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Tricò D, Chiriacò M, Nouws J, Vash-Margita A, Kursawe R, Tarabra E, Galderisi A, Natali A, Giannini C, Hellerstein M, Ferrannini E, Caprio S. Alterations in Adipose Tissue Distribution, Cell Morphology, and Function Mark Primary Insulin Hypersecretion in Youth With Obesity. Diabetes 2024; 73:941-952. [PMID: 37870826 PMCID: PMC11109779 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Excessive insulin secretion independent of insulin resistance, defined as primary hypersecretion, is associated with obesity and an unfavorable metabolic phenotype. We examined the characteristics of adipose tissue of youth with primary insulin hypersecretion and the longitudinal metabolic alterations influenced by the complex adipo-insular interplay. In a multiethnic cohort of adolescents with obesity but without diabetes, primary insulin hypersecretors had enhanced model-derived β-cell glucose sensitivity and rate sensitivity but worse glucose tolerance, despite similar demographics, adiposity, and insulin resistance measured by both oral glucose tolerance test and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Hypersecretors had greater intrahepatic and visceral fat depots at abdominal MRI, hypertrophic abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes, higher free fatty acid and leptin serum levels per fat mass, and faster in vivo lipid turnover assessed by a long-term 2H2O labeling protocol. At 2-year follow-up, hypersecretors had greater fat accrual and a threefold higher risk for abnormal glucose tolerance, while individuals with hypertrophic adipocytes or higher leptin levels showed enhanced β-cell glucose sensitivity. Primary insulin hypersecretion is associated with marked alterations in adipose tissue distribution, cellularity, and lipid dynamics, independent of whole-body adiposity and insulin resistance. Pathogenetic insight into the metabolic crosstalk between β-cell and adipocyte may help to identify individuals at risk for chronic hyperinsulinemia, body weight gain, and glucose intolerance. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Chiriacò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jessica Nouws
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alla Vash-Margita
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Romy Kursawe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | | | | | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Iacobini C, Vitale M, Haxhi J, Menini S, Pugliese G. Impaired Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue in Obesity and Aging: From Defective Adipogenesis to Adipose Organ Dysfunction. Cells 2024; 13:763. [PMID: 38727299 PMCID: PMC11083890 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The adipose organ adapts and responds to internal and environmental stimuli by remodeling both its cellular and extracellular components. Under conditions of energy surplus, the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) is capable of expanding through the enlargement of existing adipocytes (hypertrophy), followed by de novo adipogenesis (hyperplasia), which is impaired in hypertrophic obesity. However, an impaired hyperplastic response may result from various defects in adipogenesis, leading to different WAT features and metabolic consequences, as discussed here by reviewing the results of the studies in animal models with either overexpression or knockdown of the main molecular regulators of the two steps of the adipogenesis process. Moreover, impaired WAT remodeling with aging has been associated with various age-related conditions and reduced lifespan expectancy. Here, we delve into the latest advancements in comprehending the molecular and cellular processes underlying age-related changes in WAT function, their involvement in common aging pathologies, and their potential as therapeutic targets to influence both the health of elderly people and longevity. Overall, this review aims to encourage research on the mechanisms of WAT maladaptation common to conditions of both excessive and insufficient fat tissue. The goal is to devise adipocyte-targeted therapies that are effective against both obesity- and age-related disorders.
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Hagberg CE, Spalding KL. White adipocyte dysfunction and obesity-associated pathologies in humans. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:270-289. [PMID: 38086922 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and associated chronic diseases continues to increase worldwide, negatively impacting on societies and economies. Whereas the association between excess body weight and increased risk for developing a multitude of diseases is well established, the initiating mechanisms by which weight gain impairs our metabolic health remain surprisingly contested. In order to better address the myriad of disease states associated with obesity, it is essential to understand adipose tissue dysfunction and develop strategies for reinforcing adipocyte health. In this Review we outline the diverse physiological functions and pathological roles of human white adipocytes, examining our current knowledge of why white adipocytes are vital for systemic metabolic control, yet poorly adapted to our current obesogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Hagberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Adhikary P, Banerjee S, Dey BK, Gargari P, Chatterjee S, Chakraborty D, Chowdhury S. Association of adipocyte size and SREBP-1c in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2024; 83:615-623. [PMID: 37733180 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-obese type 2 diabetes seems to be common in India; hence the current study tried to understand the pathogenesis of diabetes in this group focusing on the role of adipocytes especially abdominal fat compartment. Comparison was made between non-obese subjects with newly detected diabetes and those without diabetes, in relation to levels of adipogenic factor and adipokines in pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes respectively. RESEARCH DESIGN METHODS Non-obese subjects (BMI-18-25 Kg/m2) were consecutively selected of whom 15 had newly-detected, treatment naïve type 2 diabetes (HbA1% ≥6.5) while 25 were control (HbA1c% ≤5.6). We examined the expression of adipocyte differentiation factor - SREBP-1c from preadipocytes and adipocyte specific adipokines- HMW isoform and total adiponectin, leptin, FABP-4, TNF-α and IL-6 from adipocytesisolated from abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (VAT and SCAT) by RT-PCR and as well as from serum by ELISA. Size of cultured adipocytes was measured in a fully automated imaging system microscope. RESULT Both in SCAT and VAT, SREBP-1c and adiponectin had significantly lower expression along with increased mRNA level of inflammatory adipokinesdiabetes.Average adipocyte size and frequency of large(hypertrophied) adipocytes were comparatively higher in T2DM subjects and had significant negative correlation with SREBP-1c. HMW adiponectin level significantly reduced in the secretion from VAT and SCAT of T2DM subjects compared to control. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of SREBP-1c in preadipocytes may lead to increased number of hypertrophied adipocytes in T2DM. Therefore, these dysfunctional hypertrophied adipocytes could cause imbalanced expression of insulin resistant and insulin sensitive adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieu Adhikary
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 244, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India
| | - Sudipta Banerjee
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 244, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India
| | - Bishal Kumar Dey
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 244, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India
| | - Piyas Gargari
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 244, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India
| | - Shamita Chatterjee
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 244, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India
| | - Diya Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, Ballygaunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 244, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India.
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Vranic M, Ahmed F, Kristófi R, Hetty S, Mokhtari D, Svensson MK, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Subcutaneous adipose tissue dopamine D2 receptor is increased in prediabetes and T2D. Endocrine 2024; 83:378-391. [PMID: 37752366 PMCID: PMC10850013 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the dopaminergic signaling in human adipose tissue in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and potential direct implications in adipose tissue metabolism. METHODS mRNA and protein expression of dopamine receptors D1 and D2 (DRD1 and DRD2) were determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue from subjects without or with T2D and with different body weight, and correlated with markers of obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Glucose uptake and lipolysis were measured in adipocytes ex vivo following short-term exposure to dopamine, DRD1 receptor agonist (SKF81297), or DRD2 receptor agonist (bromocriptine). RESULTS DRD1 and DRD2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue correlated positively with clinical markers of insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA-IR, insulin, and triglycerides) and central obesity in subjects without T2D. Protein expression of DRD2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but not DRD1, is higher in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and T2D and correlated positively with hyperglycemia, HbA1c, and glucose AUC, independent of obesity status. DRD1 and DRD2 proteins were mainly expressed in adipocytes, compared to stromal vascular cells. Dopamine and dopaminergic agonists did not affect adipocyte glucose uptake ex vivo, but DRD1 and DRD2 agonist treatment inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. CONCLUSION The results suggest that protein expression of DRD2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue is up-regulated with hyperglycemia and T2D. Whether DRD2 protein levels contribute to T2D development or occur as a secondary compensatory mechanism needs further investigation. Additionally, dopamine receptor agonists inhibit adipocyte beta-adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis, which might contribute to the beneficial effects in lipid metabolism as observed in patients taking bromocriptine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dariush Mokhtari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria K Svensson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Renal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yang YY, Qi JJ, Jiang SY, Ye L. Esculin ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance by improving adipose tissue remodeling and activating the IRS1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117251. [PMID: 37778516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cortex fraxini (also known as qinpi)-the bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (Oleaceae)-is widely used as a Chinese traditional medicinal for its anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperuricemic activities. AIM OF THE STUDY Obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR) is driving the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is related to pathological adipose tissue remodeling. Esculin, a major active component of Cortex fraxini, has anti-diabetic effects. However, whether esculin improves obesity-induced IR by regulating adipose tissue remodeling is unclear. The aims of the present study were to assess the effects of esculin on obesity-induced IR and to explore the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Obese IR C57BL/6J mice were treated with esculin (40 or 80 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance tests were used to assess insulin sensitivity. Histological analyses were performed to analyze the number and size distribution of adipocytes. Glucose uptake was assessed using 2-NBDG. RESULTS Esculin had no effect on body weight gain but reduced fasting blood glucose, improved oral glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity. Esculin reduced adipocyte size and the expression levels of collagen 4A1 and tumor necrosis factor α and increased the number of adipocytes and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A. Esculin promoted the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and upregulated the mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, activated the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, and enhanced the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and glucose uptake in adipocytes treated with palmitic acid. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that esculin increases insulin sensitivity by improving adipose tissue remodeling and activating the IRS1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Qi
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Si-Yi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Yueyang Vocational Technical College, YueYang, Hunan, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Kajita K, Ishii I, Mori I, Asano M, Fuwa M, Morita H. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Regulates Obesity and Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:932. [PMID: 38256005 PMCID: PMC10816022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major global health and welfare issues is the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Obesity, caused by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in adipose tissues, induces adipocyte dysfunction, followed by inflammation, in adipose tissues and lipotoxicity in nonadipose tissues. Several studies have shown that obesity and glucose homeostasis are influenced by sphingolipid mediators, including ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Cellular accumulation of ceramide impairs pancreatic β-cell survival, confers insulin resistance in the liver and the skeletal muscle, and deteriorates adipose tissue inflammation via unknown molecular mechanisms. The roles of S1P are more complicated, because there are five cell-surface S1P receptors (S1PRs: S1P1-5) which have altered functions, different cellular expression patterns, and inapparent intracellular targets. Recent findings, including those by our group, support the notable concept that the pharmacological activation of S1P1 or S1P3 improves obesity and associated metabolic disorders, whereas that of S1P2 has the opposite effect. In addition, the regulation of S1P production by sphingosine kinase (SphK) is an essential factor affecting glucose homeostasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on SphK/S1P/S1PR signaling in and against obesity, insulin resistance, and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kajita
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Gifu Women’s University, 80 Taromaru, Gifu 501-2592, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashitamagawagakuen, Machida 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ichiro Mori
- Department of General Medicine and General Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (I.M.); (M.A.); (M.F.); (H.M.)
| | - Motochika Asano
- Department of General Medicine and General Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (I.M.); (M.A.); (M.F.); (H.M.)
| | - Masayuki Fuwa
- Department of General Medicine and General Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (I.M.); (M.A.); (M.F.); (H.M.)
