1
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Maxwell AR, Herrod JA, Hutchinson EK. A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of naturally acquired shigellosis in rhesus and pigtailed macaques (Macaca mulatta and nemestrina). J Med Primatol 2022; 51:374-380. [PMID: 36045594 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella spp. are common enteric pathogens in captive non-human primates. Treatment of symptomatic infections involves supportive care and antibiotic therapy, typically with an empirical choice of antibiotic. METHODS Twenty-four clinically ill, Shigella PCR-positive animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: single-dose ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA), single-dose azithromycin gavage, a 5-day tapering azithromycin dose, or 7-day course of enrofloxacin. We hypothesized that all antimicrobial therapies would have similar efficacy. RESULTS Animals in all groups cleared Shigella, based on fecal PCR, and had resolution of clinical signs 2 weeks after treatment. Eight out of nine clinically ill and PCR-positive animals tested negative by fecal culture. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose CCFA, single-dose azithromycin, and a 5-day tapering course of azithromycin all performed as well as a 7-day course of enrofloxacin in eliminating Shigella infection. Fecal PCR may be a better diagnostic than culture for Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rae Maxwell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Ann Herrod
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Kenneth Hutchinson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Novak MA, Meyer JS. A Rhesus Monkey Model of Non-suicidal Self-Injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:674127. [PMID: 34421551 PMCID: PMC8374142 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.674127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a type of behavioral pathology seen not only in a variety of clinical conditions but also among non-clinical populations, particularly adolescents and young adults. With the exception of rare genetic conditions that give rise to self-harming behaviors, the etiology of NSSI and the events that trigger specific episodes of this behavior remain poorly understood. This review presents the features of an important, extensively studied animal model of NSSI, namely spontaneously occurring self-injurious behavior (SIB) in rhesus macaque monkeys. We compare and contrast rhesus monkey SIB with NSSI with respect to form, prevalence rates, environmental and biological risk factors, behavioral correlates, proposed functions, and treatment modalities. Many parallels between rhesus monkey SIB and NSSI are demonstrated, which supports the validity of this animal model across several domains. Determining the etiology of spontaneously occurring SIB in monkeys, its underlying biological mechanisms, and which pharmacological agents are most effective for treating the disorder may aid in identifying potential risk factors for the occurrence of NSSI in humans and developing medications for severe cases that are resistant to conventional psychotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Novak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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3
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Novak MA. Self-Injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: Issues and challenges. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23222. [PMID: 33368425 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some monkeys housed in research facilities develop abnormal behavior ranging from stereotypic to the more serious condition of self-injurious behavior (SIB). We initially sought to understand how and why monkeys engaged in SIB and more importantly why only a small percentage of laboratory monkeys, with seemingly similar housing and background, developed this disorder. Of particular importance was the recognition that different pathways might lead to SIB and that strong individual differences would affect the manifestation of this disorder and the response to treatment. We developed a comprehensive plan to identify effective treatment and prevention strategies. We started with characterizing the disorder in terms of prevalence and types of environments in which it was found. We then conducted observations on a cohort of SIB and control monkeys to identify conditions associated with SIB (e.g., disordered sleep) as well as clinical disease states and congenital defects that could be precipitating factors. We examined the environmental events that triggered episodes of SIB in monkeys with the disorder and evaluated three models that might explain the reinforcement contingencies associated with SIB, including tension reduction, self-stimulation, and social communication. Possible treatments for SIB such as environmental enrichment, social housing, and pharmacotherapy were tested by our group and others. To date, no single treatment has been found to abolish SIB, and each of these treatments is impacted by individual differences. To develop possible prevention strategies, we examined colony management and health records to find risk factors for SIB. These risk factors generalized to other facilities, and considerable effort was expended by all behavioral managers at these facilities to reduce early life stress exposure, to minimize the length of individual cage housing by emphasizing pair housing, and to reduce the possible stressfulness of various veterinary/medical procedures by implementing positive reinforcement training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Novak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Leung ET, Raboin MJ, McKelvey J, Graham A, Lewis A, Prongay K, Cohen AM, Vinson A. Modelling disease risk for amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis in non-human primates using machine learning. Amyloid 2019; 26:139-147. [PMID: 31210531 PMCID: PMC6667354 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2019.1625038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is found in humans and non-human primates, but quantifying disease risk prior to clinical symptoms is challenging. We applied machine learning to identify the best predictors of amyloidosis in rhesus macaques from available clinical and pathology records. To explore potential biomarkers, we also assessed whether changes in circulating serum amyloid A (SAA) or lipoprotein profiles accompany the disease. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using 86 cases and 163 controls matched for age and sex. We performed data reduction on 62 clinical, pathological and demographic variables, and applied multivariate modelling and model selection with cross-validation. To test the performance of our final model, we applied it to a replication cohort of 2,775 macaques. Results: The strongest predictors of disease were colitis, gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, endometriosis, arthritis, trauma, diarrhoea and number of pregnancies. Sensitivity and specificity of the risk model were predicted to be 82%, and were assessed at 79 and 72%, respectively. Total, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower, and SAA levels and triglyceride-to-HDL ratios were significantly higher in cases versus controls. Conclusion: Machine learning is a powerful approach to identifying macaques at risk of AA amyloidosis, which is accompanied by increased circulating SAA and altered lipoprotein profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Leung
