1
|
Mayor P, Soliño L, Cartró-Sabaté M, Orta-Martínez M. Impact of hydrocarbon extraction on heavy metal concentrations in lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) from the Peruvian Amazon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172371. [PMID: 38631638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Oil has been extracted from the Western Amazon since the 1920s, leading to severe environmental contamination due to frequent occurrence oil spills and the dumping of produced water. Local inhabitants, along with environmental and human rights organizations, have reported the adverse effects of oil-related pollution on their livelihoods and the ecosystems they depend on. Here, we study accumulation of oil-related heavy metals in wildlife, and its subsequent incorporation into the trophic chain. We analysed the concentration of 14 heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Ni, V, Ba, Se, Be, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al) in liver samples from 78 lowland pacas (Cuniculus paca) hunted for subsistence in an oil-polluted area from the northern Peruvian Amazon where oil has been extracted since the 1970s (n = 38), and two control areas, the Yavari-Mirín River basin (n = 20), and the Pucacuro River basin (n = 20). Pacas in the oil-polluted area have significantly higher concentrations of Cd (P < 0.01) and Ba (P < 0.0001) compared to those in control areas, suggesting bioaccumulation of oil-related pollution. Conversely, Se levels were significantly lower in the oil-polluted area (P < 0.0001), likely due to the sequestration of Se by other heavy metals, particularly Cd. Additionally, minor variations in other heavy metals, e.g., Fe and Zn, were observed in pacas from the oil-polluted area, whereas control areas showed higher concentrations of Ni and Cu. Mn and Al levels did not significantly differ between the study areas. These results underscore the impact of oil extraction on the absorption and assimilation of heavy metals in wildlife, point at oil activities as the source of the high and unsafe blood Cd levels reported for the indigenous population of the studied oil extraction area and raise concerns about the long-term health risks from oil extraction posed to local Indigenous People who rely on subsistence hunting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Fundamazonia, Iquitos, Peru.
| | - Lucía Soliño
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mar Cartró-Sabaté
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Orta-Martínez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Passarelli I, Villacis Verdesoto MV, Jiménez-Oyola S, Flores Huilcapi AG, Mora-Silva D, Anfuso G, Esparza Parra JF, Jimenez-Gutierrez M, Carrera Almendáriz LS, Avalos Peñafiel VG, Straface S, Mestanza-Ramón C. Analysis of Mercury in Aquifers in Gold Mining Areas in the Ecuadorian Amazon and Its Associated Risk for Human Health. TOXICS 2024; 12:162. [PMID: 38393257 PMCID: PMC10892106 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gold mining activity is a source of supply in many areas of the world, and especially in developing countries, it is practiced illegally and by applying unsafe techniques. Particularly in Ecuador, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is widespread, and it is based on the use of toxic substances, such as mercury (Hg), in gold recovery. Hg is a heavy metal that is water-insoluble, which, once mobilized, poses a threat to both the environment and human health. This study analyzes Hg concentrations in the six provinces of Napo, Sucumbíos, Orellana, Pastaza, Morona Santiago, and Zamora Chinchipe of the Ecuadorian Amazon region to conduct a human health risk assessment. Significant differences in Hg levels were found between provinces, but concentrations were below MPL imposed by Ecuadorian regulations everywhere. Nevertheless, a worrisome picture emerges, especially with regard to the most vulnerable receptors represented by the child population. There are multiple factors of incidence that may affect the possible future development of the phenomenon, and with reference to the social, economic, and environmental context of the region, it can be concluded that it may be appropriate to plan further investigation to arrive at a more comprehensive assessment. The results of this study can be used by decision makers to plan further investigation and to implement monitoring networks, risk mitigation strategies, and groundwater protection measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Passarelli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (I.P.)
| | | | - Samantha Jiménez-Oyola
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias de la Tierra, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090101, Ecuador
| | - Ana Gabriela Flores Huilcapi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Av. Colombia y Chile, Ambato 180104, Ecuador
| | - Demmy Mora-Silva
- Research Group YASUNI-SDC, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca 220001, Ecuador
| | - Giorgio Anfuso
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Jose Fernando Esparza Parra
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Faculty of Natural Resources, Panamericana Sur km 1 ½, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Salvatore Straface
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (I.P.)
