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Boselli E, Wu Z, Haynes EN, Papautsky I. Screen-Printed Sensors Modified with Nafion and Mesoporous Carbon for Electrochemical Detection of Lead in Blood. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 171:027513. [PMID: 38357555 PMCID: PMC10862559 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) has long been acknowledged as a systemic toxicant, with pronounced health impacts observed even at low exposure levels, particularly in children. Adverse effects include diminished cognitive function, altered behavior, and developmental delays. Consequently, it is imperative to conduct regular monitoring of Blood Lead Levels (BLLs). In this work, we report on an electrochemical sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) coated with Nafion and mesoporous carbon (MC). The sensor system uses simple sample preparation (acidification and dilution of whole blood), minimal sample volume (a few blood drops, 200 μl), and swift time-to-results (1 h). A limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.3 μg dL-1 Pb was achieved in whole blood. To demonstrate the practical utility of our sensor system, we evaluated its performance in the analysis of blood samples collected from children (n = 25). Comparative analysis with the laboratory-based gold standard method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) demonstrated approximately 77% accuracy and 94% precision. We anticipate that our approach will serve as a valuable tool for more frequent BLL monitoring, particularly in communities where access to laboratory testing is impractical or expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boselli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Zhizhen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Haynes
- Departments of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky, Kentucky 40536, United States of America
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
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Gaur VK, Sharma P, Gaur P, Varjani S, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chaturvedi P, Singhania RR. Sustainable mitigation of heavy metals from effluents: Toxicity and fate with recent technological advancements. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7297-7313. [PMID: 34569893 PMCID: PMC8806687 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1978616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in anthropogenic activities due to rapid industrialization had caused an elevation in heavy metal contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These pollutants have detrimental effects on human and environmental health. The majority of these pollutants are carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and are very poisonous even at very low concentrations. Contamination caused by heavy metals has become a global concern for which the traditional treatment approaches lack in providing a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution. Therefore, the use of microorganisms and plants to reduce the free available heavy metal present in the environment has become the most acceptable method by researchers. Also, in microbial- and phyto-remediation the redox reaction shifts the valence which makes these metals less toxic. In addition to this, the use of biochar as a remediation tool has provided a sustainable solution that needs further investigations toward its implementation on a larger scale. Enzymes secreted by microbes and whole microbial cell are considered an eco-efficient biocatalyst for mitigation of heavy metals from contaminated sites. To the best of our knowledge there is very less literature available covering remediation of heavy metals aspect along with the sensors used for detection of heavy metals. Systematic management should be implemented to overcome the technical and practical limitations in the use of these bioremediation techniques. The knowledge gaps have been identified in terms of its limitation and possible future directions have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Prachi Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Institute of Management and Technology, Aligarh, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Paryavaran Bhavan, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, GujaratIndia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental, Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW – Australia
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental, Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW – Australia
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Csir-iitr), LucknowUttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Wang W, Ding S, Wang Z, Lv Q, Zhang Q. Electrochemical paper-based microfluidic device for on-line isolation of proteins and direct detection of lead in urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 187:113310. [PMID: 34020224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the on-line isolation of proteins and the electrochemical detection of lead ions (Pb(II)) in urine samples. The patterned filter paper was prepared through the direct printing of microchannel patterns on filter paper using an office laser printer. The paper was modified with protein precipitant and was then coupled with a detachable three-electrode system. Experimental parameters, namely, modification reagents, microchannel length and width, deposition potential, and deposition time, were optimized. Then, the maximum protein concentration under which the device can function was obtained as 300 mg L-1. The linear range was 10-500 μg L-1 with a detection limit of 9 μg L-1. The effectiveness of this device was demonstrated through the quantification of Pb(II) in urine samples and the results agreed with those of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Shounian Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China.
