1
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Higueruelo A, Constenla M, Padrós F, Sánchez-Marín P, Carrassón M, Soler-Membrives A, Dallarés S. Coping with current impacts: The case of Scyliorhinus canicula in the NW Mediterranean Sea and implications for human consumption. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116200. [PMID: 38430679 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) is a bottom-dwelling elasmobranch that represents the most discarded catch in terms of biomass in the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). Potential impacts affecting its population and food safety implications have been assessed in three localities along the Catalan coast. Distinct indicators were integrated, such as biological data, ingested anthropogenic items (plastic and cellulose-like items), parasitological indices, trace metal concentrations and histopathology using liver as target organ. Although high ingestion rates of fibres and levels of some heavy metals, they do not seem negatively affected by any major pathology nor by the current levels of pollutants. Small-scale differences among localities and depths were found and discussed. No zoonotic parasites were found. Encysted larvae of Grillotia adenoplusia and, above all, the levels of Hg found in the musculature, that are well over the European Commission limits, rise concerns regarding human consumption of S. canicula in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Higueruelo
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro, s/n, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maite Carrassón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Soler-Membrives
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sara Dallarés
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Liñán-Cabello MA, Álvaro-Berlanga S, Flores-Jiménez GI, Calatayud-Pavía CE, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Cruz-Ramírez A, Jacobi-Aguilar C, Soto-Jiménez MF. Assessment of potential risks to human health associated with trace elements in three commercially important shark species captured in the Central Mexican Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109769-109783. [PMID: 37777706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Shark meat is a popular protein source worldwide. However, existing national control policies for ensuring the safety and quality of shark meat are minimal. There are concerns about the sustainability of shark populations, which bioaccumulate and biomagnify potentially toxic elements at higher rates than non-predatory fish, posing a risk to human health. In this study, the contributions of essential elements to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and potentially toxic elements to the Reference Dose (RfD) linked to shark consumption (200 g per week) were investigated for three shark species in the Central Mexican Pacific. We estimated risks and benefits for women, children, and men. Our results suggest that the three shark species are sources of Se, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn, but poor sources of Mn for women and men aged 19-50 years. A weekly ingestion of 200 g of shark meat exceeded the RfD-As by 4-14 times and the RfD-Pb by 1.1-1.7 times for adults, indicating a potential risk to human health. The three shark species were also significant sources of potentially toxic elements for children, including Hg, Cd, Cr, and Pb. An excessive intake of Se was observed, with levels at 8.4-10.6 and 4.3-5.3 times the RDA for children aged 1-8 and 9-13 years, respectively. Although shark meat can be a good source of essential nutrients, the lack of controls in the commercialization process indicates that it should be consumed in moderation due to the potential risks associated with excessive exposure to potentially toxic elements. This caution is particularly important for children and pregnant women, who are at higher risk of health complications from consuming contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Agustín Liñán-Cabello
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Colima, Km 19.5 Carretera Manzanillo Barra de Navidad, 28860, Manzanillo, Colima, México.
| | - Sara Álvaro-Berlanga
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico 14 Francisco Sánchez, SN. Edificio Calabaza and 2 Apto. 456, 38200, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Graciela Isabel Flores-Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Colima, Km 19.5 Carretera Manzanillo Barra de Navidad, 28860, Manzanillo, Colima, México
| | | | - Ángel José Gutiérrez
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Angélica Cruz-Ramírez
- Fundación México Azul, A. C, Avenida México 141, Colonia del Carmen, Coyoacán, 04100, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cynthia Jacobi-Aguilar
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Joel Montes Camarena S/N Apartado Postal 811, 82040, Mazatlán, Sin, México
| | - Martín Federico Soto-Jiménez
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Joel Montes Camarena S/N Apartado Postal 811, 82040, Mazatlán, Sin, México
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3
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Gallo S, Nania G, Caruso V, Zicarelli G, Leonetti FL, Giglio G, Fedele G, Romano C, Bottaro M, Mangoni O, Scannella D, Vitale S, Falsone F, Sardo G, Geraci ML, Neri A, Marsili L, Mancusi C, Barca D, Sperone E. Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in the Muscle of the Blackmouth Catshark Galeus melastomus from Mediterranean Waters. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:951. [PMID: 37508382 PMCID: PMC10376227 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution, particularly in the marine environment, has become a significant concern due to the increasing presence of pollutants and their adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. This study focuses on the bioaccumulation of trace elements in the muscle tissue of the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) from different areas in the Mediterranean Sea. Trace elements are of interest due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential for bioaccumulation. This research aims to assess the distribution and accumulation of trace elements in the muscle tissue of G. melastomus and investigate their potential impact on the deep-sea environment of the Mediterranean. The focused areas include the Ligurian Sea, the northern and central Tyrrhenian Sea, the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, the Pantelleria Waters, and the Gela Waters. Samples were collected following established protocols, and trace element analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The study provides data on the concentrations of 17 trace elements, namely aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, zinc, selenium, strontium, lead, chromium, iron, barium, bismuth, and uranium. The findings contribute to a better understanding of trace element bioaccumulation patterns in elasmobranch species, specifically G. melastomus, and highlight the potential risks associated with chemical contamination in the Mediterranean Sea. This research emphasizes the importance of studying the impacts of pollutants on marine organisms, particularly those occupying key ecological roles, like sharks, to support effective conservation and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Gallo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gianluca Nania
