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Cho SB. Comorbidity Genes of Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Associated with Memory and Cognitive Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2211. [PMID: 38396891 PMCID: PMC10889845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are comorbidities that result from the sharing of common genes. The molecular background of comorbidities can provide clues for the development of treatment and management strategies. Here, the common genes involved in the development of the two diseases and in memory and cognitive function are reviewed. Network clustering based on protein-protein interaction network identified tightly connected gene clusters that have an impact on memory and cognition among the comorbidity genes of AD and T2DM. Genes with functional implications were intensively reviewed and relevant evidence summarized. Gene information will be useful in the discovery of biomarkers and the identification of tentative therapeutic targets for AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Cho
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 38-13, Dokgeom-ro 3 Street, Namdon-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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Liu M, Chen MY, An L, Ma SQ, Mei J, Huang WH, Zhang W. Effects of apolipoprotein E on regulating insulin sensitivity via regulating insulin receptor signalosome in caveolae. Life Sci 2022; 308:120929. [PMID: 36063979 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although impaired insulin signaling at a post-receptor level was a well-established key driver of insulin resistance, the role of surface abnormal insulin receptor (INSR) location in insulin resistance pathogenesis tended to be ignored and its molecular mechanisms remained obscure. Herein, this study aimed to investigate hepatic apolipoprotein E (APOE) impaired cellular insulin action via reducing cell surface INSR, especially in caveolae. KEY FINDINGS Downregulation of APOE enhanced the caveolae translocation of INSR and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and improved hepatic cells' sensitivity to insulin. Consistently, mice with selective suppression of liver tissue APOE showed lower fasting insulin and fasting glucose levels, better homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index (HOMA-IS, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Furthermore, the co-localization of INSR and CAV1 in the liver of these mice were more substantial than controls. SIGNIFICANCE APOE might adversely set the basal gain of INSR signaling implied that APOE could be a new endogenous INSR regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Man-Yun Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Liang An
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Si-Qing Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention (Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Hunan 410008, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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Comparatively analyzing the liver-specific transcriptomic profiles in Kunming mice afflicted with streptozotocin- and natural food-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1369-1377. [PMID: 34846649 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptozotocin is a classic drug used to induce diabetes in animal models. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the liver transcriptome of Kunming mice with diabetes induced by either streptozotocin (STZ) or Non-STZ. METHODS Forty male mice were randomly assigned into four groups: Control (Ctr, standard diet), mHH (high fat and high carbohydrate diet), mHS (high fat and high carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks followed by 60 mg/kg STZ for 3 consecutive days) and mSH (60 mg/kg STZ for 3 consecutive days followed by a high fat and high carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks). All mice injected with STZ were identified as diabetic despite the sequential feeding of high fat and high carbohydrate diets. RESULTS Only 7 of 13 mice in the mHH group met the diagnostic criteria for diabetes. The asting blood glucose (FBG) of the mHH, mHS, mSH and Ctrl groups was 13.27 ± 1.14, 15.01 ± 2.59, 15.95 ± 4.38 and 6.28 ± 0.33 mmol/L at the 12th week, respectively. Compared with the mHH group, transcription was elevated in 85 genes in the livers of mHS mice, while 21 genes were downregulated and 97 genes were upregulated in the mSH group while 35 genes were decreased. A total of 43 co-expressed genes were identified in the mHS vs mHH and mSH vs mHH groups. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses showed that two corporate GO terms and two KEGG pathways were significantly annotated in the STZ-treated groups. Both the GO term and pathway were related to the metabolism mediated by p53. CONCLUSION A high fat and high carbohydrate diet combined with a low dose of STZ can effectively induce diabetes in Kunming mice despite the abnormal expressions of genes in the liver. The differentially expressed genes were related to metabolism mediated by p53.