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of General Medicine and General Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (I.M.); (M.A.); (M.F.); (H.M.)
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Adeva-Andany MM, Domínguez-Montero A, Adeva-Contreras L, Fernández-Fernández C, Carneiro-Freire N, González-Lucán M. Body Fat Distribution Contributes to Defining the Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Human Diseases. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e160823219824. [PMID: 37587805 DOI: 10.2174/1573399820666230816111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The risk for metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity is defined by body fat distribution rather than global adiposity. Unlike subcutaneous fat, visceral fat (including hepatic steatosis) reflects insulin resistance and predicts type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In humans, available evidence indicates that the ability to store triglycerides in the subcutaneous adipose tissue reflects enhanced insulin sensitivity. Prospective studies document an association between larger subcutaneous fat mass at baseline and reduced incidence of impaired glucose tolerance. Case-control studies reveal an association between genetic predisposition to insulin resistance and a lower amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma (PPAR-γ) promotes subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation and subcutaneous fat deposition, improving insulin resistance and reducing visceral fat. Thiazolidinediones reproduce the effects of PPAR-γ activation and therefore increase the amount of subcutaneous fat while enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing visceral fat. Partial or virtually complete lack of adipose tissue (lipodystrophy) is associated with insulin resistance and its clinical manifestations, including essential hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced HDL-c, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. Patients with Prader Willi syndrome manifest severe subcutaneous obesity without insulin resistance. The impaired ability to accumulate fat in the subcutaneous adipose tissue may be due to deficient triglyceride synthesis, inadequate formation of lipid droplets, or defective adipocyte differentiation. Lean and obese humans develop insulin resistance when the capacity to store fat in the subcutaneous adipose tissue is exhausted and deposition of triglycerides is no longer attainable at that location. Existing adipocytes become large and reflect the presence of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Alberto Domínguez-Montero
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Fernández-Fernández
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Natalia Carneiro-Freire
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Lucán
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
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Ahmed F, Vranic M, Hetty S, Mathioudaki A, Patsoukaki V, Fanni G, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Increased OCT3 Expression in Adipose Tissue With Aging: Implications for Catecholamine and Lipid Turnover and Insulin Resistance in Women. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad172. [PMID: 37972266 PMCID: PMC10690730 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis is reduced with aging, which may promote adiposity and insulin resistance. Organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), which is inhibited by estradiol (E2), mediates catecholamine transport into adipocytes for degradation, thus decreasing lipolysis. In this study, we investigated the association of OCT3 mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) with aging and markers of insulin resistance in women. METHODS SAT biopsies were obtained from 66 women with (19) or without (47) type 2 diabetes (age 22-76 years, 20.0-40.1 kg/m2). OCT3 mRNA and protein levels were measured for group comparisons and correlation analysis. SAT was incubated with E2 and OCT3 mRNA levels were measured. Associations between OCT3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diabetes-associated traits were assessed. RESULTS OCT3 mRNA and protein levels in SAT increased with aging. SAT from postmenopausal women had higher levels of OCT3 than premenopausal women, and there was a dose-dependent reduction in OCT3 mRNA levels in SAT treated with E2. OCT3 mRNA levels were negatively associated with markers of insulin resistance, and ex vivo lipolysis. OCT3 SNPs were associated with BMI, waist to hip ratio, and circulating lipids (eg, triglycerides). CONCLUSION OCT3 mRNA and protein levels in SAT increased with aging, and mRNA levels were negatively associated with markers of insulin resistance. E2 incubation downregulated OCT3 mRNA levels, which may explain lower OCT3 mRNA in premenopausal vs postmenopausal women. High OCT3 protein levels in adipose tissue may result in increased catecholamine degradation, and this can contribute to the reduction in lipolysis observed in women with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Argyri Mathioudaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vagia Patsoukaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lee J, Jeon S, Lee M, Yoon M. Fenofibrate alleviates insulin resistance by reducing tissue inflammation in obese ovariectomized mice. Nutr Diabetes 2023; 13:19. [PMID: 37935669 PMCID: PMC10630285 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-023-00249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenofibrate is a hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist used clinically to reduce hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of fenofibrate on insulin resistance and tissue inflammation in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, a mouse model of obese postmenopausal women. METHODS Female OVX mice were randomly divided into 3 groups and received a low-fat diet, an HFD, or an HFD supplemented with 0.05% (w/w) fenofibrate for 9 weeks. Parameters of insulin resistance and tissue inflammation were measured using blood analysis, histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS When fenofibrate was administered to HFD-fed OVX mice for 9 weeks, we observed reductions in body weight gain, adipose tissue mass, and the size of visceral adipocytes without the change of food intake. Fenofibrate improved mild hyperglycemia, severe hyperinsulinemia, and glucose tolerance in these mice. It also reduced pancreatic islet size and insulin-positive β-cell area to levels similar to those in OVX mice fed a low-fat diet. Concomitantly, administration of fenofibrate not only suppressed pancreatic lipid accumulation but also decreased CD68-positive macrophages in both the pancreas and visceral adipose tissue. Treatment with fenofibrate reduced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) mRNA levels in adipose tissue and lowered serum TNFα levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fenofibrate treatment attenuates insulin resistance in part by reducing tissue inflammation and TNFα expression in HFD-fed OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea
| | - Suyeon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea
| | - Mijeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, 35349, Korea.
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Seah JYH, Sim X, Khoo CM, Tai ES, van Dam RM. Differences in type 2 diabetes risk between East, South, and Southeast Asians living in Singapore: the multi-ethnic cohort. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2023; 11:e003385. [PMID: 37507146 PMCID: PMC10387644 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prospective data on differences in type two diabetes (T2D) risk between Asian ethnic groups are sparse. We, therefore, compared T2D risk for East (Chinese), South (Indian), and Southeast (Malay) Asians and examined biological factors that may contribute to ethnic differences. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 7427 adults of Chinese, Malay, and Indian origin participating in the Singapore multi-ethnic cohort. Information on sociodemographic, lifestyle, and biological risk factors (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood lipids, blood pressure, C reactive protein, adiponectin, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and beta-cell function) were collected using standardized interviews and physical examinations. T2D cases were based on physician diagnoses, a national medical registry, fasting plasma glucose, or glycated hemoglobin A1c. We used multivariable logistic association and mediation analyses. RESULTS During an average follow-up of 7.2 years (SD 2.2 years), we documented 595 cases of incident diabetes. Ethnic Malays (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.56) and Indians (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.74) had an approximately twofold higher risk of T2D compared with ethnic Chinese. Higher BMI explained the higher risk for Malay compared with Chinese ethnicity. Higher BMI, waist circumference, inflammation, and insulin resistance, and lower beta-cell function and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol significantly contributed to the higher T2D risk for Indian compared with Chinese ethnicity. However, part of the higher T2D risk associated with Indian ethnicity remained unexplained. Despite their lower diabetes risk, Chinese participants had the lowest adiponectin levels. CONCLUSIONS Different Asian ethnic groups have unique biological risk factor profiles related to T2D development that may warrant targeted approaches for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowy Yi Hoong Seah
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Division of Endocrinology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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12
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Liu S, Jiang W, Liu C, Guo S, Wang H, Chang X. Chinese chestnut shell polyphenol extract regulates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to alleviate high-fat diet-induced, leptin-resistant obesity in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:4807-4823. [PMID: 37128963 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00604b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chinese chestnut shell is a by-product of chestnut food processing and is rich in polyphenols. This study sought to investigate the effect of chestnut shell polyphenol extract (CSP) on weight loss and lipid reduction in a 12-week high-fat diet (HFD)-induced murine obesity model. CSP (300 mg per kg body weight) was administered intragastrically daily. AG490, a JAK2 protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was also intraperitoneally injected. The results showed that an HFD induced leptin resistance (LR). Compared to corresponding values in the HFD group, CSP treatment improved blood lipid levels, weight, and leptin levels in obese mice (p < 0.01). Additionally, CSP treatment enhanced enzyme activity by improving total antioxidant capacity, attenuating oxidative stress, and reducing fat droplet accumulation and inflammation in the liver, epididymal, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. CSP also activated the LEPR-JAK2/STAT3-PTP1B-SOCS-3 signal transduction pathway in hypothalamus tissue and improved LR while regulating the expression of proteins related to lipid metabolism (PPARγ, FAS, and LPL) in white adipose tissue in the retroperitoneal cavity. However, the amelioration of lipid metabolism by CSP was dependent on JAK2. Molecular docking simulation further demonstrated the strong binding affinity of procyanidin C1 (-10.3983297 kcal mol-1) and procyanidin B1 (-9.12686729 kcal mol-1) to the crystal structure of JAK2. These results suggest that CSP may be used to reduce HFD-induced obesity with potential application as a functional food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China.
- Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Wenhong Jiang
- Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
- Cofco Great Wall Wine (Ningxia) Co., Ltd, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750100, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China.
| | - Shuo Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuedong Chang
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Key Laboratory of Active Components and Functions in Natural Products, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China.
- Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
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13
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Naomi R, Rusli RNM, Othman F, Balan SS, Abidin AZ, Embong H, Teoh SH, Jasni AS, Jumidil SH, Matraf KSYB, Zakaria ZA, Bahari H, Yazid MD. Elateriospermum tapos Yogurt Supplement in Maternal Obese Dams during Pregnancy Modulates the Body Composition of F1 Generation. Nutrients 2023; 15:1258. [PMID: 36904258 PMCID: PMC10005445 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is a key predictor of childhood obesity and a determining factor for a child's body composition. Thus, any form of maternal nutrition during the gestational period plays a vital role in influencing the growth of the fetus. Elateriospermum tapos (E. tapos) yogurt has been found to comprise many bioactive compounds such as tannins, saponins, α-linolenic acid, and 5'-methoxy-bilobate with apocynoside I that could cross the placenta and exhibit an anti-obesity effect. As such, this study aimed to investigate the role of maternal E. tapos yogurt supplementation on offspring body composition. In this study, 48 female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were induced with obesity using a high-fat diet (HFD) and were allowed to breed. Upon confirmation of pregnancy, treatment was initiated with E. tapos yogurt on the obese dams up to postnatal day 21. The weaning offspring were then designated into six groups according to their dam's group (n = 8) as follows; normal food and saline (NS), HFD and saline (HS), HFD and yogurt (HY), HFD and 5 mg/kg of E. tapos yogurt (HYT5), HFD and 50 mg/kg of E. tapos yogurt (HYT50), and HFD and 500 mg/kg of E. tapos yogurt (HYT500). The body weight of the offspring was accessed every 3 days up to PND 21. All the offspring were euthanized on PND 21 for tissue harvesting and blood sample collection. The results showed that both male and female offspring of obese dams treated with E. tapos yogurt showed growth patterns similar to NS and reduced levels of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, LDL, non-HDL, and leptin. Liver enzymes such as ALT, ALP, AST, GGT, and globulin, and renal markers such as sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, and creatinine levels significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the offspring of E. tapos yogurt-treated obese dams with the normal histological architecture of the liver, kidney, colon, RpWAT, and visceral tissue that is comparable to NS. In toto, E. tapos yogurt supplementation of obese dams exerted an anti-obesity effect by preventing intergenerational obesity by reversing HFD-induced damage in the fat tissue of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Naomi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Rusydatul Nabila Mahmad Rusli
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Fezah Othman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Santhra Segaran Balan
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Health Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia
| | - Azrina Zainal Abidin
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Health Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia
| | - Hashim Embong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Soo Huat Teoh
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 13200, Malaysia
| | - Azmiza Syawani Jasni
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hadizah Jumidil
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Salem Yaslam Ba Matraf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Borneo Research on Algesia, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration (BRAIN) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sabah Universiti Malaysia, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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14
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Zhu R, Chen S. Proteomic analysis reveals semaglutide impacts lipogenic protein expression in epididymal adipose tissue of obese mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1095432. [PMID: 37025414 PMCID: PMC10070826 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1095432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obesity is a global health problem with few pharmacologic options. Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue that induces weight loss. Yet, the role of semaglutide in adipose tissue has not yet been examined. The following study investigated the mechanism of semaglutide on lipid metabolism by analyzing proteomics of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) in obese mice. METHODS A total of 36 C57BL/6JC mice were randomly divided into a normal-chow diet group (NCD, n = 12), high-fat diet (HFD, n = 12), and HFD+semaglutide group (Sema, n = 12). Mice in the Sema group were intraperitoneally administered semaglutide, and the HFD group and the NCD group were intraperitoneally administered an equal volume of normal saline. Serum samples were collected to detect fasting blood glucose and blood lipids. The Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was used to measure the blood glucose value at each time point and calculate the area under the glucose curve. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to study the expression of eWAT, while cellular processes, biological processes, corresponding molecular functions, and related network molecular mechanisms were analyzed by bioinformatics. RESULTS Compared with the model group, the semaglutide-treated mice presented 640 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 292 up-regulated and 348 down-regulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed a reduction of CD36, FABP5, ACSL, ACOX3, PLIN2, ANGPTL4, LPL, MGLL, AQP7, and PDK4 involved in the lipid metabolism in the Sema group accompanied by a decrease in visceral fat accumulation, blood lipids, and improvement in glucose intolerance. CONCLUSION Semaglutide can effectively reduce visceral fat and blood lipids and improve glucose metabolism in obese mice. Semaglutide treatment might have beneficial effects on adipose tissues through the regulation of lipid uptake, lipid storage, and lipolysis in white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhu
- Department of Internal Medical, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Internal Medical, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Internal Medical, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Internal Medical, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Shuchun Chen,
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15
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Calderón-DuPont D, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A. Is insulin resistance tissue-dependent and substrate-specific? The role of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Biochimie 2023; 204:48-68. [PMID: 36099940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) refers to a reduction in the ability of insulin to exert its metabolic effects in organs such as adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM), leading to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is the main cause of IR, however not all subjects with obesity develop clinical insulin resistance, and not all clinically insulin-resistant people have obesity. Recent evidence implies that IR onset is tissue-dependent (AT or SM) and/or substrate-specific (glucometabolic or lipometabolic). Therefore, the aims of the present review are 1) to describe the glucometabolic and lipometabolic activities of insulin in AT and SM in the maintenance of whole-body metabolic homeostasis, 2) to discuss the pathophysiology of substrate-specific IR in AT and SM, and 3) to highlight novel validated tests to assess tissue and substrate-specific IR that are easy to perform in clinical practice. In AT, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose availability for glycerol and fatty acid synthesis, thus decreasing the esterification and synthesis of signaling bioactive lipids. Lipometabolic IR in AT impairs the antilipolytic effect of insulin and lipogenesis, leading to an increase in circulating FFAs and generating lipotoxicity in peripheral tissues. In SM, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose uptake, whereas lipometabolic IR impairs mitochondrial lipid oxidation, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, all of which lead to metabolic inflexibility. Understanding tissue-dependent and substrate-specific IR is of paramount importance for early detection before clinical manifestations and for the development of more specific treatments or direct interventions to prevent chronic life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Calderón-DuPont
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional en Ciencias Médicas y Nutricíon Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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16
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Palomäki VA, Koivukangas V, Meriläinen S, Lehenkari P, Karttunen TJ. A Straightforward Method for Adipocyte Size and Count Analysis Using Open-source Software QuPath. Adipocyte 2022; 11:99-107. [PMID: 35094637 PMCID: PMC8803053 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2027610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in adipose tissue morphology, depicted by cell morphology alterations such as enlargement of fat cells, always accompany over-weight and obesity. The variables related to cell size have been shown to associate with low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue and common obesity-related comorbidities including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Quantifying fat cell morphology from images of histological specimens can be tedious. Here, we present a straightforward method for the task using the free open-source software QuPath with its inbuilt tools only. Measurements of human adipose tissue samples with the described protocol showed an excellent correlation with those obtained with ImageJ software with Adipocyte Tools plugin combined with manual correction of misdetections. Intraclass correlation between the two methods was at good to excellent level. The method described here can be applied to considerably large tissue areas, even whole-slide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville A Palomäki
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Koivukangas
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Meriläinen
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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17
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Tremblay EJ, Tchernof A, Pelletier M, Chabot N, Joanisse DR, Mauriège P. Contribution of markers of adiposopathy and adipose cell size in predicting insulin resistance in women of varying age and adiposity. Adipocyte 2022; 11:175-189. [PMID: 35436409 PMCID: PMC9037496 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2059902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunctions, such as adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage infiltration and secretory adiposopathy (low plasma adiponectin/leptin, A/L, ratio), associate with metabolic disorders. However, no study has compared the relative contribution of these markers to cardiometabolic risk in women of varying age and adiposity. Body composition, regional AT distribution, lipid-lipoprotein profile, glucose homeostasis and plasma A and L levels were determined in 67 women (age: 40-62 years; BMI: 17-41 kg/m2). Expression of macrophage infiltration marker CD68 and adipocyte size were measured from subcutaneous abdominal (SCABD) and omental (OME) fat. AT dysfunction markers correlated with most lipid-lipoprotein levels. The A/L ratio was negatively associated with fasting insulinemia and HOMA-IR, while SCABD or OME adipocyte size and SCABD CD68 expression were positively related to these variables. Combination of tertiles of largest adipocyte size and lowest A/L ratio showed the highest HOMA-IR. Multiple regression analyses including these markers and TAG levels revealed that the A/L ratio was the only predictor of fasting insulinemia and HOMA-IR. The contribution of the A/L ratio was superseded by adipose cell size in the model where the latter replaced TAGs. Finally, leptinemia was a better predictor of IR than adipocyte size and the A/L ratio in our participants sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Julie Tremblay
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’institut Universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de recherche de l’institut Universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- École de Nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Centre de recherche de l’institut Universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chabot
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’institut Universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis R. Joanisse
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’institut Universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascale Mauriège
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’institut Universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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18
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Associations between subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20519. [PMID: 36443373 PMCID: PMC9705525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte hypertrophy and expression of adipokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) have been linked to steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) subjects. It is unknown if this is also true for subjects with NAFLD with lesser degrees of obesity (BMI < 35 kg/m2). Thirty-two subjects with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 15 non-diabetic controls matched for BMI underwent fine-needle biopsies of SAT. Adipocyte volume was calculated. RNA-sequencing of SAT was performed in a subset of 20 NAFLD patients. Adipocyte volume and gene expression levels were correlated to the presence of NASH or significant fibrosis. Subjects with NAFLD had larger adipocyte volume compared with controls, (1939 pL, 95% CI 1130-1662 vs. 854 pL, 95% CI 781-926, p < 0.001). There was no association between adipocyte volume and the presence of NASH. Gene expression of adipokines previously described to correlate with NASH in morbid obesity, was not associated with NASH or fibrosis. Our results suggest that persons with NAFLD have larger SAT adipocytes compared with controls and that adipocytes are involved in the pathophysiology of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. However, adipocyte volume was not associated with NASH or fibrosis in NAFLD subjects with varying degrees of obesity.