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Sannigrahi A, Chowdhury S, Nandi I, Sanyal D, Chall S, Chattopadhyay K. Development of a near infrared Au-Ag bimetallic nanocluster for ultrasensitive detection of toxic Pb 2+ ions in vitro and inside cells. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3660-3669. [PMID: 36133546 PMCID: PMC9417565 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the research activities pertaining to the synthesis of fluorescent noble metal nanoclusters (NCs) and their applications in biological optics have been growing, only limited information is available in the near IR (NIR) region. However, fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy in the NIR region offer significant advantages over UV and visible wavelengths. In this manuscript, we demonstrate bio-mineralized synthesis of stable Au-Ag bimetallic NCs with tunable NIR fluorescence using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein template. We also demonstrate its application in the detection of toxic heavy metal ions Pb2+ in vitro and inside cells. The tunability of the fluorescence emission between 680 nm and 815 nm is achieved by systematically varying the ratio of Au and Ag in the composite NCs. The bimetallic NCs when interacting with Pb2+ offered a large increase in fluorescence intensity, which enabled sensitive detection of Pb2+. We determined a limit of detection (LOD) of 96 nM for the detection of Pb2+ under in vitro conditions, which is significantly less than the safe level in drinking water. Its applicability has also been demonstrated successfully in real water samples collected from local water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinta Sannigrahi
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Sourav Chowdhury
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road Kolkata 700032 India
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12, Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Indrani Nandi
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road Kolkata 700032 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Dwipanjan Sanyal
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Sayantani Chall
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road Kolkata 700032 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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González F, Camacho M, Tiburón NP, Peña MZ, Rueda LR, Luzardo OP. Suitability of anodic stripping voltammetry for routine analysis of venous blood from raptors. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:737-747. [PMID: 30556155 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poisoning is a significant threat faced by raptors. Hence, rapid Pb diagnosis has become a priority during the admission of raptors in wildlife recovery centers, and bench-top analyzers, such as LeadCare II ®, are routinely employed for this purpose. However, this device has been designed for conducting analyses of human blood Pb levels (BLLs), and the validity of this methodology for whole blood from raptors has, to date, rarely been assessed. In addition, a recent recall by the US Food and Drug Administration has recommended discontinuing the use of this analyzer for human venous blood because it may underestimate the BLL. We evaluated the precision of BLL measurements taken with LeadCare II by comparing them with those obtained with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our sample contained venous blood from 105 raptors belonging to 4 species. The results showed a good correlation between the 2 techniques (Spearman's r = 0.927, p < 0.0001). The mean BLL with ICP-MS was 19.6 μg/dL; it was found to be 18.7 μg/dL with LeadCare II. A Bland-Altman analysis indicated that the bias between the mean differences was only 0.5 μg/dL, but it had a high standard deviation of bias (5.7 μg/dL) and 95% limits of agreement from -10.75 to 11.74 μg/dL. The present results indicated that LeadCare II has an overall sensitivity of 71.8% and a positive predictive value of 76.3%. The specificity of LeadCare II for detecting animals with low BLL (<3.4 μg/dL) was 96.4%, and the negative predictive value (the probability that a value below the limit of detection of LeadCare II has a true correspondence with the actual value) was 100%. The present results indicated that, although LeadCare II might be imperfect in the estimation of BLLs in raptors, it performs reasonably well and might be employed in the clinical setting to assess patients potentially suffering from Pb poisoning. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:737-747. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Natalia Pastor Tiburón
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado Peña
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Revuelta Rueda
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
- Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