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Michael J Raboin
- b Primate Genetics Section, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center , Beaverton , OR , USA
| | - Jessica McKelvey
- c Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University , Beaverton , OR , USA
| | - Adam Graham
- c Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University , Beaverton , OR , USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- d Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University , Beaverton , OR , USA
| | - Kamm Prongay
- d Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University , Beaverton , OR , USA
| | - Aaron M Cohen
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Amanda Vinson
- a Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA.,b Primate Genetics Section, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center , Beaverton , OR , USA.,c Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University , Beaverton , OR , USA
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5
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de Groot NG, Heijmans CMC, de Ru AH, Janssen GMC, Drijfhout JW, Otting N, Vangenot C, Doxiadis GGM, Koning F, van Veelen PA, Bontrop RE. A Specialist Macaque MHC Class I Molecule with HLA-B*27-like Peptide-Binding Characteristics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3679-3690. [PMID: 29021373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In different macaque species, the MHC A2*05 gene is present in abundance, and its gene products are characterized by low cell-surface expression and a highly conserved peptide-binding cleft. We have characterized the peptide-binding motif of Mamu-A2*05:01, and elucidated the binding capacity for virus-derived peptides. The macaque A2*05 allotype prefers the basic amino acid arginine at the second position of the peptide, and hydrophobic and polar amino acids at the C-terminal end. These preferences are shared with HLA-B*27 and Mamu-B*008, molecules shown to be involved in elite control in human HIV type 1 and macaque SIV infections, respectively. In contrast, however, Mamu-A2*05 preferentially binds 8-mer peptides. Retention in the endoplasmic reticulum seems to be the cause of the lower cell-surface expression. Subsequent peptide-binding studies have illustrated that Mamu-A2*05:01 is able to bind SIV-epitopes known to evoke a strong CD8+ T cell response in the context of the Mamu-B*008 allotype in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Thus, the macaque A2*05 gene encodes a specialized MHC class I molecule, and is most likely transported to the cell surface only when suitable peptides become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja G de Groot
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands;
| | - Corrine M C Heijmans
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - George M C Janssen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nel Otting
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Christelle Vangenot
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; and
| | - Gaby G M Doxiadis
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands.,Department of Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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6
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Intestinal Flora Modification of Arthritis Pattern in Spondyloarthropathy. J Clin Rheumatol 2016; 21:296-9. [PMID: 26267718 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactive form of spondyloarthropathy appears inducible by exposure to agents of infectious diarrhea, but do those organisms represent the tip of the iceberg, as indicated by renewed interest in gastrointestinal flora? Prevalence of spondyloarthropathy (20% of chimpanzees [Pan] and 28% of gorillas) is independent of subspecies and species, respectively. However, there are major differences in arthritis patterns, a characteristic shared with humans. OBJECTIVES Do patterns of arthritis correlate with gastrointestinal flora? Could such associated modifications be in the form of disease induction or represent protective effectors (at least against the extent of peripheral arthritis)? METHODS The skeletons of 2 chimpanzee subspecies (79 Pan troglodytes troglodytes and 26 Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and 2 gorilla species (99 Gorilla gorilla and 38 Gorilla beringei) adults were examined, and arthritis pattern noted. Feces of Eastern (P. schweinfurthii and G. beringei) and Western (great apes collected in their normal ranges) apes were assessed for 16S rRNA c and its character. RESULTS Patterns of arthritis recognized on examination of skeletons showed geographic variation in skeletal distribution. East African apes (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii and G. beringei) had pauciarticular arthritis and frequent sacroiliac disease, whereas West African apes (P. troglodytes troglodytes and G. gorilla) had polyarticular peripheral joint disease with minimal sacroiliac involvement. DNA evidence revealed that Corynebactericeae were prominently represented in great apes with polyarticular disease, whereas Dietzia and Bifidobacterium exposure correlated with reduced peripheral joint arthritis distribution. CONCLUSIONS Suggestions of a protective effect (in this case, limiting extent of peripheral arthritis, but not the disease itself) offered by these organisms are well represented by documented effects in other diseases (eg, tuberculosis) in the zoologic record. Perhaps it is this disease-modifying character that reduces the extent of the peripheral erosive disease, while increasing propensity to axial (sacroiliac) disease. A potential role for probiotic organisms in management of arthritis in humans is suggested, as has been documented for tuberculosis, gastrointestinal disorders, and food allergies.
