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Ivovic A, Yung JHM, Oprescu AI, Vlavcheski F, Mori Y, Rahman SMN, Ye W, Eversley JA, Wheeler MB, Woo M, Tsiani E, Giacca A. β-Cell Insulin Resistance Plays a Causal Role in Fat-Induced β-Cell Dysfunction In Vitro and In Vivo. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae044. [PMID: 38578954 PMCID: PMC11033845 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In the classical insulin target tissues of liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, chronically elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) impair insulin signaling. Insulin signaling molecules are also present in β-cells where they play a role in β-cell function. Therefore, inhibition of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway may be involved in fat-induced β-cell dysfunction. To address the role of β-cell insulin resistance in FFA-induced β-cell dysfunction we co-infused bisperoxovanadate (BPV) with oleate or olive oil for 48 hours in rats. BPV, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, acts as an insulin mimetic and is devoid of any antioxidant effect that could prevent β-cell dysfunction, unlike most insulin sensitizers. Following fat infusion, rats either underwent hyperglycemic clamps for assessment of β-cell function in vivo or islets were isolated for ex vivo assessment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We also incubated islets with oleate or palmitate and BPV for in vitro assessment of GSIS and Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylation. Next, mice with β-cell specific deletion of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog; negative regulator of insulin signaling) and littermate controls were infused with oleate for 48 hours, followed by hyperglycemic clamps or ex vivo evaluation of GSIS. In rat experiments, BPV protected against fat-induced impairment of β-cell function in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. In mice, β-cell specific deletion of PTEN protected against oleate-induced β-cell dysfunction in vivo and ex vivo. These data support the hypothesis that β-cell insulin resistance plays a causal role in FFA-induced β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Ivovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Justin Hou Ming Yung
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrei I Oprescu
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Filip Vlavcheski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Anti-Glycation Research Section, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - S M Niazur Rahman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wenyue Ye
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Judith A Eversley
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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Mamelak M. The Alzheimer's Disease Brain, Its Microvasculature, and NADPH Oxidase. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S109-S118. [PMID: 37599534 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The deterioration of the brain's microvasculature, particularly in the hippocampus, appears to be a very early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), preceding even the deposition of amyloid-β. A damaged microvasculature reduces the supply of oxygen and glucose to this region and limits the production of energy, ATP. The damage may be a function of the rise with age in the expression and activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in these microvessels. This rise renders these vessels vulnerable to the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation. The rise in NOX activity with age is even more marked in the AD brain where an inverse correlation has been demonstrated between NOX activity and cognitive ability. Apocynin, a putative NOX inhibitor, has been shown to block the damaging effects of NOX activation. Apocynin acts as a strong scavenger of H2O2, and as a weak scavenger of superoxide. Like apocynin, sodium oxybate (SO) has also been shown to block the toxic effects of NOX activation. The application of SO generates NADPH and ATP. SO inhibits oxidative stress and maintains normal cerebral ATP levels under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, it acts epigenetically to attenuate the expression of NOX. SO may delay the onset and slow the progress of AD by suppling energy and maintaining an antioxidative environment in the brain throughout the night. The slow wave activity produced by SO may also activate the glymphatic system and promote the clearance of amyloid-β from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortimer Mamelak
- Department of Psychiatry, Baycrest Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wei Y, Giunta S, Xia S. Hypoxia in Aging and Aging-Related Diseases: Mechanism and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8165. [PMID: 35897741 PMCID: PMC9330578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As the global aging process continues to lengthen, aging-related diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure) continue to plague the elderly population. Aging is a complex biological process involving multiple tissues and organs and is involved in the development and progression of multiple aging-related diseases. At the same time, some of these aging-related diseases are often accompanied by hypoxia, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and the increased secretion of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Hypoxia seems to play an important role in the process of inflammation and aging, but is often neglected in advanced clinical research studies. Therefore, we have attempted to elucidate the role played by different degrees and types of hypoxia in aging and aging-related diseases and their possible pathways, and propose rational treatment options based on such mechanisms for reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China;
| | - Sergio Giunta
- Casa di Cura Prof. Nobili–GHC Garofalo Health Care, 40035 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Shijin Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China;
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Prevention of Lipotoxicity in Pancreatic Islets with Gammahydroxybutyrate. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030545. [PMID: 35159354 PMCID: PMC8833960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by the exposure of pancreatic ß-cells to high levels of fatty acids impairs insulin secretion. This lipotoxicity is thought to play an important role in ß-cell failure in type 2 diabetes and can be prevented by antioxidants. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), an endogenous antioxidant and energy source, has previously been shown to protect mice from streptozotocin and alloxan-induced diabetes; both compounds are generators of oxidative stress and yield models of type-1 diabetes. We sought to determine whether GHB could protect mouse islets from lipotoxicity caused by palmitate, a model relevant to type 2 diabetes. We found that GHB prevented the generation of palmitate-induced reactive oxygen species and the associated lipotoxic inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion while increasing the NADPH/NADP+ ratio. GHB may owe its antioxidant and insulin secretory effects to the formation of NADPH.