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Dragoljevic D, Veiga CB, Michell DL, Shihata WA, Al-Sharea A, Head GA, Murphy AJ, Kraakman MJ, Lee MKS. A spontaneously hypertensive diet-induced atherosclerosis-prone mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111668. [PMID: 34243630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex and multifactorial condition often characterised by obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and fasting hyperglycaemia. Collectively, MetS can increase the risk of atherosclerotic-cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. However, no animal model currently exists to study MetS in the context of atherosclerosis. In this study we developed a pre-clinical mouse model that recapitulates the spectrum of MetS features while developing atherosclerosis. When BPHx mice were placed on a western type diet for 16 weeks, all the classical characteristics of MetS were observed. Comprehensive metabolic analyses and atherosclerotic imaging revealed BPHx mice to be obese and hypertensive, with elevated total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, that accelerated atherosclerosis. Altogether, we demonstrate that the BPHx mouse has all the major components of MetS, and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Dragoljevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Camilla Bertuzzo Veiga
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Waled A Shihata
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annas Al-Sharea
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Head
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Man K S Lee
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Galal AA, Abd Elmajeed AA, Elbaz RA, Wafa AM, Elshazli RM. Association of Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism with the risk of T2DM and obesity among Egyptian subjects. Gene 2020; 769:145223. [PMID: 33059023 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous reports investigated the involvement of apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms with elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. The principal objective of this study is to assess the contribution of APOE polymorphisms (rs429358 and rs7412) with the risk of T2DM and obesity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This work was designed involving 400 participants [100 healthy controls, 100 T2DM patients, 100 obese patients, and 100 T2DM + obese patients]. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the APOE polymorphisms was characterized using the PCR-RFLP assay. RESULTS The common predominant genotype of the study population is the APOE Ɛ3/Ɛ3 [T2DM patients (46%), obese patients (52%), T2DM + obese patients (37%), and healthy controls (58%)]. The frequencies of the APOE Ɛ4/Ɛ4 genotype and the APOE*Ɛ4 allele were significantly elevated among T2DM patients (p-value < 0.05). Additionally, the frequencies of the APOE Ɛ2/Ɛ2 genotype and the APOE*Ɛ2 allele were significantly increased among obese patients (p-value < 0.05). Moreover, the frequencies of the APOE Ɛ2/Ɛ2 genotype, APOE*Ɛ2 allele, APOE Ɛ4/Ɛ4 genotype, and APOE*Ɛ4 allele were statistically significant among T2DM + obese patients (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS APOE*Ɛ2 and APOE*Ɛ4 alleles were considered as independent risk factor among T2DM + obese patients. Furthermore, the APOE*Ɛ2 allele was correlated with elevated risk of obesity, while the APOE*Ɛ4 allele was correlated with elevated risk of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Galal
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Abd Elmajeed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Rizk A Elbaz
- Genetic Unit, Children Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Wafa
- Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rami M Elshazli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
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Ben-Shmuel S, Rostoker R, Scheinman EJ, LeRoith D. Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cancer: Epidemiology and Potential Mechanisms. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 233:355-372. [PMID: 25903410 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with multiple metabolic disorders that drive cardiovascular disease, T2D and cancer. The doubling in the number of obese adults over the past 3 decades led to the recognition of obesity as a "disease". With over 42 million children obese or overweight, this epidemic is rapidly growing worldwide. Obesity and T2D are both associated together and independently with an increased risk for cancer and a worse prognosis. Accumulating evidence from epidemiological studies revealed potential factors that may explain the association between obesity-linked metabolic disorders and cancer risk. Studies based on the insulin resistance MKR mice, highlighted the roe of the insulin receptor and its downstream signaling proteins in mediating hyperinsulinemia's mitogenic effects. Hypercholesterolemia was also shown