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Davies DM, van den Handel K, Bharadwaj S, Lengefeld J. Cellular enlargement - A new hallmark of aging? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1036602. [PMID: 36438561 PMCID: PMC9688412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1036602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Years of important research has revealed that cells heavily invest in regulating their size. Nevertheless, it has remained unclear why accurate size control is so important. Our recent study using hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vivo indicates that cellular enlargement is causally associated with aging. Here, we present an overview of these findings and their implications. Furthermore, we performed a broad literature analysis to evaluate the potential of cellular enlargement as a new aging hallmark and to examine its connection to previously described aging hallmarks. Finally, we highlight interesting work presenting a correlation between cell size and age-related diseases. Taken together, we found mounting evidence linking cellular enlargement to aging and age-related diseases. Therefore, we encourage researchers from seemingly unrelated areas to take a fresh look at their data from the perspective of cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Davies
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kim van den Handel
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soham Bharadwaj
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jette Lengefeld
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Thomaz FM, de Jesus Simão J, da Silva VS, Machado MMF, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Alonso Vale MIC, Telles MM. Ginkgo biloba Extract Stimulates Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101294. [PMID: 36297406 PMCID: PMC9610090 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smaller adipocytes are related to the reversal of metabolic disorders, suggesting that molecules that can act in the adipogenesis pathway are of great interest. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) in modulating the differentiation in preadipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated for 7 days into adipocytes without (control group) and with GbE at 1.0 mg/mL. Lipid content and gene expression were analyzed on day 7 (D7) by Oil Red O staining and PCR Array Gene Expression. Western blotting analysis of the key adipogenesis markers was evaluated during the differentiation process at days 3 (D3), 5 (D5), and 7 (D7). GbE increased lipid content and raised the gene expression of the main adipogenesis markers. Key proteins of the differentiation process were modulated by GbE, since C/EBPβ levels were decreased, while C/EBPα levels were increased at D7. Regarding the mature adipocytes’ markers, GbE enhanced the levels of both FABP4 at D5, and perilipin at D3 and D5. In summary, the present findings showed that GbE modulated the adipogenesis pathway suggesting that the treatment could accelerate the preadipocyte maturation, stimulating the expression of mature adipocyte proteins earlier than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Malanconi Thomaz
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Jussara de Jesus Simão
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Viviane Simões da Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Meira Maria Forcelini Machado
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Discipline of Nutrition Physiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro
- Discipline of Nutrition Physiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Cardoso Alonso Vale
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Monica Marques Telles
- Post-Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
- Discipline of Nutrition Physiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
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Ahmed F, Hetty S, Vranic M, Fanni G, Kullberg J, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. ESR2 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue is related to body fat distribution in women, and knockdown impairs preadipocyte differentiation. Adipocyte 2022; 11:434-447. [PMID: 35856485 PMCID: PMC9387337 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estrogen signaling occurs mainly through estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2). ESR2 expression is higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women. The functional significance of altered ESR2 expression is not fully known. This study investigates the role of ESR2 in adipose tissue lipid and glucose metabolism. METHODS SAT were obtained by needle biopsies from 10 female subjects with T2D and 10 control subjects. Correlation analysis between ESR2 gene expression in SAT and markers of obesity and glucose metabolism. ESR2 knockdown was performed in preadipocytes isolated from SAT of females using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. In vitro differentiated knockdown adipocytes were characterized for differentiation rate, lipid storage, and glucose uptake. RESULTS ESR2 expression in SAT from females was negatively correlated with weight, waist-to-hip ratio, visceral adipose tissue volume, and markers of fatty acid oxidation, and positively correlated with markers related to lipid storage, and glucose transport. In SAT, ESR2 levels were found predominantly in mature adipocytes. In preadipocytes from females, ESR2 knockdown reduced preadipocyte differentiation compared to wild type cultures. This corresponded to reduced expression of markers of differentiation, lipogenesis, and lipolysis. Glucose uptake was reduced in adipocytes in knockdown cultures. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ESR2 deficiency is associated with visceral adiposity and reduced subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage in women. High ESR2 expression, as seen after menopause, could be a contributing factor to SAT expansion. This provides insight into a possible target to promote a healthy obesity phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University
| | - Maria João Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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De Fano M, Bartolini D, Tortoioli C, Vermigli C, Malara M, Galli F, Murdolo G. Adipose Tissue Plasticity in Response to Pathophysiological Cues: A Connecting Link between Obesity and Its Associated Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105511. [PMID: 35628322 PMCID: PMC9141504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is a remarkably plastic and active organ with functional pleiotropism and high remodeling capacity. Although the expansion of fat mass, by definition, represents the hallmark of obesity, the dysregulation of the adipose organ emerges as the forefront of the link between adiposity and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The dysfunctional fat displays distinct biological signatures, which include enlarged fat cells, low-grade inflammation, impaired redox homeostasis, and cellular senescence. While these events are orchestrated in a cell-type, context-dependent and temporal manner, the failure of the adipose precursor cells to form new adipocytes appears to be the main instigator of the adipose dysregulation, which, ultimately, poses a deleterious milieu either by promoting ectopic lipid overspill in non-adipose targets (i.e., lipotoxicity) or by inducing an altered secretion of different adipose-derived hormones (i.e., adipokines and lipokines). This “adipocentric view” extends the previous “expandability hypothesis”, which implies a reduced plasticity of the adipose organ at the nexus between unhealthy fat expansion and the development of obesity-associated comorbidities. In this review, we will briefly summarize the potential mechanisms by which adaptive changes to variations of energy balance may impair adipose plasticity and promote fat organ dysfunction. We will also highlight the conundrum with the perturbation of the adipose microenvironment and the development of cardio-metabolic complications by focusing on adipose lipoxidation, inflammation and cellular senescence as a novel triad orchestrating the conspiracy to adipose dysfunction. Finally, we discuss the scientific rationale for proposing adipose organ plasticity as a target to curb/prevent adiposity-linked cardio-metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelatonio De Fano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Desirèe Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Human Anatomy Laboratory, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (D.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Cristina Tortoioli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Cristiana Vermigli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Malara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Human Anatomy Laboratory, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (D.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)75-578-3301; Fax: +39-75-573-0855
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Niu X, Zhang Y, Lai Z, Huang X, Gao J, Lu F, Chang Q, Yuan Y. Preoperative Short-Term High Carbohydrate Diet Provides More High-Quality Transplantable Fat and Improves the Outcome of Fat Grafts in Mice. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:NP531-NP545. [PMID: 35460566 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a low body mass index may have inadequate high-quality adipose tissue for transplantation. The influence of high-energy diets on adipose tissue and graft retention remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We explored inguinal fat pad alternation in mice fed on a short-time high-fat diet (HFD) or a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) preoperatively and the morphological and histological differences after transplantation. METHODS Mice were fed HFD (60% kilocalories from fat, 20% from carbohydrate), HCD (9.3% kilocalories from fat, 80.1% from carbohydrate), or normal (12% kilocalories from fat, 67% kilocalories from carbohydrate) diets for 2 or 4 weeks. Histological analyses were carried out following hematoxylin and eosin staining, and CD34 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining. The uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression was determined by western blotting. Fat pads from each group were grafted into the dorsal region of the recipient mice and morphological and histological changes were determined 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-transplantation. Vascular endothelial growth factor α and platelet-derived growth factor α expression were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The inguinal fat pad volume increased in the HFD and HCD groups. The presence of multilocular adipocytes in inguinal fat of HCD-fed mice, combined with the increased UCP-1 content, suggested adipocyte browning. HCD grafts showed higher volume retention and reduced oil cyst formation, possibly attributed to better angiogenesis and adipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS HCD enlarged adipose tissue and improved grafts survival rates, which may be due to the browning of fat before grafting and enhanced angiogenesis after grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Niu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Zhuhao Lai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Qiang Chang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong , China
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24
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Ahmed F, Kamble PG, Hetty S, Fanni G, Vranic M, Sarsenbayeva A, Kristófi R, Almby K, Svensson MK, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Role of Estrogen and Its Receptors in Adipose Tissue Glucose Metabolism in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1879-e1889. [PMID: 35084504 PMCID: PMC9016422 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Reduced estrogen levels in postmenopausal women predispose them to metabolic side effects, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; however, the cellular mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to study the expression of estrogen receptors in adipose tissue from pre- and postmenopausal women and the effects of estradiol (E2) on glucose uptake of adipocytes. METHODS Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) obtained from pre- and postmenopausal women (19-51 and 46-75 years old, respectively) were used to measure gene expression of ESR1 and ESR2. SAT tissue was incubated with E2, and glucose uptake and estrogen receptor levels were measured. Polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 were addressed in public databases to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with metabolic traits. RESULTS ESR2 expression was lower in pre- vs postmenopausal women, corresponding to lower ESR1:ESR2 gene expression ratio in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, the expression of ESR1 was higher in VAT than in SAT. In both pre- and postmenopausal women, ESR2 expression was lower in VAT than in SAT. In late, but not pre- or early postmenopausal women, E2 reduced glucose uptake and GLUT4 protein and increased expression of ESR2. ESR1 polymorphisms were associated with weight, body fat distribution, and total cholesterol, and ESR2 polymorphisms were associated with total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and with body fat percentage. CONCLUSION E2 inhibits glucose utilization in human adipocytes in late postmenopausal women. Changes in glucose utilization over time since menopause may be explained by a lower ESR1:ESR2 ratio. This can have clinical implications on the timing of estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria K Svensson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Renal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: Jan W Eriksson, MD Prof, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail:
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25