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Valentina Caruso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giorgia Zicarelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Luigi Leonetti
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Genoa Marine Centre, Anton Dohrn Zoological Station, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianni Giglio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Chiara Romano
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bottaro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Genoa Marine Centre, Anton Dohrn Zoological Station, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Olga Mangoni
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Scannella
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council CNR, Via Luigi Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy
| | - Sergio Vitale
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council CNR, Via Luigi Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy
| | - Fabio Falsone
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council CNR, Via Luigi Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sardo
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council CNR, Via Luigi Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy
| | - Michele Luca Geraci
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council CNR, Via Luigi Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy
- Marine Biology and Fisheries Laboratory of Fano, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Adriatico 1/n, 61032 Fano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Neri
- Department of Environment, Earth and Physical Sciences, Siena University, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Letizia Marsili
- Department of Environment, Earth and Physical Sciences, Siena University, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancusi
- Department of Environment, Earth and Physical Sciences, Siena University, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Environmental Protection Agency-Tuscany Region (ARPAT), Via Marradi 114, 57126 Livorno, Italy
| | - Donatella Barca
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Emilio Sperone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
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4
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Squadrone S, Biancani B, Da Rugna C, Favaro L, Pederiva S, Abete MC. Trace and rare earth element bioaccumulation in the spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus stellaris). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70262-70268. [PMID: 35589892 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals (trace elements and rare earth elements, REEs) were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in blood, the liver, the kidney and muscle of ex situ spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus stellaris). The controlled environment in which these elasmobranchs were hosted allowed to assess a baseline level of metals in the different organs since exposure via water and food can be easily monitored. The highest arsenic, chromium, copper, and iron values were found in the liver, cobalt in the kidney, and cadmium and rubidium in muscle. The highest total trace elements content was found in the trend liver (75 mg kg-1) > blood (33 mg kg-1) > muscle (31 mg kg-1) > kidney (10 mg kg-1), while the ΣREEs was the liver (30 μg kg-1) > muscle (15 μg kg-1) > kidney (13 μg kg-1) > blood (4.1 μg kg-1). Between REEs, the most represented element was scandium. Significant differences in the concentration of metals among organs were observed for almost all elements. Nonessential elements were generally lower and essential elements higher in the examined specimens compared to wild elasmobranchs, suggesting a close relationship between a balanced diet and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | - Livio Favaro
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Sabina Pederiva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
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5
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Reinero FR, Milazzo C, Minervino M, Marchio C, Filice M, Bevacqua L, Giglio G, Leonetti FL, Micarelli P, Tripepi S, Barca D, Sperone E. Parasitic Load, Hematological Parameters, and Trace Elements Accumulation in the Lesser Spotted Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula from the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:663. [PMID: 35625391 PMCID: PMC9138615 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitological, hematological, and ecotoxicological analyses were carried out on a population of lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula from the central Mediterranean Sea. Parasitological analyses highlighted a poor helminthic community, highly dominated by a single taxon represented by the cestode Nybelinia sp. No differences in the parasitic load between females and males were observed. Hematological analyses showed that the number of leukocytes was significantly lower in the sharks that resulted in parasitism, and this could be due to the ability of some trace elements, such as arsenic, weakening the immune system and exposing animals to a higher risk of parasite infection, although further hematological and parasitological analyses are required on a larger number of samples. Trace elements analyses in the vertebrae, skin, and liver highlighted that the most abundant and potentially toxic elements were lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). Other trace elements were also abundant, such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe). Pb, As, and Mn showed the highest concentrations in vertebrae, while Cd, Cu, and Zn were the highest in the liver, probably due to their concentration in the prey items of the sharks; Fe and Ni showed the highest concentrations in the skin, due to their presence in the water column, especially along the coast where animals were collected. The concentration of some trace elements analyzed in the vertebrae decreased with the growth of the sharks. These results confirm that elasmobranchs, being predators at the apex of the marine food chain, act as final receptors for a series of polluting elements regularly discharged into the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Reinero
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
- Sharks Studies Center—Scientific Institute, 58024 Massa Marittima, Italy;
| | - Concetta Milazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Marco Minervino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Cristian Marchio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Mariacristina Filice
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Laura Bevacqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Gianni Giglio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Francesco Luigi Leonetti
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Primo Micarelli
- Sharks Studies Center—Scientific Institute, 58024 Massa Marittima, Italy;
| | - Sandro Tripepi
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Donatella Barca
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Emilio Sperone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (F.R.R.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.M.); (M.F.); (L.B.); (G.G.); (F.L.L.); (S.T.); (D.B.)