to promote the formation of larger tumors and enhancement in metastasis. Furthermore, the conversion of cholesterol into 27-Hydroxycholesterol was found to link high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia with cancer pathophysiology. Alteration in circulating adipokines and cytokines are commonly found in obesity and T2D. Adipokines are involved in tumor growth through multiple mechanisms including mTOR, VEGF and cyclins. In addition, adipose tissues are known to recruit and alter macrophage phenotype; these macrophages can promote cancer progression by secreting inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Better characterization on the above factors and their downstream effects is required in order to translate the current knowledge into the clinic, but more importantly is to understand which are the key factors that drive cancer in each patient. Until we reach this point, policies and activities toward healthy diets and physical activities remain the best medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Ben-Shmuel
- Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ran Rostoker
- Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal J Scheinman
- Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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Dobrian AD, Hatcher MA, Brotman JJ, Galkina EV, Taghavie-Moghadam P, Pei H, Haynes BA, Nadler JL. STAT4 contributes to adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:13-24. [PMID: 26285907 PMCID: PMC4811759 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is an emerging factor contributing to cardiovascular disease. STAT4 is a transcription factor expressed in adipocytes and in immune cells and contributes to AT inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of STAT4 deficiency on visceral and peri-aortic AT inflammation in a model of atherosclerosis without obesity. Stat4(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice and Apoe(-/-) controls were kept either on chow or Western diet for 12 weeks. Visceral and peri-aortic AT were collected and analyzed for immune composition by flow cytometry and for cytokine/chemokine expression by real-time PCR. Stat4(-/-)Apoe(-/-) and Apoe(-/-) mice had similar body weight, plasma glucose, and lipids. Western diet significantly increased macrophage, CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells in peri-aortic and visceral fat in Apoe(-/-) mice. In contrast, in Stat4(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice, a Western diet failed to increase the percentage of immune cells infiltrating the AT. Also, IL12p40, TNFa, CCL5, CXCL10, and CX3CL1 were significantly reduced in the peri-aortic fat in Stat4(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. Importantly, Stat4(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice on a Western diet had significantly reduced plaque burden vs Apoe(-/-) controls. In conclusion, STAT4 deletion reduces inflammation in peri-vascular and visceral AT and this may contribute via direct or indirect effects to reduced atheroma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dobrian
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - M A Hatcher
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J J Brotman
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E V Galkina
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - P Taghavie-Moghadam
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - H Pei
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - B A Haynes
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J L Nadler
- Departments of Physiological SciencesMicrobiology and Molecular Cell BiologyInternal MedicineEastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USADivision of Inflammation BiologyLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Eriksen C, Svensson RB, Scheijen J, Hag AMF, Schalkwijk C, Praet SFE, Schjerling P, Kjær M, Magnusson SP, Couppé C. Systemic stiffening of mouse tail tendon is related to dietary advanced glycation end products but not high-fat diet or cholesterol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:840-7. [PMID: 25103969 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00584.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon pathology is related to metabolic disease and mechanical overloading, but the effect of metabolic disease on tendon mechanics is unknown. This study investigated the effect of diet and apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE(-/-)) on mechanical properties and advanced glycation end product (AGE) cross-linking of non-weight-bearing mouse tail tendons. Twenty ApoE(-/-) male mice were used as a model for hypercholesterolemia along with 26 wild-type (WT) mice. One-half of the mice from each group was fed a normal diet (ND) and the other half was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. All were killed at 40 wk, and tail tendon fascicles were mechanically tested to failure and analyzed for AGEs. Diets were also analyzed for AGEs. ApoE(-/-) mice displayed