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Cha SH, Zhang C, Heo SJ, Jun HS. 5-Bromoprotocatechualdehyde Combats against Palmitate Toxicity by Inhibiting Parkin Degradation and Reducing ROS-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Pancreatic β-Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020264. [PMID: 33572166 PMCID: PMC7914851 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell loss is critical in diabetes pathogenesis. Up to now, no effective treatment has become available for β-cell loss. A polyphenol recently isolated from Polysiphonia japonica, 5-Bromoprotocatechualdehyde (BPCA), is considered as a potential compound for the protection of β-cells. In this study, we examined palmitate (PA)-induced lipotoxicity in Ins-1 cells to test the protective effects of BPCA on insulin-secreting β-cells. Our results demonstrated that BPCA can protect β-cells from PA-induced lipotoxicity by reducing cellular damage, preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, and enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). BPCA also improved mitochondrial morphology by preserving parkin protein expression. Moreover, BPCA exhibited a protective effect against PA-induced β-cell dysfunction in vivo in a zebrafish model. Our results provide strong evidence that BPCA could be a potential therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Heui Cha
- Department of Marine Bio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, Chungcheongman-do 31962, Korea
- Department of Integrated of Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Chungcheongman-do 31962, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-H.C.); (S.-J.H.); (H.-S.J.); Tel./Fax: +82-41-660-1550 (S.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-64-798-6101 (S.-J.H.); +82-32-899-6056 (H.-S.J.); Fax: +82-32-899-6057 (H.-S.J.)
| | - Chunying Zhang
- Department of Integrated of Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Chungcheongman-do 31962, Korea;
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Marine Research Center, Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.C.); (S.-J.H.); (H.-S.J.); Tel./Fax: +82-41-660-1550 (S.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-64-798-6101 (S.-J.H.); +82-32-899-6056 (H.-S.J.); Fax: +82-32-899-6057 (H.-S.J.)
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Gachon Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.C.); (S.-J.H.); (H.-S.J.); Tel./Fax: +82-41-660-1550 (S.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-64-798-6101 (S.-J.H.); +82-32-899-6056 (H.-S.J.); Fax: +82-32-899-6057 (H.-S.J.)
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Role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030706. [PMID: 32183037 PMCID: PMC7140703 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease that arises as a consequence of energy imbalance. Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), by mechanisms that are not entirely clarified. Elevated circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids (FFA) during obesity cause insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, the two main features of T2D, which are both aggravated with the progressive development of hyperglycemia. The inflammatory kinase c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) responds to various cellular stress signals activated by cytokines, free fatty acids and hyperglycemia, and is a key mediator in the transition between obesity and T2D. Specifically, JNK mediates both insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, and is therefore a potential target for T2D therapy.
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Newsholme P, Keane KN, Carlessi R, Cruzat V. Oxidative stress pathways in pancreatic β-cells and insulin-sensitive cells and tissues: importance to cell metabolism, function, and dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C420-C433. [PMID: 31216193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00141.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now accepted that nutrient abundance in the blood, especially glucose, leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to increased oxidative stress in a variety of tissues. In the absence of an appropriate compensatory response from antioxidant mechanisms, the cell, or indeed the tissue, becomes overwhelmed by oxidative stress, leading to the activation of intracellular stress-associated pathways. Activation of the same or similar pathways also appears to play a role in mediating insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and late diabetic complications. The ability of antioxidants to protect against the oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels in vitro suggests a causative role of oxidative stress in mediating the latter clinical conditions. In this review, we describe common biochemical processes associated with oxidative stress driven by hyperglycemia and/or elevated FFA and the resulting clinical outcomes: β-cell dysfunction and peripheral tissue insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin N Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vinicius Cruzat
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty M. Autophagy-induced degradation of Notch1, achieved through intermittent fasting, may promote beta cell neogenesis: implications for reversal of type 2 diabetes. Open Heart 2019; 6:e001028. [PMID: 31218007 PMCID: PMC6546199 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Pharmacologic or genetic activation of SIRT1 attenuates the fat-induced decrease in beta-cell function in vivo. Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9:11. [PMID: 30890694 PMCID: PMC6424971 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-019-0075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a key regulator of nutrient metabolism, increases β-cell secretory function. Excess circulating fat, as seen in obesity, has been shown to decrease β-cell function, an effect that may involve decreased SIRT1 activity. Consequently, SIRT1 activation may increase β-cell function in conditions of elevated plasma-free fatty acid levels. Here we attempted to attenuate the lipid-induced decrease in β-cell function in vivo using pharmacological and genetic models of SIRT1 activation. Methods Our pharmacologic model involved 48 h intravenous infusion of Wistar rats with either saline or oleate with or without the SIRT1 activator resveratrol. Additionally, we used β-cell-specific SIRT1 overexpressing (BESTO) mice and wild-type littermates infused for 48 h intravenously with either saline or oleate. In both models, the infusion period was followed by assessment of β-cell function using the hyperglycemic clamp method. Results Lipid infusion resulted in a significant decrease in β-cell function as expected in both rats (p < 0.05) and mice (p < 0.001). Both models of SIRT1 activation, which did not alter β-cell function in the absence of fat, resulted in partial protection from the fat-induced decrease in β-cell function (NS vs. control). Conclusion These results suggest that SIRT1 is a therapeutic target in decreased β-cell function specifically induced by fat.