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González F, López I, Suarez L, Moraleda V, Rodríguez C. Levels of blood lead in Griffon vultures from a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Spain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:143-150. [PMID: 28528317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead is considered a highly toxic contaminant with important impacts to bird wildlife. Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) are a sensitive indicator of the level of environmental contamination due to their position at the top of the food chain and their dependence on human activities. The aim of this study was to assess susceptibility to lead intoxication in Griffon vultures admitted to Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers (WRC), measuring blood lead levels and determining if blood lead concentrations are related to clinical signs, hematological, biochemical or radiographic findings. Also, the influence of age, gender, body condition, season and primary cause of admission were evaluated. This study was realized in all Griffon vultures admitted during a period of one year in the Rehabilitation Center GREFA. Blood lead levels are measured by using anodic stripping voltammetry. In Griffon vultures, we observed that 26% of the analyzed birds presented lead levels above 20µg/dL with 74% below 20µg/dL ([Pb]<20 =9.34±5.60µg/dL). In our study, statistically significant differences were found for lead according to sex, season of admission to the center and body condition. A negative correlation was found between levels of metal and hematocrit. No association was found between clinical signs and blood lead levels in Griffon vultures, except for digestive signs as stasis and weight loss. On numerous occasions, the intoxication in this specie is related to ingestion of lead ammunition; however, we have not detected radiographic lead in our vultures. Compared with other studies, we generally found low levels of lead in blood of Griffon vultures but the blood of all birds admitted to WRC presented detectable lead concentrations. This species apparently presents a higher sensibility to the toxic effects of this metal than that described by other authors. It have been observed that there is some evidence that suggests that subclinical levels of lead could be related with a predisposition to injury or diseases, even though these birds might be admitted for other causes. The detection of levels of blood lead in animals that are admitted to a recovery center will give valuable information which could be used to monitor spatial and temporal variations and provide a clearer picture of temporal levels of this contaminant in this emblematic avian specie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- GREFA (Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat), Ctra. Monte del Pilar, s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene López
- GREFA (Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat), Ctra. Monte del Pilar, s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Suarez
- GREFA (Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat), Ctra. Monte del Pilar, s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Moraleda
- GREFA (Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat), Ctra. Monte del Pilar, s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Casilda Rodríguez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Singh P, Pandey SK, Singh J, Srivastava S, Sachan S, Singh SK. Biomedical Perspective of Electrochemical Nanobiosensor. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2016; 8:193-203. [PMID: 30460280 PMCID: PMC6223677 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-015-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensor holds great promise in the biomedical area due to its enhanced specificity, sensitivity, label-free nature and cost effectiveness for rapid point-of-care detection of diseases at bedside. In this review, we are focusing on the working principle of electrochemical biosensor and how it can be employed in detecting biomarkers of fatal diseases like cancer, AIDS, hepatitis and cardiovascular diseases. Recent advances in the development of implantable biosensors and exploration of nanomaterials in fabrication of electrodes with increasing the sensitivity of biosensor for quick and easy detection of biomolecules have been elucidated in detail. Electrochemical-based detection of heavy metal ions which cause harmful effect on human health has been discussed. Key challenges associated with the electrochemical sensor and its future perspectives are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Sadhana Sachan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211004 India
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9
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Fu X, Lou T, Chen Z, Lin M, Feng W, Chen L. "Turn-on" fluorescence detection of lead ions based on accelerated leaching of gold nanoparticles on the surface of graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1080-1086. [PMID: 22264012 DOI: 10.1021/am201711j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel platform for effective "turn-on" fluorescence sensing of lead ions (Pb(2+)) in aqueous solution was developed based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-functionalized graphene. The AuNP-functionalized graphene exhibited minimal background fluorescence because of the extraordinarily high quenching ability of AuNPs. Interestingly, the AuNP-functionalized graphene underwent fluorescence restoration as well as significant enhancement upon adding Pb(2+), which was attributed to the fact that Pb(2+) could accelerate the leaching rate of the AuNPs on graphene surfaces in the presence of both thiosulfate (S(2)O(3)(2-)) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Consequently, this could be utilized as the basis for selective detection of Pb(2+). With the optimum conditions chosen, the relative fluorescence intensity showed good linearity versus logarithm concentration of Pb(2+) in the range of 50-1000 nM (R = 0.9982), and a detection limit of 10 nM. High selectivity over common coexistent metal ions was also demonstrated. The practical application had been carried out for determination of Pb(2+) in tap water and mineral water samples. The Pb(2+)-specific "turn-on" fluorescence sensor, based on Pb(2+) accelerated leaching of AuNPs on the surface of graphene, provided new opportunities for highly sensitive and selective Pb(2+) detection in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Fu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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Verma N, Kaur H, Kumar S. Whole Cell Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Monitoring Lead ions in Milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.259.