| | - Carlos Mestanza-Ramón
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (I.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM): Management and Socioenvironmental Impacts in the Northern Amazon of Ecuador. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mining is one of the oldest economic activities of mankind. Within this activity, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is one of the most studied sectors due to its high level of environmental contamination and the social problems it causes. In recent years, ASGM in the northern Amazon of Ecuador has increased significantly, and studies that describe its current situation and impact are scarce. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the current status and socioenvironmental impacts caused by ASGM gold mining activities in the Cascales canton in the province of Sucumbíos in northeastern Ecuador. The methodological tools used in the present study were a literature review of scientific and gray literature, field visits to assess perceived impacts and an expert judgment to discuss the results and establish challenges. The main results indicate that illegal and informal activities continue to be carried out in the upper zone of the Cascales and Duvino rivers; 90% of local miners still use mercury in this activity, although it is legally prohibited. Among the main impacts evidenced are the contamination of water bodies, soil and atmosphere due to the use of mercury and disturbance to flora and fauna due to the use of machinery in the exploration process. Finally, the government should focus efforts on strengthening public policies to socialize the importance of good environmental practices in ASGM and the effects of the impacts on human health and environmental issues, all this with the support of social actors, such as ministries, universities, NGOs, ASGM associations and private enterprise.
Collapse
|
4
|
Astatkie H, Beyene EM, Ambelu A. Contamination and ecological risk assessment of toxic metals in Awetu watershed stream waters and sediments, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:451. [PMID: 35608719 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study analyzed the contamination level and ecological risk assessment of toxic metals Awetu watershed streams. A total of 20 water and 20 sediment samples were collected and analyzed for the toxic metals of Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). Sediment samples showed severe contamination levels based on ranges in sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Water samples showed high grades of contamination factor and potential ecological risk factor by toxic metals. The synergistic effects of toxic metals in the sampling sites were evaluated by Nemerow pollution index, potential ecological risk index and modified degree of contamination and were found to have similar results. Dololo stream (D1, D2, D3, and D4) and Kito (K1, K2, and K3) were found at 'toxic' contamination and 'severe' ecological risk. Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Sn contributed to the highest ecological risk. Toxic metal contamination in Dololo stream is attributed to institutions carrying out various anthropogenic activities along the stream bank, including traditional metal plating, garages, laboratory effluents, extensive agriculture, carwash, irresponsible waste disposal, and urban population growth. The result shows Awetu watershed streams are seriously contaminated by toxic metals. Therefore, future pollution control and management plans should accentuate the strict regulation of discharge of wastes from these anthropogenic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Higemengist Astatkie
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Udodenko YG, Robinson CT, Choijil J, Badrakh R, Munkhbat J, Ivanova ES, Komov VT. Mercury levels in sediment, fish and macroinvertebrates of the Boroo River, northern Mongolia, under the legacy of gold mining. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:312-323. [PMID: 34988727 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gold mining is currently one of the main anthropogenic sources of mercury in the environment. In this study, the total mercury content was measured in bottom sediments, benthic macroinvertebrates (mayfly larvae), and fish (Siberian dace) along the Boroo River in northern Mongolia. There was a gold recovery plant in the middle reaches of the river until the mid-twentieth century; an accident there in the 1950s caused a mercury spill. We found an increased content of mercury in measured ecosystem components near the plant compared to the upper reaches of the river. The mercury content in sediments varied from trace amounts in the upper Boroo to 2200 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the vicinity of the plant ruins. The mercury content in mayfly larvae ranged from 50 to 2940 ng/g dw and had a spatial pattern as sediments, with the highest concentrations near the plant. The mercury content in sediments was lower at the mouth of the Boroo River than near the plant, reflecting the lower boundary of the mercury spill. Maximum values of mercury content in fish muscle were found at the river's mouth and were several times higher than in other rivers of northern Mongolia. Median mercury content in muscles of dace from the lower Boroo in 2016 has doubled since studies in 2010-2012, which may be the result of current mercury releases from gold mining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury G Udodenko
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nekouz district, Yaroslavl oblast 152742, Borok, Russia.