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Nemecz M, Constantin A, Dumitrescu M, Alexandru N, Filippi A, Tanko G, Georgescu A. The Distinct Effects of Palmitic and Oleic Acid on Pancreatic Beta Cell Function: The Elucidation of Associated Mechanisms and Effector Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1554. [PMID: 30719005 PMCID: PMC6348268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying the different effects of palmitic acid and oleic acid on human pancreatic beta cell function. To address this problem, the oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis and their mediator molecules have been investigated in the insulin releasing beta cells exposed to palmitic and/or oleic acid. Herein, we have demonstrated that in cultured 1.1B4 beta cells oleic acid promotes neutral lipid accumulation and insulin secretion, whereas palmitic acid is poorly incorporated into triglyceride and it does not stimulate insulin secretion from human pancreatic islets at physiologically glucose concentrations. In addition, palmitic acid caused: (1) oxidative stress through a mechanism involving increases in ROS production and MMP-2 protein expression/gelatinolytic activity associated with down-regulation of SOD2 protein; (2) endoplasmic reticulum stress by up-regulation of chaperone BiP protein and unfolded protein response (UPR) transcription factors (eIF2α, ATF6, XBP1u proteins) and by PTP-1B down-regulation in both mRNA and protein levels; (3) inflammation through enhanced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8 proteins); and (4) apoptosis by enforced proteic expression of CHOP multifunctional transcription factor. Oleic acid alone had opposite effects due to its different capacity of controlling these metabolic pathways, in particular by reduction of the ROS levels and MMP-2 activity, down-regulation of BiP, eIF2α, ATF6, XBP1u, CHOP, IL6, IL8 and by SOD2 and PTP-1B overexpression. The supplementation of saturated palmitic acid with the monounsaturated oleic acid reversed the negative effects of palmitic acid alone regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells through ROS, MMP-2, ATF6, XBP1u, IL8 reduction and SOD2, PTP-1B activation. Our findings have shown the protective action of oleic acid against palmitic acid on beta cell lipotoxicity through promotion of triglyceride accumulation and insulin secretion and regulation of some effector molecules involved in oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna Nemecz
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Constantin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Dumitrescu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Alexandru
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Filippi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Tanko
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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Pei P, Yao X, Jiang L, Qiu T, Wang N, Yang L, Gao N, Wang Z, Yang G, Liu X, Liu S, Jia X, Tao Y, Wei S, Sun X. Inorganic arsenic induces pyroptosis and pancreatic β cells dysfunction through stimulating the IRE1α/TNF-α pathway and protective effect of taurine. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:392-402. [PMID: 30660605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Low-level inorganic arsenic (iAs) in drinking water is a risk factor for β cells dysfunction. Taurine (Tau) is a kind of semi-essential β amino acid, and beneficial for β cell function. However, the effects of Tau on arsenic trioxide (As2O3) induced β cells dysfunction and related mechanisms are still uncertain. Here, we found that Tau relieved As2O3-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and pyroptosis in rat pancreas. In INS-1 cells, with NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor pretreatment, As2O3-induced activation of pyroptosis was decreased; with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitor pretreatment, As2O3-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis were decreased; further, with the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) inhibitor, As2O3-induced induction of TNF-α was decreased. Tau markedly protected As2O3-induced β cells dysfunction by reducing the phosphorylation of IRE1α, production of TNF-α, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis. Our results revealed that ER stress dependent inflammation and pyroptosis are critical pathogenic components of As2O3-induced β cell dysfunction. Moreover, TNF-α was a critical signaling node that linked As2O3-induced ER stress and pyroptosis. Tau was an effective supplement against As2O3-induced β cells dysfunction through the pathway as mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Tianming Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Ni Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Xue Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Sen Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China; Global Health Research Center, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
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12