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7
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Vinson A, Prongay K, Ferguson B. The value of extended pedigrees for next-generation analysis of complex disease in the rhesus macaque. ILAR J 2014; 54:91-105. [PMID: 24174435 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, among many others) pose the biggest threat to human health worldwide and are among the most challenging to investigate. Susceptibility to complex disease may be caused by multiple genetic variants (GVs) and their interaction, by environmental factors, and by interaction between GVs and environment, and large study cohorts with substantial analytical power are typically required to elucidate these individual contributions. Here, we discuss the advantages of both power and feasibility afforded by the use of extended pedigrees of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) for genetic studies of complex human disease based on next-generation sequence data. We present these advantages in the context of previous research conducted in rhesus macaques for several representative complex diseases. We also describe a single, multigeneration pedigree of Indian-origin rhesus macaques and a sample biobank we have developed for genetic analysis of complex disease, including power of this pedigree to detect causal GVs using either genetic linkage or association methods in a variance decomposition approach. Finally, we summarize findings of significant heritability for a number of quantitative traits that demonstrate that genetic contributions to risk factors for complex disease can be detected and measured in this pedigree. We conclude that the development and application of an extended pedigree to analysis of complex disease traits in the rhesus macaque have shown promising early success and that genome-wide genetic and higher order -omics studies in this pedigree are likely to yield useful insights into the architecture of complex human disease.
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8
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Sui Y, Gordon S, Franchini G, Berzofsky JA. Nonhuman primate models for HIV/AIDS vaccine development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 102:12.14.1-12.14.30. [PMID: 24510515 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1214s102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of HIV vaccines has been hampered by the lack of an animal model that can accurately predict vaccine efficacy. Chimpanzees can be infected with HIV-1 but are not practical for research. However, several species of macaques are susceptible to the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that cause disease in macaques, which also closely mimic HIV in humans. Thus, macaque-SIV models of HIV infection have become a critical foundation for AIDS vaccine development. Here we examine the multiple variables and considerations that must be taken into account in order to use this nonhuman primate (NHP) model effectively. These include the species and subspecies of macaques, virus strain, dose and route of administration, and macaque genetics, including the major histocompatibility complex molecules that affect immune responses, and other virus restriction factors. We illustrate how these NHP models can be used to carry out studies of immune responses in mucosal and other tissues that could not easily be performed on human volunteers. Furthermore, macaques are an ideal model system to optimize adjuvants, test vaccine platforms, and identify correlates of protection that can advance the HIV vaccine field. We also illustrate techniques used to identify different macaque lymphocyte populations and review some poxvirus vaccine candidates that are in various stages of clinical trials. Understanding how to effectively use this valuable model will greatly increase the likelihood of finding a successful vaccine for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Shari Gordon
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,These authors contributed equally
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9
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Nomenclature report on the major histocompatibility complex genes and alleles of Great Ape, Old and New World monkey species. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:615-31. [PMID: 22526602 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a central role in the adaptive immune response. The MHC region is characterised by a high gene density, and most of these genes display considerable polymorphism. Next to humans, non-human primates (NHP) are well studied for their MHC. The present nomenclature report provides the scientific community with the latest nomenclature guidelines/rules and current implemented nomenclature revisions for Great Ape, Old and New World monkey species. All the currently published MHC data for the different Great Ape, Old and New World monkey species are archived at the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD)-MHC NHP database. The curators of the IPD-MHC NHP database are, in addition, responsible for providing official designations for newly detected polymorphisms.