a 14% increase in plateau modulus compared with WT mice (P < 0.05), whereas HFD mice displayed a 13% decrease in plateau modulus (P < 0.05) and a 12% decrease in total modulus (P < 0.05) compared with ND mice. Tail tendons of HFD mice had significantly lower concentrations of AGEs [carboxymethyllysine (CML): 26%, P < 0.0001; methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1): 15%, P < 0.005; pentosidine: 13%, P < 0.0005]. The HFD had ∼44-fold lower content of CML (P < 0.01), ∼29-fold lower content of carboxyethyllysine (P < 0.005), and ∼16-fold lower content of MG-H1 (P < 0.05) compared with ND. ApoE(-/-) increased, whereas HFD decreased mouse tail tendon stiffness. Dietary AGE content may be a crucial determinant for accumulation of AGE cross-links in tendons and for tissue compliance. The results demonstrate how systemic metabolic factors may influence tendon health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Scheijen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - A M F Hag
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - S F E Praet
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVEFIT- Sports medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - P Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kjær
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S P Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
| | - C Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
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Xu F, Dong Y, Huang X, Li M, Qin L, Ren Y, Guo F, Chen A, Huang S. Decreased osteoclastogenesis, osteoblastogenesis and low bone mass in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1935-41. [PMID: 25109926 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on bone is controversial. Therefore, the present study investigated whether T2DM causes osteoporosis and explored the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. The effects of T2DM on bone physiology were analyzed in a mouse model of T2DM; KK/Upj‑Ay/J (KK‑Ay) mice develop diabetes after 8 weeks and exhibit stable diabetes symptoms and signs after 10 weeks when fed a KK‑Ay mouse maintenance fodder. Diabetic mice exhibited hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and increased body and fat pad weight in comparison with C57BL/6 non-diabetic mice. Furthermore, diabetic mice demonstrated low bone weight and bone mineral density in the femur, tibia and fifth lumbar vertebra. Using von Kossa and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, alkaline phosphatase and TRAP activity analyses and gene profiling it was demonstrated that osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis were impaired in diabetic mice. To evaluate the bone biomechanics, the ultimate load of the bone was analyzed. It was found that the ultimate load of the tibia in diabetic mice was lower than that in the controls. The results from the present study suggest that bone metabolism is impaired in T2DM, resulting in decreased osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Anmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Shilong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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Wang ZH, Li YF, Guo YQ. β3-Adrenoceptor activation attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE(-/-) mice through lowering blood lipids and glucose. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1156-63. [PMID: 23892270 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) activation on atherosclerotic plaque development in ApoE(-/-) mice. METHODS Thirty six week-old male ApoE(-/-) mice on a high-fat diet were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po), BRL37344 (β3-AR agonist, 1.65 or 3.30 μg/kg, ip, twice a week) or SR52390A (β3-AR antagonist, 50 μg/kg, ip, twice a week) for 12 weeks. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice receiving a normal diet were taken as healthy controls. At the end of the treatments, serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (nHDL-C), glucose and insulin were measured. The thoracic aortas were dissected out, the area of atherosclerotic plaques and extent of fibrosis in the plaques were examined using HE and Masson's trichome staining, respectively. RESULTS Compared to wild-type mice, ApoE(-/-) mice fed on a high-fat diet exhibited prominent hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, associated with large area of atherosclerotic plaques and great extent of fibrosis in aortas. Atorvastatin significantly decreased the serum levels of TC and nHDL-C, and reduced the plaque area and collagen content in aortas. BRL37344 significantly decreased the serum levels of TG, TC, nHDL-C, glucose and insulin, and increased HDL-C and the insulin sensitivity, and dose-dependently reduced the plaque area and collagen content in aortas. SR52390A treatment did not affect any parameters studied. CONCLUSION The β3-AR agonist impedes the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice, through improvement of the lipid and glucose profiles.
