1
|
Dai J, Huang J, Wu S, Zhang F, Li Y, Rong D, Zhao M, Ye Q, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zhang J, Wu Q. Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm Formation and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Shrimp in China. Foods 2023; 12:2651. [PMID: 37509743 PMCID: PMC10378822 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 145 shrimp samples from 39 cities in China. The results show that 41 samples (28%) from 24 cities were positive, and most of the positive samples (39/41, 95.1%) were less than 110 MPN/g. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that only seven isolates were susceptible to all 24 antibiotics, whereas 65.1% were multidrug-resistant. Antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), trimethoprim, fosfomycin and streptothricin antibiotics were detected. All S. aureus isolates had the ability to produce biofilm and harbored most of the biofilm-related genes. Genes encoding one or more of the important virulence factors staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb and sec), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst-1) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) were detected in 47.6% (30/63) of the S. aureus isolates. Molecular typing showed that ST15-t085 (27.0%, 17/63), ST1-t127 (14.3%, 9/63) and ST188-t189 (11.1%, 7/63) were the dominant genetic types. The finding of this study provides the first comprehensive surveillance on the incidence of S. aureus in raw shrimp in China. Some retained genotypes found in this food have been linked to human infections around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Dai
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nowrouzian FL, Stadler LS, Östblom A, Lindberg E, Lina G, Adlerberth I, Wold AE. Staphylococcus aureus sequence type (ST) 45, ST30, and ST15 in the gut microbiota of healthy infants - persistence and population counts in relation to ST and virulence gene carriage. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:267-276. [PMID: 36689019 PMCID: PMC9899187 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the anterior nares, and also the gut, particularly in infants. S. aureus is divided into lineages, termed clonal complexes (CCs), which comprise closely related sequence types (STs). While CC30 and CC45 predominate among nasal commensals, their prevalence among gut-colonizing S. aureus is unknown. Here, 67 gut commensal S. aureus strains from 49 healthy Swedish infants (aged 3 days to 12 months) were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing. The STs of these strains were related to their virulence gene profiles, time of persistence in the microbiota, and fecal population counts. Three STs predominated: ST45 (22% of the strains); ST15 (21%); and ST30 (18%). In a logistic regression, ST45 strains showed higher fecal population counts than the others, independent of virulence gene carriage. The lower fecal counts of ST15 were linked to the carriage of fib genes (encoding fibrinogen-binding proteins), while those of ST30 were linked to fib and sea (enterotoxin A) carriage. While only 11% of the ST15 and ST30 strains were acquired after 2 months of age, this was true of 53% of the ST45 strains (p = 0.008), indicating that the former may be less fit for establishment in a more mature microbiota. None of the ST45 strains was transient (persisting < 3 weeks), and persistent ST45 strains colonized for significantly longer periods than persistent strains of other STs (mean, 34 vs 22 weeks, p = 0.04). Our results suggest that ST45 strains are well-adapted for commensal gut colonization in infants, reflecting yet-unidentified traits of these strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forough L Nowrouzian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Liselott Svensson Stadler
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dahlgren's University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Östblom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erika Lindberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerard Lina
- Centre National de Référence Des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIRI, Université Lyon1, INSERM U1111, CNRS-UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ingegerd Adlerberth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Wang Z, Li Q, Jiao X. Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus from the Intestinal Tracts of Adult Patients in China. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090978. [PMID: 36145410 PMCID: PMC9504698 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infections caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) have posed a great challenge for clinical treatments. In recent years, the intestinal carriage rates of MSSA have risen steadily in hospital settings in China. However, the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of MSSA from the intestinal tracts of Chinese adult patients remain unknown. In the present study, a total of 80 S. aureus isolates, including 64 MSSA and 16 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), were recovered from 466 fecal swabs in adult patients between 2019 and 2021 in China. The MSSA isolates exhibited high resistance to penicillin (92.2%) and erythromycin (45.3%). In addition, a higher proportion of MSSA isolates (14.1%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains than that of MRSA isolates (1.3%). Among the 64 MSSA isolates, we identified 17 MLST types, of which ST398 and ST15 were the most predominant types. The most frequently detected resistance genes were blaZ (87.5%) and erm(C) (21.9%). The hemolysin genes (hla, hld, hlgA, hlgB, hlgC) were detected in all the MSSA isolates, but the Panton–Valentine leucocidin (pvl) gene was identified in 1.7% of the MSSA isolates. Our findings indicated that the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of intestinal MSSA was a serious concern among adult patients in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yuanyue Tang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-514-8797-1136 (Q.L. & X.J.