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Tang C, Yeung LSN, Koulajian K, Zhang L, Tai K, Volchuk A, Giacca A. Glucose-Induced β-Cell Dysfunction In Vivo: Evidence for a Causal Role of C-jun N-terminal Kinase Pathway. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3643-3654. [PMID: 30215691 PMCID: PMC6195676 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged elevation of glucose can adversely affect β-cell function. Oxidative stress, which has been implicated in glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction, can activate c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, whether JNK is causal in glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction in vivo is unclear. Therefore, we aimed at investigating the causal role of JNK activation in in vivo models of glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction. Glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction was investigated in the presence or absence of JNK inhibition. JNK inhibition was achieved using either (i) the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 or (ii) JNK-1-null mice. (i) Rats or mice were infused intravenously with saline or glucose with or without SP600125. (ii) JNK-1 null mice and their littermate wild-type controls were infused intravenously with saline or glucose. Following the glucose infusion periods in rats and mice, β-cell function was assessed in isolated islets or in vivo using hyperglycemic clamps. Forty-eight-hour hyperglycemia at ~20 mM in rats or 96-hour hyperglycemia at ~13 mM in mice impaired β-cell function in isolated islets and in vivo. Inhibition of JNK using either SP600125 or JNK-1-null mice prevented glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction in isolated islets and in vivo. Islets of JNK-1-null mice exposed to hyperglycemia in vivo showed an increase in Pdx-1 and insulin 2 mRNA, whereas islets of wild-type mice did not. Together, these data show that JNK pathway is involved in glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction in vivo and is thus a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Shu Nga Yeung
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khajag Koulajian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liling Zhang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Tai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Adria Giacca, MD, Medical Sciences Building, 3336-1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. E-mail:
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Ma XJ, Xing HZ, Ren GF, Rao XJ, Li ZZ. JIP3 knockout protects mice against high fat diet-induced liver injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:819-826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Wang Q, Du X, Ma K, Shi P, Liu W, Sun J, Peng M, Huang Z. A critical role for very long-chain fatty acid elongases in oleic acid-mediated Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytotoxicity. Microbiol Res 2018; 207:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Chavushyan VA, Simonyan KV, Simonyan RM, Isoyan AS, Simonyan GM, Babakhanyan MA, Hovhannisyian LE, Nahapetyan KH, Avetisyan LG, Simonyan MA. Effects of stevia on synaptic plasticity and NADPH oxidase level of CNS in conditions of metabolic disorders caused by fructose. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:540. [PMID: 29258552 PMCID: PMC5735878 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess dietary fructose intake associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Previous animal studies have reported that diabetic animals have significantly impaired behavioural and cognitive functions, pathological synaptic function and impaired expression of glutamate receptors. Correction of the antioxidant status of laboratory rodents largely prevents the development of fructose-induced plurimetabolic changes in the nervous system. We suggest a novel concept of efficiency of Stevia leaves for treatment of central diabetic neuropathy. METHODS By in vivo extracellular studies induced spike activity of hippocampal neurons during high frequency stimulation of entorhinal cortex, as well as neurons of basolateral amygdala to high-frequency stimulation of the hippocampus effects of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant evaluated in synaptic activity in the brain of fructose-enriched diet rats. In the conditions of metabolic disorders caused by fructose, antioxidant activity of Stevia rebaudiana was assessed by measuring the NOX activity of the hippocampus, amygdala and spinal cord. RESULTS In this study, the characteristic features of the metabolic effects of dietary fructose on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and basolateral amygdala and the state of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) oxidative system of these brain formations are revealed, as well as the prospects for development of multitarget and polyfunctional phytopreparations (with adaptogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, nootropic activity) from native raw material of Stevia rebaudiana. Stevia modulates degree of expressiveness of potentiation/depression (approaches but fails to achieve the norm) by shifting the percentage balance in favor of depressor type of responses during high-frequency stimulation, indicating its adaptogenic role in plasticity of neural networks. Under the action of fructose an increase (3-5 times) in specific quantity of total fraction of NOX isoforms isolated from the central nervous system tissue (amygdala, hippocampus, spinal cord) was revealed. Stevia exhibits an antistress, membrane-stabilizing role reducing the level of total fractions of NOX isoforms from central nervous system tissues and regulates NADPH-dependent O2- -producing activity. CONCLUSION Generally, in condition of metabolic disorders caused by intensive consumption of dietary fructose Stevia leaves contributes to the control of neuronal synaptic plasticity possibly influencing the conjugated NOX-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Chavushyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K V Simonyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - R M Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A S Isoyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G M Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M A Babakhanyan
- Scientific Centre of Artsakh, 8 Tigran Mets str, Stepanakert, Nagorno Karabakh, Armenia
| | - L E Hovhannisyian
- Scientific Centre of Artsakh, 8 Tigran Mets str, Stepanakert, Nagorno Karabakh, Armenia
