1
|
Ling C, Yang Y, Zhang B, Wang H, Chen C. Phoenixin-14 maintains the contractile type of vascular smooth muscle cells in cerebral aneurysms rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23813. [PMID: 39148253 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The rupture of intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the primary reason contributing to the occurrence of life-threatening subarachnoid hemorrhages. The oxidative stress-induced phenotypic transformation from the contractile phenotype to the synthetic phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a pivotal role in IA formation and rupture. Our study aimed to figure out the role of phoenixin-14 in VSMC phenotypic switching during the pathogenesis of IA by using both cellular and animal models. Primary rat VSMCs were isolated from the Willis circle of male Sprague-Dawley rats. VSMCs were stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to establish a cell oxidative damage model. After pretreatment with phoenixin-14 and exposure to H2O2, VSMC viability, migration, and invasion were examined through cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing, and Transwell assays. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in VSMCs was evaluated by using 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence probes and flow cytometry. Rat IA models were established by ligation of the left common carotid arteries and posterior branches of both renal arteries. The histopathological changes of rat intracranial blood vessels were observed through hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of contractile phenotype markers (alpha-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA] and smooth muscle 22 alpha [SM22α]) in VSMCs and rat arterial rings were determined through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. Our results showed that H2O2 stimulated the production of intracellular ROS and induced oxidative stress in VSMCs, while phoenixin-14 pretreatment attenuated intracellular ROS levels in H2O2-exposed VSMCs. H2O2 exposure promoted VSMC migration and invasion, which, however, was reversed by phoenixin-14 pretreatment. Besides, phoenixin-14 administration inhibited IA formation and rupture in rat models. The decrease in α-SMA and SM22α levels in H2O2-exposed VSMCs and IA rat models was antagonized by phoenixin-14. Collectively, phoenixin-14 ameliorates the progression of IA through preventing the loss of the contractile phenotype of VSMCs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Rats
- Male
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Intracranial Aneurysm/pathology
- Intracranial Aneurysm/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Osiak-Wicha C, Kras K, Tomaszewska E, Muszyński S, Arciszewski MB. Examining the Potential Applicability of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides in Veterinary Medicine for the Management of Obesity in Companion Animals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6725-6745. [PMID: 39057043 PMCID: PMC11275339 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article comprehensively explores the role of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the management of obesity in companion animals, with a focus on clinical applications. Obesity in domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, is prevalent, with significant implications for their health and well-being. Factors contributing to obesity include overfeeding, poor-quality diet, lack of physical activity, and genetic predispositions. Despite the seriousness of this condition, it is often underestimated, with societal perceptions sometimes reinforcing unhealthy behaviors. Understanding the regulation of food intake and identifying factors affecting the function of food intake-related proteins are crucial in combating obesity. Dysregulations in these proteins, whether due to genetic mutations, enzymatic dysfunctions, or receptor abnormalities, can have profound health consequences. Molecular biology techniques play a pivotal role in elucidating these mechanisms, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions. The review categorizes food intake-related proteins into anorexigenic peptides (inhibitors of food intake) and orexigenic peptides (enhancers of food intake). It thoroughly examines current research on regulating energy balance in companion animals, emphasizing the clinical application of various peptides, including ghrelin, phoenixin (PNX), asprosin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), leptin, and nesfatin-1, in veterinary obesity management. This comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between peptides, energy balance regulation, and obesity in companion animals. It underscores the importance of targeted interventions and highlights the potential of peptide-based therapies in improving the health outcomes of obese pets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Osiak-Wicha
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kras
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yilmaz N, Hudaykulıyeva J, Gul S. Phoenixin-14 may ameliorate testicular damage caused by torsion-detorsion by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in prepubertal rats. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102405. [PMID: 38754242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) on oxidative damage, inflammatory response, histopathological variations, and serum testosterone levels in testicular tissues. Forty-eight Wistar albino prepubertal male rats were divided into 4 groups (Sham, TTD, TT+PNX+TD, TTD+PNX) (n=12). The torsion period was 2 hours and the detorsion period was 24 hours in the testicular torsion/detorsion (TD) groups. A single PNX-14 (50 µg/kg) dose was injected into the rats in the TT+PNX TD group on the 90th minute of torsion, and it was injected into the rats in the TTD+PNX group at the beginning of detorsion. Oxidative damage in testicular tissues was determined based on superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS), and inflammatory damage was determined based on TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Histopathological variations were investigated with the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining method in testicular tissues and analyzed based on Johnsen scores. Spermatogonia cells were examined immunohistochemically. Serum testosterone levels were determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation parameters was determined in the TTD group when compared to the other groups (p<0.05). PNX-14 treatment led to a statistically significant decrease in these parameters and significantly repaired the TD damage in testicular tissue (p<0.05). Johnsen scoring revealed significant improvement in PNX-14 groups and an increase in spermatogonia count, supporting the biochemical findings (p<0.05). PNX-14 could be a potential therapeutic agent in testicular TD damage and further studies should be conducted to elucidate the present study findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesibe Yilmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
| | - Jemal Hudaykulıyeva
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Semir Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McIlwraith EK, Loganathan N, Mak KWY, He W, Belsham DD. Phoenixin knockout mice show no impairment in fertility or differences in metabolic response to a high-fat diet, but exhibit behavioral differences in an open field test. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13398. [PMID: 38733120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a conserved secreted peptide that was identified 10 years ago with numerous studies published on its pleiotropic functions. PNX is associated with estrous cycle length, protection from a high-fat diet, and reduction of anxiety behavior. However, no study had yet evaluated the impact of deleting PNX in the whole animal. We sought to evaluate a mouse model lacking the PNX parent gene, small integral membrane protein 20 (Smim20), and the resulting effect on reproduction, energy homeostasis, and anxiety. We found that the Smim20 knockout mice had normal fertility and estrous cycle lengths. Consistent with normal fertility, the hypothalamii of the knockout mice showed no changes in the levels of reproduction-related genes, but the male mice had some changes in energy homeostasis-related genes, such as melanocortin receptor 4 (Mc4r). When placed on a high-fat diet, the wildtype and knockout mice responded similarly, but the male heterozygous mice gained slightly less weight. When placed in an open field test box, the female knockout mice traveled less distance in the outer zone, indicating alterations in anxiety or locomotor behavior. In summary, the homozygous knockout of PNX did not alter fertility and modestly alters a few neuroendocrine genes in response to a high-fat diet, especially in the female mice. However, it altered the behavior of mice in an open field test. PNX therefore may not be crucial for reproductive function or weight, however, we cannot rule out possible compensatory mechanisms in the knockout model. Understanding the role of PNX in physiology may ultimately lead to an enhanced understanding of neuroendocrine mechanisms involving this enigmatic peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K McIlwraith
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly W Y Mak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenyuan He
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kurowska P, Mlyczyńska E, Wajda J, Król K, Pich K, Guzman P, Greggio A, Szkraba O, Opydo M, Dupont J, Rak A. Expression and in vitro effect of phoenixin-14 on the porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Reprod Biol 2024; 24:100827. [PMID: 38016195 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) regulates energy metabolism via the G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173); elevated plasma levels have been described in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. The aims were to investigate the ovarian expression of PNX-14/GPR173 and the in vitro effect of PNX-14 on granulosa cells (Gc) function. Transcript and protein levels of PNX-14/GRP173 were analysed by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry in the porcine ovarian follicles at days 2-3, 10-12 and 16-18 of the oestrous. For in vitro experiments, Gc were isolated from follicles at days 10-12 of the oestrous (4-6 mm) and PNX-14 at doses 1-1000 nM was added for 24-72 h to determine Gc proliferation. Cell cycle progression, E2 secretion, expression of proliferating cells nuclear antigen, cyclins, mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1; ERK1/2), protein kinase B (AKT) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were studied. The involvement of these kinases in PNX-14 action on Gc proliferation was analysed using pharmacological inhibitors. Levels of GPR173 were increased in the ovarian follicles with oestrous progression, while only PNX-14 protein was the highest at days 10-12 of the oestrous. Immuno-signal of PNX-14 was detected in Gc and theca cells and oocyte, while GPR173 was mostly in theca. Interestingly, PNX-14 stimulated Gc proliferation, E2 secretion, cell cycle progression and cyclins expression and had a modulatory effect on MAP3/1, AKT and STAT3 activation. Our study suggests that PNX-14 could be an important factor for porcine reproduction by influencing ovarian follicle growth through direct action on Gc function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Julia Wajda
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Konrad Król
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Guzman
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Greggio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szkraba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Opydo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Joelle Dupont
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mlyczyńska E, Kurowska P, Wachowska D, Grzesiak M, Dupont J, Rak A. Phoenixin-14 as a novel direct regulator of porcine luteal cell functions†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:154-168. [PMID: 37815939 PMCID: PMC10790343 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a neuropeptide with a well-established role in the central regulation of reproductive processes; however, knowledge regarding its role in the ovary is limited. One of the main active phoenixin isoforms is phoenixin-14, which acts through G protein-coupled receptor 173. Our research hypothesis was that phoenixin-14 is expressed in porcine corpus luteum and exerts luteotropic action by affecting the endocrine function of luteal cells through G protein-coupled receptor 173 and protein kinase signaling. Luteal cells were cultured to investigate the effect of phoenixin-14 (1-1000 nM) on endocrine function. We showed that phoenixin-14 and G protein-coupled receptor 173 are produced locally in porcine corpus luteum and their levels change during the estrous cycle. We detected phoenixin-14 immunostaining in the cytoplasm and G protein-coupled receptor 173 in the cell membrane. Plasma phoenixin levels were highest during the early luteal phase. Interestingly, insulin, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and prostaglandins decreased phoenixin-14 levels in luteal cells. Phoenixin-14 increased progesterone, estradiol, and prostaglandin E2 secretion, but decreased prostaglandin F2α, upregulated the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, and downregulated receptors for luteinizing hormone and prostaglandin. Also, phoenixin-14 increased the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 173 and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, protein kinase B, inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase A, and had mixed effect on AMP-activated protein kinase alpha and protein kinase C. G protein-coupled receptor 173 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mediated the effect of phoenixin-14 on endocrine function of luteal cells. Our results suggest that phoenixin is produced by porcine luteal cells and can be a new regulator of their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominika Wachowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzesiak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joelle Dupont
