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Jota Baptista C, Seixas F, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Patinha C, Pato P, Ferreira da Silva E, Fernandes G, Oliveira PA. Heavy metal and metalloid concentrations in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and their human health implications from One Health perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:226. [PMID: 38849664 PMCID: PMC11161529 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The red deer is an ungulate and large game species. The contamination of the ecosystems by metal(loid)s may lead to the exposure of animals (as well as humans) through water and food resources. The direct contact of hunters and wild animal meat consumers with deer carcasses may be a potential contaminant source. This study aimed to determine the metal(loid)s' concentrations in the liver and kidney of red deer from two regions of Portugal (Idanha-a-Nova and Lousã), and to relate these with histopathologic lesions. Thirteen young male deer were submitted to metal(loid) determination (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) and histopathology examination. Renal Cd (8.072 ± 5.766 mg/kg dw) and hepatic Pb (3.824 ± 6.098 mg/kg dw) mean values were high, considering the maximum values for consumption established by the European Commission. The hepatic mean value of Cu was significantly higher in Idanha-a-Nova (150.059 ± 33.321 mg/kg dw), and it is at the Cu toxicity limit considered for ruminants (150 mg/kg). The pollution induced by Panasqueira mines (Castelo Branco) may be a possible explanation for some of the findings, especially the higher values of hepatic Cu and Pb found in Idanha-a-Nova deer. These results have high importance under a One Health perspective, since they have implications in public health, and pose at risk the imbalance of animal populations and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Jota Baptista
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias (ECAV), Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes E Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação das Tecnologias Agroambientais E Biológicas (CITAB/ Inov4Agro), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain.
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Almada, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias (ECAV), Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes E Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Ciência Animal E Veterinária (CECAV), Associated Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Patinha
- GEOBIOTEC and Departamento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pato
- GEOBIOTEC and Departamento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Gilberto Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias (ECAV), Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes E Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias (ECAV), Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes E Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação das Tecnologias Agroambientais E Biológicas (CITAB/ Inov4Agro), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Malmsten A, Dalin AM, Pettersson J, Persson S. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, arsenic, and some essential metals in wild boar from Sweden. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe wild boar (Sus scrofa) is becoming more common in Europe and has potential to be used as sentinel species for local contamination of heavy metals. Concentrations of nine trace elements (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn)) were examined in kidney tissue of 104 female wild boars hunted at three sites in Sweden. The interrelationships between the trace elements and age dependency were investigated. Reproductive health was previously known to differ among animals at the different study sites, but could not be explained by heavy metal concentrations and no associations were found between heavy metals and reproductive parameters. Kidney concentrations of Cd (mean 4.16 mg/kg wet weight (w.w.), range 0.16–12.8) were higher than the permissible level for human consumption in 99.9% of the samples. Pb concentrations were generally intermediate or low (mean 0.14 mg/kg w.w., range 0.03–1.01) and exceeded the levels accepted for human consumption in 0.02% of the samples. Age class was significantly associated with the concentrations of Cd, Mg, and Mn. Concentrations of As were low (mean 0.02 mg/kg w.w., range <0.0001–0.08) and Cu and Se concentrations were within the ranges of suspected deficiency for 10% and 4% of the wild boars, respectively.
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Arrondo E, Navarro J, Perez-García JM, Mateo R, Camarero PR, Martin-Doimeadios RCR, Jiménez-Moreno M, Cortés-Avizanda A, Navas I, García-Fernández AJ, Sánchez-Zapata JA, Donázar JA. Dust and bullets: Stable isotopes and GPS tracking disentangle lead sources for a large avian scavenger. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115022. [PMID: 32629306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead intoxication is an important threat to human health and a large number of wildlife species. Animals are exposed to several sources of lead highlighting hunting ammunition and lead that is bioavailable in topsoil. Disentangling the role of each in lead exposure is an important conservation issue, particularly for species potentially affected by lead poisoning, such as vultures. The identification of lead sources in vultures and other species has been classically addressed by means of stable-isotope comparisons, but the extremely varied isotope signatures found in ammunition hinders this identification when it overlaps with topsoil signatures. In addition, assumptions related to the exposure of individual vultures to lead sources have been made without knowledge of the actual feeding grounds exploited by the birds. Here, we combine lead concentration analysis in blood, novel stable isotope approaches to assign the origin of the lead and GPS tracking data to investigate the main foraging grounds of two Iberian griffon vulture populations (N = 58) whose foraging ranges differ in terms of topsoil lead concentration and intensity of big game hunting activity. We found that the lead signature in vultures was closer to topsoil than to ammunition, but this similarity decreased significantly in the area with higher big game hunting activity. In addition, attending to the individual home ranges of the tracked birds, models accounting for the intensity of hunting activity better explained the higher blood lead concentration in vultures than topsoil exposure. In spite of that, our finding also show that lead exposure from topsoil is more important than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Arrondo
- Department of Conservation Biology, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Seville, Spain; Department of Applied Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Joan Navarro
- Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Perez-García
- Department of Applied Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Plaza de Victor Siurana, 1, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos Ronda de Toledo, 12 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos Ronda de Toledo, 12 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rosa C Rodríguez Martin-Doimeadios
- Departamento De Química Analítica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-LaMancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - María Jiménez-Moreno
- Departamento De Química Analítica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-LaMancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ainara Cortés-Avizanda
- Animal Demography and Ecology Unit, IMEDEA CSIC-UIB, C. Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Isabel Navas
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Juan García-Fernández
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata
- Department of Applied Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Antonio Donázar
- Department of Conservation Biology, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Seville, Spain
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Nutritional Composition and Heavy Metal Content in Breast and Thigh Muscles of Wild and Intensively Reared Common Pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus). J Vet Res 2020; 64:305-312. [PMID: 32587919 PMCID: PMC7305647 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differing conditions in captive breeding and in the wild have impact on the mineral profile of the pheasant carcass and its heavy metal contents. This may be an indicator of environmental contamination. The study evaluated the nutritional composition and selected macro- and trace element contents (heavy metals in particular) in usable sections of pheasant breast and thigh muscles originating from captive breeding and wild birds. Material and Methods The tests were performed on the breast and thigh muscles of 20 wild and 20 farm bred birds from around Lublin, Poland, with equal sex representation. The nutrient and lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel contents were determined using inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Results The farmed pheasants had a higher proportion of breast muscle. The thigh muscles of all birds had a higher fat content than the breast muscles (5.1 g vs. 3.4 g per kg of natural weight). The macroelement level depended on the muscle type and bird origin. The trace element content also did and gender dependence was also evident. The wild birds contained more cadmium in the breast muscles and lead in both muscles than the farm-raised ones. Conclusion The high quality and usefulness of wild and farmed pheasant meat is confirmed. It has advantageous macro- and trace element contents and permissible heavy metal contents except for lead in wild birds. The heavy metal level can be a bioindicator of their environmental occurrence. In wild birds, the lead level may also reflect birdshot remnants.