| | - Kh H Nahapetyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L G Avetisyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M A Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
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Rao XJ, Wu YM, Wang Y, Shi SW. WITHDRAWN: JIP3 deficiency protects mice from high fat diet-induced liver injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017:S0006-291X(17)31880-6. [PMID: 28958941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Rao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, KangFu QianJie No.3, Zhengzhou City, 450052 Henan province, PR China
| | - Yu-Min Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, KangFu QianJie No.3, Zhengzhou City, 450052 Henan province, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, KangFu QianJie No.3, Zhengzhou City, 450052 Henan province, PR China
| | - Shuang-Wei Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, KangFu QianJie No.3, Zhengzhou City, 450052 Henan province, PR China
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Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Beta Cell Regeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1930261. [PMID: 28845211 PMCID: PMC5560096 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1930261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell neogenesis and proliferation during the neonatal period are critical for the generation of sufficient pancreatic β cell mass/reserve and have a profound impact on long-term protection against type 2 diabetes (T2D). Oxidative stress plays an important role in β cell neogenesis, proliferation, and survival under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Pancreatic β cells are extremely susceptible to oxidative stress due to a high endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a low expression of antioxidative enzymes. In this review, we summarize studies describing the critical roles and the mechanisms of how oxidative stress impacts β cell neogenesis and proliferation. In addition, the effects of antioxidant supplements on reduction of oxidative stress and increase of β cell proliferation are discussed. Exploring the roles and the potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants in the process of β cell regeneration would provide novel perspectives to preserve and/or expand pancreatic β cell mass for the treatment of T2D.
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Chronic high fat feeding restricts islet mRNA translation initiation independently of ER stress via DNA damage and p53 activation. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630491 PMCID: PMC5476640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Under conditions of high fat diet (HFD) consumption, glucose dyshomeostasis develops when β-cells are unable to adapt to peripheral insulin demands. Few studies have interrogated the molecular mechanisms of β-cell dysfunction at the level of mRNA translation under such conditions. We sought to address this issue through polyribosome profile analysis of islets from mice fed 16-weeks of 42% HFD. HFD-islet analysis revealed clear trends toward global reductions in mRNA translation with a significant reduction in the polyribosome/monoribosome ratio for Pdx1 mRNA. Transcriptional and translational analyses revealed endoplasmic reticulum stress was not the etiology of our findings. HFD-islets demonstrated evidence of oxidative stress and DNA damage, as well as activation of p53. Experiments in MIN-6 β-cells revealed that treatment with doxorubicin to directly induce DNA damage mimicked our observed effects in islets. Islets from animals treated with pioglitazone concurrently with HFD demonstrated a reversal of effects observed from HFD alone. Finally, HFD-islets demonstrated reduced expression of multiple ribosome biogenesis genes and the key translation initiation factor eIF4E. We propose a heretofore unappreciated effect of chronic HFD on β-cells, wherein continued DNA damage owing to persistent oxidative stress results in p53 activation and a resultant inhibition of mRNA translation.
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Oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation by palmitate in type 2 diabetes. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e291. [PMID: 28154371 PMCID: PMC5336562 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important substrates for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and ATP synthesis but also cause serious stress to various tissues, contributing to the development of metabolic diseases. CD36 is a major mediator of cellular FFA uptake. Inside the cell, saturated FFAs are able to induce the production of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be prevented by co-exposure to unsaturated FFAs. There are close connections between oxidative stress and organellar Ca2+ homeostasis. Highly oxidative conditions induced by palmitate trigger aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release and thereby deplete ER Ca2+ stores. The resulting ER Ca2+ deficiency impairs chaperones of the protein folding machinery, leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. This ER stress may further aggravate oxidative stress by augmenting ER ROS production. Secondary to ER Ca2+ release, cytosolic and mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentrations can also be altered. In addition, plasmalemmal ion channels operated by ER Ca2+ depletion mediate persistent Ca2+ influx, further impairing cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload causes superoxide production and functional impairment, culminating in apoptosis. This vicious cycle of lipotoxicity occurs in multiple tissues, resulting in β-cell failure and insulin resistance in target tissues, and further aggravates diabetic complications.