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Can U, Akdu S, Şahinoğlu S. The Levels of Phoenixin-14 and Phoenixin-20 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:1315-1322. [PMID: 38213155 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303267256231210060250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New pathogenesis-related early detection markers are needed to prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine phoenixin (PNX)-14 and PNX-20 levels in T2DM patients and investigate their relationship with diabetes. METHODS 36 T2DM patients and 36 healthy controls were included in the study, and PNX-14 and PNX-20 levels in blood samples taken from the groups were measured by ELISA method. RESULTS Patients' serum PNX-14 and PNX-20 levels were statistically significantly lower than in controls (p <0.001). A negative correlation was detected between PNX-14 and BMI, fasting blood sugar, HbA1c%, and HOMA-IR. A negative correlation was found between PNX-20 and BMI, fasting insulin and glucose, HbA1c%, and HO-MA-IR. A positive correlation was noticed between PNX-14 and PNX-20 levels. In ROC analyses, PNX-14 and PNX-20 performed almost equally in predicting T2DM. In predicting T2DM, the area under the ROC curve for PNX-14 was 0.874 (cutoff value 413.4 ng/L, sensitivity 89 %, specificity 72%), and for PNX-20 was 0.858 (cutoff value 228.7 ng/L, sensitivity 80 %, specificity 83 %). CONCLUSION This study shows that serum PNX measurement may have a high level of evidence in predicting T2DM. PNX, related to pathogenesis, may be useful in diagnosing T2DM and other information to support clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ummugulsum Can
- Konya City Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sadinaz Akdu
- Fethiye State Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Serdar Şahinoğlu
- Fethiye State Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Muğla, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Çimenli S, Kale İ, Muhcu M. Investigation of Serum Phoenixin-14 Concentration in Pregnant Women Diagnosed with Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2023; 227:347-353. [PMID: 37216963 DOI: 10.1055/a-2073-8652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the relationship between the hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) and maternal serum phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with 88 pregnant women who applied to the Umraniye Training and Research Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic between February 2022 and October 2022. The HG group consisted of 44 pregnant women diagnosed with HG between the 7th and 14th gestational weeks, and the control group consisted of 44 healthy pregnant women matched with the HG group in terms of age, BMI, and gestational week. Demographic characteristics, ultrasound findings, and laboratory outcomes were noted. The two groups were compared in terms of maternal serum PNX-14 concentrations. RESULTS Gestational age at blood sampling for PNX-14 was similar in both groups (p=1.000). While maternal serum PNX-14 concentration was 85.5 pg/ml in the HG group, it was 71.3 pg/ml in the control group (p=0.012). ROC analysis was performed to determine the value of maternal serum PNX-14 concentration in terms of predicting HG. AUC analysis of maternal serum PNX-14 for HG estimation was 0.656 (p=0.012, 95% CI=0.54-0.77). The optimal cutoff value for maternal serum PNX-14 concentration was determined as 79.81 pg/ml with 59% sensitivity and 59% specificity. CONCLUSION In this study, maternal serum PNX-14 concentration was found to be higher in pregnant women with HG, which indicates that high serum PNX-14 concentrations may have an anorexigenic effect on food intake in pregnancy. Concentrations of other PNX isoforms in HG and changes in PNX concentrations in pregnant women with HG who regained weight after treatment remain to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyye Çimenli
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kale
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Muhcu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Unit, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schalla MA, Oerter S, Cubukova A, Metzger M, Appelt-Menzel A, Stengel A. Locked Out: Phoenixin-14 Does Not Cross a Stem-Cell-Derived Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:980. [PMID: 37508911 PMCID: PMC10377091 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 is a recently discovered peptide regulating appetite. Interestingly, it is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract; however, its supposed receptor, GPR173, is predominantly found in hypothalamic areas. To date, it is unknown how peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 is able to reach its centrally located receptor. To investigate whether phoenixin is able to pass the blood-brain barrier, we used an in vitro mono-culture blood-brain barrier (BBB) model consisting of brain capillary-like endothelial cells derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-BCECs). The passage of 1 nMol and 10 nMol of phoenixin-14 via the mono-culture was measured after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min using a commercial ELISA kit. The permeability coefficients (PC) of 1 nMol and 10 nMol phoenixin-14 were 0.021 ± 0.003 and 0.044 ± 0.013 µm/min, respectively. In comparison with the PC of solutes known to cross the BBB in vivo, those of phoenixin-14 in both concentrations are very low. Here, we show that phoenixin-14 alone is not able to cross the BBB, suggesting that the effects of peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 depend on a co-transport mechanism at the BBB in vivo. The mechanisms responsible for phoenixin-14's orexigenic property along the gut-brain axis warrant further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, HELIOS Kliniken GmbH, 78628 Rottweil, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alevtina Cubukova
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gastaldi S, Rocca C, Gianquinto E, Granieri MC, Boscaro V, Blua F, Rolando B, Marini E, Gallicchio M, De Bartolo A, Romeo N, Mazza R, Fedele F, Pagliaro P, Penna C, Spyrakis F, Bertinaria M, Angelone T. Discovery of a novel 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one-based NLRP3 inhibitor as a pharmacological agent to mitigate cardiac and metabolic complications in an experimental model of diet-induced metaflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115542. [PMID: 37290185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the recent advancements in understanding the binding mode of sulfonylurea-based NLRP3 inhibitors to the NLRP3 sensor protein, we developed new NLRP3 inhibitors by replacing the central sulfonylurea moiety with different heterocycles. Computational studies evidenced that some of the designed compounds were able to maintain important interaction within the NACHT domain of the target protein similarly to the most active sulfonylurea-based NLRP3 inhibitors. Among the studied compounds, the 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one derivative 5 (INF200) showed the most promising results being able to prevent NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis triggered by LPS/ATP and LPS/MSU by 66.3 ± 6.6% and 61.6 ± 11.5% and to reduce IL-1β release (35.5 ± 8.8% μM) at 10 μM in human macrophages. The selected compound INF200 (20 mg/kg/day) was then tested in an in vivo rat model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metaflammation to evaluate its beneficial cardiometabolic effects. INF200 significantly counteracted HFD-dependent "anthropometric" changes, improved glucose and lipid profiles, and attenuated systemic inflammation and biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction (particularly BNP). Hemodynamic evaluation on Langendorff model indicate that INF200 limited myocardial damage-dependent ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) by improving post-ischemic systolic recovery and attenuating cardiac contracture, infarct size, and LDH release, thus reversing the exacerbation of obesity-associated damage. Mechanistically, in post-ischemic hearts, IFN200 reduced IRI-dependent NLRP3 activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. These results highlight the potential of the novel NLRP3 inhibitor, INF200, and its ability to reverse the unfavorable cardio-metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gastaldi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E. and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gianquinto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Granieri
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E. and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Valentina Boscaro
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Blua
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anna De Bartolo
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E. and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Naomi Romeo
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E. and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosa Mazza
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E. and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy; National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bertinaria
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E. and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy; National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu T, Yang M, Wu Y, Bu G, Han X, Du X, Liang Q, Cao X, Huang A, Zeng X, Meng F. PNX14 but not PNX20 as a novel regulator of preadipocyte differentiation via activating Epac-ERK signaling pathway in Gallus gallus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 335:114232. [PMID: 36774983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Small integral membrane protein 20 (SMIM20) could generate two main peptides, PNX14 and PNX20, which participate in multiple biological roles such as reproduction, inflammation and energy metabolism in mammals. However, little is known about their physiological functions in non-mammalian vertebrates. Using chicken (c-) as an animal model, we found cSMIM20 was moderately expressed in adipose tissues, and its expression was gradually increased during the differentiation of chicken preadipocytes, suggesting that it may play an important role in chicken adipogenesis. Further research showed cPNX14 could facilitate the differentiation of chicken preadipocytes into mature adipocytes by enhancing expression of adipogenic genes including PPARγ, CEBPα and FABP4, and promoting the formation of lipid droplets. This pro-adipogenic effect of cPNX14 was completely attenuated by Epac-specific and ERK inhibitor. Interestingly, cPNX20 failed to regulate the adipogenic genes and lipid droplet content. Collectively, our findings reveal that cPNX14 but not cPNX20 can serve as a novel adipogenesis mediator by activating the Epac-ERK signaling pathway in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Yuping Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Guixian Bu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xingfa Han
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Liang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Anqi Huang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Ya'an 625014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Friedrich T, Stengel A. Current state of phoenixin-the implications of the pleiotropic peptide in stress and its potential as a therapeutic target. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1076800. [PMID: 36860304 PMCID: PMC9968724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1076800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a pleiotropic peptide, whose known functions have broadened significantly over the last decade. Initially first described as a reproductive peptide in 2013, phoenixin is now recognized as being implicated in hypertension, neuroinflammation, pruritus, food intake, anxiety as well as stress. Due to its wide field of involvement, an interaction with physiological as well as psychological control loops has been speculated. It has shown to be both able to actively reduce anxiety as well as being influenced by external stressors. Initial rodent models have shown that central administration of phoenixin alters the behavior of the subjects when confronted with stress-inducing situations, proposing an interaction with the perception and processing of stress and anxiety. Although the research on phoenixin is still in its infancy, there are several promising insights into its functionality, which might prove to be of value in the pharmacological treatment of several psychiatric and psychosomatic illnesses such as anorexia nervosa, post-traumatic stress disorder as well as the increasingly prevalent stress-related illnesses of burnout and depression. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of phoenixin, its interactions with physiological processes as well as focus on the recent developments in stress response and the possible novel treatment options this might entail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Friedrich