- Department of human health and biology, Cherepovets State University, Lunacharskogo, 5, Cherepovets, 162600, Russia.
| | - Christopher T Robinson
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland and Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javzan Choijil
- Institute of Geography-Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Baruun Selbe 15, Ulaanbaatar, 210620, Mongolia
| | - Renchinbud Badrakh
- Institute of Geography-Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Baruun Selbe 15, Ulaanbaatar, 210620, Mongolia
| | - Jansagsodnom Munkhbat
- Institute of Geography-Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Baruun Selbe 15, Ulaanbaatar, 210620, Mongolia
| | - Elena S Ivanova
- Department of human health and biology, Cherepovets State University, Lunacharskogo, 5, Cherepovets, 162600, Russia
| | - Victor T Komov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nekouz district, Yaroslavl oblast 152742, Borok, Russia
- Department of human health and biology, Cherepovets State University, Lunacharskogo, 5, Cherepovets, 162600, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aendo P, Mingkhwan R, Senachai K, Santativongchai P, Thiendedsakul P, Tulayakul P. Health significant alarms of toxic carcinogenic risk consumption of blood meal metals contamination in poultry at a gold mining neighborhood, northern Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:783-797. [PMID: 34057663 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The proposes of this study were to compare THg (total mercury), Pb(Lead), Cd(Cadmium), and Mn (Manganese) contamination in poultry blood between polluted areas (≤ 25 km) and unpolluted areas (> 25 km) adjacent to the largest gold mining in northern Thailand. The THg level in the free-grazing duck in polluted areas was significantly higher than unpolluted area. Both THg and Pb levels in free-grazing duck were also highest in polluted areas. In contrast, the level of (Mn) in chicken blood was the highest in polluted areas. Cadmium in farmed duck from polluted areas was significantly higher than unpolluted areas. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of Hg, Pb, Cd, and Mn in all age groups in both areas did not exceed 1, meaning there is no possibility of the non-carcinogenic toxicity. Whereas, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of both Pb and Cd exceeded 1 × 10-4 in all age groups and these were particularly higher in the polluted area and considered to yield significant health effects of increasing the cancer risk. The ILCR in descending order for Pb and Cd was 13-18 years old = 18-35 years old > 6-13 years old = 35-65 years old > 3-6 years old > 65 up years old, respectively. The results revealed that the human cancer risk related to consuming poultry blood contaminated with both Pb and Cd in all age groups must be of concern, especially 13-18 and 18-35 years, it must be recommended to avoid raising animals in contaminated areas, especially free-grazing duck.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweena Aendo
- Graduate Student, Animal Health and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Rachaneekorn Mingkhwan
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Pitchaya Santativongchai
- Bio-Veterinary Sciences (International Program), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Piriyaporn Thiendedsakul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health and Biomedical Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Phitsanu Tulayakul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aguirre WE, Alvarez‐Mieles G, Anaguano‐Yancha F, Burgos Morán R, Cucalón RV, Escobar‐Camacho D, Jácome‐Negrete I, Jiménez Prado P, Laaz E, Miranda‐Troya K, Navarrete‐Amaya R, Nugra Salazar F, Revelo W, Rivadeneira JF, Valdiviezo Rivera J, Zárate Hugo E. Conservation threats and future prospects for the freshwater fishes of Ecuador: A hotspot of Neotropical fish diversity. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1158-1189. [PMID: 34235726 PMCID: PMC8518725 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fish communities in Ecuador exhibit some of the highest levels of diversity and endemism in the Neotropics. Unfortunately, aquatic ecosystems in the country are under serious threat and conditions are deteriorating. In 2018-19, the government of Ecuador sponsored a series of workshops to examine the conservation status of Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Concerns were identified for 35 species, most of which are native to the Amazon region, and overfishing of Amazonian pimelodid catfishes emerged as a major issue. However, much of the information needed to make decisions across fish groups and regions was not available, hindering the process and highlighting the need for a review of the conservation threats to Ecuador's freshwater fishes. Here, we review how the physical alteration of rivers, deforestation, wetland and floodplain degradation, agricultural and urban water pollution, mining, oil extraction, dams, overfishing, introduced species and climate change are affecting freshwater fishes in Ecuador. Although many of these factors affect fishes throughout the Neotropics, the lack of data on Ecuadorian fish communities is staggering and highlights the urgent need for more research. We also make recommendations, including the need for proper enforcement of existing environmental laws, restoration of degraded aquatic ecosystems, establishment of a national monitoring system for freshwater ecosystems, investment in research to fill gaps in knowledge, and encouragement of public engagement in citizen science and conservation efforts. Freshwater fishes are an important component of the cultural and biological legacy of the Ecuadorian people. Conserving them for future generations is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Windsor E. Aguirre
