess the ability to respond to various external and internal stimuli, such as enzymes, pH, temperature, optics, and magnetism, making them intelligent systems. Additionally, this review will explore the latest studies on tumor targeting by functionalizing the surfaces of smart nanoparticles with tumor-specific ligands like antibodies, peptides, transferrin, and folic acid. We will also summarize different types of drug delivery options, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and even living cells, for their potential use in cancer therapy. While the potential of smart nanoparticles is promising, we will also acknowledge the challenges and clinical prospects associated with their use. Finally, we will propose a blueprint that involves the use of artificial intelligence-powered nanoparticles in cancer treatment applications. By harnessing the potential of smart nanoparticles, this review aims to usher in a new era of precise and personalized cancer therapy, providing patients with individualized treatment options.

Maternal health and pregnancy outcomes in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease

Introduction

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is an increasingly recognized cause of chronic kidney disease. ADTKD pregnancy outcomes have not previously been described.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was sent to women from ADTKD families.

Results

Information was obtained from 85 afffected women (164 term pregnancies) and 23 controls (50 pregnancies). Only 16.5% of genetically affected women knew they had ADTKD during pregnancy. Eighteen percent of ADTKD mothers had hypertension during pregnancy versus 12% in controls (p  =  0.54) and >40% in comparative studies of chronic kidney disease in pregnancy. Eleven percent of births of ADTKD mothers were <37 weeks versus 0 in controls (p < 0.0001). Cesarean section occurred in 19% of pregnancies in affected women versus 38% of unaffected individuals (p  =  0.06). Only 12% of babies required a neonatal intensive care unit stay.

Conclusions

ADTKD pregnancies had lower rates of hypertension during pregnancy versus other forms of chronic kidney disease, which may have contributed to good maternal and fetal outcomes.

Peptide-based vaccine for cancer therapies

Different strategies based on peptides are available for cancer treatment, in particular to counter-act the progression of tumor growth and disease relapse. In the last decade, in the context of therapeutic strategies against cancer, peptide-based vaccines have been evaluated in different tumor models. The peptides selected for cancer vaccine development can be classified in two main type: tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), which are captured, internalized, processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to cell-mediated immunity. Peptides loaded onto MHC class I are recognized by a specific TCR of CD8+ T cells, which are activated to exert their cytotoxic activity against tumor cells presenting the same peptide-MHC-I complex. This process is defined as active immunotherapy as the host's immune system is either de novo activated or restimulated to mount an effective, tumor-specific immune reaction that may ultimately lead to tu-mor regression. However, while the preclinical data have frequently shown encouraging results, therapeutic cancer vaccines clinical trials, including those based on peptides have not provided satisfactory data to date. The limited efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines is the consequence of several factors, including the identification of specific target tumor antigens, the limited immunogenicity of peptides and the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). An effective cancer vaccine can be developed only by addressing all such different aspects. The present review describes the state of the art for each of such factors.

A magnetic DNAzyme walker for both in-situ imaging and sensitive detection of MUC1 on living cells

Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein commonly expressed in epithelial cells with stable levels and polarized distribution. Their expression levels and spatial distribution abnormally altered during oncogenesis and play tumor-promoting roles synergistically. We herein propose a magnetic DNAzyme walker (MDW) for both in-situ imaging and sensitive detection of MUC1. This MDW was constructed by modifying specially designed track strands (TSs) and walking strands (WSs) on a streptavidin magnetic bead (SA-MB). The TSs contained cleavage sites for DNAzymes and were labeled with Cy3 at free ends. The WSs contained DNAzyme sequences and were firstly blocked by hybridizing with Cy5-labeled aptamers of MUC1. The DNAzymes were unlocked upon aptamers binding to MUC1 on cells. MDWs were then transferred to a buffer suitable for DNAzyme action, where the unlocked DNAzymes cleaved multiple TSs, releasing amplified Cy3-fragments, which were separated from the uncleaved ones by magnetic separation. In-situ imaging of MUC1 were achieved by the fluorescence of Cy5 on aptamers bound to MUC1. Sensitive detection of MUC1 were achieved by the amplified fluorescence of released Cy3. In-situ imaging and walker operation for detection were triggered by the same targets at the same time, ensuring the signals are real-time correlative. Moreover, MDWs' operation was separated from cells, reducing interference between imaging and detection. The proposed MDW offers a potential approach for comprehensive analysis of MUC1 in early diagnosis and progression assessment of tumor.