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-514-8797-1136 (Q.L. & X.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernández-Fernández R, Lozano C, Ruiz-Ripa L, Robredo B, Azcona-Gutiérrez JM, Alonso CA, Aspiroz C, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Activity of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Obtained from Two Spanish Hospitals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081480. [PMID: 35893538 PMCID: PMC9332302 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative-staphylococci (CoNS) that lately has gained special attention in public health as a human pathogen and also as a bacteriocin-producer bacteria. In this study, we characterized 56 S. lugdunensis isolates recovered from human samples in two Spanish hospitals. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and antimicrobial resistance and virulence genotypes were determined. Antimicrobial activity (AA) production was evaluated by the spot-on-lawn method against 37 indicator bacteria, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, and the presence of the lugD gene coding for lugdunin bacteriocin was analyzed by PCR. The antibiotic resistance detected was as follows (% resistance/genes detected): penicillin (44.6%/blaZ), oxacillin (1.8%/mecA on SCCmec-V), erythromycin-clindamycin inducible (7.1%/erm(C), msrA), tetracycline (5.3%/tetK), gentamicin and/or tobramycin (3.6%/ant(4′)-Ia, acc(6′)-aph(2″)), and fosfomycin (21.4%). A MDR phenotype was detected in 5% of isolates. Twenty-one of the S. lugdunensis isolates showed susceptibility to all 20 antibiotics tested (37.5%). The screening for AA revealed 23 antimicrobial producer (AP) isolates with relevant inhibition against coagulase-positive-staphylococci (CoPS), including both methicillin-susceptible and –resistant S. aureus. The lugD gene was detected in 84% of the 56 S. lugdunensis isolates. All of the AP S. lugdunensis isolates (n = 23) carried the lugD gene and it was also detected in 24 of the non-AP isolates, suggesting different gene expression levels. One of the AP isolates stood out due to its high antimicrobial activity against more than 70% of the indicator bacteria tested, so it will be further characterized at genomic and proteomic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fernández-Fernández
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, OneHealth-UR Research Group, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (R.F.-F.); (L.R.-R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, OneHealth-UR Research Group, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (R.F.-F.); (L.R.-R.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, OneHealth-UR Research Group, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (R.F.-F.); (L.R.-R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Beatriz Robredo
- Área Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, OneHealth-UR Research Group, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | | | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital San Pedro, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (J.M.A.-G.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Carmen Aspiroz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Royo Villanova, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, OneHealth-UR Research Group, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (R.F.-F.); (L.R.-R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, OneHealth-UR Research Group, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (R.F.-F.); (L.R.-R.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (C.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shared antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus from diverse animal hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4413. [PMID: 35292708 PMCID: PMC8924228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses an important threat in human and animal health. In this study, we ask whether resistance and virulence genes in S. aureus are homogeneously distributed or constrained by different animal hosts. We carried out whole genome sequencing of 114 S. aureus isolates from ten species of animals sampled from four New England states (USA) in 2017-2019. The majority of the isolates came from cats, cows and dogs. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the alignment of 89,143 single nucleotide polymorphisms of 1173 core genes reveal 31 sequence types (STs). The most common STs were ST5, ST8, ST30, ST133 and ST2187. Every genome carried at least eight acquired resistance genes. Genes related to resistance found in all genomes included norA (fluoroquinolone), arlRS (fluoroquinolone), lmrS (multidrug), tet(38) (tetracycline) and mepAR (multidrug and tigecycline resistance). The most common superantigen genes were tsst-1, sea and sec. Acquired antibiotic resistance (n = 10) and superantigen (n = 9) genes of S. aureus were widely shared between S. aureus lineages and between strains from different animal hosts. These analyses provide insights for considering bacterial gene sharing when developing strategies to combat the emergence of high-risk clones in animals.