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Pereira MJ, Vranic M, Kamble PG, Jernow H, Kristófi R, Holbikova E, Skrtic S, Kullberg J, Svensson MK, Hetty S, Eriksson JW. CDKN2C expression in adipose tissue is reduced in type II diabetes and central obesity: impact on adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage? Transl Res 2022; 242:105-121. [PMID: 34896253 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CDKN2C/p18 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2C) is a cell growth regulator that controls cell cycle progression and has previously been associated with increased risk for type II diabetes (T2D) and reduced peripheral adipose tissue (AT) storage capacity. This study explored the role of CDKN2C in AT lipid and glucose metabolism in T2D. Expression of CDKN2C and other genes was analyzed by transcriptomics, or real-time PCR in subcutaneous AT (SAT) samples obtained from T2D and control subjects matched for sex, age and BMI and also in paired SAT and omental AT (OAT) samples. Functional studies included adipocyte glucose uptake and lipolysis rates. CRISPR/Cas9 CDKN2C gene knockdown was performed in human preadipocytes to assess adipogenesis. CDKN2C mRNA expression in SAT and OAT was reduced in T2D and obese subjects compared to controls. CDKN2C expression in SAT was inversely correlated with measures of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and visceral adiposity and positively correlated with expression of genes in several metabolic pathways, including insulin signaling and fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. CDKN2C protein was mainly expressed in adipocytes compared to stromal vascular cells, and its gene and protein expression was up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation. Knockdown of CDKN2C did not affect the percentage of differentiating cells compared to wild type cultures. However, CDKN2C knockdown cultures had significantly lower expression of differentiation markers CEBPA, ADIPOQ and FASN and transiently reduced lipid accumulation per adipocyte during differentiation. Our findings suggest that adipose CDKN2C expression might be reduced as a consequence of insulin resistance and obesity, and this can further contribute to impairment of SAT lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henning Jernow
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ema Holbikova
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technologies & Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria K Svensson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Renal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lebrun LJ, Moreira S, Tavernier A, Niot I. Postprandial consequences of lipid absorption in the onset of obesity: Role of intestinal CD36. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang Y, Chen F, Zhang F, Huang X. Characterization of DNA methylation as well as mico-RNA expression and screening of epigenetic markers in adipogenesis. J Transl Med 2022; 20:93. [PMID: 35168604 PMCID: PMC8845261 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to use bioinformatics methods to characterize epigenetic changes in terms of micro-RNA(miRNA) expression and DNA methylation during adipogenesis. The mRNA and miRNA expression microarray and DNA methylation dataset were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and differentially methylated probes (DMPs) were filtered using the limma package. The R language cluster profile package was used for functional and enrichment analysis. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING and visualized in Cytoscape. The Connection map (CMap) website tool was used to screen potential therapeutic drugs for adipogenesis. When comparing the early and late stages of adipogenesis, 111 low miRNA targeted upregulated genes and 64 high miRNA targeted downregulated genes were obtained, as well as 663 low-methylated high-expressed genes and 237 high-methylated low-expressed genes. In addition, 41 genes (24 upregulated and 17 downregulated) were simultaneously regulated by abnormal miRNA changes and DNA methylation. Ten chemicals were identified as putative therapeutics for adipogenesis. In addition, among the dual-regulated genes identified, CANX, HNRNPA1, MCL1, and PPIF may play key roles in the epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis and may serve as aberrant methylation or miRNA targeting biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fancheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangxue Zhang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC. Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships With Metabolic Dysregulations. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:35-60. [PMID: 34100954 PMCID: PMC8755996 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic increasingly causes morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many other chronic diseases. Fat cell size (FCS) predicts numerous obesity-related complications such as lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, the scarcity of systematic literature reviews on this subject is compounded by the use of different methods by which FCS measurements are determined and reported. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the current literature on the relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and obesity-related glucose and lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, and cardiovascular disorders. We also review the numerous mechanistic origins of adipocyte hypertrophy and its relationship with metabolic dysregulation, including changes in adipogenesis, cell senescence, collagen deposition, systemic inflammation, adipokine secretion, and energy balance. To quantify the effect of different FCS measurement methods, we performed statistical analyses across published data while controlling for body mass index, age, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhou Ye
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Richard
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gévry
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Pincu Y, Yoel U, Haim Y, Makarenkov N, Maixner N, Shaco-Levy R, Bashan N, Dicker D, Rudich A. Assessing Obesity-Related Adipose Tissue Disease (OrAD) to Improve Precision Medicine for Patients Living With Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:860799. [PMID: 35574032 PMCID: PMC9098964 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.860799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogenous condition that affects the life and health of patients to different degrees and in different ways. Yet, most approaches to treat obesity are not currently prescribed, at least in a systematic manner, based on individual obesity sub-phenotypes or specifically-predicted health risks. Adipose tissue is one of the most evidently affected tissues in obesity. The degree of adipose tissue changes - "adiposopathy", or as we propose to relate to herein as Obesity-related Adipose tissue Disease (OrAD), correspond, at least cross-sectionally, to the extent of obesity-related complications inflicted on an individual patient. This potentially provides an opportunity to better personalize anti-obesity management by utilizing the information that can be retrieved by assessing OrAD. This review article will summarize current knowledge on histopathological OrAD features which, beyond cross-sectional analyses, had been shown to predict future obesity-related endpoints and/or the response to specific anti-obesity interventions. In particular, the review explores adipocyte cell size, adipose tissue inflammation, and fibrosis. Rather than highly-specialized methods, we emphasize standard pathology laboratory approaches to assess OrAD, which are readily-available in most clinical settings. We then discuss how OrAD assessment can be streamlined in the obesity/weight-management clinic. We propose that current studies provide sufficient evidence to inspire concerted efforts to better explore the possibility of predicting obesity related clinical endpoints and response to interventions by histological OrAD assessment, in the quest to improve precision medicine in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Pincu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Uri Yoel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The Endocrinology Service, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nataly Makarenkov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitzan Maixner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ruthy Shaco-Levy
- Institute of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nava Bashan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dror Dicker
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Assaf Rudich, ; Dror Dicker,
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Assaf Rudich, ; Dror Dicker,
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Kovačević S, Brkljačić J, Vojnović Milutinović D, Gligorovska L, Bursać B, Elaković I, Djordjevic A. Fructose Induces Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Even Without Development of Obesity in Adult Female but Not in Male Rats. Front Nutr 2021; 8:749328. [PMID: 34869524 PMCID: PMC8632624 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.749328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity and related metabolic disturbances are frequently related to modern lifestyle and are characterized by excessive fructose intake. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation has a central role in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic syndrome. Since sex-related differences in susceptibility and progression of metabolic disorders are not yet fully understood, our aim was to examine inflammation and insulin signaling in VAT of fructose-fed female and male adult rats. Methods: We analyzed effects of 9-week 10% fructose-enriched diet on energy intake, VAT mass and histology, and systemic insulin sensitivity. VAT insulin signaling and markers of VAT inflammation, and antioxidative defense status were also evaluated. Results: The fructose diet had no effect on VAT mass and systemic insulin signaling in the female and male rats, while it raised plasma uric acid, increased PPARγ level in the VAT, and initiated the development of a distinctive population of small adipocytes in the females. Also, adipose tissue insulin resistance, evidenced by increased PTP1B and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) inhibitory phosphorylation and decreased Akt activity, was detected. In addition, fructose stimulated the nuclear accumulation of NFκB, increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα), and protein level of macrophage marker F4/80, superoxide dismutase 1, and glutathione reductase. In contrast to the females, the fructose diet had no effect on plasma uric acid and VAT inflammation in the male rats, but less prominent alterations in VAT insulin signaling were observed. Conclusion: Even though dietary fructose did not elicit changes in energy intake and led to obesity in the females, it initiated the proliferation of small-sized adipocytes capable of storing fats further. In contrast to the males, this state of VAT was accompanied with enhanced inflammation, which most likely contributed to the development of insulin resistance. The observed distinction could possibly originate from sex-related differences in uric acid metabolism. Our results suggest that VAT inflammation could precede obesity and start even before the measurable increase in VAT mass, making it a silent risk factor for the development of T2D. Our results emphasize that adipose tissue dysfunction, rather than its simple enlargement, could significantly contribute to the onset and development of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Brkljačić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljupka Gligorovska
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bursać
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Elaković
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Garritson JD, Boudina S. The Effects of Exercise on White and Brown Adipose Tissue Cellularity, Metabolic Activity and Remodeling. Front Physiol 2021; 12:772894. [PMID: 34795599 PMCID: PMC8593176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.772894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a significant functional role of adipose tissue in maintaining whole-body metabolic health. It is well established that obesity leads to compositional and morphological changes in adipose tissue that can contribute to the development of cardiometabolic disorders. Thus, the function and size of adipocytes as well as perfusion and inflammation can significantly impact health outcomes independent of body mass index. Lifestyle interventions such as exercise can improve metabolic homeostasis and reduce the risk for developing cardiometabolic disorders. Adipose tissue displays remarkable plasticity in response to external stimuli such as dietary intervention and exercise. Here we review systemic and local effects of exercise that modulate white and brown adipose tissue cellularity, metabolic function and remodeling in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Garritson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Verkouter I, Noordam R, Loh NY, van Dijk KW, Zock PL, Mook-Kanamori DO, le Cessie S, Rosendaal FR, Karpe F, Christodoulides C, de Mutsert R. The Relation Between Adult Weight Gain, Adipocyte Volume, and the Metabolic Profile at Middle Age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4438-e4447. [PMID: 34181708 PMCID: PMC8530710 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Weight gain during adulthood increases cardiometabolic disease risk, possibly through adipocyte hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the specific metabolomic profile of adult weight gain, and to examine its association with adipocyte volume. METHODS Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics were measured in the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study (n = 6347, discovery) and Oxford Biobank (n = 6317, replication). Adult weight gain was calculated as the absolute difference between body mass index (BMI) at middle age and recalled BMI at age 20 years. We performed linear regression analyses with both exposures BMI at age 20 years and weight gain, and separately with BMI at middle age in relation to 149 serum metabolomic measures, adjusted for age, sex, and multiple testing. Additionally, subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte biopsies were collected in a subset of the Oxford Biobank (n = 114) to estimate adipocyte volume. RESULTS Mean (SD) weight gain was 4.5 (3.7) kg/m2 in the NEO study and 3.6 (3.7) kg/m2 in the Oxford Biobank. Weight gain, and not BMI at age 20 nor middle age, was associated with concentrations of 7 metabolomic measures after successful replication, which included polyunsaturated fatty acids, small to medium low-density lipoproteins, and total intermediate-density lipoprotein. One SD weight gain was associated with 386 μm3 (95% CI, 143-629) higher median adipocyte volume. Adipocyte volume was associated with lipoprotein particles specific for adult weight gain. CONCLUSION Adult weight gain is associated with specific metabolomic alterations of which the higher lipoprotein concentrations were likely contributed by larger adipocyte volumes, presumably linking weight gain to cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Verkouter