Serum Galectin-3 and Mucin-1 (CA15-3) in Relation to Renal Function in Untreated Chinese Patients

BACKGROUND

Galectin-3 is a multi-functional lectin protein and a ligand of mucin-1 (CA15-3), and has been linked to renal fibrosis in animal models and renal function in humans. However, no population study has ever explored the associations with both ligand and receptor. We therefore investigate the independent association of renal function with serum galectin-3 and mucin-1 (CA15-3) in untreated Chinese patients.

METHODS

The study participants were outpatients who were suspected of hypertension, but had not been treated with antihypertensive medication. Serum galectin-3 and mucin-1 (CA15-3) concentrations were both measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from serum creatinine by the use of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.

RESULTS

The 1,789 participants included 848 (47.4%) men. Mean (±SD) age was 51.3 ± 10.7 years. Multiple regression analyses showed that eGFR was significantly associated with serum galectin-3 and mucin-1 (CA15-3) concentration (0.68 and 1.32 ml/min/1.73 m2 decrease per 1-SD increase in log transformed serum galectin-3 and mucin-1 (CA15-3) concentration, respectively; P ≤ 0.006). The association of eGFR with serum mucin-1 (CA15-3) concentration was significantly stronger in the overweight (BMI 24.0-27.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2) than in normal weight subjects (BMI < 24.0 kg/m2, P for interaction 0.018). Path analysis showed that serum galectin-3 concentration had both a direct (P = 0.016) and a mucin-1 mediated indirect effect (P = 0.014) on eGFR.

CONCLUSIONS

Both circulating galectin-3 and mucin-1 (CA15-3) were significantly associated with renal function. The role of galectin-3 on renal function might be partially via mucin-1.

Peptide-Drug Conjugates: A New Hope for Cancer Management

Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite advances in treatment options for patients. As such, safe and effective therapeutics are required. Short peptides provide advantages to be used in cancer management due to their unique properties, amazing versatility, and progress in biotechnology to overcome peptide limitations. Several appealing peptide-based therapeutic strategies have been developed. Here, we provide an overview of peptide conjugates, the better equivalents of antibody-drug conjugates, as the next generation of drugs for required precise targeting, enhanced cellular permeability, improved drug selectivity, and reduced toxicity for the efficient treatment of cancers. We discuss the basic components of drug conjugates and their release action, including the release of cytotoxins from the linker. We also present peptide-drug conjugates under different stages of clinical development as well as regulatory and other challenges.

Mucin 1 Inhibits Ferroptosis and Sensitizes Vitamin E to Alleviate Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury through GSK3β/Keap1-Nrf2-GPX4 Pathway

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of programmed cell death, which may be related to the occurrence and development of sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury (ALI). Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a kind of macromolecule transmembrane glycoprotein. Previous studies have shown that MUC1 could relieve ALI in sepsis and predict whether sepsis patients would develop into ARDS. However, the role of MUC1 in the ferroptosis of sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS remains unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sera samples from 50 patients with sepsis/septic shock were used to detect iron metabolism-related markers. Western blot and qRT-PCR were conducted to detect the expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to evaluate inflammatory factors. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to assess morphological changes of cells.