- Department of Biological SciencesDePaul UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Instituto Nacional de BiodiversidadQuitoEcuador
- Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | | | - Roberto V. Cucalón
- Department of Biological SciencesDePaul UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Present address:
Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Iván Jácome‐Negrete
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Estudios Amazónicos e InsularesUniversidad Central del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Pedro Jiménez Prado
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede EsmeraldasEsmeraldasEcuador
- Área de Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Escuela Politécnica Superior de HuescaUniversidad de ZaragozaHuescaSpain
| | - Enrique Laaz
- Instituto Público de Investigación de Acuicultura y PescaGuayaquilEcuador
| | | | | | - Fredy Nugra Salazar
- ONG Bosque Medicinal, ONG Forest.inkGualaquizaEcuador
- Laboratorio de Limnología de la Universidad del AzuayCuencaEcuador
| | - Willan Revelo
- Unidad de Recursos Demersales Bentónicos de Agua Dulce y EmbalsesInstituto Público de Investigación de Acuicultura y PescaGuayaquilEcuador
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Olivero-Verbel J, Alvarez-Ortega N, Alcala-Orozco M, Caballero-Gallardo K. Population exposure to lead and mercury in Latin America. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
9
|
Guzmán‐Gallegos MA. Modes of knowing: Perceiving and living toxicity in Ecuadorian Amazonia. ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Human Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Potentially Toxic Elements in Polluted Rivers in the Ecuadorian Amazon. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities performed in the Ecuadorian Amazon have released potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the rivers, causing severe environmental pollution and increasing the risk of exposure to the residents of the surrounding areas. This study aims to carry out a human health risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic methods to estimate the hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) related to multi-pathway human exposure to PTEs in polluted rivers. Concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface water and sediment samples from rivers on the Ecuadorian Amazon were considered to assess the potential adverse human health effects. As a result, deterministic and probabilistic estimations of cancer and non-cancer risk through exposure to surface waters and sediments were above the safety limit. A sensitivity analysis identified the concentration of PTEs and the exposure duration (ED) as the two most important variables for probabilistic health risk assessment. The highest risk for receptors was related to exposure to polluted sediments through incidental ingestion and dermal contact routes. According to the deterministic estimation, the human health risk through ingestion of water was above the threshold in specific locations. This study reveals the potential health risk to which the population is exposed. This information can be used as a baseline to develop public strategies to reduce anthropogenic pollution and exposure to PTEs in Ecuadorian Amazon rivers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Alcala-Orozco M, Caballero-Gallardo K, Olivero-Verbel J. Biomonitoring of Mercury, Cadmium and Selenium in Fish and the Population of Puerto Nariño, at the Southern Corner of the Colombian Amazon. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:354-370. [PMID: 33025049 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals threaten communities near biodiversity hotspots, as their protein sources come from the environment. This study assessed Hg, Cd, and Se concentrations in fish, as well as the magnitude of exposure and hematological conditions of adult citizens from Puerto Nariño (Colombian Amazon). Among fish samples, greater Hg concentrations were found in higher trophic level species, including Rhaphiodon vulpinus (880 ± 130 ng/g) and Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (920 ± 87 ng/g). These species presented the highest hazard quotients and lowest Se:Hg molar ratios among those studied, showing their consumption represents a health risk to consumers. Moreover, some samples of Mylossoma duriventre and Prochilodus magdalenae had Cd levels greater than the regulated limit (100 ng/g). The average total Hg (T-Hg) concentrations in human hair and blood were 5.31 µg/g and 13.7 µg/L, respectively. All hair samples exceeded the 1.0 μg/g threshold set by the USEPA, whereas 93% of the volunteers had T-Hg blood levels greater than 5 μg/L, suggesting elevated exposure. The mean Cd level was 3.1 µg/L, with 21% of samples surpassing 5 µg/L, value at which mitigating actions should be taken. Eighty-four percent of participants presented Se deficiencies (<100 μg/L). There was a significant association between fish consumption and T-Hg in hair (ρ = 0.323; p = 0.032) and blood (ρ = 0.381; p = 0.011). In this last matrix, Se correlated with Cd content, whereas lymphocytes were inversely linked to Hg concentrations. The results of this study show that there is extensive exposure to Hg in fish, the consumption of which may promote detrimental impacts on hematology parameters within the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alcala-Orozco