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,*Correspondence: A. Stengel,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ozdemir-Kumral ZN, Sen E, Yapici HB, Atakul N, Domruk OF, Aldag Y, Sen LS, Kanpalta Mustafaoğlu F, Yuksel M, Akakin D, Erzik C, Haklar G, Imeryuz N. Phoenixin 14 ameloriates pancreatic injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by alleviating oxidative burden. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1651-1659. [PMID: 36130115 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a neuropeptide that has been shown to prevent oxidative damage and stimulates insulin secretion. We investigated the effects of PNX on pancreatic injury induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and nicotinamide (NAD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats, in control (C) and diabetic (STZ) groups, were treated with either saline, or PNX (0.45 nmol/kg, or 45 nmol/kg) daily for 3 days 1 week after STZ injection. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and gastric emptying rate (GER) were measured. Tissue and blood samples were collected. PNX treatments prevented pancreatic damage and β cell loss. Increased luminol and lucigenin levels in the pancreas, ileum and liver tissues of STZ groups were alleviated by PNX treatment in pancreatic and ileal tissues. PNX0.45 decreased FBG without any change in insulin blood level and pancreatic mRNA. GER increased in all diabetic rats while PNX0.45 delayed GER only in the C group. PNX diminishes pancreatic damage and lowers FBG by reducing oxidative load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eminenur Sen
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Yusra Aldag
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Semiha Sen
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of General Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Yuksel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Marmara University Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Erzik
- Department of Medical Biology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goncagul Haklar
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neşe Imeryuz
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liang H, Zhao Q, Lv S, Ji X. Regulation and physiological functions of phoenixin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:956500. [PMID: 36090042 PMCID: PMC9456248 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.956500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a newly discovered neuropeptide generated from small integral membrane protein 20. Phoenixin is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173) and has been detected in central and peripheral tissues of human, rats, mice, bovine, and zebrafish. It was initially involved in regulating reproductive function by stimulating the luteinizing hormone release from pituitary cells by increasing the level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Recently, many functions of phoenixin have been generalized, including regulation of food intake, memory, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, inflammation, neuronal and microglial activity, energy metabolism and body fluid balance, cardiovascular function, and endocrine activity. In addition, the interaction between phoenixin and nesfatin-1 have been revealed. The present article summarized the latest research progress on physiological function of phoenixin, suggesting that it is a potential target for novel drug development and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangyu Lv, ; Xinying Ji,
| | - Xinying Ji
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangyu Lv, ; Xinying Ji,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ling C, Yang Y, Hu X, Cai M, Wang H, Chen C. Phoenixin-14 alleviates inflammatory smooth muscle cell-induced endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro. Cytokine 2022; 157:155973. [PMID: 35907364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is cerebrovascular disorder which refers to local vessel wall damage to intracranial arteries, forming abnormal bulge. Both endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are closely associated with IA formation and rupture. Inflammatory SMCs (iSMCs) were reported to induce EC dysfunction and result in IA progression. Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) is a recently discovered brain peptide with pleiotropic roles, which participates in reproduction, cardio protection, lipid deposition and blood glucose metabolism. PNX-14 was previously reported to protect brain endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced cell injury. Therefore, our study was designed to investigate the influence of PNX-14 on iSMCs-induced endothelial dysfunction. METHODS Inflammation in SMCs was induced by cyclic mechanical stretch. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to SMC- or iSMC-conditioned medium and then treated with 100 nM PNX-14 for 24 h. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in cell supernatants were analyzed by ELISA. Cell viability, apoptosis, angiogenesis and migration were subjected to CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis, tube formation assay and Transwell migration assay. The protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis markers (Bcl-2 and Bax) were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Cyclic mechanical stretch upregulated IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in SMCs. Treatment with SMC- or iSMC-conditioned medium HUVECs inhibited cell viability, angiogenesis and migration and induced apoptosis in HUVECs. iSMC-conditioned medium has more significant effects on cell functions. However, the influence of SMC- or iSMC-conditioned medium treatment on HUVEC biological functions were reversed by PNX-14 treatment. PNX-14 exerts no significant influence on the biological functions of HUVECs treated with SMC medium. CONCLUSION PNX-14 alleviates iSMCs-induced endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiling Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Meiqin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Akdu S, Can U, Polat E. Investigation of serum phoenixin levels in patients with hypertension. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:814-819. [PMID: 35766697 PMCID: PMC9575894 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and
premature death worldwide. Phoenixin is a newly identified neuropeptide with
multiple bioactivity. However, there was no published data about phoenixin
levels in hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
relationship between phoenixin and hypertension. METHODS: This study was performed in 36 patients with hypertension and 36 healthy
controls. Serum phoenixin-14 and phoenixin-20 levels were determined by
Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay method. RESULTS: Serum phoenixin-14 and phoenixin-20 values were significantly lower in
hypertension patients compared with the control group (p<0.001). The
levels of phoenixin-14 were negatively correlated with weight (r=-0.376;
p<0.005), body mass index (r=-0.407; p<0.001), systolic blood pressure
(r=-0.586; p<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.319; p<0.01).
There was a negative correlation between serum phoenixin-20 and weight
(r=-0.378; p<0.005), body mass index (r=-0.383; p<0.005), systolic
blood pressure (r=-0.551; p<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure
(r=-0.306; p<0.01). We used receiver operating characteristic curve
analyses to compare the diagnosis value of Phoenixin-14 and Phoenixin-20
levels in hypertensive patients. We found that Phoenixin-14 value is an area
under the curve of 0.87 (cutoff value 404.7 ng/L, sensitivity 92%,
specificity 72%) and Phoenixin-20 value is an area under the curve of 0.83
(cutoff value 209.9 ng/L, sensitivity 86%, specificity 75%). Phoenixin-14
did nearly show equally compared to phoenixin-20 in predicting
hypertension. CONCLUSION: Serum phoenixin-14 and phoenixin-20 may be related to the pathogenesis of
hypertension. Our findings indicated that serum phoenixin-14 and
phoenixin-20 may serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of
hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadinaz Akdu
- Fethiye State Hospital, Department of Biochemistry - Muğla, Turkey
| | - Ummugulsum Can
- Konya City Hospital, Department of Biochemistry - Konya, Turkey
| | - Esra Polat
- Fethiye State Hospital, Department of Cardiology - Muğla, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Breton TS, Murray CA, Huff SR, Phaneuf AM, Tripp BM, Patuel SJ, Martyniuk CJ, DiMaggio MA. Phoenixin-14 alters transcriptome and steroid profiles in female green-spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:9454. [PMID: 35676522 PMCID: PMC9177834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a highly conserved, novel hormone with diverse functions, including hypothalamic control of reproduction, appetite modulation, and regulation of energy metabolism and inflammation. While some functions appear conserved across vertebrates, additional research is required to fully characterize these complex pleiotropic effects. For instance, very little is known about transcriptome level changes associated with PNX exposure, including responses in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is critical in vertebrate reproduction. In addition, the PNX system may be especially complex in fish, where an additional receptor is likely present in some species. The purpose of this study was to assess hypothalamic and ovarian transcriptomes after PNX-14 administration in female vitellogenic green-spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis). Steroid-related changes were also assessed in the liver and blood plasma. Hypothalamic responses included pro-inflammatory signals such as interleukin 1β, possibly related to gut-brain axis functions, as well as suppression of cell proliferation. Ovarian responses were more widely downregulated across all identified pathways, which may reflect progression to a less transcriptionally active state in oocytes. Both organs shared regulation in transforming growth factor-β and extracellular matrix remodeling (periostin) pathways. Reproductive processes were in general downregulated, but both inhibiting (bone morphogenetic protein 15 and follistatin) and promoting (17-hydroxyprogesterone) factors for oocyte maturation were identified. Select genes involved in reproduction (vitellogenins, estrogen receptors) in the liver were unresponsive to PNX-14 and higher doses may be needed to induce reproductive effects in D. nigroviridis. These results reinforce the complexity of PNX actions in diverse tissues and highlight important roles for this hormone in regulating the immune response, energy metabolism, and cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Breton
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Casey A. Murray
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA
| | - Sierra R. Huff
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Anyssa M. Phaneuf
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Bethany M. Tripp
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Sarah J. Patuel
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Matthew A. DiMaggio
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Antioxidant Selenoprotein T Mimetic, PSELT, Induces Preconditioning-like Myocardial Protection by Relieving Endoplasmic-Reticulum Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030571. [PMID: 35326221 PMCID: PMC8944960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) are strictly involved in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). Selenoprotein T (SELENOT), a vital thioredoxin-like selenoprotein, is crucial for ER homeostasis and cardiomyocyte differentiation and protection, likely acting as a redox-sensing protein during MI/R. Here, we designed a small peptide (PSELT), encompassing the redox site of SELENOT, and investigated whether its pre-conditioning cardioprotective effect resulted from modulating ERS during I/R. The Langendorff rat heart model was employed for hemodynamic analysis, while mechanistic studies were performed in perfused hearts and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. PSELT improved the post-ischemic contractile recovery, reducing infarct size and LDH release with and without the ERS inducer tunicamycin (TM). Mechanistically, I/R and TM upregulated SELENOT expression, which was further enhanced by PSELT. PSELT also prevented the expression of the ERS markers CHOP and ATF6, reduced cardiac lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and increased SOD and catalase activities. An inert PSELT (I-PSELT) lacking selenocysteine was ineffective. In H9c2 cells, H2O2 decreased cell viability and SELENOT expression, while PSELT rescued protein levels protecting against cell death. In SELENOT-deficient H9c2 cells, H2O2 exacerbated cell death, that was partially mitigated by PSELT. Microscopy analysis revealed that a fluorescent form of PSELT was internalized into cardiomyocytes with a perinuclear distribution. Conclusions: The cell-permeable PSELT is able to induce pharmacological preconditioning cardioprotection by mitigating ERS and oxidative stress, and by regulating endogenous SELENOT.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mlyczyńska E, Kieżun M, Kurowska P, Dawid M, Pich K, Respekta N, Daudon M, Rytelewska E, Dobrzyń K, Kamińska B, Kamiński T, Smolińska N, Dupont J, Rak A. New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides. Cells 2022; 11:957. [PMID: 35326408 PMCID: PMC8946127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones-adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Marta Kieżun
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Natalia Respekta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Mathilde Daudon
- Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.D.); (J.D.)