RESULTS

The results showed that the iron metabolism-related indicators in sepsis-induced ARDS patients changed significantly, suggesting the iron metabolism disorder. The expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes in lung tissues of sepsis had marked changes, and the lipid peroxidation levels increased, while Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) could reverse the above results, which confirmed the occurrence of ferroptosis. In terms of mechanism studies, inhibition of MUC1 dimerization could increase the expression level of Keap1, reduce the phosphorylation level of GSK3β, inhibit the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus, further inhibit the expression level of GPX4, enhance the lipid peroxidation level of lung tissues, trigger ferroptosis, and aggravate lung injury. Besides, inhibiting MUC1 reversed the alleviating effect of vitamin E on ALI caused by sepsis, increased the aggregation of inflammatory cells in lung tissues, and aggravated alveolar injury and edema.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study was the first to explore the changes of iron metabolism indicators in ALI/ARDS of sepsis, clarify the important role of ferroptosis in ALI/ARDS induced by sepsis, and reveal the effects and specific mechanisms of MUC1 in regulating ferroptosis, as well as the sensitization on vitamin E.

PNA-Modified Liposomes Improve the Delivery Efficacy of CAPIRI for the Synergistic Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Tumor-associated antigen mucin 1 (MUC1) is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and is positively correlated with advanced stage at diagnosis and poor patient outcomes. The combination of irinotecan and capecitabine is standard chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer and is known as XELIRI or CAPIRI, which significantly prolongs the progression-free survival and overall survival of colorectal cancer patients compared to a single drug alone. We previously reported that peanut agglutinin (PNA)-conjugated liposomes showed enhanced drug delivery efficiency to MUC1-positive liver cancer cells. In this study, we prepared irinotecan hydrochloride (IRI) and capecitabine (CAP)-coloaded liposomes modified by peanut agglutinin (IRI/CAP-PNA-Lips) to target MUC1-positive colorectal cancer. The results showed that IRI/CAP-PNA-Lips showed an enhanced ability to target MUC1-positive colorectal cancer cells compared to unmodified liposomes. Treatment with IRI/CAP-PNA-Lips also increased the proportion of apoptotic cells and inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. The targeting specificity for tumor cells and the antitumor effects of PNA-modified liposomes were significantly increased in tumor-bearing mice with no severe cytotoxicity to normal tissues. These results suggest that PNA-modified liposomes could provide a new delivery strategy for the synergistic treatment of colorectal cancer with clinical chemotherapeutic agents.

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease: more than just HNF1β

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) refers to a group of disorders with a bland urinary sediment, slowly progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), and autosomal dominant inheritance. Due to advances in genetic diagnosis, ADTKD is becoming increasingly recognized as a cause of CKD in both children and adults. ADTKD-REN presents in childhood with mild hypotension, CKD, hyperkalemia, acidosis, and anemia. ADTKD-UMOD is associated with gout and CKD that may present in adolescence and slowly progresses to kidney failure. HNF1β mutations often present in childhood with anatomic abnormalities such as multicystic or dysplastic kidneys, as well as CKD and a number of other extra-kidney manifestations. ADTKD-MUC1 is less common in childhood, and progressive CKD is its sole clinical manifestation, usually beginning in the late teenage years. This review describes the pathophysiology, genetics, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of the different forms of ADTKD, with an emphasis on diagnosis. We also present data on kidney function in children with ADTKD from the Wake Forest Rare Inherited Kidney Disease Registry.

Update on the role of C1GALT1 in cancer (Review)

Cancer remains one of the most difficult diseases to treat. In the quest for early diagnoses to improve patient survival and prognosis, targeted therapies have become a hot research topic in recent years. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Core 1β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) is a key glycosyltransferase in the glycosylation process and is the key enzyme in the formation of the core 1 structure on which most complex and branched O-glycans are formed. A recent study reported that C1GALT1 was aberrantly expressed in tumors. In cancer cells, C1GALT1 is regulated by different factors. In the present review, the expression of C1GALT1 in different tumors and its possible molecular mechanisms of action are described and the role of C1GALT1 in cancer development is discussed.