Collapse
|
6
|
Göller PC, Elsener T, Lorgé D, Radulovic N, Bernardi V, Naumann A, Amri N, Khatchatourova E, Coutinho FH, Loessner MJ, Gómez-Sanz E. Multi-species host range of staphylococcal phages isolated from wastewater. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6965. [PMID: 34845206 PMCID: PMC8629997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The host range of bacteriophages defines their impact on bacterial communities and genome diversity. Here, we characterize 94 novel staphylococcal phages from wastewater and establish their host range on a diversified panel of 117 staphylococci from 29 species. Using this high-resolution phage-bacteria interaction matrix, we unveil a multi-species host range as a dominant trait of the isolated staphylococcal phages. Phage genome sequencing shows this pattern to prevail irrespective of taxonomy. Network analysis between phage-infected bacteria reveals that hosts from multiple species, ecosystems, and drug-resistance phenotypes share numerous phages. Lastly, we show that phages throughout this network can package foreign genetic material enclosing an antibiotic resistance marker at various frequencies. Our findings indicate a weak host specialism of the tested phages, and therefore their potential to promote horizontal gene transfer in this environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C. Göller
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Elsener
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Lorgé
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Radulovic
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viona Bernardi
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Naumann
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nesrine Amri
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Khatchatourova
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felipe Hernandes Coutinho
- grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Gómez-Sanz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karampatakis T, Papadopoulos P, Tsergouli K, Angelidis AS, Melidou A, Sergelidis D, Papa A. Genetic characterization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Greece. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2091-2096. [PMID: 34387854 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) strains is increasing due to their wide distribution and transmission even in persons without previous contact with livestock, and these strains pose a public health threat. The aim of the study was the genetic characterization of the whole genome of two epidemiologically unrelated t034 LA-MRSA strains previously isolated from the nasal cavities of a goat and a farmer in Greece. Both strains were assigned to the ST398-Vc-t034 type and they were carrying a single transposon identical to Tn6133. They harbored genes conferring resistance to several antibiotics (aminoglycosides, β-lactams, macrolides, streptogramin B, tetracycline, and trimethoprim), and genes associated with virulence (enterotoxins, γ-hemolysins, and aureolysin). The present study can serve as baseline for further LA-MRSA epidemiological and evolutionary studies in Greece, while awareness and increased surveillance are needed to avoid their spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karampatakis
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Tsergouli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos S Angelidis
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of Milk and Dairy Products, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Melidou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Sergelidis
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bouiller K, Bertrand X, Hocquet D, Chirouze C. Human Infection of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus CC398: A Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111737. [PMID: 33167581 PMCID: PMC7694499 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) belonging to the clonal complex 398 (CC398) took a special place within the species due to its spread throughout the world. SA CC398 is broadly separated in two subpopulations: livestock-associated methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) and human-associated methicillin-susceptible SA (MSSA). Here, we reviewed the global epidemiology of SA CC398 in human clinical infections and focused on MSSA CC398. The last common ancestor of SA CC398 was probably a human-adapted prophage φSa3-positive MSSA CC398 strain, but the multiple transmissions between human and animal made its evolution complex. MSSA and MRSA CC398 had different geographical evolutions. Although MSSA was present in several countries all over the world, it was mainly reported in China and in France with a prevalence about 20%. MSSA CC398 was frequently implicated in severe infections such as bloodstream infections, endocarditis, and bone joint infections whereas MRSA CC398 was mainly reported in skin and soft tissue. The spread of the MSSA CC398 clone is worldwide but with a heterogeneous prevalence. The prophage φSa3 played a crucial role in the adaptation to the human niche and in the virulence of MSSA CC398. However, the biological features that allowed the recent spread of this lineage are still far from being fully understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bouiller
- Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales—Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25030 Besançon, France;
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (X.B.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (X.B.); (D.H.)
- Hygiène Hospitalière—Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Didier Hocquet
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (X.B.); (D.H.)