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Guo YQ, Li YF, Wang ZH. Effects of β3-adrenoceptor on scavenger receptor class B type 1 and its signal transduction pathway in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Vilahur G, Badimon L, Palomo I. Mechanisms of chronic state of inflammation as mediators that link obese adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2013. [PMID: 23843680 DOI: 10.1115/2013/136584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic alterations that include the presence of arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity. Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory response, characterized by abnormal adipokine production, and the activation of proinflammatory signalling pathways resulting in the induction of several biological markers of inflammation. Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated metabolic disorders. Adiponectin can either act directly on macrophages to shift polarization and/or prime human monocytes into alternative M2-macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, the chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is regulated by a series of transcription factors, mainly PPARs and C/EBPs, that in conjunction regulate the expression of hundreds of proteins that participate in the metabolism and storage of lipids and, as such, the secretion by adipocytes. Therefore, the management of the metabolic syndrome requires the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed to alter the main genetic pathways involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Vilahur G, Badimon L, Palomo I. Mechanisms of chronic state of inflammation as mediators that link obese adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:136584. [PMID: 23843680 PMCID: PMC3697419 DOI: 10.1155/2013/136584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic alterations that include the presence of arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity. Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory response, characterized by abnormal adipokine production, and the activation of proinflammatory signalling pathways resulting in the induction of several biological markers of inflammation. Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated metabolic disorders. Adiponectin can either act directly on macrophages to shift polarization and/or prime human monocytes into alternative M2-macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, the chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is regulated by a series of transcription factors, mainly PPARs and C/EBPs, that in conjunction regulate the expression of hundreds of proteins that participate in the metabolism and storage of lipids and, as such, the secretion by adipocytes. Therefore, the management of the metabolic syndrome requires the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed to alter the main genetic pathways involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Conicyt-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile
| | - Francisco Fuentes
- Interno Sexto Año, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, ICCC-CSIC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CiberOBN, Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, ICCC-CSIC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CiberOBN, Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Palomo
- Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Conicyt-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001 Talca, Chile
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Alikhani N, Ferguson RD, Novosyadlyy R, Gallagher EJ, Scheinman E, Yakar S, LeRoith D. Mammary tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis are enhanced in a hyperlipidemic mouse model. Oncogene 2013; 32:961-7. [PMID: 22469977 PMCID: PMC4063440 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia has been associated with an increased risk for developing cancer. However, the implicated mechanisms are largely unknown. To explore the role of dyslipidemia in breast cancer growth and metastasis, we used the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice (ApoE(-/-)), which exhibit marked dyslipidemia, with elevated circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the setting of normal glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Non-metastatic Met-1 and metastatic Mvt-1 mammary cancer cells derived from MMTV-PyVmT/FVB-N transgenic mice and c-Myc/vegf tumor explants respectively, were injected into the mammary fat pad of ApoE(-/-) and wild-type (WT) females consuming a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet and tumor growth was evaluated. ApoE(-/-) mice exhibited increased tumor growth and displayed a greater number of spontaneous metastases to the lungs. Furthermore, intravenous injection of Mvt-1 cells resulted in a greater number of pulmonary metastases in the lungs of ApoE(-/-) mice compared with WT controls. To unravel the molecular mechanism involved in enhanced tumor growth in ApoE(-/-) mice, we studied the response of Mvt-1 cells to cholesterol in vitro. We found that cholesterol increased Akt(S473) phosphorylation in Mvt-1 cells as well as cellular proliferation, whereas cholesterol depletion in the cell membrane abrogated Akt(S473) phosphorylation induced by exogenously added cholesterol. Furthermore, in vivo administration of BKM120, a small-molecule inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), alleviated dyslipidemia-induced tumor growth and metastasis in Mvt-1 model with a concomitant decrease in PI3K/Akt signaling. Collectively, we suggest that the hypercholesterolemic milieu in the ApoE(-/-) mice is a favorable setting for mammary tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyosha Alikhani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rosalyn D Ferguson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ruslan Novosyadlyy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Emily Jane Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eyal Scheinman
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Israel
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School Medicine, New York, New York
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Israel