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Oropesa AL, Gala JA, Fernandez-Pozo L, Cabezas J, Soler F. Lead content in soils and native plants near an abandoned mine in a protected area of south-western Spain: an approach to determining the environmental risk to wildlife and livestock. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30386-30398. [PMID: 31440969 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A study of the impact of an abandoned lead (Pb) mine ("Las Musas"), located in SW Spain, on the contamination of the surface soil and pastures in its vicinity revealed the presence of widely distributed, high levels of Pb contamination. The total Pb concentrations in soils sampled at distances from 3 to 998 m from the mine ranged between 129 and 1053 mg/kg, when it has been reported that non-polluted soils have concentrations of 29-40 mg/kg. These exceed the maximum tolerable levels in agricultural soils for the protection of environmental and human health as established in international and regional regulations. While the concentrations of potentially bioavailable Pb in the soils also surpassed the regulatory levels, the effective bioavailable fractions were low. The Pb concentrations measured in native plants ranged from 1.70 to 129 mg/kg dry weight, with Cynosurus echinatus, Philadelphus coronarius, and Fraxinus angustifolia being the species that bioaccumulated the greatest concentrations of this metal. Estimation of the environmental risk to wildlife and livestock grazing in the studied area showed no potential toxicity for these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Lourdes Oropesa
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Caceres, Spain.
- INBIO G + C Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Caceres, Spain.
| | - Juan-Alberto Gala
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | - Luis Fernandez-Pozo
- Group of Environmental Resources Analysis, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jose Cabezas
- Group of Environmental Resources Analysis, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Soler
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Caceres, Spain
- IPROCAR Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Caceres, Spain
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Sevillano Morales J, Moreno-Ortega A, Amaro Lopez MA, Arenas Casas A, Cámara-Martos F, Moreno-Rojas R. Game meat consumption by hunters and their relatives: a probabilistic approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1739-1748. [PMID: 29912678 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the consumption of meat and products derived from hunting by the consumer population and, specifically, by hunters and their relatives. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on the frequency of consuming meat from the four most representative game species in Spain, two of big game, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), and two of small game, rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and red partridge (Alectoris rufa), as well as of processed meat products (salami-type sausage) made from those big game species. The survey was carried out on 337 habitual consumers of these types of products (hunters and their relatives). The total mean game meat consumption, per capita in this population group, is 6.87 kg/person/year of meat and 8.57 kg/person/year if the processed meat products are also considered. Consumption of rabbit, red partridge, red deer and wild boar, individually, was 1.85, 0.82, 2.28 and 1.92 kg/person/year, respectively. It was observed that hunters generally registered a larger intake of game meat, this being statistically significant in the case of rabbit meat consumption. Using probabilistic methods, the meat consumption frequency distributions for each hunting species studied were estimated, as well as the products made from big game species and the total consumption both of meat by itself and that including the products made from it. The consumption frequency distributions were adjusted to exponential ones, verified by the test suitable for it according to Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), the Chi-squared and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics. In addition, the consumption percentiles of the different distributions were obtained. The latter could be a good tool when making nutrition or contaminant studies since they permit the assessment of exposure to the compound in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Sevillano Morales
- a Departments of Bromatology and Food Technology and Animal Health of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Alicia Moreno-Ortega
- a Departments of Bromatology and Food Technology and Animal Health of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Manual Angel Amaro Lopez
- a Departments of Bromatology and Food Technology and Animal Health of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Antonio Arenas Casas
- a Departments of Bromatology and Food Technology and Animal Health of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Fernando Cámara-Martos
- a Departments of Bromatology and Food Technology and Animal Health of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno-Rojas
- a Departments of Bromatology and Food Technology and Animal Health of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
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Neila C, Hernández-Moreno D, Fidalgo LE, López-Beceiro A, Soler F, Pérez-López M. Does gender influence the levels of heavy metals in liver of wild boar? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:24-29. [PMID: 28231502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine heavy metal reference levels for risk assessment studies. For this purpose, the levels of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc were determined in liver tissues of wild boars sampled in NW Spain. The mean values were 0.383, 0.326, 23.50 and 56.86mg/kg dried weight, respectively. In general, the levels detected were similar to or lower than the levels reported in literature. This study not only provides a useful baseline for biomonitoring the levels of the analyzed contaminants in wildlife in NW Spain, it also helps to understand the effects of gender on the levels of these elements. Similar to studies performed in other geographical regions, no significant gender-related differences could be detected. Although differences were not significant, the levels of zinc, cadmium and lead were modestly higher in males (55.78, 0.346 and 0.424mg/kg, respectively) compared to females (45.25, 0.305 and 0.341mg/kg). Our results indicate that, although gender did not significantly affect heavy metal uptake and toxicokinetics of contaminants in wild boars, these effects could vary between species, populations, organs, and elements. It is therefore essential to investigate gender-related differences for each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neila
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - D Hernández-Moreno
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - L E Fidalgo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (USC), 27003 Lugo, Spain
| | - A López-Beceiro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (USC), 27003 Lugo, Spain
| | - F Soler
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), 10003 Caceres, Spain; IPROCAR Research Institutes
| | - M Pérez-López
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), 10003 Caceres, Spain; INBIO G+C Research Institutes.