- Hygiène Hospitalière—Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Catherine Chirouze
- Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales—Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25030 Besançon, France;
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (X.B.); (D.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ruiz-Ripa L, Feßler AT, Hanke D, Eichhorn I, Azcona-Gutiérrez JM, Alonso CA, Pérez-Moreno MO, Aspiroz C, Bellés A, Schwarz S, Torres C. Mechanisms of Linezolid Resistance Among Clinical Staphylococcus spp. in Spain: Spread of Methicillin- and Linezolid-Resistant S. epidermidis ST2. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:145-153. [PMID: 32456543 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the mechanisms of linezolid resistance and the molecular characteristics of clinical Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 15) isolates obtained from four Spanish hospitals. The detection of linezolid resistance mechanisms (mutations and acquisition of resistance genes) was performed by PCR/sequencing. The antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile was determined, and the isolates were typed by different molecular techniques. Moreover, the genetic environment of the cfr gene was determined by whole-genome sequencing. The cfr gene was detected in one methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) that also displayed the amino acid change Val118Ala in the ribosomal protein L4. The second S. aureus isolate was methicillin susceptible and showed different alterations in the ribosomal protein L4. All remaining linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 14) and Staphylococcus hominis isolates (n = 1) showed the mutation G2576T (n = 14) or C2534T (n = 1) in the 23S rRNA. Moreover, different amino acid changes were detected in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 in S. epidermidis isolates. All S. epidermidis isolates belonged to the multilocus sequence type ST2. Linezolid-resistant staphylococci (LRS) showed a multiresistance phenotype, including methicillin resistance that was detected in all isolates but one, and was mediated by the mecA gene. The cfr gene in the MRSA isolate was located together with the fexA gene on a conjugative 38,864 bp plasmid. Linezolid- and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis ST2 showing mutations in the 23S rRNA and in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 are spread among Spanish hospitals, whereas LRS carrying acquired linezolid resistance genes are rarely detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Aspiroz
- Servicio Microbiología, Hospital Royo-Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alba Bellés
- Sección Microbiología, Hospital Universitari Arnau Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ai X, Gao F, Yao S, Liang B, Mai J, Xiong Z, Chen X, Liang Z, Yang H, Ou Z, Gong S, Long Y, Zhou Z. Prevalence, Characterization, and Drug Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus in Feces From Pediatric Patients in Guangzhou, China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:127. [PMID: 32391366 PMCID: PMC7193981 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen of human infections. Its fecal carriage serves as a risk factor for nosocomial transmission and disease development. However, the rate of S. aureus fecal carriage among Chinese children has not yet been reported. Therefore, we sought to investigate the prevalence, characterization, and drug resistance of S. aureus isolated from pediatric patients' feces in Southern China. Methods: Fecal samples (2059) from pediatric patients in three centers in Guangzhou were cultured. From which, 412 S. aureus isolates were identified via selective mediums and automated VITEK Mass Spectrometer analysis. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined and DNA sequencing of seven housekeeping genes were used for multilocus sequence typing analysis. Results: The fecal carriage rates were 20.0% for S. aureus and 4.5% for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Moreover, S. aureus fecal carriage was positively correlated with outpatient status and gastroenteritis diagnosis. Moreover, age-related patterns were observed with respect to prevalence of S. aureus. Besides, a total of 76 sequence types (STs) were identified, including 25 newly assigned STs and 28 clonal complexes (CCs). ST188, ST6, and ST15 were the most prevalent methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) clones, while ST59 and ST45 were the major MRSA clones. S. aureus isolates also exhibited high rates of penicillin (84.2%), erythromycin (38.8%), and clindamycin (35.9%) resistance. Specifically, all ST30 and ST338 isolates were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin, 61% of ST7 were resistant to tetracycline, and 84% of ST45 exhibited resistance and intermediate resistance to rifampicin. Also, CC59 (ST338 and ST59) and CC45 exhibited different antibiotic resistance patterns. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the colonization dynamics and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in child feces in Southern China. Further, they suggest an urgency for strengthening the surveillance programs in China and provide important information for the prevention and treatment of S. aureus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Ai
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Mai
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhile Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiantang Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zengcheng Maternity and Children's Health Care Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuwei Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongling Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Ou
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Long