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nellie Y Loh
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L Zock
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX4 2PG, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX4 4XN, UK
| | - Costantinos Christodoulides
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX4 4XN, UK
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Exploratory Study on Expression of Fatty Tissue in Gestational Diabetes Mouse. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6813147. [PMID: 34650614 PMCID: PMC8510822 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6813147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the changes of UCP1 protein in brown fat by establishing a model of gestational diabetes mellitus through intervention of high fat and carbohydrate diet. To explore the changes of UCP1 protein in brown fat in gestational diabetic mice, and analyze the characteristics of abnormal glucose metabolism in gestational diabetic mice and its relationship with changes in adipocyte morphology and insulin resistance. Methods Eighty C57BL/6J pregnant mice were randomly divided into a normal control group and a high-fat and high-sugar feeding group. The normal control group was fed a normal diet, while the high-fat and high-sugar group was fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet to establish a gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) model. On the pregnancy days 0, 10, and 18, the weight and fasting glucose were measured. On the pregnancy day 18, the triglycerides (TG), the total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), insulin levels, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were measured or calculated. At the same time, brown fat UCP1 protein of the two groups of pregnant mice were measured using Western blot Observed the Adipose tissue pathological changes by staining HE. The adipocyte was observed, and the correlation was analyzed. Results Twenty-one pregnant mice reach the level of gestational diabetes diagnosis (FBG ≥ 5.1 mmol/L) in the high-fat and high-sugar diet group. On the pregnancy day 10 and 18, the fasting plasma glucose and the body weight significantly increased (P < 0.05). The total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acid, insulin level, and insulin resistance index of the GDM group were also higher compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). The adipocyte size significantly increased in the GDM mice. TG, TC, FFA, and body weight at 18 days of gestation were significantly correlated with HOMA-IR and single-adipocyte area in the GDM mice. HOMA-IR was significantly correlated with a single-adipocyte area. Compared with the normal control group, the UCP1 proteins of GDM mice decreased significantly and negatively correlated with body weight increase. Conclusion Feeding C57BL/6J pregnant mice with high fat and high sugar to establish a gestational diabetes mouse model has good stability and is similar to human gestational diabetes. The reduction of brown fat UCP1 protein in GDM mice has a certain correlation with obesity tendency and obvious insulin resistance.
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Almby KE, Katsogiannos P, Pereira MJ, Karlsson FA, Sundbom M, Wiklund U, Kamble PG, Eriksson JW. Time Course of Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Adipose Effects During 2 Years of Follow-up After Gastric Bypass in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4049-e4061. [PMID: 34086911 PMCID: PMC8475218 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) markedly improves glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but underlying mechanisms and changes over time are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE Integrated assessment of neuroendocrine and metabolic changes over time in T2D patients undergoing RYGB. DESIGN AND SETTING Follow-up of single-center randomized study. PATIENTS Thirteen patients with obesity and T2D compared to 22 healthy subjects. INTERVENTIONS Blood chemistry, adipose biopsies, and heart rate variability were obtained before and 4, 24, and 104 weeks post-RYGB. RESULTS After RYGB, glucose-lowering drugs were discontinued and hemoglobin A1c fell from mean 55 to 41 mmol/mol by 104 weeks (P < 0.001). At 4 weeks, morning cortisol (P < 0.05) and adrenocorticotropin (P = 0.09) were reduced by 20%. Parasympathetic nerve activity (heart rate variability derived) increased at 4 weeks (P < 0.05) and peaked at 24 weeks (P < 0.01). C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells were rapidly reduced (P < 0.01). At 104 weeks, basal and insulin-stimulated adipocyte glucose uptake increased by 3-fold vs baseline and expression of genes involved in glucose transport, fatty acid oxidation, and adipogenesis was upregulated (P < 0.01). Adipocyte volume was reduced by 4 weeks and more markedly at 104 weeks, by about 40% vs baseline (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We propose this order of events: (1) rapid glucose lowering (days); (2) attenuated cortisol axis activity and inflammation and increased parasympathetic tone (weeks); and (3) body fat and weight loss, increased adipose glucose uptake, and whole-body insulin sensitivity (months-years; similar to healthy controls). Thus, neuroendocrine pathways can partly mediate early glycemic improvement after RYGB, and adipose factors may promote long-term insulin sensitivity and normoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urban Wiklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: Jan W Eriksson, MD, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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35
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Sánchez-Ceinos J, Guzmán-Ruiz R, Rangel-Zúñiga OA, López-Alcalá J, Moreno-Caño E, Del Río-Moreno M, Romero-Cabrera JL, Pérez-Martínez P, Maymo-Masip E, Vendrell J, Fernández-Veledo S, Fernández-Real JM, Laurencikiene J, Rydén M, Membrives A, Luque RM, López-Miranda J, Malagón MM. Impaired mRNA splicing and proteostasis in preadipocytes in obesity-related metabolic disease. eLife 2021; 10:65996. [PMID: 34545810 PMCID: PMC8545398 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preadipocytes are crucial for healthy adipose tissue expansion. Preadipocyte differentiation is altered in obese individuals, which has been proposed to contribute to obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. Here, we aimed at identifying the pathogenic processes underlying impaired adipocyte differentiation in obese individuals with insulin resistance (IR)/type 2 diabetes (T2D). We report that down-regulation of a key member of the major spliceosome, PRFP8/PRP8, as observed in IR/T2D preadipocytes from subcutaneous (SC) fat, prevented adipogenesis by altering both the expression and splicing patterns of adipogenic transcription factors and lipid droplet-related proteins, while adipocyte differentiation was restored upon recovery of PRFP8/PRP8 normal levels. Adipocyte differentiation was also compromised under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) hyperactivation, as occurs in SC and omental (OM) preadipocytes in IR/T2D obesity. Thus, targeting mRNA splicing and ER proteostasis in preadipocytes could improve adipose tissue function and thus contribute to metabolic health in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sánchez-Ceinos
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Guzmán-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oriol Alberto Rangel-Zúñiga
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime López-Alcalá
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Moreno-Caño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mercedes Del Río-Moreno
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,OncObesity and Metabolism Group. Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, IMIBIC/University of Córdoba/Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Romero-Cabrera
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elsa Maymo-Masip
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgil, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgil, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Universitat Rovira i Virgil, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, and Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid Laboratory. Department of Medicine Huddinge/Karolinska Institute (KI)/Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Lipid Laboratory. Department of Medicine Huddinge/Karolinska Institute (KI)/Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Membrives
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General y Digestivo, Sección de Obesidad, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raul M Luque
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,OncObesity and Metabolism Group. Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, IMIBIC/University of Córdoba/Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María M Malagón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Sarsenbayeva A, Jui BN, Fanni G, Barbosa P, Ahmed F, Kristófi R, Cen J, Chowdhury A, Skrtic S, Bergsten P, Fall T, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Impaired HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Caused by Genetic Variants or Statin Exposure: Impact on Human Adipose Tissue, β-Cells and Metabolome. Metabolites 2021; 11:574. [PMID: 34564389 PMCID: PMC8468287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is associated with an increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes. We studied the association of genetic or pharmacological HMG-CoA reductase inhibition with plasma and adipose tissue (AT) metabolome and AT metabolic pathways. We also investigated the effects of statin-mediated pharmacological inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase on systemic insulin sensitivity by measuring the HOMA-IR index in subjects with or without statin therapy. The direct effects of simvastatin (20-250 nM) or its active metabolite simvastatin hydroxy acid (SA) (8-30 nM) were investigated on human adipocyte glucose uptake, lipolysis, and differentiation and pancreatic insulin secretion. We observed that the LDL-lowering HMGCR rs12916-T allele was negatively associated with plasma phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, and HMGCR expression in AT was correlated with various metabolic and mitochondrial pathways. Clinical data showed that statin treatment was associated with HOMA-IR index after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, LDL-c levels, and diabetes status in the subjects. Supra-therapeutic concentrations of simvastatin reduced glucose uptake in adipocytes and normalized fatty acid-induced insulin hypersecretion from β-cells. Our data suggest that inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase is associated with insulin resistance. However, statins have a very mild direct effect on AT and pancreas, hence, other tissues as the liver or muscle appear to be of greater importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Bipasha Nandi Jui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Jing Cen
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Azazul Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technologies & Development, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
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Martín M, Rodríguez A, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Ramírez B, Becerril S, Catalán V, López M, Diéguez C, Frühbeck G, Burrell MA. Caloric Restriction Prevents Metabolic Dysfunction and the Changes in Hypothalamic Neuropeptides Associated with Obesity Independently of Dietary Fat Content in Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072128. [PMID: 34206176 PMCID: PMC8308389 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy restriction is a first therapy in the treatment of obesity, but the underlying biological mechanisms have not been completely clarified. We analyzed the effects of restriction of high-fat diet (HFD) on weight loss, circulating gut hormone levels and expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Ten-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomly distributed into four groups: two fed ad libitum a normal diet (ND) (N group) or a HFD (H group) and two subjected to a 25% caloric restriction of ND (NR group) or HFD (HR group) for 9 weeks. A 25% restriction of HFD over 9 weeks leads to a 36% weight loss with regard to the group fed HFD ad libitum accompanied by normal values in adiposity index and food efficiency ratio (FER). This restriction also carried the normalization of NPY, AgRP and POMC hypothalamic mRNA expression, without changes in CART. Caloric restriction did not succeed in improving glucose homeostasis but reduced HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, 25% restriction of HFD reduced adiposity and improved metabolism in experimental obesity, without changes in glycemia. Restriction of the HFD triggered the normalization of hypothalamic NPY, AgRP and POMC expression, as well as ghrelin and leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martín
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Miguel López
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (J.G.-A.); (B.R.); (S.B.); (V.C.); (G.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María A. Burrell
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-425600 (ext. 806247)