Smart delivery of epirubicin to cancer cells using aptamer-modified ferritin nanoparticles

Epirubicin is a chemotherapy agent which is commonly used in treatment of cancers. However, despite being efficient, the tendency to use this drug is declining mostly due to its myocardiopathy and drug-resistance of tumor cells. Such side effects could be prevented using targeted nanocarriers. This study aims to evaluate targeted delivery of epirubicin (Epi) to colon cancer cells using ferritin nanoparticles (Ft NPs) and MUC1 aptamer (Apt) and formation of Apt-Epi Ft NPs. In the current study, Apt-Epi Ft NPs were prepared. Then, physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, including size and zeta potential, morphology, drug loading, drug release from nanoparticles, drug uptake of cancer cells, cytotoxicity and in vivo results were collected. The results showed that the nanoparticles were synthesized with a mean size of 37.9 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 67%. The drug release from these nanoparticles was about 90% within 4 h in acidic medium. Also, targeted delivery of Epi enhanced its anticancer effects in both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, targeted delivery of Epi using aptamer-modified ferritin nanoparticles improved in vitro and in vivo results which indicates that it could be useful as a successful drug delivery system against cancer cells.

Urinary proteomics combined with home blood pressure telemonitoring for health care reform trial: rational and protocol

BACKGROUND

Hypertension and diabetes cause chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction (DVD) as forerunners of disability and death. Home blood pressure telemonitoring (HTM) and urinary peptidomic profiling (UPP) are technologies enabling prevention.

METHODS

UPRIGHT-HTM (Urinary Proteomics Combined with Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring for Health Care Reform [NCT04299529]) is an investigator-initiated 5-year clinical trial with patient-centred design, which will randomise 1148 patients to be recruited in Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and South America. During the whole study, HTM data will be collected and freely accessible for patients and caregivers. The UPP, measured at enrolment only, will be communicated early during follow-up to 50% of patients and their caregivers (intervention), but only at trial closure in 50% (control). The hypothesis is that early knowledge of the UPP risk profile will lead to more rigorous risk factor management and result in benefit. Eligible patients, aged 55-75 years old, are asymptomatic, but have ≥5 CKD- or DVD-related risk factors, preferably including hypertension, type-2 diabetes, or both. The primary endpoint is a composite of new-onset intermediate and hard cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Demonstrating that combining UPP with HTM is feasible in a multicultural context and defining the molecular signatures of early CKD and DVD are secondary endpoints.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

The expected outcome is that application of UPP on top of HTM will be superior to HTM alone in the prevention of CKD and DVD and associated complications and that UPP allows shifting emphasis from treating to preventing disease, thereby empowering patients.

Pleiotropic Effects of Functional MUC1 Variants on Cardiometabolic, Renal, and Hematological Traits in the Taiwanese Population

MUC1 is a transmembrane mucin involved in carcinogenesis and cell signaling. Functional MUC1 variants are associated with multiple metabolic and biochemical traits. This study investigated the association of functional MUC1 variants with MUC1 DNA methylation and various metabolic, biochemical, and hematological parameters. In total, 80,728 participants from the Taiwan Biobank were enrolled for association analysis using functional MUC1 variants and a nearby gene regional plot association study. A subgroup of 1686 participants was recruited for MUC1 DNA methylation analysis. After Bonferroni correction, we found that two MUC1 variants, rs4072037 and rs12411216, were significantly associated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C, renal functional parameters (blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine levels, and estimated glomerular filtration rate), albuminuria, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, serum uric acid level, and gout risk, with both favorable and unfavorable effects. Causal inference analysis revealed that the association between the variants and gout was partially dependent on the serum uric acid level. Both gene variants showed genome-wide significant associations with MUC1 gene-body methylation. Regional plot association analysis further revealed lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms situated at the nearby TRIM46-MUC1-THBS3-MTX1 gene region for the studied phenotypes. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of MUC1 variants with novel associations for gout, red blood cell parameters, and MUC1 DNA methylation. These results provide further evidence in understanding the critical role of TRIM46-MUC1-THBS3-MTX1 gene region variants in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic, renal, and hematological disorders.