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10
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Taurog JD. Animal models of spondyloarthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 649:245-54. [PMID: 19731634 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0298-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are available for the study of several different aspects of spondyloarthritis. The models include naturally occurring spontaneous disorders in primates and rodents, spontaneous disorders in transgenic or gene-deleted rodents and induced disorders in rodents. Areas of investigation to which these models contribute include the role HLA-B27, processes of spinal and peripheral joint inflammation and calcification, immune responses to candidate antigens and the role of TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Taurog
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents—bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray B Gardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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12
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Selective downregulation of rhesus macaque and sooty mangabey major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Nef alleles of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2. J Virol 2008; 82:3139-46. [PMID: 18199657 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02102-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef downregulates HLA-A and -B molecules, but not HLA-C or -E molecules, based on amino acid differences in their cytoplasmic domains to simultaneously evade cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer cell surveillance. Rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys express orthologues of HLA-A, -B, and -E, but not HLA-C, and many of these molecules have unique amino acid differences in their cytoplasmic tails. We found that these differences also resulted in differential downregulation by primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIV(smm/mac) and HIV-2 Nef alleles. Thus, selective major histocompatibility complex class I downregulation is a conserved mechanism of immune evasion for pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques and nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys.
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13
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Karl JA, Wiseman RW, Campbell KJ, Blasky AJ, Hughes AL, Ferguson B, Read DS, O'Connor DH. Identification of MHC class I sequences in Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. Immunogenetics 2007; 60:37-46. [PMID: 18097659 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an excellent model for human disease and vaccine research. Two populations exhibiting distinctive morphological and physiological characteristics, Indian- and Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, are commonly used in research. Genetic analysis has focused on the Indian macaque population, but the accessibility of these animals for research is limited. Due to their greater availability, Chinese rhesus macaques are now being used more frequently, particularly in vaccine and biodefense studies, although relatively little is known about their immunogenetics. In this study, we discovered major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cDNAs in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques and detected 41 distinct Mamu-A and Mamu-B sequences. Twenty-seven of these class I cDNAs were novel, while six and eight of these sequences were previously reported in Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques, respectively. We then performed microsatellite analysis on DNA from these 12 animals, as well as an additional 18 animals, and developed sequence specific primer PCR (PCR-SSP) assays for eight cDNAs found in multiple animals. We also examined our cohort for potential admixture of Chinese and Indian origin animals using a recently developed panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The discovery of 27 novel MHC class I sequences in this analysis underscores the genetic diversity of Chinese rhesus macaques and contributes reagents that will be valuable for studying cellular immunology in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Karl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Tanaka-Takahashi Y, Yasunami M, Naruse T, Hinohara K, Matano T, Mori K, Miyazawa M, Honda M, Yasutomi Y, Nagai Y, Kimura A. Reference strand-mediated conformation analysis-based typing of multiple alleles in the rhesus macaque MHC class I Mamu-A and Mamu-B loci. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:918-24. [PMID: 17309048 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque exhibits individual differences in susceptibility and resistance to infectious agents such as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) under experimental conditions, and these may be genetically determined at least in part by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I polymorphism. Although the importance of defining MHC class I polymorphism is well recognized, development of a generic and comprehensive molecular typing method of MHC class I alleles of the rhesus macaque has been hampered because, during the evolution of this species, multiple copies of similar DNA sequences have been generated by duplication events including the coding sequences of Mamu-A and Mamu-B loci. We report here a newly developed reference strand-mediated conformation analysis (RSCA)-based typing method of multiple Mamu-A and Mamu-B cDNAs that allowed us to estimate the number of expressed alleles. This technique detected 1-7 Mamu-A signals and 2-12 Mamu-B signals in a single sample, indicating that the number of functional alleles may vary. By comparing the data from the parents with those from the descendants in the breeding colony, several MHC class I haplotypes consisting of variable numbers of functional Mamu-A and Mamu-B alleles could be assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Tanaka-Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Lafont BAP, McGraw CM, Stukes SA, Buckler-White A, Plishka RJ, Byrum RA, Hirsch VM, Martin MA. The locus encoding an oligomorphic family of MHC-A alleles (Mane-A*06/Mamu-A*05) is present at high frequency in several macaque species. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:211-23. [PMID: 17256149 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several macaques species are used for HIV pathogenesis and vaccine studies, and the characterization of their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes is required to rigorously evaluate the cellular immune responses induced after immunization and/or infection. In this study, we demonstrate that the gene expressing the Mane-A*06 allele of pig-tailed macaques is an orthologue of the locus encoding the Mamu-A*05 allele family in rhesus macaques. Analysis of the distribution of this locus in a cohort of 63 pig-tailed macaques revealed that it encodes an oligomorphic family of alleles, highly prevalent (90%) in the pig-tailed macaque population. Similarly, this locus was very frequently found (62%) in a cohort of 80 Indian rhesus macaques. An orthologous gene was also detected in cynomolgus monkeys originating from four different geographical locations, but was absent in two African monkey species. Expression analysis in pig-tailed macaques revealed that the Mane-A*06 alleles encoded by this locus are transcribed at 10- to 20-fold lower levels than other MHC-A alleles (Mane-A*03 or Mane-A*10). Despite their conservation and high prevalence among Asian macaque species, the alleles of the Mane-A*06 family and, by extension their orthologues in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, may only modestly contribute to cellular immune responses in macaques because of their low level of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A P Lafont
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Uda A, Tanabayashi K, Fujita O, Hotta A, Terao K, Yamada A. Identification of the MHC class I B locus in cynomolgus monkeys. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:189-97. [PMID: 15900490 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By determining the nucleotide sequences of more than 700 cDNA clones isolated from 16 cynomolgus monkeys, we identified 26 Mafa-B alleles. In addition, nine sequences with similarity to Mamu-I alleles were identified. Since multiple Mafa-B alleles were found in each individual, it was strongly suggested that the cynomolgus MHC class I B locus might be duplicated and that the Mafa-I locus was derived from the B locus by gene duplication, as in the case of the Mamu-I locus of rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Uda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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17
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18
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Otting N, Heijmans CMC, Noort RC, de Groot NG, Doxiadis GGM, van Rood JJ, Watkins DI, Bontrop RE. Unparalleled complexity of the MHC class I region in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:1626-31. [PMID: 15665097 PMCID: PMC545086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409084102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly polymorphic gene products of the classical MHC class I genes in humans (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) play a critical role in the immune defense against intracellular infections. Because non-human primates are important models for AIDS vaccine research, rhesus monkeys from a thoroughly pedigreed and serotyped colony were subjected to full-length cDNA analysis of MHC class I gene transcripts. Rhesus macaques express multiple dominant Mamu-A and Mamu-B transcripts (majors) per chromosome, which are characterized by high expression levels. The presence of additional cDNAs with low levels of expression (minors) suggests evidence for transcriptional control of MHC class I genes. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses illustrate that most of the Mamu-A and Mamu-B loci/lineages identified display no or only limited levels of allelic polymorphism. Thus, MHC class I diversity in rhesus macaques is typified by the existence of an unmatched high number of Mamu-A and Mamu-B region configurations that exhibit polymorphism with regard to the number and combination of transcribed loci present per chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nel Otting
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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19
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Rothschild BM, Rühli FJ. Etiology of reactive arthritis inPan paniscus, P. troglodytes troglodytes, andP. troglodytes schweinfurthii. Am J Primatol 2005; 66:219-31. [PMID: 16015657 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The character of arthritis has not received the same attention in Pan paniscus as it has in P. troglodytes. Reactive arthritis (a form of spondyloarthropathy) in the latter has been considered to be either a sexually transmitted or an infectious-agent diarrhea-related disorder. The unique sexual promiscuity of P. paniscus enables us to distinguish between those hypotheses. The macerated skeletons of 139 adult P. paniscus, P. troglodytes troglodytes, and P. troglodytes schweinfurthii were macroscopically analyzed for osseous and articular pathologies. The sex of the animal was recorded at the time of acquisition. Twenty-one percent of the P. paniscus, 28% of the P. t. troglodytes, and 27% of the P. t. schweinfurthii specimens had peripheral and central joint erosive disease characteristic of spondyloarthropathy. Subchondral pauciarticular distribution and reactive new bone clearly distinguish this disease from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and direct bone/joint infection. The fact that P. paniscus and P. t. troglodytes were similar in terms of disease frequency makes the notion of sexual transmission unlikely. While the frequencies of spondyloarthropathy were indistinguishable among all species/subspecies studied, the patterns of joint involvement were disparate. The Pan paniscus and P. t. troglodytes home ranges are geographically separate. We assessed possible habitat factors (e.g., exposure to specific infectious agents of diarrhea) by comparing P. paniscus and P. t. troglodytes with P. t. schweinfurthii. The latter shared similar patterns and habitats (separated by the Congo River) with P. paniscus. The explanation offered for habitat-specific patterns is differential bacterial exposure-most likely Shigella or Yersinia in P. paniscus and P. t. schweinfurthii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Rothschild
- Arthritis Center of Northeast Ohio, 5500 Market, Youngstown, OH 44512, USA.