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6
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Marques AFS, Alves LMF, Moutinho A, Lemos MFL, Novais SC. Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) metal accumulation: A public health concern for Atlantic fish consumers? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112477. [PMID: 34023586 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most landed sharks in Portuguese fisheries is the lesser-spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), which is ever-present in Portuguese fish markets and consumed as cheap fish protein source. The focus of this study was to evaluate element contamination in consumed tissues of Atlantic S. canicula, with the intent of safeguarding possible public health issues. A total of 74 specimens were analysed for metals and metalloids in the deeper white muscle and skin. Arsenic, zinc, iron and aluminium were the elements with higher mean values. There was a tendency for higher levels in the skin, with differences between life-stage and gender. Many individuals surpassed stipulated guideline limits for mercury and arsenic, posing a risk for human consumption (according to the health risk assessment performed for the average Portuguese fish consumption) or even for use in feed production. Besides the public health concern, this study also evidences troubling signs on marine contamination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F S Marques
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Luís M F Alves
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ariana Moutinho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal.
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7
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Bouchoucha M, Chekri R, Leufroy A, Jitaru P, Millour S, Marchond N, Chafey C, Testu C, Zinck J, Cresson P, Mirallès F, Mahe A, Arnich N, Sanaa M, Bemrah N, Guérin T. Trace element contamination in fish impacted by bauxite red mud disposal in the Cassidaigne canyon (NW French Mediterranean). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:16-26. [PMID: 31284191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From 1966 to 2015, the Gardanne alumina refinery discharged some 20 million tons of bauxite residue (called red mud) into the Cassidaigne Canyon (northwest French Mediterranean) with impacts on local ecosystem functioning. Although these red muds contained high levels of trace elements (TE), in particular titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al) and arsenic (As), surprisingly, their impacts on fish contamination levels and the risk related to fish consumption have been little studied until now. Here, 11 trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti and V) were analyzed in muscle and, when possible, liver, from 1308 fish of 26 species from an impacted zone in the vicinity of the Cassidaigne Canyon and a reference zone, unaffected by red mud disposals. Moreover, 66 arsenic speciation analyses were performed. Although the impact of human activities on the levels of fish contamination by trace elements is generally not easy to assess in situ because it is blurred by interaction with biological effects, we highlighted significant contamination of the fish species collected from the Cassidaigne Canyon, especially by the main trace elements attributable to the discharges of the Gardanne alumina refinery, namely Al, V and Ti. Moreover, inorganic toxic As concentrations were higher in the impacted zone. The results of this baseline research also confirmed the concern previously raised regarding Hg in Mediterranean organisms and that trace element contamination levels in fish are generally negatively related to fish length for all TE except Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchoucha
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France.