| | - Edyta Rytelewska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Kamil Dobrzyń
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Barbara Kamińska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Tadeusz Kamiński
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Nina Smolińska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (E.R.); (B.K.); (T.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Joelle Dupont
- Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.D.); (J.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (M.D.); (K.P.); (N.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McIlwraith EK, Zhang N, Belsham DD. The Regulation of Phoenixin: A Fascinating Multidimensional Peptide. J Endocr Soc 2021; 6:bvab192. [PMID: 35059547 PMCID: PMC8763610 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phoenixin (PNX) peptide is linked to the control of reproduction, food intake, stress, and inflammation. However, little is known about what regulates its gene and protein expression, information that is critical to understand the physiological role of PNX. In this review, we summarize what is known about the transcriptional control of Pnx and its receptor Gpr173. A main function of PNX is as a positive regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but there is a lack of research on its control by reproductive hormones and peptides. PNX is also associated with food intake, and its expression is linked to feeding status, fatty acids, and glucose. It is influenced by environmental and hormonal-induced stress. The regulation of Pnx in most contexts remains an enigma, in part due to conflicting and negative results. An extensive analysis of the response of the Pnx gene to factors related to reproduction, metabolism, stress, and inflammation is required. Analysis of the Pnx promoter and epigenetic regulation must be considered to understand how this level of control contributes to its pleiotropic effects. PNX is now linked to a broad range of functions, but more research on its gene regulation is required to understand its place in overall physiology and therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ningtong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Díez-López C, Tajes Orduña M, Enjuanes Grau C, Moliner Borja P, González-Costello J, García-Romero E, Francesch Manzano J, Yun Viladomat S, Jiménez-Marrero S, Ramos-Polo R, Ras Jiménez MDM, Comín-Colet J. Blood Differential Gene Expression in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Systemic Iron Deficiency: Pathways Involved in Pathophysiology and Impact on Clinical Outcomes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214937. [PMID: 34768457 PMCID: PMC8585093 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Iron deficiency is a common disorder in patients with heart failure and is related with adverse outcomes and poor quality of life. Previous experimental studies have shown biological connections between iron homeostasis, mitochondrial metabolism, and myocardial function. However, the mechanisms involved in this crosstalk are yet to be unfolded. Methods: The present research attempts to investigate the intrinsic biological mechanisms between heart failure and iron deficiency and to identify potential prognostic biomarkers by determining the gene expression pattern in the blood of heart failure patients, using whole transcriptome and targeted TaqMan® low-density array analyses. Results: We performed a stepwise cross-sectional longitudinal study in a cohort of chronic heart failure patients with and without systemic iron deficiency. First, the full transcriptome was performed in a nested case-control exploratory cohort of 7 paired patients and underscored 1128 differentially expressed transcripts according to iron status (cohort1#). Later, we analyzed the messenger RNA levels of 22 genes selected by their statistical significance and pathophysiological relevance, in a validation cohort of 71 patients (cohort 2#). Patients with systemic iron deficiency presented lower mRNA levels of mitochondrial ferritin, sirtuin-7, small integral membrane protein 20, adrenomedullin and endothelin converting enzyme-1. An intermediate mitochondrial ferritin gene expression and an intermediate or low sirtuin7 and small integral membrane protein 20 mRNA levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and heart failure admission ((HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.04–5.50, p-value = 0.039), (HR 5.49, 95% CI 1.78–16.92, p-value = 0.003), (HR 9.51, 95% CI 2.69–33.53, p-value < 0.001), respectively). Conclusions: Patients with chronic heart failure present different patterns of blood gene expression depending on systemic iron status that affect pivotal genes involved in iron regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, endothelial function and cardiovascular physiology, and correlate with adverse clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Díez-López
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tajes Orduña
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
| | - Cristina Enjuanes Grau
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Community Heart Failure Program, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Moliner Borja
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Community Heart Failure Program, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José González-Costello
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena García-Romero
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Advanced Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Francesch Manzano
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
| | - Sergi Yun Viladomat
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Program, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Jiménez-Marrero
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Community Heart Failure Program, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Ramos-Polo
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Community Heart Failure Program, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Ras Jiménez
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Program, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Comín-Colet
- Bio-Heart Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-L.); (M.T.O.); (C.E.G.); (P.M.B.); (J.G.-C.); (E.G.-R.); (J.F.M.); (S.Y.V.); (S.J.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (M.d.M.R.J.)