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kates AE, Thapaliya D, Smith TC, Chorazy ML. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from human stool samples. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:42. [PMID: 29568515 PMCID: PMC5859634 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the prevalence of intestinal S. aureus colonization of patients at a large teaching hospital and determine the molecular characteristics of the identified strains. The second objective of this research was to determine risk factors associated with S. aureus intestinal colonization. Methods A cross-sectional study of 781 specimens from inpatients and outpatients at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Clinical Microbiology Laboratory was conducted. S. aureus was identified using traditional culture methodologies. Methicillin-resistance was determined via PCR of the mecA gene. PVL PCR, spa typing, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing were also done. A nested case-control study was done on a subset of patients with all colonized patients defined as cases and non-colonized controls. Medical record abstractions were done to identify risk factors for intestinal colonization in the nested study. Results Out of 625 patients included in the final study, 58 were positive for S. aureus (9.3%). One isolate was positive for the PVL gene. A high number of isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics including oxacillin (43.1%), erythromycin (51.7%), and levofloxacin (41.4%). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. In the nested study, having a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract significantly increased the odds of intestinal colonization (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.04–3.7; aOR: 13.9, 95% CI: 1.67–115.7). No other variables were significantly associated with increased odds of colonization. Conclusions S. aureus was identified from the stool of patients at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, with a large number of those isolates being resistant to antibiotics and may serve a reservoir for subsequent infections as well as asymptomatic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Kates
- 1Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - D Thapaliya
- 2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Services, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - T C Smith
- 2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Services, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - M L Chorazy
- 3Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Argudín MA, Deplano A, Vandendriessche S, Dodémont M, Nonhoff C, Denis O, Roisin S. CC398 Staphylococcus aureus subpopulations in Belgian patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:911-916. [PMID: 29450768 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) supported the existence of two subpopulations in clonal complex (CC) 398 Staphylococcus aureus: an ancestral human-adapted clade (HC) and an animal-associated clade (AC). In this study, we have investigated the occurrence of genetic markers that allow discrimination of these subpopulations among CC398 isolates collected during 2014 to 2016 from human patients in Belgium. A collection of isolates was investigated by means of spa-typing and 16S-mecA-nuc PCR. CC398 isolates were classified as belonging to the human or the animal clade by using a canonical SNPs PCR and further studied by antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of toxins, immune evasion cluster (IEC), and resistance genes. A total of 124 (7.8%) human isolates belonged to CC398. They were grouped into HC (n = 58) or AC (n = 66). The genes erm(T), pvl, chp, and scn were predominantly found in HC-CC398, while AC-CC398 isolates carried more frequently than the mecA, erm(C), tet(K), tet(M), and tet(L) genes. Different combinations of gene profiles were observed according to the clade. CC398 isolates from Belgian patients belonged to different subpopulations including typical HC and AC-isolates. Few HC-strains with mecA and AC-isolates harboring IEC were found. CC398 isolates from Belgian patients belonged to different subpopulations including typical HC and AC-isolates, as well as new emerging subpopulations that underline the ability of this lineage to acquire resistance and virulence genes. Further research is needed to evaluate the emergence of these subpopulations in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Argudín
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - A Deplano
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vandendriessche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Dodémont
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Nonhoff
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - O Denis
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.,Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - S Roisin
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sousa M, Silva N, Manageiro V, Ramos S, Coelho A, Gonçalves D, Caniça M, Torres C, Igrejas G, Poeta P. First report on MRSA CC398 recovered from wild boars in the north of Portugal. Are we facing a problem? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:26-31. [PMID: 28412568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from wild boars, to analyze their genetic lineages, and to investigate the susceptibility to oxacillin. Samples from mouth and nose of 45 wild boars (Sus scrofa) were collected during hunt activity from November 2012 to January 2013 in the North of Portugal. S. aureus isolates were recovered from 30 of these samples (33%); one isolate/sample was further studied. The susceptibility of the isolates was tested by disk-diffusion test against 14 antimicrobial agents and minimal inhibitory concentration was used to test oxacillin according to EUCAST guidelines. The genetic lineages of S. aureus were characterized by agr-typing, spa-typing and MLST. From the 30 isolates, 18 S. aureus were susceptible to all antibiotics tested and 7 presented resistance to one or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin (n=3), oxacillin (n=4), cefoxitin (n=1), clindamycin (n=2), gentamicin (n=1), fusidic acid (n=1), ciprofloxacin (n=2), tetracycline (n=1) and linezolid (n=1). One MRSA CC398 (spa-type t899) isolate was detected (oxacillin MIC=32mg/L and mecA-positive), which presented resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin and contained the genes of immune evasion cluster (IEC) system (type B). The 29 methicillin-susceptible isolates were typed as ST1 (t1533), ST133 (t3583), ST1643 (t10712), ST2328 (t3750) and the new STs (3220, 3222, 3223, 3224) associated to new spa-types t14311 and t14312. The agr-types I, II, III and IV were identified. It is a matter of concern when MRSA and some specific lineages of S. aureus are taken as commensal habitants of the skin and nose of wild animals and are characterized with resistance to various antimicrobial agents in clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AR/HAI), National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (NIH), Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja (UR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Nuno Silva
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AR/HAI), National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (NIH), Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for the Study of Animal Sciences (CECA/ICETA), University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António Coelho