| | - R Chekri
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Leufroy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Jitaru
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Millour
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Marchond
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Chafey
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Testu
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - J Zinck
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Cresson
- Ifremer, Lab Ressources Halieutiques, BP 699, F-62 321 Boulogne sur Mer
| | - F Mirallès
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - A Mahe
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Directorate (DER), F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Arnich
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Directorate (DER), F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Sanaa
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Directorate (DER), F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Bemrah
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Directorate (DER), F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - T Guérin
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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8
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Ferrante M, Napoli S, Grasso A, Zuccarello P, Cristaldi A, Copat C. Systematic review of arsenic in fresh seafood from the Mediterranean Sea and European Atlantic coasts: A health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:322-331. [PMID: 30654099 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic in the environment pose major threats to human health, and especially the inorganic form can result in adverse health effects. This review analyse papers from 2004 to 2017 on As in fresh fish and molluscs caught in the Mediterranean sea and the European coast of the Atlantic ocean allowing the identification of the marine area with a greater As bioavailability and in particular the identification of the European populations more exposed to In-As by consuming fresh seafood. Results were separated on the base of the fishing site and the concentrations were reworked to assess the average daily intake to In-As as well as Target Hazard Quotient and Cancer Risk. Overall, the greater availability in Tot-As concentration in the pelagic compartment found in the Mediterranean Sea is not present along the European coasts of Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, only in the Mediterranean Sea, results highlighted significant differences between Tot-As concentrations in seafood subgroups. In both areas, In-As concentrations showed the following trend: molluscs > pelagic > demersal with significant differences between subgroups. The European populations more exposed to In-As from fish and molluscs are the French, Spanish, Italian and Greek, with particular regards to children of 3-6 years old, which should minimize the consumption of molluscs to avoid carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Salvatore Napoli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, 95123, Italy.
| | - Alfina Grasso
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Pietro Zuccarello
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Antonio Cristaldi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Chiara Copat
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, Catania, 95123, Italy.
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9
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Merciai R, Rodríguez-Prieto C, Torres J, Casadevall M. Bioaccumulation of mercury and other trace elements in bottom-dwelling omnivorous fishes: The case of Diplodus sargus (L.) (Osteichthyes: Sparidae). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:10-21. [PMID: 30509790 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxic elements in fish represents a hazard for human health, especially in Mediterranean countries and other regions with high per-capita fish consumption. The present research, carried out along the northern Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean), aimed to determine the levels of trace metals and arsenic in the muscle of white seabream Diplodus sargus (L.), a common demersal species of growing interest for fisheries and aquaculture. Average mercury concentrations widely exceeded the limits imposed by EU despite the low contamination levels previously reported for the study area, stressing the potential risk associated to the consumption of medium-sized, non-predatory fishes. The other analyzed elements fell within the recommended limits. Preliminary results about the feeding habits of D. sargus are reported, in order to determine feeding habitat and items of the analyzed specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Merciai
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, University of Girona, M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Conxi Rodríguez-Prieto
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, University of Girona, M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Torres
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona, Avd. Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margarida Casadevall
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, University of Girona, M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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10
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Mohammed A, Mohammed T. Mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead in two commercial shark species (Sphyrna lewini and Caraharinus porosus) in Trinidad and Tobago. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:214-218. [PMID: 28438339 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sharks are long-lived apex predators which can accumulate toxic metals such as mercury and arsenic. Samples of Sphyrna lewini and Carcharinus porosus were collected from two commercial fish landing sites in Trinidad. Heavy metal concentrations were determined in the muscle, dorsal fin, vertebrae and liver using atomic absorption spectrometric. The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were determined to assess the potential health risks to consumers. Mercury levels ranged between 74-1899μg/kg in S. lewini and 67-3268μg/kg in C. porosus. Arsenic levels ranged between 144-2309μg/kg in S. lewini and 762-6155μg/kg in C. porosus. Cadmium levels generally ranged between 0.27-27.29mg/kg in S. lewini and 0.6-29.89mg/kg in C. porosus. Lead levels generally ranged between 0.14 and 208.81mg/kg in S. lewini while C. porosus levels ranged between 0.30 and 459.94mg/kg. The PTWI and THQ values suggest that consumption of these shark species can therefore be a major source of exposure to lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury in humans and is likely to have potential health risk over long term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Mohammed