Cancer Stem Cells and Somatic Stem Cells as Potential New Drug Targets, Prognosis Markers, and Therapy Efficacy Predictors in Breast Cancer Treatment

New drug targets, markers of disease prognosis, and more efficient treatment options are an unmet clinical need in breast cancer (BC). We have conducted a pilot study including patients with luminal B stage breast cancer IIA–IIIB. The presence and frequency of various populations of cancer stem cells (CSC) and somatic stem cells were assessed in the blood, breast tumor tissue, and normal breast tissue. Our results suggest that patients with BC can be divided into two distinct groups based on the frequency of aldehyde dehydrogenase positive cells (ALDH1⁺ cells) in the blood (ALDH1^hi and ALDH1^low). In the ALDH1^hi cells group, the tumor is dominated by epithelial tumor cells CD44⁺CD24^low, CD326⁺CD44⁺CD24⁻, and CD326⁻CD49f⁺, while in the ALDH1^low cells group, CSCs of mesenchymal origin and epithelial tumor cells (CD227⁺CD44⁺CD24⁻ and CD44⁺CD24⁻CD49f⁺) are predominant. In vitro CSCs of the ALDH1^low cells group expressing CD326 showed high resistance to cytostatics, CD227⁺ CSCs of the ALDH1^hi cells group are sensitive to cytostatics. Epithelial precursors of a healthy mammary gland were revealed in normal breast tissue of patients with BC from both groups. The cells were associated with a positive effect of chemotherapy and remission in BC patients. Thus, dynamic control of their presence in blood and assessment of the sensitivity of CSCs to cytostatics in vitro can improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy in BC.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of heterosis on thermal resistance in hybrid abalone

BACKGROUND

Heterosis has been exploited for decades in different animals and crops due to it resulting in dramatic increases in yield and adaptability. Hybridization is a classical breeding method that can effectively improve the genetic characteristics of organisms through heterosis. Abalone has become an increasingly economically important aquaculture resource with high commercial value. However, due to changing climate, abalone is now facing serious threats of high temperature in summer. Interspecific hybrid abalone (Haliotis gigantea ♀ × H. discus hannai ♂, SD) has been cultured at large scale in southern China and has been shown high survival rates under heat stress in summer. Therefore, SD has become a good model material for heterosis research, but the molecular basis of heterosis remains elusive.

RESULTS

Heterosis in thermal tolerance of SD was verified through Arrhenius break temperatures (ABT) of cardiac performance in this study. Then RNA-Sequencing was conducted to obtain gene expression patterns and alternative splicing events at control temperature (20 °C) and heat stress temperature (30 °C). A total of 356 (317 genes), 476 (435genes), and 876 (726 genes) significantly diverged alternative splicing events were identified in H. discus hannai (DD), H. gigantea (SS), and SD in response to heat stress, respectively. In the heat stress groups, 93.37% (20,512 of 21,969) of the expressed genes showed non-additive expression patterns, and over-dominance expression patterns of genes account for the highest proportion (40.15%). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the overlapping genes among common DEGs and NAGs were significantly enriched in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitophagy, and NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, we found that among these overlap genes, 39 genes had undergone alternative splicing events in SD. These pathways and genes may play an important role in the thermal resistance of hybrid abalone.

CONCLUSION

More alternative splicing events and non-additive expressed genes were detected in hybrid under heat stress and this may contribute to its thermal heterosis. These results might provide clues as to how hybrid abalone has a better physiological regulation ability than its parents under heat stress, to increase our understanding of heterosis in abalone.