- Forest Association of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (AFTM), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - David Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto (CIBIO), Vairão, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AR/HAI), National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (NIH), Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for the Study of Animal Sciences (CECA/ICETA), University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja (UR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Biology Department, Sciences Faculty, University of Porto (UP), Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Biology Department, Sciences Faculty, University of Porto (UP), Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gagnaire J, Verhoeven PO, Grattard F, Rigaill J, Lucht F, Pozzetto B, Berthelot P, Botelho-Nevers E. Epidemiology and clinical relevance of Staphylococcus aureus intestinal carriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:767-785. [PMID: 28726558 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1358611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent data highlight the importance of screening more than one site for improving the detection of S. aureus colonization. Intestinal carriage is frequently under-investigated and its clinical impact ought to be defined a better way. Areas covered: This review and meta-analysis provide an updated overview of prevalence, characteristics and clinical significance of S. aureus intestinal carriage in different populations, both for methicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus strains. Expert commentary: Intestinal S. aureus carriage is documented with higher prevalence in children and in patients with S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections. This site of colonization was shown to be associated with a high risk of dissemination in the environment and with S. aureus infection. Intestinal carriage is frequently retrieved in nasal carriers, reflecting probably an association with a high bacterial load. Exclusive intestinal carriage present in one third of intestinal carriers can be associated with infection. Comparative genotyping analysis of different strains from nasal and extra-nasal sites of carriage, including the intestinal ones, in the same individuals, would allow a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of S. aureus endogenous infection. It could also permit to improve the prevention of these infections by decolonization of sites implicated in infection genesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gagnaire
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,b Infectious Diseases Department , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Paul O Verhoeven
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,c Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Florence Grattard
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,c Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Josselin Rigaill
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,c Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Frédéric Lucht
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,b Infectious Diseases Department , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,c Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,b Infectious Diseases Department , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France.,c Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- a GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes) , University of Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France.,b Infectious Diseases Department , University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne , France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dong X, Wang X, Chen X, Yan Z, Cheng J, Gao L, Liu Y, Li J. Genetic Diversity and Virulence Potential of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Curr Microbiol 2016; 74:28-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Benito D, Aspiroz C, Gilaberte Y, Sanmartín R, Hernández-Martin Á, Alonso M, Gómez P, Lozano C, Torres C. Genetic lineages and antimicrobial resistance genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus from children with atopic dermatitis: detection of clonal complexes CC1, CC97 and CC398. J Chemother 2016; 28:359-66. [PMID: 26027683 DOI: 10.1179/1973947815y.0000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to analyse the genetic lineages of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nasal and skin samples of atopic dermatitis (AD) paediatric patients, and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance phenotype-genotype and the immune-evasion-cluster (IEC) type of isolates. Forty S. aureus isolates from 35 patients (skin: 26; nasal samples: 14) were characterized. Isolates were submitted to spa-, agr- and multilocus sequence typing. All S. aureus strains analyzed were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). High genetic diversity was detected among the 40 MSSA isolates (especially among skin isolates), with detection of 27 different spa-types, 20 sequence-types and 16 clonal complexes (CCs). Lineages CC30 and CC5 were predominant among nasal isolates (71% vs 23% skin). Thirteen different CCs were detected among skin isolates, with detection of clades CC1, CC9 and CC398. Antimicrobial resistance rates detected were higher in skin than in nasal isolates, especially for macrolides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides and mupirocin. MSSA strains were characterized into five IEC-types, being A, B and F the predominant ones. MSSA strains of lineages CC45 and CC5 were detected in almost all cases in AD patients with severe Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and lineages CC8, and CC30 in those with mild or moderate one. As conclusion, high-clonal-diversity was detected among MSSA from AD patients, especially in skin-isolates. Colonization with S. aureus of some CCs seems more associated with AD severity than other lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benito
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
| | - Carmen Aspiroz
- b Department of Microbiology , Hospital Royo Villanova , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- c Department of Dermatology , Hospital San Jorge, Huesca , Spain.,d Aragon Health Sciences Institute , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Rosalía Sanmartín
- c Department of Dermatology , Hospital San Jorge, Huesca , Spain.,d Aragon Health Sciences Institute , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Ángela Hernández-Martin
- e Department of Dermatology , Hospital Infantil Universitario del Niño Jesús , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- f Department of Microbiology , Hospital Infantil del Niño Jesús , Madrid , Spain
| | - Paula Gómez