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Terry Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
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11
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Escobar-Sánchez O, Ruelas-Inzunza J, Moreno-Sánchez XG, Romo-Piñera AK, Frías-Espericueta MG. Mercury Concentrations in Pacific Angel Sharks (Squatina californica) and Prey Fishes from Southern Gulf of California, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:15-19. [PMID: 26644027 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of mercury (Hg) were quantified in muscle tissues of the Pacific angel shark, Squatina californica sampled from Southern Gulf of California, Mexico, considering total length, sex, diet and the dietary risk assessment. High Hg levels are typically associated with carnivorous fishes, however S. californica showed low Hg concentrations (<1.0 µg g(-1)) in muscle (0.24 ± 0.27 µg g(-1) wet weight; n = 94). No effect of sex, total length and weight on Hg concentrations were observed in the shark (p > 0.05). Hg concentrations were highest in the darkedge mishipman: Porichthys analis (0.14 ± 0.08 µg g(-1)) and red-eye round herring Etrumeus teres (0.13 ± 0.05 µg g(-1)) relative to other prey species, which could suggest that Hg concentrations in S. californica were influenced by these species. Given the relatively low concentration of Hg across age-classes and sex, consumption of S. californica's muscle tissue poses limited risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Escobar-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen S/N. Col. Los Pinos, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
| | - J Ruelas-Inzunza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Mazatlán, Calle Corsario 1, No. 203, Col. Urías, A.P. 757, 82070, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - X G Moreno-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CICIMAR-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. s/n., 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - A K Romo-Piñera
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al sur km 5.5. A. P. 19-B, 23080, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - M G Frías-Espericueta
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen S/N. Col. Los Pinos, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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12
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Method development for the simultaneous determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in seafood. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Cresson P, Fabri MC, Bouchoucha M, Brach Papa C, Chavanon F, Jadaud A, Knoery J, Miralles F, Cossa D. Mercury in organisms from the Northwestern Mediterranean slope: importance of food sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:229-238. [PMID: 25129158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a global threat for marine ecosystems, especially within the Mediterranean Sea. The concern is higher for deep-sea organisms, as the Hg concentration in their tissues is commonly high. To assess the influence of food supply at two trophic levels, total Hg concentrations and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were determined in 7 species (4 teleosts, 2 sharks, and 1 crustacean) sampled on the upper part of the continental slope of the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea), at depths between 284 and 816 m. Mean Hg concentrations ranged from 1.30±0.61 to 7.13±7.09 μg g(-1) dry mass, with maximum values observed for small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula. For all species except blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou, Hg concentrations were above the health safety limits for human consumption defined by the European Commission, with a variable proportion of the individuals exceeding limits (from 23% for the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus to 82% for the blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus). Measured concentrations increased with increasing trophic levels. Carbon isotopic ratios measured for these organisms demonstrated that settling phytoplanktonic organic matter is not only the main source fueling trophic webs but also the carrier of Hg to this habitat. Inter- and intraspecific variations of Hg concentrations revealed the importance of feeding patterns in Hg bioaccumulation. In addition, biological parameters, such as growth rate or bathymetric range explain the observed contamination trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cresson
- Ifremer, Centre de Méditerranée, CS 20330, F-83 507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - M C Fabri
- Ifremer, Centre de Méditerranée, CS 20330, F-83 507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - M Bouchoucha
- Ifremer, Centre de Méditerranée, CS 20330, F-83 507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - C Brach Papa
- Ifremer, Centre Atlantique, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - F Chavanon
- Ifremer, Centre de Méditerranée, CS 20330, F-83 507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - A Jadaud
- Ifremer, Centre de Méditerranée, CS 30171, F-34203 Sète Cedex, France.
| | - J Knoery
- Ifremer, Centre Atlantique, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - F Miralles
- Ifremer, Centre de Méditerranée, CS 20330, F-83 507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - D Cossa
- Ifremer, Centre de Méditerranée, CS 20330, F-83 507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; IS Terre, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
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14