- Community Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Community Heart Failure Program, Cardiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932-607-078
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Filice M, Imbrogno S, Gattuso A, Cerra MC. Hypoxic and Thermal Stress: Many Ways Leading to the NOS/NO System in the Fish Heart. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1401. [PMID: 34573033 PMCID: PMC8471457 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish are often regarded with interest for the remarkable ability of several species to tolerate even dramatic stresses, either internal or external, as in the case of fluctuations in O2 availability and temperature regimes. These events are naturally experienced by many fish species under different time scales, but they are now exacerbated by growing environmental changes. This further challenges the intrinsic ability of animals to cope with stress. The heart is crucial for the stress response, since a proper modulation of the cardiac function allows blood perfusion to the whole organism, particularly to respiratory organs and the brain. In cardiac cells, key signalling pathways are activated for maintaining molecular equilibrium, thus improving stress tolerance. In fish, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system is fundamental for modulating the basal cardiac performance and is involved in the control of many adaptive responses to stress, including those related to variations in O2 and thermal regimes. In this review, we aim to illustrate, by integrating the classic and novel literature, the current knowledge on the NOS/NO system as a crucial component of the cardiac molecular mechanisms that sustain stress tolerance and adaptation, thus providing some species, such as tolerant cyprinids, with a high resistance to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.C.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Filice M, Cerra MC, Imbrogno S. The goldfish Carassius auratus: an emerging animal model for comparative cardiac research. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 192:27-48. [PMID: 34455483 PMCID: PMC8816371 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of unconventional model organisms is significantly increasing in different fields of research, widely contributing to advance life sciences understanding. Among fishes, the cyprinid Carassius auratus (goldfish) is largely used for studies on comparative and evolutionary endocrinology, neurobiology, adaptive and conservation physiology, as well as for translational research aimed to explore mechanisms that may be useful in an applicative biomedical context. More recently, the research possibilities offered by the goldfish are further expanded to cardiac studies. A growing literature is available to illustrate the complex networks involved in the modulation of the goldfish cardiac performance, also in relation to the influence of environmental signals. However, an overview on the existing current knowledge is not yet available. By discussing the mechanisms that in C. auratus finely regulate the cardiac function under basal conditions and under environmental challenges, this review highlights the remarkable flexibility of the goldfish heart in relation not only to the basic morpho-functional design and complex neuro-humoral traits, but also to its extraordinary biochemical-metabolic plasticity and its adaptive potential. The purpose of this review is also to emphasize the power of the heart of C. auratus as an experimental tool useful to investigate mechanisms that could be difficult to explore using more conventional animal models and complex cardiac designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Filice
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ling C, Hu X, Luo L, Liang C, Wang H, Chen C. Phoenixin-14 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by modulation of KCNQ1OT1/miR-183-3p/CTNNB1 axis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103655. [PMID: 33823298 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 has been reported to be implicated in the process of blood glucose metabolism, reproduction, lipid deposition and cardioprotection. However, the role of phoenixin-14 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unkown. In this study, we focused on the effects of phoenixin-14 on VSMCs under oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) treatment. The experimental results demonstrated that phoenixin-14 inhibited mRNA level and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Functionally, phoenixin-14 inhibited cell proliferation and facilitated apoptosis of VSMCs under ox-LDL stimulation, and CTNNB1 overexpression reversed these effects. Mechanistically, KCNQ1OT1 interacted with miR-183-3p to upregulate CTNNB1 in VSMCs. Furthermore, CTNNB1 expression was negatively correlated with miR-183-3p but positively associated with KCNQ1OT1. Rescue assays indicated that KCNQ1OT1 overexpression or Lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment reversed the effects of phoenixin-14 on proliferation and apoptosis of ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs. In summary, phoenixin-14 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of ox-LDL-treated VSMCs by regulating the KCNQ1OT1/miR-183-3p/CTNNB1 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiling Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Lun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofeng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mukherjee K, Unniappan S. Mouse gastric mucosal endocrine cells are sources and sites of action of Phoenixin-20. Peptides 2021; 141:170551. [PMID: 33862165 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is is determined by food intake and energy expenditure, which are partly regulated by the cross-talk between central and peripheral hormonal signals. Phoenixin (PNX) is a recently discovered pleiotropic neuropeptide with isoforms of 14 (PNX-14) and 20 (PNX-20) amino acids. It is a potent reproductive peptide in vertebrates, regulating the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG). It has been identified as a regulator of food intake during light phase when injected intracerebroventricularly in rats. In addition, plasma levels of PNX also increased after food intake in rats, suggesting that it might have possible roles in energy homeostasis. We hypothesized that gut is a source and site of action of PNX in mice. Immunoreactivity for PNX and its putative receptor, super-conserved receptor expressed in brain (SREB3; also known as the G-protein coupled receptor 173/GPR 173) was found in the stomach and intestine of male C57/BL6 J mice, and in MGN3-1 (mouse stomach endocrine) cells and STC-1 (mouse enteroendocrine) cells. In MGN3-1 cells, PNX-20 significantly upregulated ghrelin (10 nM) and ghrelin-O-acyl transferase (GOAT) mRNAs (1000 nM) at 6 h. In STC-1 cells, it significantly suppressed CCK (100 nM) at 2 h. No effects were found on other intestinal hormones tested (glucagon like peptide-1, glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and peptide YY). Together, these results indicate that PNX-20 is produced in the gut, and it could act directly on gut cells to regulate metabolic hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kundanika Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Breton TS, Sampson WGB, Clifford B, Phaneuf AM, Smidt I, True T, Wilcox AR, Lipscomb T, Murray C, DiMaggio MA. Characterization of the G protein-coupled receptor family SREB across fish evolution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12066. [PMID: 34103644 PMCID: PMC8187511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SREB (Super-conserved Receptors Expressed in Brain) family of G protein-coupled receptors is highly conserved across vertebrates and consists of three members: SREB1 (orphan receptor GPR27), SREB2 (GPR85), and SREB3 (GPR173). Ligands for these receptors are largely unknown or only recently identified, and functions for all three are still beginning to be understood, including roles in glucose homeostasis, neurogenesis, and hypothalamic control of reproduction. In addition to the brain, all three are expressed in gonads, but relatively few studies have focused on this, especially in non-mammalian models or in an integrated approach across the entire receptor family. The purpose of this study was to more fully characterize sreb genes in fish, using comparative genomics and gonadal expression analyses in five diverse ray-finned (Actinopterygii) species across evolution. Several unique characteristics were identified in fish, including: (1) a novel, fourth euteleost-specific gene (sreb3b or gpr173b) that likely emerged from a copy of sreb3 in a separate event after the teleost whole genome duplication, (2) sreb3a gene loss in Order Cyprinodontiformes, and (3) expression differences between a gar species and teleosts. Overall, gonadal patterns suggested an important role for all sreb genes in teleost testicular development, while gar were characterized by greater ovarian expression that may reflect similar roles to mammals. The novel sreb3b gene was also characterized by several unique features, including divergent but highly conserved amino acid positions, and elevated brain expression in puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis) that more closely matched sreb2, not sreb3a. These results demonstrate that SREBs may differ among vertebrates in genomic structure and function, and more research is needed to better understand these roles in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Breton
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA.
| | - William G B Sampson
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin Clifford
- Science Department, Southern Maine Community College, South Portland, ME, USA
| | - Anyssa M Phaneuf
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Ilze Smidt
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
| | - Tamera True
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Andrew R Wilcox
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, USA
| | - Taylor Lipscomb
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA.,Livingston Stone National Fish Hatchery, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Shasta Lake, CA, USA
| | - Casey Murray
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA
| | - Matthew A DiMaggio
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rocca C, Grande F, Granieri MC, Colombo B, De Bartolo A, Giordano F, Rago V, Amodio N, Tota B, Cerra MC, Rizzuti B, Corti A, Angelone T, Pasqua T. The chromogranin A 1-373 fragment reveals how a single change in the protein sequence exerts strong cardioregulatory effects by engaging neuropilin-1. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13570. [PMID: 33073482 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chromogranin A (CgA), a 439-residue long protein, is an important cardiovascular regulator and a precursor of various bioactive fragments. Under stressful/pathological conditions, CgA cleavage generates the CgA1-373 proangiogenic fragment. The present work investigated the possibility that human CgA1-373 influences the mammalian cardiac performance, evaluating the role of its C-terminal sequence. METHODS Haemodynamic assessment was performed on an ex vivo Langendorff rat heart model, while mechanistic studies were performed using perfused hearts, H9c2 cardiomyocytes and in silico. RESULTS On the ex vivo heart, CgA1-373 elicited direct dose-dependent negative inotropism and vasodilation, while CgA1-372 , a fragment lacking the C-terminal R373 residue, was ineffective. Antibodies against the PGPQLR373 C-terminal sequence abrogated the CgA1-373 -dependent cardiac and coronary modulation. Ex vivo studies showed that CgA1-373 -dependent effects were mediated by endothelium, neuropilin-1 (NRP1) receptor, Akt/NO/Erk1,2 pathways, nitric oxide (NO) production and S-nitrosylation. In vitro experiments on H9c2 cardiomyocytes indicated that CgA1-373 also induced eNOS activation directly on the cardiomyocyte component by NRP1 targeting and NO involvement and provided beneficial action against isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy, by reducing the increase in cell surface area and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) release. Molecular docking and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations strongly supported the hypothesis that the C-terminal R373 residue of CgA1-373 directly interacts with NRP1. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CgA1-373 is a new cardioregulatory hormone and that the removal of R373 represents a critical switch for turning "off" its cardioregulatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho‐Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Granieri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho‐Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Division of Experimental Oncology Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Anna De Bartolo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho‐Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro Catanzaro Italy
| | - Bruno Tota
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho‐Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR‐NANOTEC Licryl‐UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal Department of Physics University of Calabria Rende Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho‐Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC) Bologna Italy
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho‐Physiology Department of Biology, E. and E.S. University of Calabria Rende Italy
- "Fondazione Umberto Veronesi" Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rocca C, De Bartolo A, Grande F, Rizzuti B, Pasqua T, Giordano F, Granieri MC, Occhiuzzi MA, Garofalo A, Amodio N, Cerra MC, Schneider F, Panno ML, Metz-Boutigue MH, Angelone T. Cateslytin abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through toll like receptor 4 interaction. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107487. [PMID: 33636560 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Global public health is threatened by new pathogens, antimicrobial resistant microorganisms and a rapid decline of conventional antimicrobials efficacy. Thus, numerous medical procedures become life-threating. Sepsis can lead to tissue damage such as myocardium inflammation, associated with reduction of contractility and diastolic dysfunction, which may cause death. In this perspective, growing interest and attention are paid on host defence peptides considered as new potential antimicrobials. In the present study, we investigated the physiological and biochemical properties of Cateslytin (Ctl), an endogenous antimicrobial chromogranin A-derived peptide, in H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection. We showed that both Ctl (L and D) enantiomers, but not their scrambled counterparts, significantly increased cardiomyocytes viability following LPS, even if L-Ctl was effective at lower concentration (1 nM) compared to D-Ctl (10 nM). L-Ctl mitigated LPS-induced LDH release and oxidative stress, as visible by a reduction of MDA and protein carbonyl groups content, and by an increase of SOD activity. Molecular docking simulations strongly suggested that L-Ctl modulates TLR4 through a direct binding to the partner protein MD-2. Molecular analyses indicated that the protection mediated by L-Ctl against LPS-evoked sepsis targeted the TLR4/ERK/JNK/p38-MAPK pathway, regulating NFkB p65, NFkB p52 and COX2 expression and repressing the mRNA expression levels of the LPS-induced proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NOS2. These findings indicate that Ctl could be considered as a possible candidate for the development of new antimicrobials strategies in the treatment of myocarditis. Interestingly, L-enantiomeric Ctl showed remarkable properties in strengthening the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Anna De Bartolo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Granieri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Francis Schneider
- Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Hautepierre, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Inserm UMR 1121, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marie Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Inserm UMR 1121, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France.