Breast Cancer Aptamers: Current Sensing Targets, Available Aptamers, and Their Evaluation for Clinical Use in Diagnostics

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, and the rate of diagnosis continues to increase. Early detection and targeted treatment towards histological type is crucial to improving outcomes, but current screening methods leave some patients at risk of late diagnosis. The risk of late diagnosis and progressed disease is of particular concern for young women as current screening methods are not recommended early in life. Aptamers are oligonucleotides that can bind with high specificity to target molecules such as proteins, peptides, and other small molecules. They are relatively cheap to produce and are invariable from batch to batch, making them ideal for use in large-scale clinical or screening programs. The use of aptamers for breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and therapeutics is promising, but comparison of these aptamers and their corresponding biomarkers for use in breast cancer is significantly lacking. Here, we compare the currently available aptamers for breast cancer biomarkers and their respective biomarkers, as well as highlight the electrochemical sensors that are in development.

MUC1 is an oncoprotein with a significant role in apoptosis (Review)

Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a membrane-bound, highly glycosylated protein that is overexpressed in all stages of malignant transformation. Overexpression of MUC1 together with loss of polarization and hypoglycosylation are associated with resistance to apoptosis, which is the process that results in efficient removal of damaged cells. Inhibition of the apoptotic process is responsible for tumor development, tumor progression and drug resistance. MUC1 is considered as an oncogenic molecule that is involved in various signaling pathways responsible for the regulation of apoptosis. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to discuss the involvement of MUC1 in the divergent mechanisms regulating programmed cell death.

MUC1 confers radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells

Mucin 1 (MUC1), a transmembrane glycoprotein, has shown to be as the possible prognostic marker to predict the risk of aggressive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the present study, we investigated the effect of MUC1 in HNSCC cells and the response to X-ray irradiation (IR). Here, we examined the impact of MUC1 overexpression or downexpression on clonogenic survival and apoptosis in response to X-ray irradiation (IR). Radioresistance and radiosensitivity were also observed in HNSCC cells that are MUC1 overexpression and MUC1 downexpression. This enhanced resistance to IR in MUC1-overexpressing cells is primarily due to increased the number of radiation-induced γH2AX/53BP1-positive foci and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair kinetics. MUC1 overexpression repaired more than 90% of DSBs after 2 Gy radiation by 24 h compared to the empty vector overexpressing cells with less than 50% of DSB repair. However, MUC1 downexpression repaired less than 20% of DSBs compared to the empty vector-overexpresing cells. MUC1 overexpression inhibited proapoptotic protein expression, such as caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, and induced antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, followed by resistance to IR-induced apoptosis. Our results showed that targeting MUC1 may be as a promising strategy to counteract radiation resistance of HNSCC cells.

Modelling the Effect of MUC1 on Influenza Virus Infection Kinetics and Macrophage Dynamics

MUC1 belongs to the family of cell surface (cs-) mucins. Experimental evidence indicates that its presence reduces in vivo influenza viral infection severity. However, the mechanisms by which MUC1 influences viral dynamics and the host immune response are not yet well understood, limiting our ability to predict the efficacy of potential treatments that target MUC1. To address this limitation, we use available in vivo kinetic data for both virus and macrophage populations in wildtype and MUC1 knockout mice. We apply two mathematical models of within-host influenza dynamics to this data. The models differ in how they categorise the mechanisms of viral control. Both models provide evidence that MUC1 reduces the susceptibility of epithelial cells to influenza virus and regulates macrophage recruitment. Furthermore, we predict and compare some key infection-related quantities between the two mice groups. We find that MUC1 significantly reduces the basic reproduction number of viral replication as well as the number of cumulative macrophages but has little impact on the cumulative viral load. Our analyses suggest that the viral replication rate in the early stages of infection influences the kinetics of the host immune response, with consequences for infection outcomes, such as severity. We also show that MUC1 plays a strong anti-inflammatory role in the regulation of the host immune response. This study improves our understanding of the dynamic role of MUC1 against influenza infection and may support the development of novel antiviral treatments and immunomodulators that target MUC1.

sLex expression in invasive micropapillary breast carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis and can be combined with MUC1/EMA as a supplementary diagnostic indicator

OBJECTIVE

Mucin 1 (MUC1/EMA) and sialyl Lewis X (sLex) indicate polarity reversal in invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of MUC1/EMA and sLex and to assess their diagnostic and prognostic value in patients with IMPC.