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Claassen-Weitz S, Shittu AO, Ngwarai MR, Thabane L, Nicol MP, Kaba M. Fecal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the Hospital and Community Setting: A Systematic Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:449. [PMID: 27242671 PMCID: PMC4861718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Staphylococcus aureus fecal carriage has been identified as a potential source for nosocomial transmission and a risk factor for disease development. This systematic review determined the overall S. aureus [including methicillin susceptible and resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA)] fecal carriage rates within the community and healthcare settings. METHODOLOGY Peer-reviewed articles indexed in Medline, Scopus, Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, and Web of Science were identified using applicable and controlled vocabulary through to 11 November 2015. Eligible studies were ascertained by three independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analyses of proportions were performed to determine S. aureus, MSSA and MRSA fecal carriage rates reported by eligible studies. RESULTS Twenty six studies were included in this review. The pooled estimates for S. aureus, MSSA and MRSA fecal carriage were 26% (95% confidence interval (CI): 16.8-36.3%), 86% (95% confidence interval (CI): 65.9-97.9%) and 10% (95% CI: 0.7-27.0%), respectively. Fecal S. aureus carriage rates increased on average from 10 to 65% during the first 8 weeks of life, followed by an average carriage rate of 64% at 6 months and 46% at 1 year of life. Genotyping techniques were employed mainly in studies conducted in developed countries and comprised largely of gel-based techniques. Six studies reported on the role of S. aureus fecal strains in diarrhea (n = 2) and the risk for acquiring infections (n = 4). Eight of the 26 studies included in this review performed antibiotic susceptibility testing of S. aureus fecal isolates. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that screening for S. aureus fecal carriage, at least in populations at high risk, could be an effective measure for the prevention of S. aureus transmission and infection in the healthcare and community setting. More well-structured studies need to be conducted and sequence-based genotyping techniques should be employed for the comparison of isolates on a global scale in both developing and developed countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantelle Claassen-Weitz
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Adebayo O. Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo UniversityIle-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Michelle R. Ngwarai
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark P. Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service of South Africa, Groote Schuur HospitalCape Town, South Africa
| | - Mamadou Kaba
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans related to a livestock farm in Spain, with detection of MRSA-CC130 carrying mecC gene: A zoonotic case? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
19
|
Nowakiewicz A, Ziółkowska G, Zięba P, Gnat S, Wojtanowicz-Markiewicz K, Trościańczyk A. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolated from wildlife: Identification, molecular characterization and evaluation of resistance profiles with focus on a methicillin-resistant strain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 44:21-8. [PMID: 26851590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was molecular analysis of coagulase-positive isolates of Staphylococcus bacteria obtained from wild animals and evaluation of their resistance to antimicrobial agents. A total of 76 rectal swabs were taken from wild animals. The species of the Staphylococcus isolates was determined by MALDI TOF MS, susceptibility to antimicrobials was evaluated by phenotypic and molecular methods, epidemiological analysis (ADSRRS-fingerprinting) was also carried out. MRSA isolate was typed by MLST and spa-typing. The animals tested, were carriers (n=38) of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius and S. delphini B). Analyzed isolates were resistant to 1 or 2 antimicrobials, which was confirmed by the presence of genes (blaZ, ermA, ermB, msrA, tetK and tetM). A multi-drug resistant and methicillin-resistant isolate of S. aureus was obtained as well (MRSA, ST8, t1635, PVL-positive and ACME-negative). The ADSRRS-fingerprinting method enabled interspecific and intraspecific differentiation of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolates, revealing a certain degree of correlation between the species of the isolate, and the degree of similarity between the isolates. The presence of resistance genes in 13% (5/38) of the isolates obtained from wild animals, including one methicillin-resistant isolate, is relatively small in comparison to the degree of colonization by resistant strains in humans, livestock or pets. Nevertheless, due to the possibility of contact between wild animals, domestic animals and humans, transmission of resistant strains is possible, as suggested by our isolation of a MRSA strain typed as ST8 and specific spa type t1635, which had previously been isolated exclusively from humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Nowakiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Ziółkowska
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wojtanowicz-Markiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Wołyńska 35 St, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gilaberte Y, Sanmartín R, Aspiroz C, Hernandez-Martin A, Benito D, Sanz-Puertolas P, Alonso M, Torrelo A, Torres C. Correlation Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Virulence Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Colonizing Children with Atopic Dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2015; 32:506-13. [PMID: 25491017 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin of children with atopic dermatitis (AD) is colonized with Staphylococcus aureus more frequently than that of their peers. We investigated the prevalence of skin and nares colonization by S. aureus in children with AD, the virulence genes of the isolates, and their association with allergy, AD severity, and serum vitamin D (25(OH)D). This was an observational, cross-sectional study in a sample of children diagnosed with AD in two settings in Spain. The samples were collected in 2012. Swabs from affected skin and nares were taken for microbiologic culture. The prevalence of S. aureus and presence of 17 staphylococcal virulence genes were studied using polymerase chain reaction. A total of 114 patients with a mean age of 5.7 ± 4.1 (range 3 mos to 14 yrs) were included in the study. Swabs were taken from the skin of 113 individuals with AD and from the nares of 85; 28.3% had S. aureus on the skin, which was significantly associated with positive allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies and higher Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) scores in the multivariate analysis. The presence of virulence factors tsst-1, eta, cna, aur, and sec in cutaneous S. aureus isolates was associated with lower serum levels of 25(OH)D. S. aureus on nasal swabs correlated with its presence on the skin and was associated with lower 25(OH)D levels. In conclusion, S. aureus colonization is associated with allergy and severity in AD, whereas certain virulence genes are associated with lower serum 25(OH)D levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, Spain.,Aragon Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Aspiroz