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schalla MA, Goebel-Stengel M, Friedrich T, Kühne SG, Kobelt P, Rose M, Stengel A. Restraint stress affects circulating NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and phoenixin levels in male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 122:104906. [PMID: 33059202 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The two peptides phoenixin and nesfatin-1 are colocalized in hypothalamic nuclei involved in the mediation of food intake and behavior. Phoenixin stimulates food intake and is anxiolytic, while nesfatin-1 is an anorexigenic peptide shown to increase anxiety and anhedonia. Interestingly, central activation of both peptides can be stimulated by restraint stress giving rise to a role in the mediation of stress. Thus, the aim of the study was to test whether also peripheral circulating levels of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and phoenixin are altered by restraint stress. Male ad libitum fed Sprague Dawley rats equipped with a chronic intravenous catheter were subjected to restraint stress and plasma levels of NUCB2/nesfatin-1, phoenixin and cortisol were measured over a period of 240 min and compared to levels of freely moving rats. Peripheral cortisol levels were significantly increased in restrained rats at 30, 60, 120 and 240 min compared to controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, restraint stress decreased plasma phoenixin levels at 15 min compared to unstressed conditions (0.8-fold, p < 0.05). Circulating NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels were increased only at 240 min in restrained rats compared to those in unstressed controls (1.3-fold, p < 0.05). In addition, circulating NUCB2/nesfatin-1 levels correlated positively with phoenixin levels (r = 0.378, p < 0.001), while neither phoenixin nor nesfatin-1 were associated with cortisol levels (r = 0.0275, and r=-0.143, p> 0.05). These data suggest that both peptides, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 and phoenixin, are affected by restraint stress, although less pronounced than circulating cortisol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Goebel-Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, HELIOS Kliniken GmbH, Rottweil, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Friedrich
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - S G Kühne
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Kobelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rose
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - A Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Billert M, Rak A, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. Phoenixin: More than Reproductive Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218378. [PMID: 33171667 PMCID: PMC7664650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) neuropeptide is a cleaved product of the Smim20 protein. Its most common isoforms are the 14- and 20-amino acid peptides. The biological functions of PNX are mediated via the activation of the GPR173 receptor. PNX plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the female reproductive system where it potentiates LH secretion and controls the estrus cycle. Moreover, it stimulates oocyte maturation and increases the number of ovulated oocytes. Nevertheless, PNX not only regulates the reproduction system but also exerts anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective effects. Furthermore, it is involved in behavior, food intake, sensory perception, memory, and energy metabolism. Outside the CNS, PNX exerts its effects on the heart, ovaries, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets. This review presents all the currently available studies demonstrating the pleiotropic effects of PNX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof W. Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-6184-637-24
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cardiac and Metabolic Impact of Functional Foods with Antioxidant Properties Based on Whey Derived Proteins Enriched with Hemp Seed Oil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111066. [PMID: 33143213 PMCID: PMC7692817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impaired ability to feed properly, evident in oncologic, elderly, and dysphagic patients, may result in malnutrition and sarcopenia. Increasing the consumption of dietary proteins by functional foods and enriching their composition by adding beneficial nutrients may represent an adjuvant therapy. We aimed to evaluate the safety and the positive effects of a standard diet (SD) supplemented with whey-derived protein puddings (WDPP), with appropriate rheological properties, and hemp seed oil (HSO), rich in polyphenols. Rats were assigned to SD, WDPP, WDPP plus hemp seed oil (HSOP), and HSO supplemented diets for eight weeks. “Anthropometric”, metabolic, and biochemical variables, oxidative stress, tissue injury, liver histology, and cardiac susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion were analyzed. All the supplementations did not induce significant changes in biochemical and metabolic variables, also in relation to glucose tolerance, and livers did not undergo morphological alteration and injury. An improvement of cardiac post-ischemic function in the Langendorff perfused heart model and a reduction of infarct size were observed in WDPP and HSOP groups, thanks to their antioxidant effects and the activation of Akt- and AMPK-dependent protective pathways. Data suggest that (i) functional foods enriched with WDPP and HSOP may be used to approach malnutrition and sarcopenia successfully under disabling conditions, also conferring cardioprotection, and that (ii) adequate rheological properties could positively impact dysphagia-related problems.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nguyen XP, Nakamura T, Osuka S, Bayasula B, Nakanishi N, Kasahara Y, Muraoka A, Hayashi S, Nagai T, Murase T, Goto M, Iwase A, Kikkawa F. Effect of the neuropeptide phoenixin and its receptor GPR173 during folliculogenesis. Reproduction 2020; 158:25-34. [PMID: 30933929 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Folliculogenesis is a complex process, defined by the growth and development of follicles from the primordial population. Granulosa cells (GCs) play a vital role in every stage of follicular growth through proliferation, acquisition of gonadotropic responsiveness, steroidogenesis and production of autocrine/paracrine factors. A recently discovered hypothalamic neuropeptide phoenixin is involved in the regulation of the reproductive system. Phoenixin acts through its receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173), to activate the cAMP/PKA pathway leading to the phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB). Here, we demonstrated the expression patterns of phoenixin and GPR173 in human ovary and explored its role in folliculogenesis. Phoenixin and GPR173 were both expressed in the human ovarian follicle, with increased expression in GCs as the follicle grows. Phoenixin treatment at 100 nM for 24 h induced the proliferation of human non-luteinized granulosa cell line, HGrC1 and significantly increased the expression levels of CYP19A1, FSHR, LHR and KITL, but decreased NPPC expression levels. These effects were suppressed by GPR173 siRNA. The expression level of CREB1, pCREB and estradiol (E2) production in the culture medium was significantly enhanced by phoenixin treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. Phoenixin also significantly increased the follicular area in a murine ovarian tissue culture model, leading to an increased number of ovulated oocytes with a higher level of maturation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that phoenixin is an intraovarian factor that promotes follicular growth through its receptor GPR173 by accelerating proliferation of GCs, inducing E2 production and increasing the expression of genes related to follicle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Phuoc Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoko Osuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Maternal and Perinatal Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bayasula Bayasula
- Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Natsuki Nakanishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Kasahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Muraoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shotaro Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Murase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Filice M, Mazza R, Leo S, Gattuso A, Cerra MC, Imbrogno S. The Hypoxia Tolerance of the Goldfish ( Carassius auratus) Heart: The NOS/NO System and Beyond. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060555. [PMID: 32604810 PMCID: PMC7346152 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary capacity of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) to increase its cardiac performance under acute hypoxia is crucial in ensuring adequate oxygen supply to tissues and organs. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms are not yet completely elucidated. By employing an ex vivo working heart preparation, we observed that the time-dependent enhancement of contractility, distinctive of the hypoxic goldfish heart, is abolished by the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) antagonist L-NMMA, the Nitric Oxide (NO) scavenger PTIO, as well as by the PI3-kinase (PI3-K) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) pumps’ inhibition by Wortmannin and Thapsigargin, respectively. In goldfish hearts exposed to hypoxia, an ELISA test revealed no changes in cGMP levels, while Western Blotting analysis showed an enhanced expression of the phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt) and of the NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit Nox2 (gp91phox). A significant decrease of protein S-nitrosylation was observed by Biotin Switch assay in hypoxic hearts. Results suggest a role for a PI3-K/Akt-mediated activation of the NOS-dependent NO production, and SERCA2a pumps in the mechanisms conferring benefits to the goldfish heart under hypoxia. They also propose protein denitrosylation, and the possibility of nitration, as parallel intracellular events.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma H, Su D, Wang Q, Chong Z, Zhu Q, He W, Wang W. Phoenixin 14 inhibits ischemia/reperfusion-induced cytotoxicity in microglia. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108411. [PMID: 32450066 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The process of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in ischemic stroke often leads to significant cell death and permanent neuronal damage. Safe and effective treatments are urgently needed to mitigate the damage caused by IR injury. The naturally occurring pleiotropic peptide phoenixin 14 (PNX-14) has recently come to light as a potential treatment for IR injury. In the present study, we examined the effects of PNX-14 on several key processes involved in ischemic injury, such as pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, oxidative stress, and the related cascade mediated through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, using BV2 microglia exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Our results demonstrate an acute ability of PNX-14 to regulate the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). PNX-14 also prevented oxidative stress by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing the level of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Importantly, PNX-14 inhibited high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/TLR4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, by inhibiting the activation of TLR4 and preventing the nuclear translocation of p65 protein. We further confirmed the cerebroprotective effects of PNX-14 in an MCAO rat model, which resulted in reduced infarct volume and decreased microglia activation. Together, the results of this study implicate a possible protective role of PNX-14 against various aspects of IR injury in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Ma
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Daoqing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Qingdong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Zonglei Chong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Qiushi Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China
| | - Weibin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430060, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, 252000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The protective effects of phoenixin-14 against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and inflammasome activation in astrocytes. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:779-787. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