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20
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de Groot N, Doxiadis GG, De Groot NG, Otting N, Heijmans C, Rouweler AJM, Bontrop RE. Genetic makeup of the DR region in rhesus macaques: gene content, transcripts, and pseudogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6152-7. [PMID: 15128802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the human population, five major HLA-DRB haplotypes have been identified, whereas the situation in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) is radically different. At least 30 Mamu-DRB region configurations, displaying polymorphism with regard to number and combination of DRB loci present per haplotype, have been characterized. Until now, Mamu-DRB region genes have been studied mainly by genomic sequencing of polymorphic exon 2 segments. However, relatively little is known about the expression status of these genes. To understand which exon 2 segments may represent functional genes, full-length cDNA analyses of -DRA and -DRB were initiated. In the course of the study, 11 cDRA alleles were identified, representing four distinct gene products. Amino acid replacements are confined to the leader peptide and cytoplasmatic tail, whereas residues of the alpha1 domain involved in peptide binding, are conserved between humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. Furthermore, from the 11 Mamu-DRB region configurations present in this panel, 28 cDRB alleles were isolated, constituting 12 distinct cDRA/cDRB configurations. Evidence is presented that a single configuration expresses maximally up to three -DRB genes. For some exon 2 DRB sequences, the corresponding transcripts could not be detected, rendering such alleles as probable pseudogenes. The full-length cDRA and cDRB sequences are necessary to construct Mhc class II tetramers, as well as transfectant cell lines. As the rhesus macaque is an important animal model in AIDS vaccine studies, the information provided in this communication is essential to define restriction elements and to monitor immune responses in SIV/simian human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanine de Groot
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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21
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Uda A, Tanabayashi K, Yamada YK, Akari H, Lee YJ, Mukai R, Terao K, Yamada A. Detection of 14 alleles derived from the MHC class I A locus in cynomolgus monkeys. Immunogenetics 2004; 56:155-63. [PMID: 15164234 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2003] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A basic understanding of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, which, together with T-cell receptors, is a key player in antigen recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, is necessary to study the cellular immune response to intracellular pathogens. The MHC has hardly been reported in cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca facicularis), although cynomolgus monkeys have been frequently used as the surrogate animal model. We attempted to determine the nucleotide sequences of the MHC class I A locus of cynomolgus monkeys ( Mafa-A) and eventually 34 independent sequences of Mafa-A were obtained from 29 cynomolgus monkeys. These 34 sequences were classified into 14 Mafa-A alleles according to the results of phylogenetic analyses using the neighbor-joining method. One to three Mafa-A alleles were obtained from a single animal. We also tried to establish a multiplex PCR-SSP method for convenient typing of Mafa-A alleles. cDNA from a family of cynomolgus monkeys, which is composed of four sirs and four dams, were examined by multiplex PCR-SSP. The result of multiplex PCR-SSP showed that an individual cynomolgus monkey had two or three Mafa-A alleles, suggesting that the A locus of cynomolgus monkeys might be duplicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Uda
- Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, 305-0843, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Finch CE, Stanford CB. Meat‐Adaptive Genes and the Evolution of Slower Aging in Humans. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2004; 79:3-50. [PMID: 15101252 DOI: 10.1086/381662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The chimpanzee life span is shorter than that of humans, which is consistent with a faster schedule of aging. We consider aspects of diet that may have selected for genes that allowed the evolution of longer human life spans with slower aging. Diet has changed remarkably during human evolution. All direct human ancestors are believed to have been largely herbivorous. Chimpanzees eat more meat than other great apes, but in captivity are sensitive to hypercholesterolemia and vascular disease. We argue that this dietary shift to increased regular consumption of fatty animal tissues in the course of hominid evolution was mediated by selection for "meat-adaptive" genes. This selection conferred resistance to disease risks associated with meat eating also increased life expectancy. One candidate gene is apolipoprotein E (apoE), with the E3 allele evolved in the genus Homo that reduces the risks for Alzheimer's and vascular disease, as well as influencing inflammation, infection, and neuronal growth. Other evolved genes mediate lipid metabolism and host defense. The timing of the evolution of apoE and other candidates for meat-adaptive genes is discussed in relation to key events in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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23