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Rac1-NADPH oxidase signaling promotes CD36 activation under glucotoxic conditions in pancreatic beta cells. Redox Biol 2016; 11:126-134. [PMID: 27912197 PMCID: PMC5133656 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that cluster determinant 36 (CD36), a fatty acid transporter, plays a pivotal role in glucotoxicity-induced β-cell dysfunction. However, little is known about how glucotoxicity influences CD36 expression. Emerging evidence suggests that the small GTPase Rac1 is involved in the pathogenesis of beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The primary objective of the current study was to determine the role of Rac1 in CD36 activation and its impact on β-cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. To address this question, we subjected INS-1 cells and human beta cells (1.1B4) to high glucose conditions (30mM) in the presence or absence of Rac1 inhibition either by NSC23766 (Rac1 GTPase inhibitor) or small interfering RNA. High glucose exposure in INS-1 and human beta cells (1.1b4) resulted in the activation of Rac1 and induced cell apoptosis. Rac1 activation mediates NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation leading to elevated ROS production in both cells. Activation of the Rac1-NOX complex by high glucose levels enhanced CD36 expression in INS-1 and human 1.1b4 beta cell membrane fractions. The inhibition of Rac1 by NSC23766 inhibited NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation induced by high glucose concentrations in INS-1 & human 1.1b4 beta cells. Inhibition of Rac1-NOX complex activation by NSC23766 significantly reduced CD36 expression in INS-1 and human 1.1b4 beta cell membrane fractions. In addition, Rac1 inhibition by NSC23766 significantly reduced high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase inhibition by VAS2870 also attenuated high glucose-induced ROS generation and cell apoptosis. These results suggest that Rac1-NADPH oxidase dependent CD36 expression contributes to high glucose-induced beta cell dysfunction and cell death.
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Mandal A, Das S, Roy S, Ghosh AK, Sardar AH, Verma S, Saini S, Singh R, Abhishek K, Kumar A, Mandal C, Das P. Deprivation of L-Arginine Induces Oxidative Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Leishmania donovani Promastigotes: Contribution of the Polyamine Pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004373. [PMID: 26808657 PMCID: PMC4726550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and survival of intracellular parasites depends on the availability of extracellular nutrients. Deprivation of nutrients viz glucose or amino acid alters redox balance in mammalian cells as well as some lower organisms. To further understand the relationship, the mechanistic role of L-arginine in regulation of redox mediated survival of Leishmania donovani promastigotes was investigated. L-arginine deprivation from the culture medium was found to inhibit cell growth, reduce proliferation and increase L-arginine uptake. Relative expression of enzymes, involved in L-arginine metabolism, which leads to polyamine and trypanothione biosynthesis, were downregulated causing decreased production of polyamines in L-arginine deprived parasites and cell death. The resultant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to L-arginine deprivation, correlated with increased NADP+/NADPH ratio, decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, increased lipid peroxidation and reduced thiol content. A deficiency of L-arginine triggered phosphatidyl serine externalization, a change in mitochondrial membrane potential, release of intracellular calcium and cytochrome-c. This finally led to DNA damage in Leishmania promastigotes. In summary, the growth and survival of Leishmania depends on the availability of extracellular L-arginine. In its absence the parasite undergoes ROS mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell death. Therefore, L-arginine metabolism pathway could be a probable target for controlling the growth of Leishmania parasites and disease pathogenesis. Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis, resides in the gut of the insect vector and the macrophages of their mammalian host and avail nutrients for survival. Nutrient deprivation such as glucose or amino acid alters redox balance in mammalian cells as well as some lower organisms. However, the role of L-arginine, in regulation of redox balance and L. donovani survival yet not properly elucidated. In the present study, we found that L-arginine deprivation from the culture medium hinders growth and proliferation of Leishmania promastigotes. Starvation of L-arginine downregulates the expression of polyamine biosynthetic and thiol metabolic pathway enzymes leading to decreased production of polyamines in Leishmania parasites. Moreover, deprivation of L-arginine alters redox balance in Leishmania promastigotes characterized by the concomitant increase in ROS and decreased antioxidant level. Furthermore, L-arginine deprivation triggered phosphatidyl serine externalization, alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, release of intraellular calcium and cytochrome-c followed by DNA damage. In summary, the growth and survival of Leishmania depends on the availability of extracellular L-arginine, in absence of which the parasite undergoes ROS mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell death. Therefore, targeting L-arginine metabolism pathway could be an alternative approach for controlling Leishmania growth and hence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Abul Hasan Sardar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sudha Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Savita Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
- * E-mail:
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Luo X, Wu J, Jing S, Yan LJ. Hyperglycemic Stress and Carbon Stress in Diabetic Glucotoxicity. Aging Dis 2016; 7:90-110. [PMID: 26816666 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are caused by chronic glucotoxicity driven by persistent hyperglycemia. In this article, we review the mechanisms of diabetic glucotoxicity by focusing mainly on hyperglycemic stress and carbon stress. Mechanisms of hyperglycemic stress include reductive stress or pseudohypoxic stress caused by redox imbalance between NADH and NAD(+) driven by activation of both the polyol pathway and poly ADP ribose polymerase; the hexosamine pathway; the advanced glycation end products pathway; the protein kinase C activation pathway; and the enediol formation pathway. Mechanisms of carbon stress include excess production of acetyl-CoA that can over-acetylate a proteome and excess production of fumarate that can over-succinate a proteome; both of which can increase glucotoxicity in diabetes. For hyperglycemia stress, we also discuss the possible role of mitochondrial complex I in diabetes as this complex, in charge of NAD(+) regeneration, can make more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of excess NADH. For carbon stress, we also discuss the role of sirtuins in diabetes as they are deacetylases that can reverse protein acetylation thereby attenuating diabetic glucotoxicity and improving glucose metabolism. It is our belief that targeting some of the stress pathways discussed in this article may provide new therapeutic strategies for treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Luo
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi province, China, 341000
| | - Jinzi Wu
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Siqun Jing
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; 3 College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 830046
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Bandsma RHJ, Ackerley C, Koulajian K, Zhang L, van Zutphen T, van Dijk TH, Xiao C, Giacca A, Lewis GF. A low-protein diet combined with low-dose endotoxin leads to changes in glucose homeostasis in weanling rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E466-73. [PMID: 26152763 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00090.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe malnutrition is a leading cause of global childhood mortality, and infection and hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia are commonly present. The etiology behind the changes in glucose homeostasis is poorly understood. Here, we generated an animal model of severe malnutrition with and without low-grade inflammation to investigate the effects on glucose homeostasis. Immediately after weaning, rats were fed diets containing 5 [low-protein diet (LP)] or 20% protein [control diet (CTRL)], with or without repeated low-dose intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 mg/kg), to mimic inflammation resulting from infections. After 4 wk on the diets, hyperglycemic clamps or euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed with infusion of [U-(13)C6]glucose and [2-(13)C]glycerol to assess insulin secretion, action, and hepatic glucose metabolism. In separate studies, pancreatic islets were isolated for further analyses of insulin secretion and islet morphometry. Glucose clearance was reduced significantly by LP feeding alone (16%) and by LP feeding with LPS administration (43.8%) compared with control during the hyperglycemic clamps. This was associated with a strongly reduced insulin secretion in LP-fed rats in vivo as well as ex vivo in islets but signficantly enhanced whole body insulin sensitivity. Gluconeogenesis rates were unaffected by LP feeding, but glycogenolysis was higher after LP feeding. A protein-deficient diet in young rats leads to a susceptibility to low-dose endotoxin-induced impairment in glucose clearance with a decrease in the islet insulin secretory pathway. A protein-deficient diet is associated with enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity but impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glycogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H J Bandsma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Cameron Ackerley
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khajag Koulajian
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ling Zhang
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Liu L, Liu J, Gao Y, Yu X, Xu G, Huang Y. Uncoupling protein-2 mediates the protective action of berberine against oxidative stress in rat insulinoma INS-1E cells and in diabetic mouse islets. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3246-54. [PMID: 24588674 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) may regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The current study investigated the effects of berberine, an alkaloid found in many medicinal plants, on oxidative stress and insulin secretion through restoration of UCP2 expression in high glucose (HG)-treated INS-1E cells and rat islets or in db/db mouse islets. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mouse and rat pancreatic islets were isolated. Nitrotyrosine, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 and UCP2 expression and AMPK phosphorylation were examined by Western blotting. Insulin secretion was measured by ELISA. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was detected by confocal microscopy. KEY RESULTS Incubation of INS-1E cells and rat islets with HG (30 mmol·L(-1); 8 h) elevated nitrotyrosine level, reduced SOD-1 and UCP2 expression and AMPK phosphorylation, and inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. HG also increased mitochondrial ROS in INS-1E cells. Co-treatment with berberine inhibited such effects. The AMPK inhibitor compound C, the UCP2 inhibitor genipin and adenovirus ucp2 shRNA inhibited these protective effects of berberine. Furthermore, compound C normalized berberine-stimulated UCP2 expression but genipin did not affect AMPK phosphorylation. Islets from db/db mice exhibited elevated nitrotyrosine levels, reduced expression of SOD-1 and UCP2 and AMPK phosphorylation, and decreased insulin secretion compared with those from db/m(+) mice. Berberine also improved these defects in diabetic islets and genipin blocked the effects of berberine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Berberine inhibited oxidative stress and restored insulin secretion in HG-treated INS-IE cells and diabetic mouse islets by activating AMPK and UCP2. UCP2 is an important signalling molecule in mediating anti-diabetic effects of berberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking, China