36
|
Phoenixin-20 Stimulates mRNAs Encoding Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Hormones, is Pro-Vitellogenic, and Promotes Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6264. [PMID: 32286445 PMCID: PMC7156445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin-20 (PNX-20) is a bioactive peptide with hormone-like actions in vertebrates. In mammals, PNX stimulates hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal hormones and regulate reproductive processes. Our immunohisto/cytochemical studies show PNX-like and the putative PNX receptor, SREB3-like immunoreactivity in the gonads of zebrafish, and in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells. Intraperitoneal injection of zebrafish PNX-20 upregulates mRNAs encoding both salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and chicken GnRH-II and kisspeptin and its receptor in zebrafish hypothalamus. Similarly, luteinizing hormone receptor mRNA expression in the testis, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in the ovary, and the kisspeptin system were upregulated in the gonads of PNX-20 injected fish. We also observed the upregulation of genes involved in the sex steroidogenic pathway (cyp11a1, cyp17a1, 17βhsd, cyp19a1a) in the gonads of PNX-20 administered fish. PNX-20 upregulates the expression of vitellogenin isoforms and estrogen receptor (esr2a and 2b) mRNAs in ZFL cells in vitro. Meanwhile, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PNX-20 resulted in the downregulation of all vitellogenin transcripts, further suggesting its possible role in vitellogenesis. PNX-20 treatment resulted in a significant increase in germinal vesicle breakdown in zebrafish follicles in vitro. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence for PNX-20 effects on the HPG axis and liver to promote reproduction in zebrafish.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rajeswari JJ, Blanco AM, Unniappan S. Phoenixin-20 suppresses food intake, modulates glucoregulatory enzymes, and enhances glycolysis in zebrafish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R917-R928. [PMID: 32208925 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin is a 20-amino acid peptide (PNX-20) cleaved from the small integral membrane protein 20 (SMIM20), with multiple biological roles in mammals. However, its role in nonmammalian vertebrates is poorly understood. This research aimed to determine whether PNX-20 influences feeding and metabolism in zebrafish. The mRNAs encoding SMIM20 and its putative receptor, super conserved receptor expressed in brain 3 (SREB3), are present in both central and peripheral tissues of zebrafish. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of PNX-like immunoreactivity in the gut and in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cell line. We also found that short-term fasting (7 days) significantly decreased smim20 mRNA expression in the brain, gut, liver, gonads, and muscle, which suggests a role for PNX-20 in food intake regulation. Indeed, single intraperitoneal injection of 1,000 ng/g body wt PNX-20 reduced feeding in both male and female zebrafish, likely in part by enhancing hypothalamic cart and reducing hypothalamic/gut preproghrelin mRNAs. Furthermore, the present results demonstrated that PNX-20 modulates the expression of genes involved in glucose transport and metabolism in ZFL cells. In general terms, such PNX-induced modulation of gene expression was characterized by the upregulation of glycolytic genes and the downregulation of gluconeogenic genes. A kinetic study of the ATP production rate from both glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways demonstrated that PNX-20-treated ZFL cells exhibited significantly higher ATP production rate associated with glycolysis than control cells. This confirms a positive role for PNX-20 on glycolysis. Together, these results indicate that PNX-20 is an anorexigen with important metabolic roles in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jithine Jayakumar Rajeswari
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Angelone T, Rocca C, Pasqua T. Nesfatin-1 in cardiovascular orchestration: From bench to bedside. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104766. [PMID: 32201244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of Nesfatin-1 in 2006, intensive research was finalized to further and deeper investigate the precise physiological functions of the peptide at both central and peripheral levels, rapidly enriching the knowledge regarding this intriguing molecule. Nesfatin-1 is a hypothalamic peptide generated via the post-translational processing of its precursor Nucleobindin 2, a protein supposed to play a role in many biological processes thanks to its ability to bind calcium and to interact with different intracellular proteins. Nesfatin-1 is mainly known for its anorexic properties, but it also controls water intake and glucose homeostasis. Recent experimental evidences describe the peptide as a possible direct/indirect orchestrator of central and peripheral cardiovascular control. A specific Nesfatin-1 receptor still remains to be identified although numerous studies suggest that the peptide activates extra- and intracellular regulatory pathways by involving several putative binding sites. The present paper was designed to systematically review the latest findings about Nesfatin-1, focusing on its cardiovascular regulatory properties under normal and physiopathological conditions. The hope is to provide the conceptual basis to consider Nesfatin-1 not only as a pleiotropic neuroendocrine molecule, but also as a homeostatic modulator of the cardiovascular function and with a crucial role in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-physiology, Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; National Institute of Cardiovascular Research I.N.R.C., Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-physiology, Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-physiology, Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wei P, Keller C, Li L. Neuropeptides in gut-brain axis and their influence on host immunity and stress. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:843-851. [PMID: 32322366 PMCID: PMC7160382 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, neuropeptides have been found to play a major role in communication along the gut-brain axis. Various neuropeptides are expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they facilitate the crosstalk between the nervous systems and other major body systems. In addition to being critical to communication from the brain in the nervous systems, neuropeptides actively regulate immune functions in the gut in both direct and indirect ways, allowing for communication between the immune and nervous systems. In this mini review, we discuss the role of several neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and phoenixin (PNX), in the gut-brain axis and summarize their functions in immunity and stress. We choose these neuropeptides to highlight the diversity of peptide communication in the gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone
- Antimicrobial peptides
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone
- CRLR, calcitonin receptor like receptor
- Gut-brain axis
- HPA axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
- Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
- Immunity
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- Neuropeptide
- PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
- PNX, phoenixin
- RAMP1, receptor activity-modifying protein1
- SP, substance P
- Stress
- TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding author at: School of Pharmacy & Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Phoenixin-14 protects human brain vascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced inflammation and permeability. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 682:108275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
41
|
Billert M, Kołodziejski PA, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. Phoenixin-14 stimulates proliferation and insulin secretion in insulin producing INS-1E cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
42
|
Pałasz A, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Suszka-Świtek A, Bacopoulou F, Dmitrzak-Węglarz M, Dutkiewicz A, Słopień A, Janas-Kozik M, Wilczyński KM, Filipczyk Ł, Bogus K, Rojczyk E, Paszyńska E, Wiaderkiewicz R. Longitudinal study on novel neuropeptides phoenixin, spexin and kisspeptin in adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa - association with psychiatric symptoms. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:896-906. [PMID: 31736434 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1692494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is hypothesized that novel neuropeptides such as phoenixin (PNX), spexin (SPX), and kisspeptin (KISS) are involved in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. The study presented here analyzed neuropeptide concentrations during the course of anorexia nervosa (AN) and aimed to correlate those values with anthropometric and psychometric measurements. METHODS A longitudinal study was carried outin 30 AN adolescent patients and 15 age-matched healthy female controls. Selected neuroprotein serum levels were analyzed in malnourished patients (accAN) and following partial weight recovery (norAN), and these values were compared with the control group. RESULTS In accAN patients, decreased serum PNX levels were detected while SPX serum concentrations were lower in the accAN and norAN patients. No differences were observed in KISS concentrations in all studied groups. CONCLUSIONS In malnourished adolescent inpatients with AN, serum PNX and SPX level were decreased. The partial weight recovery normalized PNX concentrations but failed to normalize SPX levels. Therefore these two neuropeptides might be crucial for the etiology and course of the AN. The KISS levels did not change in the course of AN. The PNX levels were associated with some symptoms of eating disorders which may indicate its potential contribution in the regulation of emotions and behaviors in AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz
- Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Słopień
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janas-Kozik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof M Wilczyński
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogus
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Rojczyk
- Department of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia Zabrze, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Paszyńska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Suszka‐Świtek A, Pałasz A, Filipczyk Ł, Menezes IC, Mordecka‐Chamera K, Angelone T, Bogus K, Bacopoulou F, Worthington JJ, Wiaderkiewicz R. The Gn
RH
analogues affect novel neuropeptide
SMIM
20/phoenixin and
GPR
173 receptor expressions in the female rat hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (
HPG
) axis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:350-359. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Suszka‐Świtek
- Department of Histology School of Medicine in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology School of Medicine in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology School of Medicine in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| | - Itiana Castro Menezes
- Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour Faculty of Medicine University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Kinga Mordecka‐Chamera
- Department of Histology School of Medicine in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiac Physiology Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Calabria Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | - Katarzyna Bogus
- Department of Histology School of Medicine in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care First Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital Athens Greece