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Economou A. Recent developments in on-line electrochemical stripping analysis—An overview of the last 12 years. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 683:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Banerjee R, Katsenovich Y, Lagos L, Senn M, Naja M, Balsamo V, Pannell KH, Li CZ. Functional magnetic nanoshells integrated nanosensor for trace analysis of environmental uranium contamination. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Fabrino HJF, Silveira JN, Neto WB, da Silva JBB. Factorial and Doehlert Design Used as Optimization Procedures for the Direct Determination of Lead in Whole Blood Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903402333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chouyyok W, Yantasee W, Shin Y, Grudzien RM, Fryxell GE. Transition metal ion capture using functional mesoporous carbon made with 1,10-phenanthroline. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2009; 12:1099-1103. [PMID: 23762013 PMCID: PMC3677781 DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional mesoporous carbon has been built using 1,10-phenanthroline as the fundamental building block, resulting in a nanoporous, high surface area sorbent capable of selectively binding transition metal ions. This material had a specific surface area of 870 m2/g, an average pore size of about 30 Å, and contained as much as 8.2 wt% N. Under acidic conditions, where the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand is protonated, this material was found to be an effective anion exchange material for transition metal anions like [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. 1,10-Phenanthroline functionalized mesoporous carbon ("Phen-FMC") was found to have a high affinity for Cu(II), even down to a pH of 1. At pHs above 5, Phen-FMC was found to bind a variety of transition metal cations (e.g. Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), etc.) from filtered ground water, river water and seawater. Phen-FMC displayed rapid sorption kinetics with Co(II) in filtered river water, reaching equilibrium in less than an hour, and easily lowering the [Co(II)] to sub-ppb levels. Phen-FMC was found to be more effective for transition metal ion capture than ion-exchange resin or activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilaiwan Chouyyok
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Yongsoon Shin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Rafal M. Grudzien
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Glen E. Fryxell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, United States
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Barry RC, Lin Y, Wang J, Liu G, Timchalk CA. Nanotechnology-based electrochemical sensors for biomonitoring chemical exposures. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2009; 19:1-18. [PMID: 19018275 PMCID: PMC2909474 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2008.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of dosimetry measurements and modeling represents a promising strategy for deciphering the relationship between chemical exposure and disease outcome. To support the development and implementation of biological monitoring programs, quantitative technologies for measuring xenobiotic exposure are needed. The development of portable nanotechnology-based electrochemical (EC) sensors has the potential to meet the needs for low cost, rapid, high-throughput, and ultrasensitive detectors for biomonitoring an array of chemical markers. Highly selective EC sensors capable of pM sensitivity, high-throughput and low sample requirements (<50 microl) are discussed. These portable analytical systems have many advantages over currently available technologies, thus potentially representing the next generation of biomonitoring analyzers. This paper highlights research focused on the development of field-deployable analytical instruments based on EC detection. Background information and a general overview of EC detection methods and integrated use of nanomaterials in the development of these sensors are provided. New developments in EC sensors using various types of screen-printed electrodes, integrated nanomaterials, and immunoassays are presented. Recent applications of EC sensors for assessing exposure to pesticides or detecting biomarkers of disease are highlighted to demonstrate the ability to monitor chemical metabolites, enzyme activity, or protein biomarkers of disease. In addition, future considerations and opportunities for advancing the use of EC platforms for dosimetric studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Barry