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Gašparík J, Binkowski ŁJ, Jahnátek A, Šmehýl P, Dobiaš M, Lukáč N, Błaszczyk M, Semla M, Massanyi P. Levels of Metals in Kidney, Liver, and Muscle Tissue and their Influence on the Fitness for the Consumption of Wild Boar from Western Slovakia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 177:258-266. [PMID: 27812912 PMCID: PMC5418323 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to environmental pollution, wild animals are exposed to various pollutants. Some game animals, such as wild boars are used by people for food, but their meat is not evaluated regarding pollution transfer, since they are unavailable on the official market. The aim of this paper is to present the concentrations of chosen metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in the kidneys, liver, and muscles of wild boars (n = 40) hunted in eastern Slovakia, as derivatives of physiological distribution and anthropogenic pollution. We found that sex was not a statistically significant factor for metal concentrations. Tissue differences were observed for all the metals studied except for Co. Cd, Cu, and Hg showed the highest median concentrations in kidney tissue with the lowest in muscle tissue (2.73, 3.78, and 0.061 μg/g w.w., respectively). The highest Zn median concentration was noted in the liver tissue with the lowest in muscle tissue. Co and Cu concentrations varied according to the age groups. Correlations between metal concentrations in muscle and kidney tissue were not especially strong; such relationships were not found in liver tissue. Among all the potential relationships of the given metal concentrations between tissues, the only significant relationship, albeit weak, was noted for Pb in muscle and liver tissue. The concentrations found seem not to be extremely high, but according to EU maximum permitted residue levels for Cd and Pb concentrations in meat, none of the samples studied was fully fit for human consumption. TWI and risk was also excessive for both metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Gašparík
- Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Łukasz J. Binkowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrej Jahnátek
- Department of Economics, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Peter Šmehýl
- Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Milan Dobiaš
- Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Lukáč
- Department of Animal Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martyna Błaszczyk
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Semla
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
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Giżejewska A, Szkoda J, Nawrocka A, Żmudzki J, Giżejewski Z. Can red deer antlers be used as an indicator of environmental and edible tissues' trace element contamination? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11630-11638. [PMID: 28324255 PMCID: PMC5391388 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Venison is an attractive product for consumers concerned with healthy lifestyle; however, it can contain high levels of toxic elements, and therefore, it is a possible source of hazardous contaminants in human diet. Antlers are suitable bioindicators of environmental metal contamination, and herein, we assessed the ability of trace element levels in antlers to indicate levels in edible soft tissues. We determined the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in the liver, kidney, muscle, and antlers of 14 free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) from northeastern Poland using atomic absorption spectrometry. We found the highest concentrations of Pb (0.321 ± 0.165 mg/kg), As (0.045 ± 0.074 mg/kg), Zn (105.31 ± 16.33 mg/kg), and Fe (220.92 ± 117.18 mg/kg) in antlers; of Cd (4.974 ± 1.90 mg/kg) and Hg (0.048 ± 0.102 mg/kg) in kidney; and of Cu (7.29 ± 7.02 mg/kg) in the liver. A positive relationship between concentrations in antlers and muscle was found only for Cu (p = 0.001), and it therefore appears that red deer antlers cannot be used as an index for element concentrations in soft tissues. While our results confirm that the Mazury region is little polluted, consumption of red deer offal from this area should be limited according to extant legal limits set for livestock consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Giżejewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Józef Szkoda
- The National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- The National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jan Żmudzki
- The National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Giżejewski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Durkalec M, Kolenda R, Owczarek T, Szkoda J, Nawrocka A, Grzegrzółka J, Dzięgiel P, Socha P, Kołacz R, Schierack P, Żmudzki J, Posyniak A. Expression of metallothionein in the liver and kidneys of the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) from an industrial metal smelting area of Poland. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 137:121-129. [PMID: 27918943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The metallothionein 1 (MT1) coding sequence of red deer was identified and compared to orthologous sequences from other mammals. Over 90% identity was observed between red deer MT1 amino acid sequence and MT1 sequences of other ruminants. Liver and kidney samples of red deer were collected from the industrial zinc smelting site of Miasteczko Slaskie and from the Masuria Lake District serving as a pollution-free control site. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were analyzed by the atomic absorption spectrometry technique (AAS). The levels of Cd in the liver of red deer from the metal smelting region was about 8 times higher than for the reference control site. Next, the expression of MT1 mRNA in the liver of red deer was quantified by the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and the expression of MT1/2 protein in the liver and kidneys was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Positive correlations were found between expression levels for MT1 mRNA and the concentrations of Cu and Zn in liver of red deer, and with the age of animals. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the nuclear and cytoplasmatic expression in both liver and kidney tissues, but with no obvious relationship shown for the expression of MT1/2 protein and tissue metal levels. Our results showed that the analysis of MT expression levels in the red deer could not be used independently as a biomarker for identifying exposure to Cd, but could be co-analyzed with tissue metal levels to give better prognosis for environmental exposure to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Durkalec
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kolenda
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Großenhainer Str. 57, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C. K. Norwida 31, 51-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Owczarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C. K. Norwida 31, 51-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Józef Szkoda
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Grzegrzółka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chałubińskiego 6a, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chałubińskiego 6a, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Physical Education, al. I. J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. M. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Roman Kołacz
- Department of Environment, Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Großenhainer Str. 57, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan Żmudzki
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Mulero R, Cano-Manuel J, Ráez-Bravo A, Pérez JM, Espinosa J, Soriguer R, Fandos P, Granados JE, Romero D. Lead and cadmium in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Sierra Nevada Natural Space (southern Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16598-16608. [PMID: 27178294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate Pb and Cd levels in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the Sierra Nevada Natural Space (SNNS) (southern Spain). Heavy metal concentrations in livers, kidneys and bones from 111 animals were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Bones and kidneys were the most Pb- and Cd-contaminated tissues, respectively; Cd concentrations were 5.6 times higher in kidneys than in livers. This is the first biomonitoring study of these pollutants in wild boar tissues in the SNNS, and findings indicate that this population is chronically exposed to these heavy metals. The detected Pb and Cd concentrations were lower than those found in many studies performed in Europe on the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mulero
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Cano-Manuel
- Parque Nacional y Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada. Ctra, Antigua de Sierra Nevada Km7, E-18071, Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Gerencia de Granada, E-18013, Granada, Spain
| | - Arián Ráez-Bravo
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pérez
- Dpto. Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, E-23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Dpto. Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, E-23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana. CSIC, Avd. María Luisa s/n, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
- IREC. CSIC, Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paulino Fandos
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Servicios Centrales, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José E Granados
- Parque Nacional y Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada. Ctra, Antigua de Sierra Nevada Km7, E-18071, Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Gerencia de Granada, E-18013, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30071, Murcia, Spain.