| | - John J. Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Ryszard Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology School of Medicine in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rosa M, Alfonsina G, Sandra I, Loubna B, Serena L, Yamine MB, Mariacristina F, Carmine R, Tommaso A, Youssef A, Carmela CM. Selenoprotein T as a new positive inotrope in the goldfish Carassius auratus. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.201202. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein T (SELENOT) is a thioredoxin-like protein, which mediates oxidoreductase functions via its redox active motif Cys-X-X-Sec. In mammals, SELENOT is expressed during ontogenesis and progressively decreases in adult tissues. In the heart, it is re-expressed after ischemia and induces cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. SELENOT is present in teleost fish, including the goldfish Carassius auratus. This study aimed to evaluate the cardiac expression of SELENOT, and the effects of exogenous PSELT (a 43-52 SELENOT derived-peptide) on the heart function of C. auratus, a hypoxia tolerance fish model. We found that SELENOT was expressed in cardiac extracts of juvenile and adult fish, located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) together with calsequestrin-2. Expression increased under acute hypoxia. On ex vivo isolated and perfused goldfish heart preparations, under normoxia, PSELT dose-dependently increased Stroke Volume (SV), Cardiac Output (Q̇), and Stroke Work (SW), by involving cAMP, PKA, L-type calcium channels, SERCA2a pumps, and pAkt. Under hypoxia, PSELT did not affect myocardial contractility. Only at higher concentrations (10−8 -10−7 M) an increase of SV and Q̇ was observed. It also reduced the cardiac expression of 3-NT, a tissue marker of nitrosative stress which increases under low oxygen availability. These data are the first to propose SELENOT 43-52, PSELT, as a cardiac modulator in fish, with a potential protective role under hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazza Rosa
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Gattuso Alfonsina
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Imbrogno Sandra
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Boukhzar Loubna
- Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie and Centre Universitaire de Recherche et D'Innovation en Biologie, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Leo Serena
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Mallouki Ben Yamine
- Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie and Centre Universitaire de Recherche et D'Innovation en Biologie, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Filice Mariacristina
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rocca Carmine
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Angelone Tommaso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Anouar Youssef
- Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale de Normandie and Centre Universitaire de Recherche et D'Innovation en Biologie, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Cerra Maria Carmela
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
McIlwraith EK, Loganathan N, Belsham DD. Phoenixin Expression Is Regulated by the Fatty Acids Palmitate, Docosahexaenoic Acid and Oleate, and the Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Bisphenol A in Immortalized Hypothalamic Neurons. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:838. [PMID: 30524225 PMCID: PMC6262291 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly identified reproductive peptide required for the estrous cycle. It is most highly expressed in the hypothalamus, where it is a positive regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin. However, it is unknown what signals lie upstream of Pnx to coordinate its effects on GnRH and kisspeptin. We investigated the effects of the hormones, estrogen and leptin; the fatty acids, palmitate, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), oleate and palmitoleate; and the endocrine disrupting chemical BPA on Pnx mRNA levels. We also examined whether the signaling pathways of nitric oxide, lipopolysaccharide, cAMP and protein kinase C could alter Pnx expression. Immortalized hypothalamic neurons were treated from 2 to 24 h with these compounds and Pnx mRNA levels were measured with RT-qPCR. Unexpectedly, only BPA as well as the fatty acids, palmitate, DHA and oleate, could alter Pnx expression; therefore suggesting that Pnx may fulfill a nutrient-sensing role in the hypothalamus. Our study is the first to delineate potential regulators of this novel neuropeptide, and our findings provide some insight into the functional role of PNX in the hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K McIlwraith
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Phoenixin-14 stimulates differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via cAMP/Epac-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1449-1457. [PMID: 30251651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a newly discovered peptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of the small integral membrane protein 20 (Smim20). Previous studies showed that PNX is involved in controlling reproduction, pain, anxiety and memory. Furthermore, in humans, PNX positively correlates with BMI suggesting a potential role of PNX in controlling fat accumulation in obesity. Since the influence of PNX on adipose tissue formation has not been so far demonstrated, we investigated the effects of PNX on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes using 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes. We detected Smim20 and Gpr173 mRNA in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as in rat primary preadipocytes. Furthermore, we found that PNX peptide is produced and secreted from 3T3-L1 and rat primary adipocytes. PNX increased 3T3-L1 preadipocytes proliferation and viability. PNX stimulated the expression of adipogenic genes (Pparγ, C/ebpβ and Fabp4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiated in the presence of PNX had increased lipid content. Stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by PNX was also confirmed in rat preadipocytes. PNX failed to induce AKT phosphorylation, however, PNX increased cAMP levels in 3T3-L1 cells. Suppression of Epac signalling attenuated PNX-induced Pparγ expression without affecting cell proliferation. Our data show that PNX stimulates differentiation of 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes into mature adipocytes via cAMP/Epac-dependent pathway. In conclusion our data shows that phoenixin promotes white adipogenesis, thereby may be involved in controlling body mass regulation.
Collapse
|
47
|
Stein LM, Haddock CJ, Samson WK, Kolar GR, Yosten GLC. The phoenixins: From discovery of the hormone to identification of the receptor and potential physiologic actions. Peptides 2018; 106:45-48. [PMID: 29933026 PMCID: PMC6092957 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a series of classical protein purification techniques, coupled with more modern molecular approaches, a family of neuropeptides, the Phoenixins, was identified to be produced in brain and heart, and to bind selectively in pituitary gland, ovary and brain. These same binding sites were revealed, using a novel receptor identification strategy, to express the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR173, the expression of which was required for the actions of phoenixin both in vivo and in vitro. In fact, studies using small interfering RNA molecules to compromise GPR173 expression revealed the physiologic relevance of the initially reported pharmacologic actions of the peptides. Those include not only the reproductive actions of the peptides in brain and pituitary gland, but also a CNS site of action in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Additional pharmacologic actions of the phoenixins have been described and the race is on to establish the physiologic relevance of those actions as well as the therapeutic potential of phoenixin analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Christopher J Haddock
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Willis K Samson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schalla MA, Stengel A. Phoenixin-A Pleiotropic Gut-Brain Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061726. [PMID: 29891773 PMCID: PMC6032287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a recently discovered brain peptide initially thought to be restricted to reproductive functions. The subsequent identification of phoenixin’s expression in peripheral tissues was accompanied by the description of several other actions of this hormone, such as effects on behavior, sensory perception, memory retention, the cardiovascular system as well as food intake, pointing towards a pleiotropic role of this peptide. The present review will discuss the present knowledge on phoenixin and the signaling involved as well as highlight gaps in knowledge to stimulate further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rocca C, Femminò S, Aquila G, Granieri MC, De Francesco EM, Pasqua T, Rigiracciolo DC, Fortini F, Cerra MC, Maggiolini M, Pagliaro P, Rizzo P, Angelone T, Penna C. Notch1 Mediates Preconditioning Protection Induced by GPER in Normotensive and Hypertensive Female Rat Hearts. Front Physiol 2018; 9:521. [PMID: 29867564 PMCID: PMC5962667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is an estrogen receptor expressed in the cardiovascular system. G1, a selective GPER ligand, exerts cardiovascular effects through activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and Notch signaling in normotensive animals. Here, we investigated whether the G1/GPER interaction is involved in the limitation of infarct size, and improvement of post-ischemic contractile function in female spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) hearts. In this model, we also studied Notch signaling and key components of survival pathway, namely PI3K-Akt, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and mitochondrial K+-ATP (MitoKATP) channels. Rat hearts isolated from female SHR underwent 30 min of global, normothermic ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. G1 (10 nM) alone or specific inhibitors of GPER, PI3K/NOS and MitoKATP channels co-infused with G1, just before I/R, were studied. The involvement of Notch1 was studied by Western blotting. Infarct size and left ventricular pressure were measured. To confirm endothelial-independent G1-induced protection by Notch signaling, H9c2 cells were studied with specific inhibitor, N-[N-(3,5 difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT, 5 μM), of this signaling. Using DAPT, we confirmed the involvement of G1/Notch signaling in limiting infarct size in heart of normotensive animals. In the hypertensive model, G1-induced reduction in infarct size and improvement of cardiac function were prevented by the inhibition of GPER, PI3K/NOS, and MitoKATP channels. The involvement of Notch was confirmed by western blot in the hypertensive model and by the specific inhibitor in the normotensive model and cardiac cell line. Our results suggest that GPERs play a pivotal role in mediating preconditioning cardioprotection in normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The G1-induced protection involves Notch1 and is able to activate the survival pathway in the presence of comorbidity. Several pathological conditions, including hypertension, reduce the efficacy of ischemic conditioning strategies. However, G1-induced protection can result in significant reduction of I/R injury also female in hypertensive animals. Further studies may ascertain the clinical translation of the present results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Saveria Femminò
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria C Granieri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Pasqua
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Damiano C Rigiracciolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mcilwraith EK, Belsham DD. Phoenixin: uncovering its receptor, signaling and functions. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:774-778. [PMID: 29671415 PMCID: PMC5943909 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly discovered peptide that has been linked to reproductive function, both in the hypothalamus and pituitary. This review will focus on the most recent discoveries related to this novel neuropeptide. Initially, it was found that PNX increased gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release from pituitary cells. Importantly, knockdown of PNX in female rats extended the estrous cycle by 2.3 days. Using novel hypothalamic cell lines, we found that PNX has a stimulatory role on kisspeptin (Kiss) and GnRH gene expression and secretion. The PNX receptor was uncovered using siRNA knockdown of GPR173, an orphan receptor postulated to bind PNX. We have found that the PNX-R signaling through protein kinase A (PKA) in hypothalamic neurons. Althuogh a number of studies demonstrate that PNX plays an important role in reproductive function, there is also evidence that it may have other functions, regulating the heart, feeding, memory, and anxiety, both in the brain and the periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Departments of Physiology
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|