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Lafont BAP, Buckler-White A, Plishka R, Buckler C, Martin MA. Characterization of pig-tailed macaque classical MHC class I genes: implications for MHC evolution and antigen presentation in macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:875-85. [PMID: 12847257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC-dependent CD8(+) T cell responses have been associated with control of viral replication and slower disease progression during lentiviral infections. Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), two nonhuman primate species commonly used to model HIV infection, can exhibit distinct clinical courses after infection with different primate lentiviruses. As an initial step in assessing the role of MHC class I restricted immune responses to these infections, we have cloned and characterized classical MHC class I genes of pig-tailed macaques and have identified 19 MHC class I alleles (Mane) orthologous to rhesus macaque MHC-A, -B, and -I genes. Both Mane-A and Mane-B loci were found to be duplicated, and no MHC-C locus was detected. Pig-tailed and rhesus macaque MHC-A alleles form two groups, as defined by 14 polymorphisms affecting mainly their B peptide-binding pockets. Furthermore, an analysis of multiple pig-tailed monkeys revealed the existence of three MHC-A haplotypes. The distribution of these haplotypes in various Old World monkeys provides new insights about MHC-A evolution in nonhuman primates. An examination of B and F peptide-binding pockets in rhesus and pig-tailed macaques suggests that their MHC-B molecules present few common peptides to their respective CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A P Lafont
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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McGinn TM, Tao B, Cartner S, Schoeb T, Davis I, Ratner L, Fultz PN. Association of primate T-cell lymphotropic virus infection of pig-tailed macaques with high mortality. Virology 2002; 304:364-78. [PMID: 12504576 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection of humans with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and of old world nonhuman primates with the simian counterpart, STLV-I, is associated with development of neoplastic disease in a small percentage of individuals after long latent periods. HTLV-I is also the etiologic agent of a more rapidly progressive neurologic disease, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Macaques have been used experimentally in studies to evaluate HTLV-I candidate vaccines for efficacy, but no evidence of disease was observed. Here we report experimental infection of pig-tailed macaques with STLV-I(sm) and HTLV-I(ACH), both of which were associated with a disease syndrome characterized by rapid onset, hypothermia, lethargy, and death within hours to days. Other pathologic sequelae included diarrhea, rash, bladder dysfunction, weight loss, and, in one animal, arthropathy. Both retroviruses were detected in the central nervous systems of some animals, either by culture or by direct antigen capture for p19 Gag in cerebrospinal fluid. Although virus was recovered throughout infection from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), all infected macaques maintained low antiviral antibody titers and stable proviral burdens, which generally ranged between 10 and 100 copies per 10(6) PBMC. However, of 13 macaques infected with HTLV-I(ACH) or STLV-I(sm), seven animals (54%) died between 35 weeks and 412 years after infection. This unexpected high mortality within a relatively short time suggests that infection of pig-tailed macaques might be a useful model for studying immune responses to and pathologic events resulting from HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M McGinn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Brimingham 35294, USA
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25