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12
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Bąkowska M, Pilarczyk B, Tomza-Marciniak A, Udała J, Pilarczyk R. The bioaccumulation of lead in the organs of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.), red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), and wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) from Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14373-14382. [PMID: 27068893 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of lead (Pb) in the livers and kidneys of free-living animals from Poland, with regard to the differences in tissue Pb content between the species. The research material consisted of liver and kidney samples collected from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) that had been hunted in 16 voivodeships of Poland. The concentration of lead had been measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. The results show that differences in lead concentration in the organs depended on the geographic location. In roe deer and red deer, the highest mean lead concentrations in the livers and kidneys, observed in the central region of Poland, were twice as high as the lowest concentration of Pb in these animals from the northeastern region of the country. In wild boar, the highest mean concentration of Pb was noted in the livers of animals from the central region of Poland and in the kidneys of animals from the northwestern region, while the lowest lead concentrations in both organs were typical for wild boar from the southeast part of the country. Our results show that areas located in the center and in the north of Poland carry most of the burden of lead bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bąkowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Judyma 6, 71-466, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Bogumiła Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Judyma 6, 71-466, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Judyma 6, 71-466, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Udała
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Judyma 6, 71-466, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Renata Pilarczyk
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Judyma 10, 71-466, Szczecin, Poland
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13
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Amici A, Danieli PP, Russo C, Primi R, Ronchi B. Concentrations of some toxic and trace elements in wild boar (Sus scrofa) organs and tissues in different areas of the Province of Viterbo, Central Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2011.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Chiari M, Cortinovis C, Bertoletti M, Alborali L, Zanoni M, Ferretti E, Caloni F. Lead, cadmium and organochlorine pesticide residues in hunted red deer and wild boar from northern Italy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1867-74. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1087058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Yarsan E, Yipel M, Dikmen B, Altıntaş L, Ekici H, Köksal A. Concentrations of essential and non-essential toxic trace elements in wild boar (Sus Scrofa L., 1758) tissues from southern Turkey. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:10-14. [PMID: 24166722 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals, including wild boars, are suitable for use as bioindicators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected essential (Co, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn) and non-essential (As, Cd, Pb) potentially toxic trace elements in various tissues (hair and hoof) of wild boars hunted in the vicinity of Antalya province in Turkey, in relation to hunting seasons. Concentrations in mg/kg on dry weight basis were determined as 0.37 ± 0.27 mg/kg for As, 0.05 ± 0.04 mg/kg for Cd, 0.24 ± 0.33 mg/kg for Co, 4.84 ± 2.48 mg/kg for Cu, 289.94 ± 165.26 mg/kg for Fe, 8.71 ± 15.68 mg/kg for Pb, 0.24 ± 0.10 mg/kg for Se, and 28.99 ± 21.41 mg/kg for Zn in the hair samples; and as 0.11 ± 0.04 mg/kg for As, 0.01 ± 0.04 mg/kg for Cd, 0.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg for Co, 1.03 ± 0.25 mg/kg for Cu, 56.88 ± 18.68 mg/kg for Fe, 0.30 ± 0.18 mg/kg for Pb, 0.11 ± 0.05 mg/kg for Se, and 17.91 ± 10.98 mg/kg for Zn in the hoof samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Yarsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey,
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16
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Rodríguez-Estival J, Álvarez-Lloret P, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Mateo R. Chronic effects of lead (Pb) on bone properties in red deer and wild boar: relationship with vitamins A and D3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 174:142-9. [PMID: 23262069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we study the occurrence of abnormalities on bone tissue composition and turnover mechanisms through the Pb-mediated disruption of vitamins A and D in wild ungulates living in a lead (Pb)-polluted mining area. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the mining area had significantly higher liver and bone Pb levels than controls, which were associated with the depletion of liver retinyl esters and the corresponding increase of free retinol levels both in deer and boar from the mining area. Pb-exposed adult deer had lower carbonate content in bone mineral than controls, which was associated with the increased free retinol percentage. In wild boar, the degree of bone mineralization was also positively associated with higher burdens of retinyl esters. These results suggest that Pb-associated changes in bone composition and mineralization is likely influenced by the depletion of vitamin A in wildlife exposed to environmental Pb pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rodríguez-Estival
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Sales J, Kotrba R. Meat from wild boar (Sus scrofa L.): a review. Meat Sci 2013; 94:187-201. [PMID: 23501250 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wild boar is a species that is utilised for food and sport hunting throughout the world. Recent increases in natural populations and the potential of farming wild boars have stimulated interest in this species as a meat producer. Compared to domestic pigs, wild boars present a higher degree of carcass fatness and larger loin areas, more slow-twitch oxidative (I) and fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (IIA) and less fast-twitch glycolytic (IIB) muscle fibres, and darker, less tender and leaner meat. Differences in diets might contribute to differences in cooked meat flavour and fatty acid composition between wild boars and domestic pigs. Higher α-tocopherol concentrations in wild boar might extend its meat shelf-life. Mechanical massaging of muscles, vacuum package ageing and addition of marinates have been attempted to tenderise wild boar meat. Further research on hunting protocols for wild boar, and value-added products from its meat, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sales
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Uhříněves, 104 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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18
