1
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Bondy SC. The Hormesis Concept: Strengths and Shortcomings. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1512. [PMID: 37892194 PMCID: PMC10604602 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormesis implies that the effects of various materials or conditions that organisms are exposed to, may not have linear dose-response characteristics but rather, can be biphasic. Thus the response to a low dose of a stressor may be the opposite to that occurring at higher doses. Such a dual response is postulated for many toxicants and physical conditions and may involve a beneficial adaptive response. Such a non-linear effect is undoubtedly present in many useful pharmacological and nutraceutical agents with can be toxic at high concentrations. This somewhat divisive topic is an area of study that should be objectively studied and not clouded by political and policy considerations. The objective of this review is to examine claims concerning those exposures where hormesis seems to exist and also those where there is no good supporting evidence. The breadth of this phenomenon and potential mechanisms underlying hormetic events are discussed together with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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2
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Jain N, Radhakrishnan A, Kuppusamy G. Review on nutraceuticals: phase transition from preventive to protective care. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 19:553-570. [PMID: 35436045 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are essential for healthcare which is an alternative medicine that has gained popularity in recent years. Nutraceuticals consist of nutrients, herbals, and dietary supplements, which make them useful in preserving and promoting health, fighting illness, and improving overall quality of life. Its success or failure will be determined by its rapid expansion, research advances, lack of standards, marketing enthusiasm, quality assurance, and regulations. Nutraceuticals have been used in different regions under different names/categories. however, globally there are no stringent pharmaceutical standards for nutraceutical health products till date, but slowly regulators are paying attention on it. Nutraceuticals can be broadly classified according to it clinical significance, source and therapeutic effects. Nutraceuticals and functional foods have grown to be a multibillion-dollar business worldwide in recent years and personalization is the emerging approach to deliver the best therapeutic effect in future. This review carries extensive information about nutraceutical history, classification, regulatory aspects and industrial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishakumari Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
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3
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Nutraceuticals and Diet Supplements in Crohn's Disease: A General Overview of the Most Promising Approaches in the Clinic. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071044. [PMID: 35407131 PMCID: PMC8998137 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disorder requiring lifelong medications. The currently approved drugs for CD are associated with relevant side effects and several studies suggest an increased use of nutraceuticals among CD patients, seeking for what is perceived as a more "natural" approach in controlling this highly morbid condition. Nutraceuticals are foods or foods' components with beneficial health properties that could aid in CD treatment for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunoregulatory activities that come along with safety, high tolerability, easy availability and affordability. Depending on their biological effect, nutraceuticals' support could be employed in different subsets of CD patients, both those with active disease, as adjunctive immunomodulatory therapies, and/or in quiescent disease to provide symptomatic relief in patients with residual functional symptoms. Despite the increasing interest of the general public, both limited research and lack of education from healthcare professionals regarding their real clinical effectiveness account for the increasing number of patients turning to unconventional sources. Professionals should recognize their widespread use and the evidence base for or against their efficacy to properly counsel IBD patients. Overall, nutraceuticals appear to be safe complements to conventional therapies; nonetheless, little quality evidence supports a positive impact on underlying inflammatory activity.