- aBiological Monitoring and Modeling Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Yantasee W, Charnhattakorn B, Fryxell GE, Lin Y, Timchalk C, Addleman RS. Detection of Cd, Pb, and Cu in non-pretreated natural waters and urine with thiol functionalized mesoporous silica and Nafion composite electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 620:55-63. [PMID: 18558124 PMCID: PMC2504327 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors have great potential for environmental monitoring of toxic metal ions in waters due to their portability, field-deployability and excellent detection limits. However, electrochemical sensors employing mercury-free approaches typically suffer from binding competition for metal ions and fouling by organic substances and surfactants in natural waters, making sample pretreatments such as wet ashing necessary. In this work, we have developed mercury-free sensors by coating a composite of thiol self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SH-SAMMS) and Nafion on glassy-carbon electrodes. With the combined benefit of SH-SAMMS as an outstanding metal preconcentrator and Nafion as an antifouling binder, the sensors could detect 0.5 pp b of Pb and 2.5 pp b of Cd in river water, Hanford groundwater, and seawater with a minimal amount of preconcentration time (few minutes) and without any sample pretreatment. The sensor could also detect 2.5 pp b of Cd, Pb, and Cu simultaneously. The electrodes have long service times and excellent single and inter-electrode reproducibility (5% R.S.D. after 8 consecutive measurements). Unlike SAMMS-carbon paste electrodes, the SAMMS-Nafion electrodes were not fouled in samples containing albumin and successfully detected Cd in human urine. Other potentially confounding factors affecting metal detection at SAMMS-Nafion electrodes were studied, including pH effect, transport resistance of metal ions, and detection interference. With the ability to reliably detect low metal concentration ranges without sample pretreatment and fouling, SAMMS-Nafion composite sensors have the potential to become the next-generation metal analyzers for environmental and bio-monitoring of toxic metals.
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Yantasee W, Hongsirikarn K, Warner CL, Choi D, Sangvanich T, Toloczko MB, Warner MG, Fryxell GE, Addleman RS, Timchalk C. Direct detection of Pb in urine and Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in natural waters using electrochemical sensors immobilized with DMSA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Analyst 2008; 133:348-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b711199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yantasee W, Lin Y, Hongsirikarn K, Fryxell GE, Addleman R, Timchalk C. Electrochemical sensors for the detection of lead and other toxic heavy metals: the next generation of personal exposure biomonitors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1683-90. [PMID: 18087583 PMCID: PMC2137133 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To support the development and implementation of biological monitoring programs, we need quantitative technologies for measuring xenobiotic exposure. Microanalytical based sensors that work with complex biomatrices such as blood, urine, or saliva are being developed and validated and will improve our ability to make definitive associations between chemical exposures and disease. Among toxic metals, lead continues to be one of the most problematic. Despite considerable efforts to identify and eliminate Pb exposure sources, this metal remains a significant health concern, particularly for young children. Ongoing research focuses on the development of portable metal analyzers that have many advantages over current available technologies, thus potentially representing the next generation of toxic metal analyzers. In this article, we highlight the development and validation of two classes of metal analyzers for the voltammetric detection of Pb, including: a) an analyzer based on flow injection analysis and anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercury-film electrode, and b) Hg-free metal analyzers employing adsorptive stripping voltammetry and novel nanostructure materials that include the self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports and carbon nanotubes. These sensors have been optimized to detect Pb in urine, blood, and saliva as accurately as the state-of-the-art inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with high reproducibility, and sensitivity allows. These improved and portable analytical sensor platforms will facilitate our ability to conduct biological monitoring programs to understand the relationship between chemical exposure assessment and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassana Yantasee
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Yuehe Lin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Kitiya Hongsirikarn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Glen E. Fryxell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Raymond Addleman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Timchalk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
- Address correspondence to C. Timchalk, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MSIN: P7-59, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA 99352 USA. Telephone: (509) 376-0434. Fax: (509) 376-9064. E-mail:
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