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Šuran J, Prišć M, Rašić D, Srebočan E, Crnić AP. Malondialdehyde and heavy metal concentrations in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) from central Croatia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:147-152. [PMID: 23305283 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.727672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the degree of heavy metal (cadmium, lead and mercury) contamination of wild boars from central Croatia and thereby conduct further tests to connect the contamination to oxidative stress occurrence. The highest cadmium concentration was noticed in the kidneys of older boars, the lead concentration was approximately the same in the liver and kidneys, but it was much higher than the concentration in the muscles, while the highest mercury concentration was measured in the kidneys of all wild boars. The correlation between the malondialdehyde (MDA) and the heavy metal concentrations was higher in tissue samples taken from younger animals (1 to 3 years of age) than in the tissue samples taken from older animals (5 to 6 years of age). In the kidneys of all wild boars there was a statistically significant connection between the MDA and cadmium concentration; in the kidneys of younger wild boars there was a statistically significant connection between the MDA and lead concentration. Further research on this topic should focus on MDA potential to find its use, not only as a contamination biomarker in the area of ecotoxicology, but also in the evaluation of the hygienic acceptability of animal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Šuran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Muzandu K, Choongo K, M'kandawire E, Yasuda J, Ishizuka M. Metal and metalloid levels and bio-accumulation characteristics in soil, sediment, land plants and hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius L) from the South Luangwa National Park, Zambia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 80:333-338. [PMID: 22521811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius L) are large semi-aquatic mammals that can be exposed to metals and metalloid from both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Therefore, knowledge of metal and metalloid accumulation characteristics in hippopotami living in the national park is important from ecotoxicological point of view. Levels of toxic metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) and metalloid (As) in hippopotami liver from the South Luangwa National Park in Zambia were far lower compared to the established values of toxic levels in cattle. No temporal variations of metal levels in hippopotami were observed, probably because of good management condition and the lack of anthropogenic activities around the national park. However, hippopotami liver accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Hg compared to soil, sediment and their food (plants), most likely due to a process of biomagnification throughout a trophic chain. Moreover, hippopotami liver and land plants showed significantly higher Cd levels than those of soil. These results strongly suggest that hippopotami liver accumulate higher levels of these metals if surrounding environment is contaminated. Levels of Cr and Ni in hippopotami liver were higher compared to other toxic metals. Since this is the first report to show the Cr and Ni levels and bio-accumulation characteristics of Hg and Cd in hippopotami, we concluded that continuous monitoring and evaluation of toxic effects of these metals on hippopotami should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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20
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Srebočan E, Janicki Z, Crnić AP, Tomljanović K, Sebečić M, Konjević D. Cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in selected red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) tissues from north-eastern Croatia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:2101-2108. [PMID: 22871008 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.695994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of cadmium, lead and mercury were determined in muscle, liver and kidney tissue from three different age groups of red deer (young animals aged 6 or 7 months, middle-aged animals aged 3 to 5 years, old animals aged over 8 years) from the Baranja region of Croatia. Median cadmium concentrations were low in the muscles of all investigated age groups (0.0002; 0.0009 and 0.0020 μg/g), higher in the liver (0.0279; 0.0656 and 0.1463 μg/g) and highest in the kidneys (0.4792; 2.8531 and 6.1657 μg/g). A positive correlation was established between cadmium concentration and age. In all analyzed tissues the median lead concentration was higher in young (muscle 0.0024; liver 0.0364 and kidney 0.0618 μg/g), compared to middle-aged animals (muscle 0.0001; liver 0.0184 and kidney 0.0160 μg/g). In contrast to cadmium, mercury had a negative correlation to age but median concentrations were very low (in muscle: 0.0011; 0.0001 and 0.0006 μg/g; in liver: 0.0051; 0.0037 and 0.0022 μg/g and in kidney: 0.0145; 0.0183 and 0.0106 μg/g) especially compared to cadmium. From the hygienic point of view all the examined tissues are edible since concentrations of the analyzed metals do not exceed values proposed by the official regulations, with the exception of a few kidney samples, which contained cadmium above the recommended value. Furthermore, mercury concentrations are no longer (since 2008) a matter of legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Srebočan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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21
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Morales JSS, Rojas RM, Pérez-Rodríguez F, Casas AA, López MAA. Risk assessment of the lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1021-33. [PMID: 21728894 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.583282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in big game meat may pose a risk to human health. The main objective of this paper is to carry out a risk assessment study (using a probabilistic and point-estimate approach) of lead intake by consumption of red deer and wild boar meat in Southern Spain based on Spanish data collected in the period 2003-2006. In general, the concentration levels found for wild boar meat (mean = 1291 µg kg(-1)) were much higher than those observed in red deer meat (mean = 326 µg kg(-1)). The results from a point-estimate risk assessment showed that the estimated average intake of lead among different exposure scenarios varied from 0.1 to 6.5 and from 0.3 to 38 µg kg(-1) week(-1) for red deer and wild boar meat, respectively; and from 0.3 to 35 µg kg(-1) week(-1) for individuals consuming both red deer and wild boar meat, and that the estimated intake of lead by consumption of big game meat differed significantly between hunters and non-hunters, it being higher for hunters. Besides this, results from the probabilistic risk assessment study corroborated the fact that risk is greater in hunter populations, reaching a maximum in individuals consuming only wild boar and both types of meat, with 0.4% and 0.2% of the population above the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), respectively. Likewise, the hunter populations consuming wild boar and both types of big game meat (red deer and wild boar meat) were exposed to the maximum lead level (56 µg kg(-1) week(-1)), which corresponded approximately to 224% of the PTWI. Further data and studies will be needed to give a complete risk estimation in which it will be crucial to consider the contribution to the lead intake level of other foods in the diet of both population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Sevillano Morales
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Edif. Darwin-Anexo, E-1014 Córdoba, Spain
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22
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Rodríguez-Estival J, Martinez-Haro M, Monsalve-González L, Mateo R. Interactions between endogenous and dietary antioxidants against Pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ungulates from a Pb polluted mining area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2725-2733. [PMID: 21550099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Certain physiologic disorders, attributed to lead (Pb) exposure are related to the generation of oxidative stress. Organisms rely on a complex antioxidant system, composed of endogenously produced compounds such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH peroxidase (GPX); and dietary antioxidants such as vitamins A and E. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between both groups of antioxidants and to evaluate their role in fighting Pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ungulates living in a Pb mining area. We studied red deer (n=54) and wild boar (n=60) from mining and control sites. Liver Pb, copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) levels were measured in liver and bone. Levels of GSH, oxidized GSH (GSSG), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), α-tocopherol, free retinol and retinyl esters, and the activities of SOD and GPX were measured in liver. Wild boar and red deer from the mining sites had higher bone (geometric means: 7.36 vs. 1.23μg/g dw for boar; and 0.46 vs. 0.11μg/g dw for deer) and liver Pb levels (0.81 vs. 0.24μg/g dw for boar; and 0.35 vs. 0.11μg/g dw for deer) than the controls. Pb exposure in deer was associated with lower GSH, α-tocopherol and retinyl esters, and higher free retinol and TBARS. A similar effect on vitamin A balance was observed in wild boar, but this was accompanied with an increase in GSH and α-tocopherol. GPX activity and Se levels were higher in wild boar (mean in controls: 670IU/mg protein and 1.3μg/g dw, respectively) than in red deer (150IU/mg protein and 0.3μg/g). These differences may indicate that red deer is more sensitive to Pb-induced oxidative stress than wild boar. Both endogenous and nutritional antioxidants may be negatively affected by Pb exposure, and their interactions are essential to fight against Pb-mediated oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rodríguez-Estival