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Ying T, Golden T, Cheng L, Ishibashi J, Seale P, Simmons RA. Neonatal IL-4 exposure decreases adipogenesis of male rats into adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E1148-E1157. [PMID: 33870712 PMCID: PMC8285599 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) can increase beige adipogenesis in adult rodents. However, neonatal animals use a distinct adipocyte precursor compartment for adipogenesis as compared with adults. In this study, we address whether IL-4 can induce persistent effects on adipose tissue when administered subcutaneously in the interscapular region during the neonatal period in Sprague-Dawley rats. We injected IL-4 into neonatal male rats during postnatal days 1-6, followed by analysis of adipose tissue and adipocyte precursors at 2 wk and 10 wk of age. Adipocyte precursors were cultured and subjected to differentiation in vitro. We found that a short and transient IL-4 exposure in neonates upregulated uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) mRNA expression and decreased fat cell size in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). Adipocyte precursors from mature rats that had been treated with IL-4 as neonates displayed a decrease in adiponectin (Adipoq) but no change in Ucp1 expression, as compared with controls. Thus, neonatal IL-4 induces acute beige adipogenesis and decreases adipogenic differentiation capacity long term. Overall, these findings indicate that the neonatal period is critical for adipocyte development and may influence the later onset of obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used neonatal injections in rat to show that IL-4 decreases adipogenesis and increases browning of white fat. In adulthood, adipocyte precursors show persistently decreased adipogenesis but not increased browning. These studies in the neonate are the first, to our knowledge, to show that IL-4 can have long-lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Ying
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thea Golden
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lan Cheng
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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39
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Porro S, Genchi VA, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Perrini S. Dysmetabolic adipose tissue in obesity: morphological and functional characteristics of adipose stem cells and mature adipocytes in healthy and unhealthy obese subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:921-941. [PMID: 33145726 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The way by which subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expands and undergoes remodeling by storing excess lipids through expansion of adipocytes (hypertrophy) or recruitment of new precursor cells (hyperplasia) impacts the risk of developing cardiometabolic and respiratory diseases. In unhealthy obese subjects, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnoea are typically associated with pathologic SAT remodeling characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, as well as chronic inflammation, hypoxia, increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and fatty liver. In contrast, metabolically healthy obese individuals are generally associated with SAT development characterized by the presence of smaller and numerous mature adipocytes, and a lower degree of VAT inflammation and ectopic fat accumulation. The remodeling of SAT and VAT is under genetic regulation and influenced by inherent depot-specific differences of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs have multiple functions such as cell renewal, adipogenic capacity, and angiogenic properties, and secrete a variety of bioactive molecules involved in vascular and extracellular matrix remodeling. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the proliferative and adipogenic capacity of ASCs from SAT and VAT in response to excess calorie intake has become a focus of interest over recent decades. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the biological mechanisms able to foster or impair the recruitment and adipogenic differentiation of ASCs during SAT and VAT development, which regulate body fat distribution and favorable or unfavorable metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Porro
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - V A Genchi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Cignarelli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Natalicchio
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - L Laviola
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - F Giorgino
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - S Perrini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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40
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Tippairote T, Bjørklund G, Yaovapak A. The continuum of disrupted metabolic tempo, mitochondrial substrate congestion, and metabolic gridlock toward the development of non-communicable diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6837-6853. [PMID: 33797995 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1907299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) are the slow-motion disasters with imminent global health care burden. The current dietary management for NCD is dominated by the calorie balance model. Apart from the quantitative balance of calorie, healthy bioenergetics requires temporal eating and fasting rhythms, and the subsequent switching for different metabolic fuels. We herein term these three bioenergetic attributes, i.e., caloric balance, diurnal eating-fasting rhythm, and metabolic flexibility, as the metabolic tempo. These three attributes are intertwined with each other; alteration of one attribute affects one or more other attributes. Lifestyle-induced disrupted metabolic tempo presents a high flux of mixed carbon substrates to mitochondria, with the resulting congestion and indecisiveness of metabolic switches. Such indecisiveness impairs metabolic flexibility, promotes anabolism, and accumulates the energy storage pools. The triggers from hypoxic inducible factor expression could further promote the metabolic gridlock and adipocyte maladaptation. The maladaptive adipocytes lead to ectopic fat deposition, increased circulating lipid levels, insulin resistance, and chronic systemic inflammation. These continuum set stages for clinical NCDs. We propose that the restoration of all tempo attributes through the combined diet-, time-, and calorie-restricted interventions could be the preferred strategy for NCD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsak Tippairote
- Nutritional and Environmental Section, Thailand Initiatives for Functional Medicine, Bangkok Thailand.,Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Healing Passion Medical Center, Bangkok Thailand
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Augchara Yaovapak
- Nutritional and Environmental Section, Thailand Initiatives for Functional Medicine, Bangkok Thailand.,Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Healing Passion Medical Center, Bangkok Thailand
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41
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Zhang L, Zhou Q, Chen M, Yang X, Lu C, Sun W, Hui Q, Wang X. Hypoglycemic Efficacy of Rh-aFGF Variants in Treatment of Diabetes in ZDF Rats. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:609383. [PMID: 33681196 PMCID: PMC7930327 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.609383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a promising regulator of glucose with no adverse effects of hypoglycemia. Previous researches revealed that aFGF mediated adipose tissue remodeling and insulin sensitivity. These findings supported rh-aFGF135 would be used as a new candidate for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic efficacy of recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor 135 (rh-aFGF135) with low mitogenic in type 2 diabetic ZDF rats. ZDF rats were treated with rh-aFGF135 at a daily dosage of 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg by tail intravenous injection for 5 weeks. The blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, HOMA-IR for insulin resistance, serum biochemical parameters, and the histopathological changes of adipose tissue, liver and other organs were detected at designed time point. The glucose uptake activity and anti-insulin resistance effect of rh-aFGF135 were also detected in HepG2 cells. Results revealed that rh-aFGF135 exhibited a better hypoglycemic effect compared with vehicle group and without the adverse effect of hypoglycemia in ZDF rats. Compared with vehicle group, rh-aFGF135 significantly improved the situation of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Rh-aFGF135 decreased ALT, AST, GSP, and FFA levels noticeably compared with vehicle control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). After 5 weeks of treatment, high-dosage rh-aFGF135 could remodel adipose tissue, and has no influence on other organs. H&E staining showed that rh-aFGF135 reduced the size of adipocytes. In addition, rh-aFGF135 may improve insulin resistance partly by increasing the protein expression of p-IRS-1 (human Ser 307). As a hypoglycemic drug for long-term treatment, rh-aFGF135 would be a potentially safe candidate for the therapy of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingde Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuanxin Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Hui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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42
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Wolf RM, Nagpal M, Magge SN. Diabetes and cardiometabolic risk in South Asian youth: A review. Pediatr Diabetes 2021; 22:52-66. [PMID: 32666595 PMCID: PMC8191592 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease at lower body mass index compared to other ancestral groups. Many factors contribute to this increased risk, including genetics, maternal-fetal factors, diet, fitness, body composition, and unique pathophysiology. Increased cardiometabolic risk is also seen at younger ages in South Asian individuals as compared to their White counterparts. This risk persists in migrant communities outside of South Asia. With the growing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the South Asian population, it is imperative that we had better understand the mechanisms underlying this increased risk and implement strategies to address this growing public health problem during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa M Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Mohika Nagpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Sheela N. Magge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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43
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Kaikaew K, Grefhorst A, Visser JA. Sex Differences in Brown Adipose Tissue Function: Sex Hormones, Glucocorticoids, and Their Crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652444. [PMID: 33927694 PMCID: PMC8078866 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive fat accumulation in the body causes overweight and obesity. To date, research has confirmed that there are two types of adipose tissue with opposing functions: lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) and lipid-burning brown adipose tissue (BAT). After the rediscovery of the presence of metabolically active BAT in adults, BAT has received increasing attention especially since activation of BAT is considered a promising way to combat obesity and associated comorbidities. It has become clear that energy homeostasis differs between the sexes, which has a significant impact on the development of pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Sex differences in BAT activity may contribute to this and, therefore, it is important to address the underlying mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in BAT activity. In this review, we discuss the role of sex hormones in the regulation of BAT activity under physiological and some pathological conditions. Given the increasing number of studies suggesting a crosstalk between sex hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolism, we also discuss this crosstalk in relation to sex differences in BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasiphak Kaikaew
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jenny A. Visser,
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44
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Highly Branched Neo-Fructans (Agavins) Attenuate Metabolic Endotoxemia and Low-Grade Inflammation in Association with Gut Microbiota Modulation on High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121792. [PMID: 33287102 PMCID: PMC7761524 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly branched neo-fructans (agavins) are natural prebiotics found in Agave plants, with a large capacity to mitigate the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here, we investigated the impact of agavins intake on gut microbiota modulation and their metabolites as well as their effect on metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation in mice fed high-fat diet. Mice were fed with a standard diet (ST) and high-fat diet (HF) alone or plus an agavins supplement (HF+A) for ten weeks. Gut microbiota composition, fecal metabolite profiles, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and systemic effects were analyzed. Agavins intake induced substantial changes in gut microbiota composition, enriching Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Allobaculum, and Akkermansia genus (LDA > 3.0). l-leucine, l-valine, uracil, thymine, and some fatty acids were identified as possible biomarkers for this prebiotic supplement. As novel findings, agavins supplementation significantly decreased LPS and pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α; p < 0.05) cytokines levels in portal vein. In addition, lipid droplets content in the liver and adipocytes size also decreased with agavins consumption. In conclusion, agavins supplementation mitigate metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation in association with gut microbiota regulation and their metabolic products, thus inducing beneficial responses on metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-fed mice.