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4
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Ren J, Barton CD, Sorenson KE, Zhan J. Identification of a novel glucuronyltransferase from Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982 for natural product glucuronidation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1165-1183. [PMID: 35084530 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an effective way to increase the polarity of natural products. UDP-glucuronyltransferases (UGTs) are commonly observed and extensively studied in phase II drug metabolism. However, UGTs in microorganisms are not well studied, which hampered the utilization of this type of enzyme in microbial glucuronidation of natural products. Screening of five actinomycete strains showed that Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982 can convert diverse plant polyphenols into more polar products, which were characterized as various glucuronides based on their spectral data. Analysis of the genome of this strain revealed a putative glucuronidation gene cluster that contains a UGT gene (gcaC) and two UDP-glucuronic acid biosynthetic genes (gcaB and gcaD). The gcaC gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Incubation of the purified enzyme with resveratrol and UDP-glucuronic acid led to the production of resveratrol-4'-O-β-D-glucuronide and resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucuronide, allowing GcaC to be characterized as a flexible UGT. The optimal in vitro reaction pH and temperature for GcaC are 7.5 and 30 °C, respectively. Its activity can be stimulated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, whereas Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ showed inhibitory effects. Furthermore, GcaC has a broad substrate specificity, which can glucuronidate various substrates besides resveratrol, including quercetin, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, curcumin, vanillin, chrysin, zearalenone, and apigenin. The titers of resveratrol-4'-O-β-D-glucuronide and resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucuronide in E. coli-GcaC were 78.381 ± 0.366 mg/L and 14.991 ± 0.248 mg/L from 114.125 mg/L resveratrol within 3 h. Therefore, this work provides an effective way to produce glucuronides of resveratrol and other health-benefitting natural products. KEY POINTS: • A novel versatile microbial UDP-glucuronyltransferase was discovered and characterized from Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982. • The UDP-glucuronyltransferase was expressed in Escherichia coli and can convert resveratrol into two glucuronides both in vitro and in vivo. • The UDP-glucuronyltransferase has a highly flexible substrate specificity and is an effective tool to prepare mono- or diglucuronides of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Caleb Don Barton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Kathryn Eternity Sorenson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA.
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5
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Gkoutzouvelidou M, Panos G, Xanthou MN, Papachristoforou A, Giaouris E. Comparing the Antimicrobial Actions of Greek Honeys from the Island of Lemnos and Manuka Honey from New Zealand against Clinically Important Bacteria. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061402. [PMID: 34204325 PMCID: PMC8234392 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey is a natural food with a long history as a traditional medicine because of its many biological characteristics, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the antimicrobial actions of eight different honeys from Lemnos island (north-eastern Greece) plus manuka honey (from New Zealand, UMF 30+, licensed in many countries as topical medical preparation) were evaluated against 10 clinically relevant bacteria, including five Gram-positive and five Gram-negative. To achieve this, an agar well diffusion assay measured the diameter of inhibition zones (mm) of two selected concentrations for each honey (25% and 12.5% v/v). The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of each sample were also calculated and compared against two representative bacterial species (Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus) using broth microdilution and agar spot methods, respectively. The pH, water activity (aw), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and diastase levels, together with the pollen type and content of each honey, were also determined. Results revealed that all the Lemnos honeys presented antibacterial action, which for some samples was like that of manuka. These all had an acidic pH (3.61 ± 0.04), with a aw ≤ 0.60, while it is worth noting that those found to display the strongest antibacterial actions also presented the lowest HMF content, together with the highest diastase values, both of the latter being used as quality parameters. Pollen composition of the Lemnos honeys was multifloral, underlining the rich plant biodiversity encountered on the island. To summarize, Lemnos honeys could be further exploited as natural antimicrobial systems for use in foods and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gkoutzouvelidou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DFSN), School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (M.G.); (G.P.); (M.N.X.); (A.P.)
| | - Georgios Panos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DFSN), School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (M.G.); (G.P.); (M.N.X.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Nefertiti Xanthou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DFSN), School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (M.G.); (G.P.); (M.N.X.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandros Papachristoforou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DFSN), School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (M.G.); (G.P.); (M.N.X.); (A.P.)