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Karina Caballero-Gallardo
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Determination of the Microbial and Chemical Loads in Rivers from the Quito Capital Province of Ecuador (Pichincha)-A Preliminary Analysis of Microbial and Chemical Quality of the Main Rivers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145048. [PMID: 32674286 PMCID: PMC7400137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of natural water sources is one of the main health problems worldwide, which could be caused by chemicals, metals, or microbial agents. This study aimed to analyze the quality of 18 rivers located in Quito, the capital province of Pichincha, Ecuador, through physico-chemical and microbial parameters. The E. coli and total coliforms assessments were performed by a counting procedure in growth media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was realized to detect several microbial genera, as well as Candida albicans, two parasites (Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.) and E. coli pathotypes: enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Additionally, physico-chemical parameters and major and trace metals were analyzed in each surface water sample. Our results demonstrated that most of the rivers analyzed do not comply with the microbial, physico-chemical, and metal requirements established by the Ecuadorian legislation. In terms of microbial pollution, the most polluted rivers were Monjas, Machángara, Pisque, and Pita Rivers. Furthermore, three out of four analyzed E. coli pathotypes (EIEC, EHEC, and EAEC) were detected in certain rivers, specifically: Monjas River showed the presence of EIEC and EHEC; in the Machángara River, EAEC and EIEC were detected; and finally, EIEC was present in the Guayllabamba River. Several physico-chemical parameters, such as pH, CODtotal, and TSS values, were higher than the Ecuadorian guidelines in 11, 28, and 28% of the rivers, respectively. Regarding heavy metals, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Mn surpassed the established values in 94, 89, 61, 22, 22, and 17% of the rivers, respectively. Machangara River was the only one that registered higher Cr concentrations than the national guidelines. The values of Al and Fe were above the recommended values in 83 and 72% of the rivers. Overall, based on the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters the most contaminated rivers were Machángara and Monjas. This study revealed severe contaminations in Ecuadorean Rivers; further studies should evaluate the sources of contamination and their impact on public health.
Collapse
|
13
|
Haack SL, Mazar I, Carter EM, Addo-Atuah J, Ryan M, Salazar Preciado LL, González Lucano LR, Barrera Ralda AL. Cultural Sensitivity and Global Pharmacy Engagement in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7218. [PMID: 31223163 PMCID: PMC6581336 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To establish and maintain successful global pharmaceutical and health care partnerships, pharmacists, pharmacy educators, and students should first learn more about the political, cultural, economic and health care dynamics that affect all of the parties involved in these arrangements. This paper explores Latin America within the context of transnational pharmacy and health-based engagement, including pharmacy-related concepts, health care and cultural considerations, behavioral health perspectives, and common misconceptions. Expert knowledge and experience were used to support and corroborate the existing literature about cultural dynamics of health. Recommendations are provided for how schools and colleges of pharmacy can enhance engagement in culturally sensitive partnerships within Latin America. Health-based profiles of Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico are presented to serve as models for establishing, enhancing, and maintaining partnerships across Latin America.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kwaansa-Ansah EE, Armah EK, Opoku F. Assessment of Total Mercury in Hair, Urine and Fingernails of Small-Scale Gold Miners in the Amansie West District, Ghana. J Health Pollut 2019; 9:190306. [PMID: 30931166 PMCID: PMC6421948 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-9.21.190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercury (Hg) is a heavy metal that can cause several adverse health effects based on its form (organic, inorganic or elemental), duration and pathway of exposure. Measurement of mercury present in human biological media is often used to assess human exposure to mercury at mining sites. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to measure the concentrations of total mercury in urine, hair, and fingernails of miners and inhabitants of Amansie West District, Ghana. METHODS Concentrations of total mercury were measured in sixty-eight miners and twelve non-miners in the study area using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry with an automatic mercury analyzer (HG 5000). RESULTS Total mercury in nails and hair of smelter miners was 3.32 ± 0.36 and 6.59 ± 0.01 μg/g, respectively. Total mercury concentrations in hair samples obtained from smelter miners were above the 1 μg/g guideline set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Moreover, the total mercury concentration in urine samples was 6.97 ± 0.06 μg/L, far below the >25 μg/L level considered to be a high level of mercury contamination. The total mercury accrued by the individuals was not dependent on age, but was positively associated with duration of stay. CONCLUSIONS Based on the total mercury (THg) levels analyzed in the biological media, artisanal gold mining activities in Amansie West District are on the increase with a potential risk of developing chronic effects. However, the majority of the population, particularly those engaged in artisanal small-scale gold mining, are unmindful of the hazards posed by the use of mercury in mining operations. The results showed that THg in urine, hair, and fingernails more efficiently distinguished mercury exposure in people close to mining and Hg pollution sources than in people living far from the mining sites. Further education on cleaner artisanal gold mining processes could help to minimize the impact of mercury use and exposure on human health and the environment. PARTICIPANT CONSENT Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL This study was approved by the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development in Manso Nkwanta. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Kwaku Armah
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Francis Opoku
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mora A, Jumbo-Flores D, González-Merizalde M, Bermeo-Flores SA, Alvarez-Figueroa P, Mahlknecht J, Hernández-Antonio A. Heavy Metal Enrichment Factors in Fluvial Sediments of an Amazonian Basin Impacted by Gold Mining. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:210-217. [PMID: 30659300 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has been performed in the southern Ecuadorian Amazon since the colonial period. However, its effects on fluvial systems have been poorly investigated. Thus, in order to calculate the normalized enrichment factors (NEF) of several heavy metals in fluvial sediments of the Zamora River basin (Ecuadorian Amazon), we analyzed bottom sediments along ASGM-affected and unaffected river sections. The results indicated that sediments of the Congüime River have NEF between 2.2 and 2.3 for Cu (moderate contamination) and higher than 3 for Mn, Zn, Pb, and Hg (severe contamination). Similarly, a severe contamination is also observed in the lower Nangaritza River, due to sediments of this sector have NEF > 3 for Zn, Pb, and Hg. Bottom sediments from the Nambija and Zamora rivers showed a severe contamination with Hg (NEF > 3), suggesting the existence of ASGM activities in the upper Zamora River basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrahan Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada Sur 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
- Universidad Nacional de Loja, Provincia de Loja, La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador.
| | - Diana Jumbo-Flores
- Universidad Nacional de Loja, Provincia de Loja, La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada Sur 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Arturo Hernández-Antonio
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada Sur 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mendoza-Lagunas JL, Meza-Figueroa DM, Martínez-Cinco MA, O’Rourke MK, Centeno-García E, Romero FM, García-Rico L, Meza-Montenegro MM. Health Risk Assessment in Children by Arsenic and Mercury Pollution of Groundwater in a Mining Area in Sonora, Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/gep.2019.76008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Villa-Achupallas M, Rosado D, Aguilar S, Galindo-Riaño MD. Water quality in the tropical Andes hotspot: The Yacuambi river (southeastern Ecuador). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:50-58. [PMID: 29573691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Yacuambi river waters (southeast Ecuador, Amazonian region) were assessed to evaluate the potential risk to populations, who use it for drinking and irrigation, and ecosystems, which are part of Tropical Andes hotspot and considered some of the most biodiverse in the world. The water quality index was calculated and some quality parameters were checked to comply with Ecuadorian and North American standards for human consumption, preservation of aquatic life and irrigation. Four samplings were carried out in six stations covering the entire length of the Yacuambi river. Several parameters were analyzed: pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, color, phosphates, nitrite, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total solids, turbidity, metals (Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg), pesticides and fecal coliforms. The water quality in the Yacuambi river was good and medium according to the classification of the Water Quality Index. However, it was unsuitable for human consumption, preservation of aquatic life and irrigation according to Ecuadorian and North American standards. Arsenic, color and fecal coliforms exceeded the limits for human consumption in all samples tested. Thresholds of preservation of aquatic life were exceeded in all samples in the case of Pb and in some samples for As, pH, nitrite and nitrate. Arsenic and fecal coliforms made Yacuambi river waters unsuitable for irrigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Villa-Achupallas
- Department of Chemistry and Exact Sciences, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, 11 01 608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Rosado
- Department of Chemistry and Exact Sciences, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, 11 01 608 Loja, Ecuador.