METHODS

The expression of sLex and MUC1/EMA in 100 patients with IMPC and a control group of 89 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS) were analyzed with IHC. Fresh tumor tissues were collected from patients with IMPC or IDC-NOS for primary culture and immunofluorescence analysis.

RESULTS

The rate of nodal metastasis was higher in patients with IMPC than those with IDC-NOS, and IMPC cells tended to express more sLex and MUC1/EMA in the cytomembranes (the stroma-facing surfaces of the micropapillary clusters) than IDC-NOS cells. In IMPC, high cytomembrane expression of sLex, but not MUC1/EMA, indicated poor prognosis. In addition, among the 100 patients with IMPC, 10 patients had sLex+/EMA- expression patterns, and 8 patients had sLex-/EMA+ expression patterns. The primary IMPC cells were suspended, non-adherent tumor cell clusters, whereas the primary IDC cells were adherent tumor cells. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that MUC1/EMA and sLex were co-expressed on the cytomembranes in IMPC cell clusters and in the cytoplasm in IDC-NOS cells.

CONCLUSIONS

sLex can be used as a prognostic indicator and can be combined with MUC1/EMA as a complementary diagnostic indicator to avoid missed IMPC diagnosis.

Large-Scale Characterization of Systemic Sclerosis Serum Protein Profile: Comparison to Peripheral Blood Cell Transcriptome and Correlations With Skin/Lung Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE

To provide a large-scale assessment of serum protein dysregulation in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) and to investigate serum protein correlates of SSc fibrotic features.

METHODS

We investigated serum protein profiles of 66 participants with dcSSc at baseline who were enrolled in the Scleroderma: Cyclophosphamide or Transplant Trial and 66 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. A panel of 230 proteins, including several cytokines and chemokines, was investigated. Whole blood gene expression profiling in concomitantly collected samples was performed.

RESULTS

Among the participants with dcSSc, the mean disease duration was 2.3 years. All had interstitial lung disease (ILD), and none were being treated with immunosuppressive agents at baseline. Ninety proteins were differentially expressed in participants with dcSSc compared to healthy control subjects. Similar to previous global skin transcript results, hepatic fibrosis, granulocyte and agranulocyte adhesion, and diapedesis were the top overrepresented pathways. Eighteen proteins correlated with the modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS). Soluble epidermal growth factor receptor was significantly down-regulated in dcSSc and showed the strongest negative correlation with the MRSS, being predictive of the score's course over time, whereas α₁ -antichymotrypsin was significantly up-regulated in dcSSc and showed the strongest positive correlation with the MRSS. Furthermore, higher levels of cancer antigen 15-3 correlated with more severe ILD, based on findings of reduced forced vital capacity and higher scores of disease activity on high-resolution computed tomography. Only 14 genes showed significant differential expression in the same direction in serum protein and whole blood RNA gene expression analyses.

CONCLUSION

Diffuse cutaneous SSc has a distinct serum protein profile with prominent dysregulation of proteins related to fibrosis and immune cell adhesion/diapedesis. The differential expression for most serum proteins in SSc is likely to originate outside the peripheral blood cells.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals heterogeneous tumor and immune cell populations in early-stage lung adenocarcinomas harboring EGFR mutations

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) harboring EGFR mutations prevails in Asian population. However, the inter-patient and intra-tumor heterogeneity has not been addressed at single-cell resolution. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of total 125,674 cells from seven stage-I/II LUAD samples harboring EGFR mutations and five tumor-adjacent lung tissues. We identified diverse cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which myeloid cells and T cells were the most abundant stromal cell types in tumors and adjacent lung tissues. Within tumors, accompanied by an increase in CD1C+ dendritic cells, the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) showed pro-tumoral functions without signature gene expression of defined M1 or M2 polarization. Tumor-infiltrating T cells mainly displayed exhausted and regulatory T-cell features. The adenocarcinoma cells can be categorized into different subtypes based on their gene expression signatures in distinct pathways such as hypoxia, glycolysis, cell metabolism, translation initiation, cell cycle, and antigen presentation. By performing pseudotime trajectory, we found that ELF3 was among the most upregulated genes in more advanced tumor cells. In response to secretion of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1B) from immune infiltrates, ELF3 in tumor cells was upregulated to trigger the activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway and elevated expression of proliferation and anti-apoptosis genes such as BCL2L1 and CCND1. Taken together, our study revealed substantial heterogeneity within early-stage LUAD harboring EGFR mutations, implicating complex interactions among tumor cells, stromal cells and immune infiltrates in the TME.