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Archiepiskopou Kyprianou 30, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DFSN), School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (M.G.); (G.P.); (M.N.X.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-22540-83115
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6
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Izzo C, Vitillo P, Di Pietro P, Visco V, Strianese A, Virtuoso N, Ciccarelli M, Galasso G, Carrizzo A, Vecchione C. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:60. [PMID: 33467601 PMCID: PMC7829951 DOI: 10.3390/life11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging can be seen as process characterized by accumulation of oxidative stress induced damage. Oxidative stress derives from different endogenous and exogenous processes, all of which ultimately lead to progressive loss in tissue and organ structure and functions. The oxidative stress theory of aging expresses itself in age-related diseases. Aging is in fact a primary risk factor for many diseases and in particular for cardiovascular diseases and its derived morbidity and mortality. Here we highlight the role of oxidative stress in age-related cardiovascular aging and diseases. We take into consideration the molecular mechanisms, the structural and functional alterations, and the diseases accompanied to the cardiovascular aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Paolo Vitillo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Valeria Visco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Strianese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Nicola Virtuoso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (C.I.); (P.V.); (P.D.P.); (V.V.); (A.S.); (N.V.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (A.C.)
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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7
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Moyo M, Aremu AO. Nutritional, phytochemical and diverse health-promoting qualities of Cleome gynandra. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3535-3552. [PMID: 33397131 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleome gynandra (Syn. Gynandropsis gynandra) is fast emerging as one of the most widely consumed leafy vegetables due to its nutrition and health-promoting properties. In addition to its high nutritional content, the plant has a rich pool of diverse antioxidant phytochemicals. The current review provides a critical appraisal on the increasing nutritional significance of Cleome gynandra due to its rich pool of natural bioactive compounds and beneficial health-promoting qualities. The rich nutritional content especially the high levels of macro- and micronutrients is an indication of its potential to mitigate malnutrition and the increasing incidence of diet-related obesity and non-communicable diseases. The presence of health-promoting natural compounds, notably polyphenols, glucosinates and terpernoids has been confirmed in Cleome gynandra using different analytical methods. Cleome gynandra possesses high levels of α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. These nutritional compounds could be useful in food applications as supplements, colorants and extending shelf-life of food products. Cleome gynandra extracts have demonstrated promising effects in several biological assays using in vitro and in vivo systems. Clearly, diversified diets that include a regular intake of dark green leafy vegetables including Cleome gynandra, holds great promise in ensuring food and nutrition security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack Moyo
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi O Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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8
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Dehdashtian E, Pourhanifeh MH, Hemati K, Mehrzadi S, Hosseinzadeh A. Therapeutic application of nutraceuticals in diabetic nephropathy: Current evidence and future implications. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3336. [PMID: 32415805 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease which may cause several complications, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). The routine medical treatments used for DM are not effective enough and have many undesirable side effects. Moreover, the global increased prevalence of DM makes researchers try to explore potential complementary or alternative treatments. Nutraceuticals, as natural products with pharmaceutical agents, have a wide range of therapeutic properties in various pathologic conditions such as DN. However, the exact underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the effect of nutraceuticals on DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Dehdashtian
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Karim Hemati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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McClements DJ. Future foods: Is it possible to design a healthier and more sustainable food supply? NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. McClements
- Department of Food Science University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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10
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Nolte J, Kempa A, Hochgürtel M, Schörken U. Glucansucrases from lactic acid bacteria as biocatalysts for multi-ring catechol glucosylation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1784882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nolte
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln – Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
- Vetter Pharma-Fertigung GmbH & Co. KG, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kempa
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln – Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
- R&R Extrakte GmbH, Köln, Germany
| | - Matthias Hochgürtel
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln – Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schörken