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Morris DL, Oatmen KE, Wang T, DelProposto JL, Lumeng CN. CX3CR1 deficiency does not influence trafficking of adipose tissue macrophages in mice with diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1189-99. [PMID: 22252034 PMCID: PMC4006981 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) accumulate in fat during obesity and resemble foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that common mechanisms underlie both inflammatory conditions. CX(3)CR1 and its ligand fractalkine/CX(3)CL1 contribute to macrophage recruitment and inflammation in atherosclerosis, but their role in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation is unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that CX(3)CR1 regulates ATM trafficking to epididymal fat and contributes to the development of adipose tissue inflammation during diet-induced obesity. Cx(3)cl1 and Cx(3)cr1 expression was induced specifically in epididymal fat from mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). CX(3)CR1 was detected on multiple myeloid cells within epididymal fat from obese mice. To test the requirement of CX(3)CR1 for ATM trafficking and obesity-induced inflammation, Cx(3)cr1(+/GFP) and Cx(3)cr1(GFP/GFP) mice were fed a HFD. Ly-6c(Low) monocytes were reduced in lean Cx(3)cr1(GFP/GFP) mice; however, HFD-induced monocytosis was comparable between strains. Total ATM content, the ratio of type 1 (CD11c(+)) to type 2 (CD206(+)) ATMs, expression of inflammatory markers, and T-cell content were similar in epididymal fat from obese Cx(3)cr1(+/GFP) and Cx(3)cr1(GFP/GFP) mice. Cx(3)cr1 deficiency did not prevent the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance or hepatic steatosis. In summary, our data indicate that CX(3)CR1 is not required for the recruitment or retention of ATMs in epididymal adipose tissue of mice with HFD-induced obesity even though CX(3)CR1 promotes foam cell formation. This highlights an important point of divergence between the mechanisms regulating monocyte trafficking to fat with obesity and those that contribute to foam cell formation in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Morris
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelsie E. Oatmen
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Literature, Science and Arts Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Literature, Science and Arts Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer L. DelProposto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carey N. Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Rask-Madsen C, Buonomo E, Li Q, Park K, Clermont AC, Yerokun O, Rekhter M, King GL. Hyperinsulinemia does not change atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1124-31. [PMID: 22426129 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.239558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the contribution of hyperinsulinemia to atherosclerosis development. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E (Apoe) null mice that had knockout of a single allele of the insulin receptor (Insr) gene were compared with littermate Apoe null mice with intact insulin receptors. Plasma insulin levels in Insr haploinsufficient/Apoe null mice were 50% higher in the fasting state and up to 69% higher during a glucose tolerance test, but glucose tolerance was not different in the 2 groups. C-peptide levels, insulin sensitivity, and postreceptor insulin signaling in muscle, liver, fat, and aorta were not different between groups, whereas disappearance in plasma of an injected insulin analog was delayed in Insr haploinsufficient/Apoe null mice, indicating that impaired insulin clearance was the primary cause of hyperinsulinemia. No differences were observed in plasma lipids or blood pressure. Despite the hyperinsulinemia, atherosclerotic lesion size was not different between the 2 groups at time points up to 52 weeks of age when measured as en face lesion area in the aorta, cross-sectional plaque area in the aortic sinus, and cholesterol abundance in the brachiocephalic artery. CONCLUSIONS Hyperinsulinemia, without substantial vascular or whole-body insulin resistance and without changes in plasma lipids or blood pressure, does not change susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
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Galkina EV, Butcher M, Keller SR, Goff M, Bruce A, Pei H, Sarembock IJ, Sanders JM, Nagelin MH, Srinivasan S, Kulkarni RN, Hedrick CC, Lattanzio FA, Dobrian AD, Nadler JL, Ley K. Accelerated atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- mice heterozygous for the insulin receptor and the insulin receptor substrate-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:247-56. [PMID: 22199371 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.240358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prediabetic states are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, but the availability of mouse models to study connections between these diseases has been limited. The aim of this study was to test the selective role of impaired insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1 signaling on atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS To address the effects of impaired insulin signaling associated with hyperinsulinemia on atherosclerosis in the absence of obesity and hyperglycemia, we generated insulin receptor (Insr)/insulin receptor substrate-1 (Insr1) double heterozygous apolipoprotein (Apoe)-knockout mice (Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-)Apoe(-/-)) mice. Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-)Apoe(-/-) mice fed a Western diet for 15 weeks showed elevated levels of fasting insulin compared to Insr(+/+)Irs1(+/+)Apoe(-/-) mice. There were no significant differences in glucose, triglyceride, HDL, VLDL, cholesterol levels or free fatty acid in the plasma of Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-)Apoe(-/-) and Insr(+/+)Irs1(+/+)Apoe(-/-) mice. Atherosclerotic lesions were increased in male (brachiocephalic artery) and female (aortic tree) Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-)Apoe(-/-) compared to Insr(+/+)Irs1(+/+)Apoe(-/-) mice. Bone marrow transfer experiments demonstrated that nonhematopoietic cells have to be Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-) to accelerate atherosclerosis. Impaired insulin signaling resulted in decreased levels of vascular phospho-eNOS, attenuated endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and elevated VCAM-1 expression in aortas of Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. In addition, phospho-ERK and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation were significantly elevated in aortas of Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that defective insulin signaling is involved in accelerated atherosclerosis in Insr(+/-)Irs1(+/-)Apoe(-/-) mice by promoting vascular dysfunction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Galkina
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA.