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Barrera-García A, O'Hara T, Galván-Magaña F, Méndez-Rodríguez LC, Castellini JM, Zenteno-Savín T. Oxidative stress indicators and trace elements in the blue shark (Prionace glauca) off the east coast of the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 156:59-66. [PMID: 22560986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trace element concentrations and oxidative stress indicators (including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative damage) were measured in muscle of blue sharks collected along the west coast of Baja California Sur to determine potential differences by sex and maturity cohorts. Mercury (Hg) concentration in muscle samples from larger sharks (>200 cm LT) exceeded the permissible limit (>1 ppm wet weight) for human consumption set by numerous international agencies. Significant differences were found in Hg concentrations (mature>immature; males>females), and in protein carbonyl concentrations (male>female); however, except for carbonyl protein levels, no significant differences by sex or maturity stage were found in the oxidative stress indicators. Differences between sexes and maturity stages in trace element concentration and carbonyl protein levels in blue shark muscle may be related to variations in diet within different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Barrera-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Playa Palo Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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15
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Baer I, Baxter M, Devesa V, Vélez D, Raber G, Rubio R, Llorente-Mirandes T, Sloth JJ, Robouch P, de la Calle B. Performance of laboratories in speciation analysis in seafood – Case of methylmercury and inorganic arsenic. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Storelli MM, Cuttone G, Marcotrigiano GO. Distribution of trace elements in the tissues of smooth hound Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the southern-eastern waters of Mediterranean Sea (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 174:271-281. [PMID: 20422281 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trace element concentrations (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn) were determined in the muscle, gonads, skin, and brain of smooth hound Mustelus mustelus in order to define the metal distribution patterns. The data indicated that metal accumulation depended on the tissues probably as a consequence of metabolic needs, physiochemical properties, and detoxification processes specific for each element. Metal concentrations were higher in gonads (Hg 0.10-0.70 μg g(-1); Cd 0.02-0.10 μg g(-1); Pb 0.08-0.39 μg g(-1); Cr 0.06-0.36 μg g(-1); Ni 1.37-3.00 μg g(-1); Zn 9.15-16.30 μg g(-1); Cu 1.95-21.62 μg g(-1)) and skin (Hg 0.16-0.66 μg g(-1); Cd 0.01-0.04 μg g(-1); Pb 0.10-0.62 μg g(-1); Cr 0.15-0.68 μg g(-1); Ni 1.60-7.20 μg g(-1); Zn 9.00-16.00 μg g(-1); Cu 0.78-6.80 μg g(-1)) than brain (Hg 0.04-0.34 μg g(-1); Cd 0.01-0.05 μg g(-1); Pb 0.03-0.59 μg g(-1); Cr 0.08-0.48 μg g(-1); Ni 5.59-9.69 μg g(-1); Zn 5.90-7.35 μg g(-1); Cu 0.90-4.02 μg g(-1)), while muscle always exhibited the lowest levels (Hg 1.03-2.58 μg g(-1); Cd 0.01-0.06 μg g(-1); Pb 0.02-0.16 μg g(-1); Cr 0.05-0.28 μg g(-1); Ni 1.13-2.48 μg g(-1); Zn 2.64-5.06 μg g(-1); Cu 0.33-2.23 μg g(-1)). Ni and Hg took exception having the highest concentrations in brain and muscle, respectively. An assessment of the risk for human due to the consumption of these marine organisms was also undertaken. Regarding Cd and Pb intakes, consumption did not guide to any concerns, while it should be extremely moderate when considering Hg intake. The comparative analyses revealed that Mediterranean sharks were exposed to higher Hg levels than biota inhabiting open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Storelli
- Pharmacological-Biological Department, Chemistry and Biochemistry Section, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of Bari, Strada Prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy.
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17
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Coelho JP, Santos H, Reis AT, Falcão J, Rodrigues ET, Pereira ME, Duarte AC, Pardal MA. Mercury bioaccumulation in the spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) from the Atlantic Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:1372-1375. [PMID: 20541227 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The annual and life-cycle mercury bioaccumulation pattern in selected tissues of the economically relevant Elasmobranchii species Scyliorhinus canicula was studied, and the risks associated with its consumption evaluated. Preferential mercury bioaccumulation occurred in muscle tissue, and followed the order muscle>heart>liver>gills>pancreas. Total mercury in muscle tissue ranged from 0.13mgkg(-1) (wwt) in 1+year old males to 0.8mgkg(-1) (wwt) in 8+ year old mature females, with no significant differences found between genders, and no clear lifespan bioaccumulation pattern observed, except for mature females. Organic mercury in the muscle ranged from 0.05mgkg(-1) (wwt) to 0.52mgkg(-1) (wwt), corresponding to an average of 70% of total mercury content. In mature females, a significant correlation (R=0.99, P=0.01) was found between size and organic mercury fraction, suggesting reproduction as an important factor controlling organic mercury bioaccumulation in the spotted dogfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Coelho
- CESAM/Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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Martí-Cid R, Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL. Intake of chemical contaminants through fish and seafood consumption by children of Catalonia, Spain: health risks. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1968-74. [PMID: 17559998 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs), hexachlorobenzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through fish and seafood consumption by children of Catalonia, Spain, was assessed. In 2005, samples of the 14 most consumed marine species in Catalonia were randomly acquired in various cities of the country. Analysis of the above chemical contaminants were determined according to the appropriate analytical techniques and the daily intakes were estimated. For most pollutants, intake was higher in boys than in girls. Average exposure of children to contaminants through fish and seafood consumption did not exceed the respective tolerable daily intake of those pollutants for which it has been already established (metals, PCDD/Fs plus dioxin-like PCBs, HCB, and PAHs). In relation to body weight, intake by children of most contaminants was higher than that found for other age groups of the general population of Catalonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Martí-Cid
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, "Rovira i Virgili" University, San Lorenzo 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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