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Mühl T, Krawczak M, Ten Haaft P, Hunsmann G, Sauermann U. MHC class I alleles influence set-point viral load and survival time in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3438-46. [PMID: 12218167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected rhesus macaques, host genes influence viral containment and hence the duration of the disease-free latency period. Our knowledge of the rhesus monkey immunogenetics, however, is limited. In this study, we describe partial cDNA sequences of five newly discovered rhesus macaque (Mamu) class I alleles and PCR-based typing techniques for the novel and previously published Mhc class I alleles. Using 15 primer pairs for PCR-based typing and DNA sequence analysis, we identified at least 21 Mhc class I alleles in a cohort of 91 SIV-infected macaques. The results confirm the presence of multiple class I genes in rhesus macaques. Of these alleles, Mamu-A*01 was significantly associated with lower set-point viral load and prolonged survival time. Mamu-A*1303 was associated with longer survival and a "novel" Mhc class I allele with lower set-point viral load. The alleles are frequent in rhesus macaques of Indian origin (12-22%). In addition, survival probability of individual SIV-infected rhesus monkeys increased with their number of alleles considered to be associated with longer survival. The results contribute to improve the interpretation and quality of preclinical studies in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Mühl
- Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
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26
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Hsu HC, Zhang HG, Song GG, Xie J, Liu D, Yang PA, Fleck M, Wintersberger W, Zhou T, Edwards CK, Mountz JD. Defective Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis predisposes to development of a chronic erosive arthritis subsequent to Mycoplasma pulmonis infection. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2146-59. [PMID: 11592380 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2146::aid-art368>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether defective T cell apoptosis is associated with the development of a chronic arthritis subsequent to mycoplasma infection, and to determine whether deletion of T cells can prevent the development of this arthritis. METHODS B6 wild-type (B6-+/+), B6-lpr/lpr, and B6-gld/gld mice were infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis. The severity of lymphocytic infiltration and joint damage was evaluated, and the degree of recovery of viable mycoplasma from the spleen and joints was determined. Antigen-presenting cells derived from Fas mutant lpr mice (lpr-APC) were transfected ex vivo with an adenovirus (Ad) vector to yield lpr-APC expressing high levels of Fas ligand (lpr-APC-AdFasL), which in turn were transferred intraperitoneally into M pulmonis-infected B6-gld/gld mice. The development of arthritis subsequent to M pulmonis infection and the induction of apoptosis of cells within the synovial tissue and lymph nodes of lpr-APC-AdFasL-treated B6-gld/gld mice were determined. RESULTS Infection of B6-lpr/lpr and B6-gld/gld mice with M pulmonis resulted in an acute-phase inflammation of the synovium that later developed into a chronic erosive arthritis. Similar infection of B6-+/+ mice resulted only in an acute joint inflammatory response that resolved. Chronic arthritis in B6-gld/gld mice and B6-lpr/lpr was not due to persistent infection, since there were no differences in the rates of clearance of M pulmonis from the joints of B6-gld/gld or B6-lpr/lpr mice compared with B6-+/+ mice. Treatment of infected B6-gld/gld mice with lpr-APC-AdFasL resulted in a significantly decreased incidence of chronic arthritis that was associated with a decrease in lymph node T cells, but not with apoptosis of synovial T cells or fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Defective Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis of T cells is an important factor that rendered arthritis-resistant B6 mice susceptible to the development of a chronic erosive arthritis subsequent to mycoplasma infection. In vivo lpr-APC-AdFasL cell-gene therapy is a safe and effective method for inhibiting the development of this arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Hsu
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA
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27
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Urvater JA, Steffen SR, Rehrauer W, Watkins DI. An unusual insertion in intron 2 of apparently functional MHC class I alleles in rhesus macaques. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2000; 55:153-6. [PMID: 10746787 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.550207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a nucleotide insertion in intron 2 of two rhesus major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles, Mamu-A*05 and Mamu-A*07. This resulted in an intron 2 that was nearly twice the length of any other intron 2 of primate MHC class I genes sequenced to date. This insertion was most similar (93% identity) to the beginning of intron 3 of HLA-A alleles. It was also similar to intron 3 of several human MHC class I pseudogenes and MHC class I pseudogenes from cotton top tamarin and cat. The finding of this insertion in two rhesus MHC class I genes is surprising given the uniformity in length and sequence of introns of functional HLA-A, -B and -C genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Urvater
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53715, USA
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