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Taggart MA, Reglero MM, Camarero PR, Mateo R. Should legislation regarding maximum Pb and Cd levels in human food also cover large game meat? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:18-25. [PMID: 20621359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Game meat may be contaminated with metals and metalloids if animals reside in anthropogenically polluted areas, or if ammunition used to kill the game contaminates the meat. Muscle tissue from red deer and wild boar shot in Ciudad Real province (Spain) in 2005-06 was analysed for As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Se and Cd. Samples were collected from hunting estates within and outside an area that has been historically used for mining, smelting and refining various metals and metalloids. Meat destined for human consumption, contained more Pb, As and Se (red deer) and Pb (boar) when harvested from animals that had resided in mined areas. Age related accumulation of Cd, Zn and As (in deer) and Cd, Cu and Se (in boar) was also observed. Two boar meat samples contained high Pb, at 352 and 2408 μg/g d.w., and these were likely to have been contaminated by Pb ammunition. Likewise, 19-84% of all samples (depending on species and sampling area) had Pb levels > 0.1 μg/g w.w., the EU maximum residue level (MRL) for farm reared meat. Between 9 and 43% of samples exceeded comparable Cd limits. Such data highlight a discrepancy between what is considered safe for human consumption in popular farmed meat (chicken, beef, lamb), and what in game may often exist. A risk assessment is presented which describes the number of meals required to exceed current tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs) for Pb and Cd, and the potential contribution of large game consumption to such intake limit criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Taggart
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Bilandzić N, Sedak M, Dokić M, Simić B. Wild boar tissue levels of cadmium, lead and mercury in seven regions of continental Croatia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 84:738-43. [PMID: 20405101 PMCID: PMC2882560 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-9999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of cadmium, mercury and lead were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry in the kidney and muscle of free-living wild boar (n = 169) from hunting grounds in seven counties of continental Croatia. Mean levels of metals (mg/kg) in muscle and kidney of boars ranged as follows: Cd: 0.005-0.016 and 0.866-4.58, Pb: 0.033-0.15 and 0.036-0.441, Hg: 0.004-0.012 and 0.04-0.152. In all seven regions, concentrations exceeded the permitted values (muscle and kidney mg/kg: cadmium 0.05/1; lead 0.1/0.5; mercury 0.03/0.1) in 13.6% and 71.6% of samples (muscle and kidney, respectively) for cadmium; 13.6% and 8.9% for lead; 19.5% and 2.4% for mercury. There were significant differences among the regions. Vukovar-Srijem and Virovitica-Podravina Counties were highly contaminated with cadmium, Sisak-Moslavina and Virovitica-Podravina Counties with lead and Brod-Posavina County had highest mercury concentrations. These results suggest a detailed investigation of physiological and environmental factors contributing to accumulation of metals in boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandzić
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory for Residue Control, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Srebocan E. Comments on "Concentration of selected metals in liver, kidney, and muscle of red deer (Cervus elaphus)". JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:1048-1050. [PMID: 19827498 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903129960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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26
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Bilandzić N, Sedak M, Vratarić D, Perić T, Simić B. Lead and cadmium in red deer and wild boar from different hunting grounds in Croatia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4243-7. [PMID: 19411089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and relations of Cd and Pb as environmental risk factors were studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the liver, kidney and muscle of free ranging wild boar (n=94) and red deer (n=45) from hunting grounds in four counties of north-east Croatia. In all four counties, the levels of Cd found in the kidney of red deer ranged from 2.28 to 5.91 mg/kg, and in wild boar from 3.47 to 21.10 mg/kg. The mean renal concentration of Cd was significantly higher in wild boar than in red deer from all four study areas. The mean hepatic (0.11 to 0.49 mg/kg, respectively) and muscle (0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg, respectively) Cd concentrations were similar in both species. The mean renal Cd concentration in wild boar and red deer exceeded 1 mg/kg in all four counties, ranging from 67.0% to 91.4% and from 45.5% to 69.2%, respectively. Also, the hepatic Cd/renal Cd ratio was lower than 1 in all animals. In all four counties, renal Pb concentration ranged from 0.058 to 3.77 mg/kg in red deer and from 0.056 to 11.60 mg/kg in wild boar. Hepatic Pb concentration was similar in both species (0.061 to 0.202 mg/kg in wild boar and 0.077 to 0.108 mg/kg in red deer). Because of the high Cd level in the organs of wild boar and red deer, further research is needed to identify the source of contamination in order to preserve the health of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandzić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Reglero MM, Taggart MA, Monsalve-González L, Mateo R. Heavy metal exposure in large game from a lead mining area: effects on oxidative stress and fatty acid composition in liver. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1388-1395. [PMID: 19117650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Pb mining area of the valley of Alcudia and the Sierra Madrona mountains (S. Spain) has been exploited intermittently for over 2100 years, since Roman occupation and up until the late 1900s. Red deer (n=168) and wild boar (n=58) liver and bone (metacarpus) were analyzed for Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As and Se. Lipid peroxidation, total and oxidized glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH peroxidase (GPX) and fatty acid composition were studied in liver of red deer. The concentrations of Pb in liver and bone of red deer and wild boar were higher in the mining area than in the control area, and higher in the wild boar than red deer, but well below the level associated with clinical signs of Pb poisoning. Liver levels of Cu, Cd and Se were also higher in red deer from the mining area. Red deer from the mining area had 39% less total GSH than in the control area. The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid in liver of red deer from the mining area was 16% lower than in the control area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Reglero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Reglero MM, Monsalve-González L, Taggart MA, Mateo R. Transfer of metals to plants and red deer in an old lead mining area in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 406:287-297. [PMID: 18625513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lead mining in the Sierra Madrona mountains and the valley of Alcudia in Southern