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln – Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
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11
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Martel J, Ojcius DM, Wu CY, Peng HH, Voisin L, Perfettini JL, Ko YF, Young JD. Emerging use of senolytics and senomorphics against aging and chronic diseases. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2114-2131. [PMID: 32578904 DOI: 10.1002/med.21702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a state of cell cycle arrest that plays an important role in embryogenesis, wound healing and protection against cancer. Senescent cells also accumulate during aging and contribute to the development of age-related disorders and chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and liver disease. Molecules that induce apoptosis of senescent cells, such as dasatinib, quercetin, and fisetin, produce health benefits and extend lifespan in animal models. We describe here the mechanism of action of senolytics and senomorphics, many of which are derived from plants and fungi. We also discuss the possibility of using such compounds to delay aging and treat chronic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Laurent Voisin
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1030, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California.,Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1030, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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12
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Dietary walnut as food factor to rescue from NSAID-induced gastrointestinal mucosal damages. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108466. [PMID: 32590067 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf-2) is transcription factor implicated in the antioxidant response element-mediated induction of endogenous antioxidant enzyme such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutamate-cysteine ligase, and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1, among which HO-1 is an enzyme catalyzing the degradation of heme.producing biliverdin, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide. In the stomach, as much as regulating gastric acid secretions, well-coordinated establishment of defense system stands for maintaining gastric integrity. In previous study, author et al. for the first time discovered HO-1 induction was critical in affording faithful gastric defense against various irritants including Helicobacter pylori infection, stress, alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and toxic bile acids. In this review article, we can add the novel evidence that dietary walnut intake can be reliable way to rescue from NSAIDs-induced gastrointestinal damages via the induction of HO-1 transcribed with Nrf-2 through specific inactivation of Keap-1. From molecular exploration to translational animal model of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal damages, significant induction of HO-1 contributed to rescuing from damages. In addition to HO-1 induction action relevant to walnut, we added the description the general actions of walnut extracts or dietary intake of walnut regarding cytoprotection and why we have focused on to NSAID damages.
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13
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Valentino G, Graziani V, D’Abrosca B, Pacifico S, Fiorentino A, Scognamiglio M. NMR-Based Plant Metabolomics in Nutraceutical Research: An Overview. Molecules 2020; 25:E1444. [PMID: 32210071 PMCID: PMC7145309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few topics are able to channel the interest of researchers, the public, and industries, like nutraceuticals. The ever-increasing demand of new compounds or new sources of known active compounds, along with the need of a better knowledge about their effectiveness, mode of action, safety, etc., led to a significant effort towards the development of analytical approaches able to answer the many questions related to this topic. Therefore, the application of cutting edges approaches to this area has been observed. Among these approaches, metabolomics is a key player. Herewith, the applications of NMR-based metabolomics to nutraceutical research are discussed: after a brief overview of the analytical workflow, the use of NMR-based metabolomics to the search for new compounds or new sources of known nutraceuticals are reviewed. Then, possible applications for quality control and nutraceutical optimization are suggested. Finally, the use of NMR-based metabolomics to study the impact of nutraceuticals on human metabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Valentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Vittoria Graziani
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Brigida D’Abrosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia Marina, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia Marina, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Scognamiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
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14
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Jones H, Papageorgiou M, Gordon A, Ehtesham, Javed Z, Wells L, Greetham S, Doyle B, Hayes N, Rigby A, Atkin S, Courts F, Sathyapalan T. Physiologically relevant screening of polyphenol-rich commercial preparations for bioactivity in vascular endothelial cells and application to healthy volunteers: A viable workflow and a cautionary tale. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Hostnik G, Gladović M, Bren U. Tannin Basic Building Blocks as Potential Scavengers of Chemical Carcinogens: A Computational Study. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3279-3287. [PMID: 31799841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are natural compounds that have historically been used in the tanning of leather. In the scientific literature, one finds many reports of their possible beneficial health effects, although these are not always unequivocally confirmed. In order to gain a better insight into their proposed anticancer potential, we studied the scavenging capacity of the basic tannin building blocks against various chemical carcinogens of the epoxy type. The reactivity of gallic acid, ellagic acid, and epicathechin was examined using quantum mechanical calculations at the Hartree-Fock level of theory in conjunction with flexible basis sets and implicit solvation models. The monomeric tannin building blocks exhibited significant scavenging potential, with epicatechin presenting the best scavenger, thus encouraging and guiding future experimental studies of their anticarcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hostnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Maribor , Smetanova 17 , SI-2000 Maribor , Slovenia