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APOE and FABP2 Polymorphisms and History of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, Diabetes, and Gallbladder Disease. CHOLESTEROL 2011; 2011:896360. [PMID: 21941641 PMCID: PMC3175690 DOI: 10.1155/2011/896360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional lipid metabolism plays a central role in pathogenesis of major chronic diseases, and genetic factors are important determinants of individual lipid profiles. We analyzed the associations of two well-established functional polymorphisms (FABP2 A54T and APOE isoforms) with past and family histories of 1492 population samples. FABP2-T54 allele was associated with an increased risk of past history of myocardial infarction (odds ratio (OR) = 1.51). Likewise, the subjects with APOE4, compared with E2 and E3, had a significantly increased risk of past history myocardial infarction (OR = 1.89). The OR associated with APOE4 was specifically increased in women for past history of myocardial infarction but decreased for gallstone disease. Interactions between gender and APOE isoforms were also significant or marginally significant for these two conditions. FABP2-T54 allele may be a potential genetic marker for myocardial infarction, and APOE4 may exert sex-dependent effects on myocardial infarction and gallbladder disease.
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Vaitheesvaran B, LeRoith D, Kurland IJ. MKR mice have increased dynamic glucose disposal despite metabolic inflexibility, and hepatic and peripheral insulin insensitivity. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2224-32. [PMID: 20577711 PMCID: PMC5322278 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent work has shown that there can be significant differences when glucose disposal is assessed for high-fat induced insulin resistance by static clamp methods vs dynamic assessment during a stable isotope i.p. glucose tolerance test. MKR mice, though lean, have severe insulin resistance and decreased muscle fatty acid oxidation. Our goal was to assess dynamic vs static glucose disposal in MKR mice, and to correlate glucose disposal and muscle-adipose-liver flux interactions with metabolic flexibility (indirect calorimetry) and muscle characteristics. METHODS Stable isotope flux phenotyping was performed using [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose, [U-(13)C(6)]glucose and [2-(13)C]glycerol. Muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) content was assessed by thin layer chromatography, and histological determination of fibre type and cytochrome c activity performed. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Indirect calorimetry showed that MKR mice used more glucose than FVB/N mice during fasting (respiratory exchange ratio [RER] 0.88 vs 0.77, respectively). Compared with FVB/N mice, MKR mice had faster dynamic glucose disposal, despite increased whole-muscle DAG and TAG, and similar hepatic glucose production with higher fasting insulin and unchanged basal glucose. Fed MKR muscle had more glycogen, and increased levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 than FVB/N muscle. Histology indicated that MKR soleus had mildly decreased cytochrome c activity overall and more type II (glycolytic) fibres compared with that in FVB/N mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION MKR muscle adapts to using glucose, with more type II fibres present in red muscle. Fasting RER is elevated and glucose disposal during an i.p. glucose tolerance test is accelerated despite increased muscle DAG and TAG. Metabolic inflexibility may result from the compensatory use of fuel that can be best utilised for energy requirements; static vs dynamic glucose disposal assessments may measure complementary aspects of metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vaitheesvaran
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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