Spain began in the 1st millennium B.C., and the area was intermittently exploited up until the end of the 20th century. The degree of contamination by Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Se of soil, water and sediment, and the transfer to 13 species of plants, and then to red deer (Cervus elaphus) have been studied. Mined areas had higher concentrations in stream sediments than control areas. The highest concentrations were observed for Pb (1481 microg g(-1) d.w.) and As (1880 microg g(-1)) in the sediment of a stream flowing beside the spoil dump at Mina de Horcajo. Plants from mining sites contained consistently higher levels of Pb and As, and their concentrations in plants were correlated. The highest concentrations of Pb were in Gramineae (Pb: 97.5, As: 2.4 microg g(-1) d.w.), and the lowest in elmleaf blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius). The highest mean liver concentrations were found in red deer from the mining sites for Pb (0.805 microg g(-1) d. w.), Cd (0.554 microg g(-1)), Se (0.327 microg g(-1)), and As (0.061 microg g(-1)), although these were well below the levels associated with clinical poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Reglero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Millán J, Mateo R, Taggart MA, López-Bao JV, Viota M, Monsalve L, Camarero PR, Blázquez E, Jiménez B. Levels of heavy metals and metalloids in critically endangered Iberian lynx and other wild carnivores from Southern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 399:193-201. [PMID: 18455757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid in the world with a wild population which probably stands at less than 200 individuals inhabiting two areas in Southern Spain (Doñana and Sierra Morena) that are known to have been contaminated by heavy metals and metalloids due to a long history of mining activities. This contamination may pose a threat to long term conservation efforts and hence, the concentrations of seven elements (As, Se, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) were determined in the liver, muscle and bone of 9 lynx, as well as 17 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 11 Egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon), 4 common genets (Genetta genetta) and 1 Eurasian badger (Meles meles). The mean concentrations found were below the threshold levels indicative of chronic intoxication in all the species studied. In general, genet and red fox were species with the highest concentrations of several elements in Doñana, whilst Iberian lynx had the lowest levels of most of them. Lynx from Sierra Morena had significantly higher concentrations of bone Pb (2.05 microg/g d.w.) than those from Doñana (0.13 microg/g d.w.), probably due to the mineralised underlying geology and/or the abandoned mine workings in Sierra Morena. Egyptian mongoose presented liver concentrations of Hg up to 9.7 microg/g d.w. A strong relationship between Hg and Se levels was found in liver and muscle samples of all the studied species, especially in mongoose. In conclusion, levels of the studied elements do not appear to represent a significant threat for the lynx or for the other carnivores studied. However, given the critical status of the Iberian lynx, a continuous monitoring scheme remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Millán
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Avda. María Luisa s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Lazarus M, Orct T, Blanusa M, Vickovic I, Sostarić B. Toxic and essential metal concentrations in four tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Baranja, Croatia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:270-83. [PMID: 17852398 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701364923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Kidney (n = 297), liver (n = 52), jawbone (n = 80) and muscle (n = 48) samples collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) from north-eastern Croatia in the 2002--05 hunting season were analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical evaluation of results showed age-related accumulations of renal cortex Cd and Zn, bone Pb, and muscle Zn. Renal cortex Cd and Zn were significantly associated. In addition, concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle tissue were significantly correlated with Fe content. Found levels of toxic metals were not likely to affect the health status of animals. A total of 49% of the muscle, 60% of the kidney and 6% of the liver samples were unsuitable for human consumption according to Croatian regulations for Cd in food. However, the calculated intake of Cd through deer meat consumption is small and represents no health risk when consumption is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lazarus
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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Bullet-derived lead in tissues of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-007-0134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Falandysz J, Szymczyk-Kobrzyńska K, Brzostowski A, Zalewski K, Zasadowski A. Concentrations of heavy metals in the tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from the region of Warmia and Mazury, Poland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 22:141-9. [PMID: 15824004 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500047273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc were quantified using a validated ICP/MS method in the tissues and organs of 82 specimens of red deer of different sexes and ages, which had been hunted at the Great Lakes Land region in the north-eastern of Poland in 2000-01. Copper and zinc occurred in liver, kidney and muscle tissue of red deer at concentrations of 6.4-29, 3.3-7.2 and 1.9-6.4, and of 19-43, 17-41 and 19-64 mg kg(-1), respectively, which are considered typical for the species, age and gender compared with values noted for some other wild and domestic ruminant species elsewhere. For cadmium and lead, the concentrations decreased in the order kidney > liver > muscle tissue, with overall means of 2.2, 0.19, and 0.10, 0.31, and 0.26, 0.22 mg kg(-1) wet weight, respectively. The cadmium content of the kidney of a proportion of red deer sampled exceeded the legal tolerance limits set in Poland. The means (but not individual animal data) obtained for cadmium in kidney and liver correlated (0.99) with the age of red deer. Also, the lead content of the muscle meat of red deer for many carcasses exceeded the legal limit, which was probably due to contamination from the fine dust particle remains from the lead bullets used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Falandysz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Garcia-Fernandez AJ, Martinez-Lopez E, Romero D, Maria-Mojica P, Godino A, Jimenez P. High levels of blood lead in griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from Cazorla Natural Park (southern Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2005; 20:459-63. [PMID: 16007647 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The blood lead of 23 griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) trapped in 2003 was analyzed in order to evaluate exposure to lead in the vulture population of Cazorla Natural Park (in southern Spain). In 2001 the use of leaded gasoline in vehicles was banned in the European Union; however, lead ammunition is still used in Spain in big-game hunting for red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar, which are ingested by vultures from September to March. The mean concentration of lead in blood was 43.07 +/- 31.96 microg/dL with a range of 17.39-144.80 microg/dL. Only two vultures had lead levels below 20 microg/dL, and two others had blood lead concentrations close to 150 microg/dL. In view of the results, we think the population of vultures from Cazorla Natural Park is suffering subclinical exposure to lead, with some individuals exposed to high toxicity risk. We concluded that ingestion of lead in the metallic form alone is sufficient to produce these blood lead concentrations, and we recommend the prohibition of lead ammunition for big-game hunting in order to preserve the vulture population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Toxicology, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo 30071, Murcia, Spain.