| | - Silvio Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry and Exact Sciences, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, 11 01 608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - María Dolores Galindo-Riaño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Cadiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marshall BG, Veiga MM, Kaplan RJ, Adler Miserendino R, Schudel G, Bergquist BA, Guimarães JRD, Sobral LGS, Gonzalez-Mueller C. Evidence of transboundary mercury and other pollutants in the Puyango-Tumbes River basin, Ecuador-Peru. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:632-641. [PMID: 29492485 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00504k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Portovelo in southern Ecuador, 87 gold processing centers along the Puyango-Tumbes River produce an estimated 6 tonnes of gold per annum using a combination of mercury amalgamation and/or cyanidation and processing poly-metallic ores. We analysed total Hg, Hg isotopes, total arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in water and sediment along the Puyango in 2012-2014. The highest total mercury (THg) concentrations in sediments were found within a 40 km stretch downriver from the processing plants, with levels varying between 0.78-30.8 mg kg-1 during the dry season and 1.80-70.7 mg kg-1 during the wet season, with most concentrations above the CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) Probable Effect Level (PEL) of 0.5 mg kg-1. Data from mercury isotopic analyses support the conclusion that mercury use during gold processing in Portovelo is the source of Hg pollution found downstream in the Tumbes Delta in Peru, 160 km away. The majority of the water and sediment samples collected from the Puyango-Tumbes River had elevated concentrations of, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc exceeding the CCME thresholds for the Protection of Aquatic Life. At monitoring points immediately below the processing plants, total dissolved concentrations of these metals exceeded the thresholds by 156-3567 times in surface waters and by 19-740 times in sediment. The results illustrate a significant transboundary pollution problem involving Hg and other toxic metals, amplified by the fact that the Puyango-Tumbes River is the only available water source in the semi-arid region of northern Peru.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Marshall
- Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, 517-6350 Stores Road, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that plays a fundamental role for brain development and functioning. Environmental exposure to Mn may lead to accumulation in the basal ganglia and development of Parkinson-like disorders. The most recent research is focusing on early-life overexposure to Mn and the potential vulnerability of younger individuals to Mn toxicity also in regard to cognitive and executive functions through the involvement of the frontal cortex.Neurodevelopmental disturbances are increasing in the society, and understanding the potential role of environmental determinants is a key for prevention. Therefore, assessing the environmental sources of Mn exposure and the mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity and defining appropriate biomarkers of exposure and early functional alterations represent key issues to improve and address preventive strategies. These themes will be reviewed in this chapter.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schutzmeier P, Berger U, Bose-O'Reilly S. Gold Mining in Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Mercury in Urine and Medical Symptoms in Miners from Portovelo/Zaruma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 14:E34. [PMID: 28042847 PMCID: PMC5295285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is a toxic metal and is used in small scale gold mining. In Portovelo, Ecuador, mercury has been an environmental and health problem for decades. The target of this study was to assess the mercury concentration in the urine of miners from Portovelo/Zaruma to establish a prevalence of high values. Eight hundred and sixty-five (865) urine samples were collected and analysed for their mercury content, using cold vapor atom absorption spectroscopy. The prevalence of high mercury values (>25 μg/L) was estimated. Forty-four (44) miners with mercury levels >15 μg/L filled in a questionnaire for characteristics and possible confounders, and were examined for intoxication symptoms to establish the ten points medical score sum. The median urine value was 1.8 μg/L; 78.3% of miners were below 7 μg/L and were not at risk of an intoxication, whereas 5.9% of miners exceeded the limit of 25 μg/L and were probable to experience intoxication symptoms. The medical score sum had a range of 2 to 8 points with a median of 6. The low prevalence of high mercury concentrations shows that the politics and techniques to eliminate the use of mercury are being successfully implemented. Further studies are needed to identify factors enabling this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schutzmeier
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, University Hospital Munich, Munich 80336, Germany.
- Department of Medical Information Sciences, Biometrics, and Epidemiology IBE, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 81377, Germany.
| | - Ursula Berger
- Department of Medical Information Sciences, Biometrics, and Epidemiology IBE, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 81377, Germany.
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, University Hospital Munich, Munich 80336, Germany.
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT (University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology), Eduard Wallnoefer Center I, A-6060 Hall i.T., Innsbruck 6060, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|