| | - Martin Gladović
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Maribor , Smetanova 17 , SI-2000 Maribor , Slovenia
| | - Urban Bren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Maribor , Smetanova 17 , SI-2000 Maribor , Slovenia
- National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Jaramillo-Madrid AC, Ashworth J, Fabris M, Ralph PJ. Phytosterol biosynthesis and production by diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 163:46-57. [PMID: 31005802 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are abundant unicellular marine photosynthetic algae that have genetically diversified their physiology and metabolism while adapting to numerous environments. The metabolic repertoire of diatoms presents opportunities to characterise the biosynthesis and production of new and potentially valuable microalgal compounds, including sterols. Sterols of plant origin, known as phytosterols, have been studied for health benefits including demonstrated cholesterol-lowering properties. In this review we summarise sterol diversity, the unique metabolic features of sterol biosynthesis in diatoms, and prospects for the extraction of diatom phytosterols in comparison to existing sources. We also review biotechnological efforts to manipulate diatom biosynthesis, including culture conditions and avenues for the rational engineering of metabolism and cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Ashworth
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Michele Fabris
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, PO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Glycosylation of caffeic acid and structural analogues catalyzed by novel glucansucrases from Leuconostoc and Weissella species. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Mileo AM, Nisticò P, Miccadei S. Polyphenols: Immunomodulatory and Therapeutic Implication in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31031748 PMCID: PMC6470258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds, widely present in fruits, vegetables, and cereals, have potential benefits for human health and are protective agents against the development of chronic/degenerative diseases including cancer. More recently these bioactive molecules have been gaining great interest as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents, mainly in neoplasia where the pro-inflammatory context might promote carcinogenesis. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a major public healthy issue, a leading cause of cancer mortality and morbidity worldwide. Epidemiological, pre-clinical and clinical investigations have consistently highlighted important relationships between large bowel inflammation, gut microbiota (GM), and colon carcinogenesis. Many experimental studies and clinical evidence suggest that polyphenols have a relevant role in CRC chemoprevention, exhibit cytotoxic capability vs. CRC cells and induce increased sensitization to chemo/radiotherapies. These effects are most likely related to the immunomodulatory properties of polyphenols able to modulate cytokine and chemokine production and activation of immune cells. In this review we summarize recent advancements on immunomodulatory activities of polyphenols and their ability to counteract the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. We focus on potential role of natural polyphenols in increasing the cell sensitivity to colon cancer therapies, highlighting the polyphenol-based combined treatments as innovative immunomodulatory strategies to inhibit the growth of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mileo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Miccadei
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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19
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Salehi B, Varoni EM, Sharifi-Rad M, Rajabi S, Zucca P, Iriti M, Sharifi-Rad J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a target for botanicals in cancer metastasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 55:125-136. [PMID: 30668422 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant kingdom represents an unlimited source of phytotherapeutics with promising perspectives in the field of anticancer drug discovery. PURPOSE In this view, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a novel and major target in anticancer therapy. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide an updated overview on the bioactive phytochemicals with anti-EMT activity. CONCLUSION Among the plant products reviewed, phenylpropanoids were the most investigated at preclinical phase, thus exhibiting a promising potential as anticancer drugs, though an evidence-based clinical efficacy is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61663-335, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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21