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Gaines KF, Porter DE, Dyer SA, Wein GR, Pinder JE, Brisbin IL. Using wildlife as receptor species: a landscape approach to ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2004; 34:528-545. [PMID: 15747408 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-004-0261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To assist risk assessors at the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS), a Geographic Information System (GIS) application was developed to provide relevant information about specific receptor species of resident wildlife that can be used for ecological risk assessment. Information was obtained from an extensive literature review of publications and reports on vertebrate- and contaminant-related research since 1954 and linked to a GIS. Although this GIS is a useful tool for risk assessors because the data quality is high, it does not describe the species' site-wide spatial distribution or life history, which may be crucial when developing a risk assessment. Specific receptor species on the SRS were modeled to provide an estimate of an overall distribution (probability of being in an area). Each model is a stand-alone tool consisting of algorithms independent of the GIS data layers to which it is applied and therefore is dynamic and will respond to changes such as habitat disturbances and natural succession. This paper describes this modeling process and demonstrates how these resource selection models can then be used to produce spatially explicit exposure estimates. This approach is a template for other large federal facilities to establish a framework for site-specific risk assessments that use wildlife species as endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Gaines
- University of South Carolina, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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35
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Dip R, Hegglin D, Deplazes P, Dafflon O, Koch H, Naegeli H. Age- and sex-dependent distribution of persistent organochlorine pollutants in urban foxes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2003; 111:1608-12. [PMID: 14527839 PMCID: PMC1241682 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of urban and suburban habitats by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) provides a novel sentinel species to monitor the spread of anthropogenic pollutants in densely populated human settlements. Here, red foxes were collected in the municipal territory of Zürich, Switzerland, and their perirenal adipose tissue was examined for persistent organochlorine residues. This pilot study revealed an unexpected pattern of contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with significantly higher levels of the predominant congeners PCB-138, PCB-153, and PCB-180 in juvenile foxes relative to adult animals. Further data analysis demonstrated that the observed difference was attributable to an age-dependent reduction of PCB concentrations in females, whereas male foxes retained approximately the same PCB burden throughout their life span. A similar sex-related bias between population members has been observed, primarily in marine mammals. Interestingly, the reduction of organochlorine contents with progressive age is reminiscent of human studies, where an extensive maternal transfer of xenobiotics to the offspring has been shown to result in increased exposure levels of infants relative to adults. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an urban wildlife species that faithfully reflects the dynamic distribution of toxic contaminants in the corresponding human population. Suburban and urban foxes occupy habitats in close proximity to humans, depend on anthropogenic food supplies, are relatively long-lived and readily available for sampling, can be easily aged and sexed, have a limited home range, and, therefore, meet several important requirements to serve as a surrogate species for the assessment of toxic health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Dip
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Tierspital, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ceruti R, Ghisleni G, Ferretti E, Cammarata S, Sonzogni O, Scanziani E. Wild rats as monitors of environmental lead contamination in the urban area of Milan, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 117:255-259. [PMID: 11916039 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were collected from four areas of Milan (Italy). Main organs were harvested from each rat, fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Organ sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, kidney sections were also stained with the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry was performed on all kidney samples. The presence of inclusion bodies and karyocytomegaly was scored. Six adult rats out of 21 (28.6%) showed kariocytomegaly and intranuclear inclusion bodies of the renal proximal tubules, characteristic of lead toxicity. The nuclear inclusion bodies were always Ziehl-Neelsen positive. The six rats which showed the characteristic histological alterations ascribed to lead, had lead concentrations statistically higher than the three control rats (4 microg/g wet wt. versus 0.09 microg/g wet wt., P<0.001) and than the captured wild rats. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in rats with kidney lead concentrations greater than 0.6 microg/g wet weight. There were significant differences between the four areas of capture. The incidence of intranuclear inclusion bodies and karyocytomegaly in proximal tubular cells was higher in rats with high lead levels detected by spectrophotometry. The present results indicate a renal lead concentration of 0.6 microg/g wet weight as a threshold to detect histologic kidney changes due to lead absorption. Results demonstrate that the examination of adult free-living rats may be considered an appropriate method to obtain a rapid, sensitive, easy, cost effective estimate of lead contamination in urban areas. Animal models allow us to evaluate potential human health risk associated with environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ceruti
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia A viare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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