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Benito
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Infantil del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Torrelo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil Universitario del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Benito D, Lozano C, Jiménez E, Albújar M, Gómez A, Rodríguez JM, Torres C. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from faeces of healthy neonates and potential mother-to-infant microbial transmission through breastfeeding. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv007. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
22
|
Benito D, Lozano C, Rezusta A, Ferrer I, Vasquez MA, Ceballos S, Zarazaga M, Revillo MJ, Torres C. Characterization of tetracycline and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a Spanish hospital: Is livestock-contact a risk factor in infections caused by MRSA CC398? Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Argudín MA, Mendoza MC, Martín MC, Rodicio MR. Molecular basis of antimicrobial drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from young healthy carriers in Spain. Microb Pathog 2014; 74:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
24
|
Gómez P, González-Barrio D, Benito D, García JT, Viñuela J, Zarazaga M, Ruiz-Fons F, Torres C. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying the mecC gene in wild small mammals in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2061-4. [PMID: 24710026 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the rate of Staphylococcus aureus faecal carriage in 101 wild small mammals in Spain and to characterize the isolates obtained. METHODS Faecal samples were seeded on mannitol salt agar and ORSAB plates. The presence of the resistance genes mecA, mecC and blaZ and the new blaZ allotype associated with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) XI (blaZ-SCCmecXI) was studied by PCR. S. aureus isolates were characterized by spa typing, agr typing and multilocus sequence typing. The presence of immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes and virulence genes was analysed by PCR. RESULTS S. aureus was detected in 13/101 studied faecal samples and one isolate per positive sample was further studied. Two S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (recovered from wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus) and 11 were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Both MRSA isolates harboured the mecC gene and the novel blaZ-SCCmecXI, were typed as spa-t1535/agrIII/ST1945(CC130)/SCCmecXI (where ST stands for sequence type and CC stands for clonal complex), carried the exfoliative toxin etd2 gene and were IEC type E. Eight different spa types were identified among the 11 MSSA isolates (five new) and six different sequence types were identified (two new). All MSSA strains were susceptible to the antibiotics tested except one blaZ-positive penicillin-resistant isolate (spa-t120/agrII/ST15). MSSA isolates were ascribed to the CCs (number of strains) CC5 (1), CC1956 (4) and singleton (6). Nine of 11 MSSA isolates carried the cna virulence gene. Only one MSSA isolate carried IEC genes (type C). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of MRSA carrying mecC in faecal samples of wild small mammals in Spain. These resistant isolates carried genes of the IEC system, unusual in S. aureus from animals. Wild small mammals could be a reservoir of the mecC gene with important implications for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gómez
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Benito
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús T García
- Ecology group, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Viñuela
- Ecology group, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Benito D, Gómez P, Lozano C, Estepa V, Gómez-Sanz E, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Genetic lineages, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus of meat samples in Spain: analysis of immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:354-6. [PMID: 24479575 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the rate of contamination by Staphylococcus aureus in 100 meat samples obtained during 2011-2012 in La Rioja (Northern Spain), to analyze their content in antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, as well as in immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes, and to type recovered isolates. Seven of 100 samples (7%) contained S. aureus: 6 samples harbored methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 1 pork sample harbored methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The MRSA isolate corresponded to the ST398 genetic lineage with a multidrug resistance profile and the absence of human IEC genes, which pointed to a typical livestock-associated MRSA profile. MRSA isolate was ascribed to the spa-type t011, agr-type I, and SCCmec-V and showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin, in addition to β-lactams. The remaining six MSSA strains belonged to different sequence types and clonal complexes (three isolates ST45/CC45, one ST617/CC45, one ST5/CC5, and one ST109/CC9), being susceptible to most antibiotics tested but showing a wide virulence gene profile. Five of the six MSSA strains (except ST617/CC45) contained the enterotoxin egc-cluster or egc-like-cluster genes, and strain ST109/CC9 contained eta gene (encoding exfoliatin A). The presence of human IEC genes in MSSA strains (types B and D) points to a possible contamination of meat samples from an undefined human source. The presence of S. aureus with enterotoxin genes and MRSA in food samples might have implications in public health. The IEC system could be a good marker to follow the S. aureus contamination source in meat food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benito
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja , Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|