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Montagnani Marelli M, Marzagalli M, Fontana F, Raimondi M, Moretti RM, Limonta P. Anticancer properties of tocotrienols: A review of cellular mechanisms and molecular targets. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1147-1164. [PMID: 30066964 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is composed of two groups of compounds: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (TPs), and the corresponding unsaturated tocotrienols (TTs). TTs are found in natural sources such as red palm oil, annatto seeds, and rice bran. In the last decades, TTs (specifically, γ-TT and δ-TT) have gained interest due to their health benefits in chronic diseases, based on their antioxidant, neuroprotective, cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory activities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies pointed out that TTs also exert a significant antitumor activity in a wide range of cancer cells. Specifically, TTs were shown to exert antiproliferative/proapoptotic effects and to reduce the metastatic or angiogenic properties of different cancer cells; moreover, these compounds were reported to specifically target the subpopulation of cancer stem cells, known to be deeply involved in the development of resistance to standard therapies. Interestingly, recent studies pointed out that TTs exert a synergistic antitumor effect on cancer cells when given in combination with either standard antitumor agents (i.e., chemotherapeutics, statins, "targeted" therapies) or natural compounds with anticancer activity (i.e., sesamin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, ferulic acid). Based on these observations, different TT synthetic derivatives and formulations were recently developed and demonstrated to improve TT water solubility and to reduce TT metabolism in cancer cells, thus increasing their biological activity. These promising results, together with the safety of TT administration in healthy subjects, suggest that these compounds might represent a new chemopreventive or anticancer treatment (i.e., in combination with standard therapies) strategy. Clinical trials aimed at confirming this antitumor activity of TTs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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22
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Nwanodi O. Skin Protective Nutraceuticals: The Current Evidence in Brief. Healthcare (Basel) 2018; 6:healthcare6020040. [PMID: 29734688 PMCID: PMC6023352 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are important for healthy skin maintenance. Probiotics, phenolics, and vitamins are just a few of the nutraceuticals meant to potentially prevent and assist medical management of dermatologic conditions. Among these, probiotics, vitamin E, and green tea catechins may offer the broadest array of skin protective mechanisms with probiotics having the greatest clinical range. Probiotics’ amelioration of atopic dermatitis and opportunistic infections of skin burns has been targeted in recent research efforts. This includes the improvement of Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index scores, p = 0.02, with intact Lactobacillus rhamnosus Goldin and Gorbach (LGG) in comparison to heat inactivated LGG or placebo. Lactobacillus reuteri used prior to or concurrently with Staphylococcus aureus infection can increase epidermal keratinocyte survival, p < 0.01. Phenolics may not have been extensively studied for atopic dermatitis or skin burns. However, phenolics do have a role in photoprotection. The phenolic rutin increases ultraviolet B radiation filter reactive oxygen species scavenging at 75%, p < 0.002, and peak wavelength absorption, p < 0.001. While oral and topical probiotics have untapped potential for atopic dermatitis amelioration and skin infection prevention, phenolics will be increasingly used for photoprotection. With optimized bioavailability, dosage, and formulation, nutraceuticals will become crucial for healthy skin maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oroma Nwanodi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Locum Tenens, Salinas, CA 93902, USA.
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23
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Chirumbolo S, Bjorklund G. Quercetin affecting gelatinases in rat aortas: Some comments. Atherosclerosis 2018. [PMID: 29519590 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Geir Bjorklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
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Pandey MK, Gupta SC, Nabavizadeh A, Aggarwal BB. Regulation of cell signaling pathways by dietary agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:158-181. [PMID: 28823533 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that better food habits do play important role in cancer prevention and treatment, how dietary agents mediate their effects remains poorly understood. More than thousand different polyphenols have been identified from dietary plants. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanism by which dietary agents can modulate a variety of cell-signaling pathways linked to cancer, including transcription factors, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), activator protein-1 (AP-1), β-catenin/Wnt, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor- gamma (PPAR-γ), Sonic Hedgehog, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2); growth factors receptors (EGFR, VEGFR, IGF1-R); protein Kinases (Ras/Raf, mTOR, PI3K, Bcr-abl and AMPK); and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, interleukins, COX-2, 5-LOX). In addition, modulation of proteasome and epigenetic changes by the dietary agents also play a major role in their ability to control cancer. Both in vitro and animal based studies support the role of dietary agents in cancer. The efficacy of dietary agents by clinical trials has also been reported. Importantly, natural agents are already in clinical trials against different kinds of cancer. Overall both in vitro and in vivo studies performed with dietary agents strongly support their role in cancer prevention. Thus, the famous quote "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food" made by Hippocrates 25 centuries ago still holds good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | - Subash C Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ali Nabavizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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