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45
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Liu F, He J, Wang H, Zhu D, Bi Y. Adipose Morphology: a Critical Factor in Regulation of Human Metabolic Diseases and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Obes Surg 2020; 30:5086-5100. [PMID: 33021706 PMCID: PMC7719100 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights that dysfunction of adipose tissue contributes to impaired insulin sensitivity and systemic metabolic deterioration in obese state. Of note, adipocyte hypertrophy serves as a critical event which associates closely with adipose dysfunction. An increase in cell size exacerbates hypoxia and inflammation as well as excessive collagen deposition, finally leading to metabolic dysregulation. Specific mechanisms of adipocyte hypertrophy include dysregulated differentiation and maturation of preadipocytes, enlargement of lipid droplets, and abnormal adipocyte osmolarity sensors. Also, weight loss therapies exert profound influence on adipocyte size. Here, we summarize the critical role of adipocyte hypertrophy in the development of metabolic disturbances. Future studies are required to establish a standard criterion of size measurement to better clarify the impact of adipocyte hypertrophy on changes in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jielei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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46
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Maguire AS, Woodie LN, Judd RL, Martin DR, Greene MW, Graff EC. Whole-slide image analysis outperforms micrograph acquisition for adipocyte size quantification. Adipocyte 2020; 9:567-575. [PMID: 32954932 PMCID: PMC7714435 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1823139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction between biological processes of adipose tissue expansion is crucial to understanding metabolic derangements, but a robust method for quantifying adipocyte size has yet to be standardized. Here, we compared three methods for histological analysis in situ: one conventional approach using individual micrographs acquired by digital camera, and two with whole-slide image analysis pipelines involving proprietary (Visiopharm) and open-source software (QuPath with a novel ImageJ plugin). We found that micrograph analysis identified 10–40 times fewer adipocytes than whole-slide methods, and this small sample size resulted in high variances that could lead to statistical errors. The agreement of the micrograph method to measure adipocyte area with each of the two whole-slide methods was substantially less (R2 of 0.6644 and 0.7125) than between the two whole-slide methods (R2 of 0.9402). These inconsistencies were more pronounced in samples from high-fat diet fed mice. While the use of proprietary software resulted in the highest adipocyte count, the lower cost, ease of use, and minimal variances of the open-source software provided a distinct advantage for measuring the number and size of adipocytes. In conclusion, we recommend whole-slide image analysis methods to consistently measure adipocyte area and avoid unintentional errors due to small sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Maguire
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lauren N Woodie
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Emily C Graff
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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47
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Duarte-Alonso A, Cu-Cañetas TE, Avila-Nava A, Sansores-España D, Acevedo-Fernández JJ, Sandoval-Peraza M, Chel-Guerrero L, Torre-Villalvazo I. A Cecropia peltata ethanolic extract reduces insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in rats fed a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113087. [PMID: 32534116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cecropia peltata L. (CP) leaves have been used in Latin American traditional medicine by its purported hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of an ethanolic extract of CP leaves in rats fed a high-fat diet and 10% of sugar in water (HFD). METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: group 1 was fed a control diet; groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed a HFD. In addition, group 3 was co-administered with 10 mg/kg/day of CP extract (HFD + CP) and group 4 with a solution of 5 mg/kg/day metformin (HFD + M) for 90 days. RESULTS Body weight gain and serum triglycerides were significantly decreased in the HFD + CP group compared with the HFD and HFD + M groups. Glucose tolerance increased in the HFD + CP compared with the HFD group. Administration with CP extract reduced adipose tissue lipolysis and lipid accumulation in liver of HFD + CP rats with respect to HFD and HFD + M groups. Histological examinations showed that the area of the adipocytes in WAT and the area of lipid vesicles in BAT were significantly smaller in the HFD + CP group than in the HFD and HFD + M groups. CONCLUSION Administration of a CP extract prevented glucose intolerance and hepatic lipid accumulation in rats fed a HFD in association with reduced adipocyte hypertrophy, demonstrating potential antidiabetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Duarte-Alonso
- Escuela de Salud, Universidad Modelo, Carretera a Cholul 176, C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | | | - Azalia Avila-Nava
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de La Península de Yucatán, Calle 7, No. 433, Fracc. Altabrisa, Mérida, C.P. 97130, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Delia Sansores-España
- Escuela de Salud, Universidad Modelo, Carretera a Cholul 176, C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Juan José Acevedo-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología y Fisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, Calle Leñeros S/n, Col. Los Volcanes, Cuernavaca Mor, C.P. 62350, Mexico.
| | - Mukthar Sandoval-Peraza
- Escuela de Ciencias de La Salud. Universidad Del Valle de México, Calle 79 No 500 Col. Dzityá. Altura Km 9.5 de La Carretera a Progreso, C.P. 97302, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Luis Chel-Guerrero
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, 97203, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de La Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Yaghootkar H, Whitcher B, Bell JD, Thomas EL. Ethnic differences in adiposity and diabetes risk - insights from genetic studies. J Intern Med 2020; 288:271-283. [PMID: 32367627 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is more common in non-Europeans and starts at a younger age and at lower BMI cut-offs. This review discusses the insights from genetic studies about pathophysiological mechanisms which determine risk of disease with a focus on the role of adiposity and body fat distribution in ethnic disparity in risk of type 2 diabetes. During the past decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 400 genetic variants associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. The Eurocentric nature of these genetic studies has made them less effective in identifying mechanisms that make non-Europeans more susceptible to higher risk of disease. One possible mechanism suggested by epidemiological studies is the role of ethnic difference in body fat distribution. Using genetic variants associated with an ability to store extra fat in a safe place, which is subcutaneous adipose tissue, we discuss how different ethnic groups could be genetically less susceptible to type 2 diabetes by developing a more favourable fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yaghootkar
- From the, Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.,School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK.,Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - B Whitcher
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - J D Bell
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - E L Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK
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49
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Maternal high-fat diet induces long-term obesity with sex-dependent metabolic programming of adipocyte differentiation, hypertrophy and dysfunction in the offspring. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:921-939. [PMID: 32239178 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity determines obesity and metabolic diseases in the offspring. The white adipose tissue (WAT) orchestrates metabolic pathways, and its dysfunction contributes to metabolic disorders in a sex-dependent manner. Here, we tested if sex differences influence the molecular mechanisms of metabolic programming of WAT in offspring of obese dams. To this end, maternal obesity was induced with high-fat diet (HFD) and the offspring were studied at an early phase [postnatal day 21 (P21)], a late phase (P70) and finally P120. In the early phase we found a sex-independent increase in WAT in offspring of obese dams using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which was more pronounced in females than males. While the adipocyte size increased in both sexes, the distribution of WAT differed in males and females. As mechanistic hints, we identified an inflammatory response in females and a senescence-associated reduction in the preadipocyte factor DLK in males. In the late phase, the obese body composition persisted in both sexes, with a partial reversal in females. Moreover, female offspring recovered completely from both the adipocyte hypertrophy and the inflammatory response. These findings were linked to a dysregulation of lipolytic, adipogenic and stemness-related markers as well as AMPKα and Akt signaling. Finally, the sex-dependent metabolic programming persisted with sex-specific differences in adipocyte size until P120. In conclusion, we do not only provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of sex-dependent metabolic programming of WAT dysfunction, but also highlight the sex-dependent development of low- and high-grade pathogenic obesity.
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50
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Wang T, Wei Q, Liang L, Tang X, Yao J, Lu Y, Qu Y, Chen Z, Xing G, Cao X. OSBPL2 Is Required for the Binding of COPB1 to ATGL and the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Lipolysis. iScience 2020; 23:101252. [PMID: 32650117 PMCID: PMC7348002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of giant lipid droplets (LDs) increases the risk of metabolic disorders including obesity and insulin resistance. The lipolysis process involves the activation and transfer of lipase, but the molecular mechanism is not completely understood. The translocation of ATGL, a critical lipolysis lipase, from the ER to the LD surface is mediated by an energy catabolism complex. Oxysterol-binding protein-like 2 (OSBPL2/ORP2) is one of the lipid transfer proteins that regulates intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. A recent study has proven that Osbpl2−/− pigs exhibit hypercholesterolemia and obesity phenotypes with an increase in adipocytes. In this study, we identified that OSBPL2 links the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with LDs, binds to COPB1, and mediates ATGL transport. We provide important insights into the function of OSBPL2, indicating that it is required for the regulation of lipid droplet lipolysis. LD lipolysis is impaired in OSBPL2/osbpl2b-mutant HepG2 cells and zebrafish OSBPL2 interacts with COPB1, a subunit of the COPI complex located on LDs Altered COPI complexes on LDs may perturb the trafficking of lipolysis lipase ATGL
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qinjun Wei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lihong Liang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xujun Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yajie Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guangqian Xing
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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