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Islet NADPH oxidase activity modulates β-cell mass and endocrine function in rats with fructose-induced oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3475-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) exert both positive and negative effects on beta cell survival and insulin secretory function, depending on concentration, duration, and glucose abundance. Lipid signals are mediated not only through metabolic pathways, but also through cell surface and nuclear receptors. Toxicity is modulated by positive signals arising from circulating factors such as hormones, growth factors and incretins, as well as negative signals such as inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Intracellular mechanisms of lipotoxicity include metabolic interference and cellular stress responses such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and possibly autophagy. New findings strengthen an old hypothesis that lipids may also impair compensatory beta cell proliferation. Clinical observations continue to support a role for lipid biology in the risk and progression of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review summarizes recent work in this important, rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Sharma
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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Koulajian K, Ivovic A, Ye K, Desai T, Shah A, Fantus IG, Ran Q, Giacca A. Overexpression of glutathione peroxidase 4 prevents β-cell dysfunction induced by prolonged elevation of lipids in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E254-62. [PMID: 23695217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00481.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that oxidative stress is a mechanism of free fatty acid (FFA)-induced β-cell dysfunction. Unsaturated fatty acids in membranes, including plasma and mitochondrial membranes, are substrates for lipid peroxidation, and lipid peroxidation products are known to cause impaired insulin secretion. Therefore, we hypothesized that mice overexpressing glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4), an enzyme that specifically reduces lipid peroxides, are protected from fat-induced β-cell dysfunction. GPx4-overexpressing mice and their wild-type littermate controls were infused intravenously with saline or oleate for 48 h, after which reactive oxygen species (ROS) were imaged, using dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate in isolated islets, and β-cell function was assessed ex vivo in isolated islets and in vivo during hyperglycemic clamps. Forty-eight-hour FFA elevation in wild-type mice increased ROS and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and impaired β-cell function ex vivo in isolated islets and in vivo, as assessed by decreased disposition index. Also, islets of wild-type mice exposed to oleate for 48 h had increased ROS and lipid peroxides and decreased β-cell function. In contrast, GPx4-overexpressing mice showed no FFA-induced increase in ROS and lipid peroxidation and were protected from the FFA-induced impairment of β-cell function assessed in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. These results implicate lipid peroxidation in FFA-induced β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khajag Koulajian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Graciano MF, Valle MM, Curi R, Carpinelli AR. Evidence for the involvement of GPR40 and NADPH oxidase in palmitic acid-induced superoxide production and insulin secretion. Islets 2013; 5:139-48. [PMID: 23817296 DOI: 10.4161/isl.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex have been shown to be involved in the fatty acid amplification of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The effect of palmitic acid on superoxide production and insulin secretion by INS-1E cells and the possible involvement of GPR40 and NADPH oxidase in these processes were examined in this study. Cells were incubated during 1 h with palmitic acid in low and high glucose concentrations, a GPR40 agonist (GW9508) and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium, DPI) and PKC (calphostin C). GW9508 induced superoxide production at 2.8 and 5.6 mM glucose concentrations and stimulated insulin secretion at 16.7 mM glucose concentration involving both PKC and NADPH oxidase activation. Palmitic acid induced superoxide production through NADPH oxidase and GPR40-dependent pathways and the stimulation of insulin secretion in the presence of a high glucose concentration was reduced by knockdown of GPR40 using siRNA. Our results suggest that palmitic acid induces superoxide production and potentiates GSIS through NADPH oxidase and GPR40 pathways in pancreatic ? cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Graciano
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo (USP); São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Mohammed AM, Kowluru A. Activation of apocynin-sensitive NADPH oxidase (Nox2) activity in INS-1 832/13 cells under glucotoxic conditions. Islets 2013; 5:129-31. [PMID: 23695780 DOI: 10.4161/isl.25058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of recent evidence provided compelling evidence to suggest increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as causal for mitochondrial dysregulation and apoptosis in islet β-cells exposed to noxious stimuli including high glucose, lipids and proinflammatory cytokines. Studies along these lines are also suggestive of a significant contributory role for NADPH oxidase in the generation of ROS under the above conditions. We have recently reported a marked increase in the expression and activation of cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase (p47phox, Rac1) in cell culture models of glucotoxicity and in islets from T2DM animals (Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat) and humans. In this communication, we provide further evidence indicating significant activation of NADPH activity (~2-fold) in INS-1 832/13 cells exposed to chronic hyperglycemic conditions (20 mM; 48 h). We also report marked attenuation of this activity, by apocynin, a selective inhibitor of phagocyte-like NADPH oxidase (Nox2) activity. Together, our findings implicate Nox2 as a source for ROS generation in β-cells exposed to glucotoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiy M Mohammed
- Beta-Cell Biochemistry Laboratory; John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit, MI USA
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