Immunoexpression of epithelial membrane antigen in canine meningioma: Novel results for perspective considerations

Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) is one of the most widely used diagnostic immunohistochemical markers for human meningioma. To date, no published study on EMA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of canine meningioma is available. Here, we describe the results of an immunohistochemical study on 25 FFPE canine meningiomas using a monoclonal anti-human EMA antibody. All meningiomas showed positive staining for EMA with cytoplasmic pattern, in nine cases associated with membranous staining. Area and intensity of staining were highly variable among cases. No clear relationships between tumour subtype/grade and area/intensity of staining were found. However, epithelial-like patterns showed a higher affinity for EMA compared to the mesenchymal one. The present study provides the basis to explore the potential diagnostic application of this marker in canine meningioma. To investigate EMA expression in other central nervous system tumours of dogs are necessary to assess the specificity of this marker.

Amplified Detection of Breast Cancer Autoantibodies Using MUC1-Based Tn Antigen Mimics

In many human carcinomas, mucin-1 (MUC1) is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated, resulting in the exposure of previously hidden antigens. This generates new patient antibody profiles that can be used in cancer diagnosis. In the present study, we focused on the MUC1-associated Tn antigen (α-O-GalNAc-Ser/Thr) and substituted the GalNAc monosaccharide by a glycomimic to identify MUC1-based glycopeptides with increased antigenicity. Two different glycopeptide libraries presenting the natural Tn antigen or the sp²-iminosugar analogue were synthesized and evaluated with anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibodies in a microarray platform. The most promising candidates were tested with healthy and breast cancer sera aiming for potential autoantibody-based biomarkers. The suitability of sp²-iminosugar glycopeptides to detect anti-MUC1 antibodies was demonstrated, and serological experiments showed stage I breast cancer autoantibodies binding with a specific unnatural glycopeptide with almost no healthy serum interaction. These results will promote further studies on their capabilities as early cancer biomarkers.

Combination therapy using Smac peptide and doxorubicin-encapsulated MUC 1-targeted polymeric nanoparticles to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy: An in vitro and in vivo study

Targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family comprising high level expression in many cancer cells, could sensitize tumor cells to conventional chemotherapies. In the present study, we designed both doxorubicin and SmacN6 (an antagonist of the IAPs) encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and investigated their synergistic effect of combination therapy in vitro and in vivo. According to the results, NPs-SmacN6 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity effect of NPs-DOX and reduced its IC₅₀ in MCF-7, 4T1 and C26 cancer cells. Western blot analysis confirmed mechanism of cell apoptosis via caspase activation through intrinsic and also extrinsic pathways. Moreover, 5TR1 aptamer-modified NPs could effectively deliver DOXor SmacN6 to C26 cancer cells (MUC1 positive) in comparison with the non-targeted one (p < 0.001). However, they could not be efficiently internalized into CHO cells (MUC1 negative), showing less cytotoxicity in this cell line. In vivo experiments in BALB/c mice bearing C26 tumor indicated that Apt-NPs-DOX in combination with Apt-NPs-SmacN6 had significant tumor growth inhibition in comparison with mice receiving either free DOX or Apt-NPs-DOX with p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05, respectively. Our results revealed that combination therapy of DOX and SmacN6 via Apt-modified nanoparticles can lead to improvement of therapeutic index of DOX in MUC1 positive cancer cells.